SignStream Annotation Conventions i
SignStream? Annotation: Conventions used for the
American Sign Language Linguistic Research Project
Carol Neidle
Boston University
Report No. 11
American Sign Language
Linguistic Research Project
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/dc224507.html,/asllrp/
ASLLRP Annotation Schema - version 2.5
” August 2002
SignStream Annotation Conventions i
Introduction
?Background about the SignStream? project
SignStream? is a multimedia database tool designed to assist in the transcription and analysis of video-based language data. SignStream version 2 is a MacOS application that is distributed on a non-profit basis to researchers, educators, and students. Information about the program is available at https://www.wendangku.net/doc/dc224507.html,/asllrp/SignStream/; see also Neidle (in press-a). A Java implementation of SignStream, which will have many new features, is currently underway.
A substantial amount of data from native signers of American Sign Language (ASL) has
been collected in conjunction with the National Center for Sign Language and Gesture
Resources: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/dc224507.html,/asllrp/cslgr/. The video data, which include multiple
synchronized high-quality views of the signing from different perspectives and a close-up of the face, along with the SignStream annotations thereof, are being made publicly available.
The data are available as SignStream files or in text export format (described in Appendix D).
This report is intended to explain the conventions that are being used for the annotation of these data.
?Acknowledgments
Many people have contributed to this project in different ways. This document incorporates direct contributions of David Greenfield (the principal programmer for SignStream versions 1 and 2) and Dawn MacLaughlin (who participated actively in the design of the program and who wrote much of the SignStream documentation). In addition, Ben Bahan’s assistance, input, and feedback over the years have been invaluable. The design of the program and the decisions about annotation have also benefited from the work, suggestions, and ideas contributed by Mike Schlang, Robert G. Lee, Fran Conlin, Sarah Fish, Lana Cook, Erica Hruby, Carla DaSilva, Ginger Leon, Norma Bowers Tourangeau, Judith Labath, Diane Brentari, Jack Hoza, Sue
Duncan, Judy Kegl, Patricia Trowbridge, Barbara Eger, Tamara Neuberger, and others. We are also grateful for discussions and e-mail exchanges with those who have been using SignStream.
The work described here has been funded, in part, by grants to Boston University from the National Science Foundation (SBR-9729010, IIS-9820455, EIA-9809340).
?Annotation schemes in relation to SignStream
The conventions in use by the American Sign Language Linguistic Research Project have evolved somewhat as we have been transcribing data from native signers of American Sign Language. The conventions described here reflect the annotation conventions we have used for
SignStream Annotation Conventions i i Introduction transcription of data collected since 2000 in the National Center for Sign Language and Gesture Resources. We will refer to the set of conventions detailed in this document as the ASLLRP Annotation Schema version 2.5.
Although this is generally consistent with earlier transcription by our group, some changes have emerged. The general principles, however, are consistent with those outlined in the
SignStream User Guide (MacLaughlin, Neidle and Greenfield, 2000), available from the
SignStream Web site. Relevant sections of that guide are reproduced here, with appropriate modifications. In addition, we discuss here some of the challenges we have faced and the
decisions we have made (which have often involved particular trade-offs).
One of the advantages offered by the program is that it facilitates the development of annotation schemes. SignStream provides a set of fields and values specifically designed for
annotation of ASL data, and users may edit those fields and values. This particular capability will be further refined in the next version of the program, and there will be additional types of data supported by SignStream version 3.
Some of the conventions that we have adopted were motivated by limitations in the ways available to us for transcription of the data. It is likely that our conventions will continue to
evolve, as our linguistic understanding deepens and as the tools available for annotation
become more sophisticated. We expect, therefore, to update this document periodically.
?Purpose of this document
This report is intended to assist in interpreting the annotations contained in the coded data we distribute. It is also intended to assist those who wish to adopt these conventions.
We discuss the considerations that led us to make particular choices. Different circumstances, annotation tools, and linguistic interests could very well lead others to make different choices.
We hope, at least, that raising these issues may help others to arrive at their own coding
decisions.
SignStream Annotation Conventions iii
Contents
Introduction______________________________________________________________________________i ?Background about the SignStream? project_______________________________________________i ?Acknowledgments____________________________________________________________________i ?Annotation schemes in relation to SignStream______________________________________________i ?Purpose of this document_______________________________________________________________ii Contents________________________________________________________________________________iii List of figures____________________________________________________________________________vii Basic Principles___________________________________________________________________________1?General caveats about the annotated data that we distribute____________________________________1 Incomplete information__________________________________________________________________________________1 Incomplete transcriptions_________________________________________________________________________________1 Imperfect translations____________________________________________________________________________________1 Ambiguity____________________________________________________________________________________________1 Human error___________________________________________________________________________________________1?Left and right________________________________________________________________________2?Gloss fields__________________________________________________________________________2 Use of English glosses___________________________________________________________________________________2 Start and end points_____________________________________________________________________________________2 Dominant and non-dominant hand fields_____________________________________________________________________2?Non-manual fields____________________________________________________________________3 Distinction between anatomical descriptions and linguistic interpretation___________________________________________3 Start and end points_____________________________________________________________________________________3?Problems and limitations_______________________________________________________________4 Representation of intensity________________________________________________________________________________4 Periodic movements of the head____________________________________________________________________________4 Manual Material__________________________________________________________________________5?English-based glosses__________________________________________________________________5 General conventions_____________________________________________________________________________________5 Challenges and difficulties________________________________________________________________________________5 Attempt at consistency___________________________________________________________________________________6 Lexical markers of tense and aspectual information_____________________________________________________________9
?Fingerspelling______________________________________________________________________10?Name signs_________________________________________________________________________10?Signs that are held___________________________________________________________________11?Contractions and compounds__________________________________________________________11?Emphatic articulation________________________________________________________________11?Repetition, reduplication______________________________________________________________11?Actions____________________________________________________________________________12?Phonological issues__________________________________________________________________12?Fields for the dominant and non-dominant hands___________________________________________13 Signs produced with one hand or two_______________________________________________________________________13 Use of the two gloss fields_______________________________________________________________________________13 Plans for next version of SignStream______________________________________________________________________14?Reference, agreement, and locatives_____________________________________________________15 Subject and object verb agreement_________________________________________________________________________15 Agreement marking on adjectives, nouns, pronouns, determiners, possessives, and emphatic reflexives___________________15 Adverbials of location and direction________________________________________________________________________16 Singular vs. plural_____________________________________________________________________________________17 Further distinctions in the manifestation of subject and object verb agreement______________________________________18 Non-manual markings of agreement and location._____________________________________________________________19?Aspectual information________________________________________________________________19 Perfect aspect expressed by the sign FINISH_________________________________________________________________19 Reduplicative aspect marking____________________________________________________________________________19?Reciprocal inflection_________________________________________________________________20?Classifiers__________________________________________________________________________21?Gestures___________________________________________________________________________22 Non-manual behaviors from an anatomical perspective__________________________________________24?Head position and movements__________________________________________________________24 Fields for head position_________________________________________________________________________________24 Fields for head movement________________________________________________________________________________25 Use of plus and minus signs_____________________________________________________________________________25 Illustrations of head positions____________________________________________________________________________26?Eye gaze__________________________________________________________________________28?Eye aperture_______________________________________________________________________29 Blinks_______________________________________________________________________________________________29
Squint vs. lowered lids__________________________________________________________________________________29 Wide eyes____________________________________________________________________________________________29?Eyebrow position and movements_______________________________________________________30 Start and end points____________________________________________________________________________________30 Degrees of deviation from neutral__________________________________________________________________________30?Mouth movements___________________________________________________________________31 Illustrations___________________________________________________________________________________________31 Mouthing based on spoken language_______________________________________________________________________35?Cheeks____________________________________________________________________________35?Nose______________________________________________________________________________35?Neck______________________________________________________________________________36?Body movements____________________________________________________________________36 Grammatical interpretive fields______________________________________________________________37?Identifying start and end points_________________________________________________________37?Topics/focus________________________________________________________________________37 Distinctions__________________________________________________________________________________________37 New label:foc/ref________________________________________________________________________________38 New label:foc/adv________________________________________________________________________________39 Left peripheral elements_________________________________________________________________________________39 New label: foc______________________________________________________________________________________39?Conditional/When___________________________________________________________________39?Relative Clauses_____________________________________________________________________40?Questions__________________________________________________________________________41?Negation__________________________________________________________________________42?Role Shift__________________________________________________________________________42?But wait, there’s more________________________________________________________________42 Fields for parts of speech___________________________________________________________________43 Appendix A: Field and value names and labels_________________________________________________44 Overall list of field names and labels_______________________________________________________________________44 Head position fields____________________________________________________________________________________45 Head movement fields___________________________________________________________________________________46 Body movement fields__________________________________________________________________________________47 Fields related to the eye and nose region____________________________________________________________________48 Other face and mouth fields______________________________________________________________________________49
Grammatical interpretive fields____________________________________________________________________________50 Appendix B: Reserved word list______________________________________________________________52 Appendix C: Some hard choices we have made_________________________________________________53?How much to code?__________________________________________________________________53?Things that happen at the edges of utterances______________________________________________53?Behaviors attributable to elicitation situation_______________________________________________53 Head down____________________________________________________________________________________________53 Direction of eye gaze___________________________________________________________________________________54?Glossing issues______________________________________________________________________54 Related lexical forms___________________________________________________________________________________54 Consistency__________________________________________________________________________________________54?Part of speech______________________________________________________________________54?Translations________________________________________________________________________55 Appendix D: Database export file format______________________________________________________56 Appendix E: Summary of glossing conventions_________________________________________________59?General conventions_________________________________________________________________59?Specific gloss items___________________________________________________________________65 Discussed already______________________________________________________________________________________65 Additional conventions used for glossing____________________________________________________________________67 Appendix F: Handshapes__________________________________________________________________76 Appendix G: References____________________________________________________________________83 Index___________________________________________________________________________________85
List of figures
Figure 1. The indefinite particle (part:indef) (8)
Figure 2. QMwg (yes-no question sign with wiggling) (12)
Figure 3. Symbols for Classifiers from Signing Naturally (21)
Figure 4. Some common gestures illustrated (23)
Figure 5. Head position: jut (26)
Figure 6. Head position: tilt (27)
Figure 7. Head position: turn (27)
Figure 8. Head position: front/back (28)
Figure 9. Eye gaze annotated to indicate direction (28)
Figure 10. Eye aperture: degrees of closure (29)
Figure 11. Eye aperture: wide eyes (30)
Figure 12. Degrees of eyebrow height (31)
Figure 13. Some gestures with open mouth (32)
Figure 14. Mouth gestures involving release of air (33)
Figure 15. Cheek to shoulder (33)
Figure 16. Some mouth gestures with lips pressed together (34)
Figure 17 . Puffed cheek right (cheek: puf/rt) (35)
Figure 18. Wrinkled vs. tensed nose (36)
Figure 19. Tensing of the neck (36)
Figure 20. Topics (38)
Figure 21. Eyebrow raise indicating background information and possibly contrast (39)
Figure 22. Conditional and 'when' marking (40)
Figure 23. Relative clause facial expression (40)
Figure 24. Direct questions (41)
Figure 25. Rhetorical questions (41)
Figure 26. Facial expression and repeated headshake associated with negation (42)
SignStream Annotation Conventions1
Basic Principles
?General caveats about the annotated data that we distribute
Incomplete information
For various reasons, it is sometimes impossible to determine all of the behaviors that we would like to annotate from the video images. Some aspects of the signing may be obscured or caught between the frames of the video.
Incomplete transcriptions
Transcriptions are partial. We have not attempted to transcribe absolutely everything that is happening. We have had to make judgments about which details to transcribe. The
motivations for many of those decisions are discussed in this document, but in many cases, one could make a case for doing things differently. Our choices have inevitably been shaped, in part, by limitations in our knowledge, tools available for transcription, and our particular
linguistic focus. We hope at least to make explicit here many of the choices that we have made and the reasons behind them.
Imperfect translations
The English translations are not intended to capture the full meaning of the ASL sentences.
They are intended only to give a general idea of the content of what was signed.
Ambiguity
There is often some degree of ambiguity with respect to what has been signed. In such situations, we have chosen one reading and provided annotations and translation for that
reading. We have not attempted to account for all possible interpretations of each sentence.
Human error
The transcriptions have been carried out and verified by several independent annotators, including Deaf native ASL signers. Nonetheless, it is certain that some errors remain. We hope to release updated versions of the annotations (with distinct version numbers), incorporating corrections that come to our attention.
?Left and right
The terms ‘left’ and ‘right’ are used consistently to reflect the signer’s perspective.
?Gloss fields
Use of English glosses
There are obvious limitations in using English glossing. Ideally, we would like to be able to encode the phonological and morphological characteristics of signing. To that end, we are designing intuitive and efficient tools for this purpose as part of SignStream version 3.
In the interim, however, we are using conventional English glossing to allow us to identify the signs that are produced and to define their start and end points. The glossing conventions that we have used, as well as the annotations for non-manual behaviors described later, are generally based on the notation systems used in C. Baker and D. Cokely (1980) and Smith, Lentz, and Mikos (1988). The notations are intended to be descriptive, rather than to express particular theoretical beliefs. For example, we have annotated 1st, 2nd, and 3rd person reference, despite the fact that questions have been raised about whether the distinction between 2nd and 3rd person is grammatically significant in ASL (Meier, 1990).
Start and end points
For purposes of identifying the start and end points of manual signs, we have consulted with native signers about their intuitions. As a result, we have not counted anticipatory movements—while the hands get into the appropriate position to begin to articulate the sign in question—as part of that sign. Similarly, we have identified the end point of the sign as occurring prior to movement of the hands out of the position for that sign in preparation for articulation of the following sign. We have, however, transcribed situations in which the final position of the sign is held for some time as ‘holds’. It is also worth noting that in the smooth transitions that frequently occur between signs, it is not always obvious where one sign ends and the next begins.
Dominant and non-dominant hand fields
We have used the ‘dominant hand gloss field’ for most of the information about manual signing. We have made use of the ‘non-dominant hand gloss field’ only for information about what is happening on the non-dominant hand that is not predictable. This is discussed in more detail in the next section.
Ideally, it would be nice to have complete information about the activities of both hands in the two gloss fields. However, this would be time-consuming to transcribe within SignStream
version 2. Tools to facilitate efficient annotation of this kind will be incorporated in SignStream version 3.
?Non-manual fields
Distinction between anatomical descriptions and linguistic interpretation
Our goal has been to describe the behaviors objectively, in as theory-neutral a fashion as possible. For this purpose, we have made use of anatomical fields to identify the specific physical movements. For example, there is a head movement field within which a side-to-side headshake can be annotated. We have set up independent fields for grammatical interpretive information. So, in the situation where a headshake corresponds to a non-manual expression of negation, we have also encoded this behavior within a grammatical negation field. This results in some degree of redundancy, but we believe that it is useful to be able to access both types of information. We have sometimes chosen to display the grammatical interpretive fields in red, so that they are easily visible.
Start and end points
We have used ‘s’ (for ‘start’) to annotate movements that are anticipatory, and that precede the linguistically significant portion of the non-manual behavior. Similarly ‘e’ (for ‘end’) is used for non-manual behaviors that follow a non-manual gesture, as the articulators return to neutral position.
Despite our attempt to separate description from interpretation of behaviors, we felt it important to annotate these gestures in this way, so as not to obscure the very general linguistic patterns we have discovered. For example, with respect to periodic head movements (nods and shakes), we have found that there is an anticipatory movement of the head (either up or to the side) so that the movement can begin with maximum ‘thrust’ and the longest possible arc. Based on these empirical findings, we have annotated the anticipatory movement as ‘s‘ and have identified the start point of the head gesture as occurring with the following downward or sideward movement. Similarly, with raised eyebrows, we have found that the eyebrows go from neutral position to raised position over several frames (at 30 frames per second), and then the maximal position is maintained over the relevant phrase. We have similarly encoded the anticipatory movement as ‘s’ and identified the raised eyebrow position as beginning once the eyebrows have reached their maximal height. We have also coded as ‘e‘ the transition back to neutral position (although this often begins a few frames before the end of the phrase over which the raised eyebrows occur). So, the principle we have followed for consistency in the coding of eyebrow movements is to annotate the domain over which the eyebrows are at a maximal position (whether raised or lowered) and to annotate as ‘s’ or ‘e’ transition gestures.
One of the difficulties in annotating non-manual transitions as ‘s’ and ‘e’ is that in the case where, for example, there is a transition from a raised eyebrow position to a lowered eyebrow position, there is no visible boundary between the ‘e’ portion of the raised eyebrows and the ‘s’portion of the lowered eyebrows. We made an arbitrary decision to encode the entire transition, in such cases, as ‘s’ (anticipatory of the following gesture).
?Problems and limitations
Representation of intensity
There are some obvious limitations in this system of annotation. It is very difficult to represent differences in intensity. We have attempted to convey some information about intensity of gestures by using the ‘+’ and ‘–’ signs to indicate the degree of a behavior. However, this is impressionistic and does not allow for a description of gradual changes in intensity.
Periodic movements of the head
With respect specifically to head nods or shakes, we are also not able to encode easily the amplitude of head turns or nods, nor the rapidity of the repetitions. We have attempted to encode some of this information in the names we have assigned to specific field values, such as ‘single head nod’ or ‘rapid head nod.’ Ideally, there are other representations of this data that would be more useful, such as graphical displays of head position. We hope that collaborative research now in progress with computer scientists (e.g., Neidle, Sclaroff, and Athitsos, 2001) may eventually lead to semi-automation of aspects of the transcription that would allow computer-based generation of such displays.
The exact end points of such periodic movements can also be difficult to identify with precision, since these nods and shakes generally diminish in intensity and amplitude until they damp out.
SignStream Annotation Conventions 5Manual Material
? English-based glosses
General conventions
We have attempted to use standard conventions for the nearest English equivalent to a given ASL sign. This English word is written in capital letters.
Challenges and difficulties
Conventions do not always exist and may not allow for necessary linguistic distinctions.
On occasion, however, we have encountered a sign for which there is no conventional gloss known to us (or to those with whom we have consulted). In such cases, we have done the best we can to find a reasonable gloss. This includes signs that have not been described previously in the literature. For example, we have identified an indefinite focus particle that has not been previously analyzed as such. In the glosses, we identified this sign as ‘part:indef ’.
We have sometimes made a conscious decision to deviate from the standard glossing conventions to express a distinction that has not been commonly reflected in gloss systems.These conventions will be documented later.
Examples:
Signs made with the index finger
We have differentiated the glossing of signs produced with the index finger based on their function as determiner, pronominals, or adverbials.Tense markers
We have identified tense markers in ASL and have sought a consistency in labeling them that has not been present in other systems of transcription.Capital letters
WORD English word used to represent an ASL sign.–
OH-I-SEE THANK-YOU Used to separate words if the English translation of a single sign requires more than one./BOLD/TOUGH
WOW/AWFUL
Used when one sign has two different English equivalents.
There may exist conflicting conventions.
In cases where there are differing conventions, we have had to make a choice.
Examples:
There is a sign that has sometimes been glossed UP-TO-NOW and sometimes as SINCE. In the interest of uniformity, we have glossed all occurrences as UP-TO-NOW.
Attempt at consistency
We have attempted to be consistent in using a single correspondence between ASL sign and English gloss throughout our transcriptions. This is not always easy, because, as in the previous example, the meaning of a given sign (and therefore the English gloss that may seem most natural) may be different in different contexts. In other cases, there may be two close variants in ASL that would be roughly translated by the same English word. Where the two signs differ in handshape, we have marked the handshape (in parentheses at the beginning of the gloss) to distinguish the variants.
Another difficulty is the situation where the best English correspondence is ambiguous in English. In such cases, one way to distinguish the different readings is to number them, as in
‘GLOSS(1)’ vs. GLOSS(2)’. Below follows an explanation of some distinctions we have made in glossing.
BREAK-DOWN vs. ENGINE-FALL-OUT
The sign BREAK-DOWN is a symmetrical two-handed sign. ENGINE-FALL-OUT is
the gloss used for a sign that involves the non-dominant hand facing palm downward;
the dominant hand in an S handshape (representing the engine) starts out under the
non-dominant hand , against the palm, and then drops.
FIND/FIND-OUT
Since in some contexts this sign is best translated as ‘find’ and in others as ‘find out’,
we have glossed all occurrences of the sign in this way. (Note that we use a different
gloss for the sign FIND^#OUT, which is sometimes synonymous with
FIND/FIND-OUT).
GIVE vs. GIFT
We use GIVE to represent the verb made with the flat-O handshape. GIFT uses the X handshape (but is also a verb, despite the fact that ‘gift’ in English is a noun).
NOT-LIKE vs. (Y)NOT-LIKE
The latter sign, articulated with the Y handshape, is used colloquially by some signers to indicate that they don’t care for something. The movement begins with the thumb at the nose, palm facing basically downward. The wrist then twists outward (lowering the thumb) as the hand moves down and away from the body. Distinguished from the sign conventionally glossed as NOT-LIKE and that glossed as NOT-CARE.
part:indef
An indefinite focus particle articulated with a single outward movement of one or
both palms (facing upward), as shown in Figure 1. (See Conlin, Hagstrom, and
Neidle, in press.)
REALLY
We have used this gloss not only for the adjective and adverb signs made with the index finger starting at the mouth and moving downwards (meaning ‘real,’ ‘really,’‘true,’ or ‘truly’), but also for a discourse marker used by some signers.
REFUSE
This is how we have chosen to gloss the sign sometimes glossed as WON’T.
SEE vs. SEE-SEE
Both signs use the V handshape and the middle finger touching the cheek just below the eye. SEE is the transitive verb describing visual perception; the hand extends in an outward movement from the eye. SEE-SEE involves short pathlength and two brief contacts made by the middle finger under the eye. The meaning is more figurative, as in ‘we’ll see what will happen’.
Figure 1. The indefinite particle (part:indef)
SINK vs. SCL:3”vehicle sink” vs. SCL:B”boat sink”
We have distinguished signs translated as ‘sink’ in English in this way, based on
whether a classifier is involved (and if so, which one).
SOMETHING/ONE
A sign in ASL that may be translated as either ‘something’ or ‘someone’. It is also
used as an indefinite determiner. This is a shorthand way of representing
SOMETHING/SOMEONE.
SWITCH
This is the sign made with the L handshape that is used to indicate a switch to another person’s turn or, more generally, to something different.
VOMIT
This gloss is used for the verb as well as for the adjective meaning ‘disgusting.’ Since the manual forms are the same, the same gloss was used, for consistency.
“WHAT”
A wh-sign produced with both hands extended, palms facing up, moving slightly from
side to side. Distinguished from #WHAT and ‘WHAT’ (articulated with the index
finger brushing against the open palm of the non-dominant hand).
(Y)WHY vs. (25)WHY vs. (25>Y)WHY
Since the sign meaning ‘why’ can involve a Y handshape, a 25 handshape, or a
transition between the two, we have differentiated those signs as indicated.
Lexical markers of tense and aspectual information
We have identified the following manual signs conveying tense and/or aspectual information:
PAST (related to the adverb BEFORE)
RECENT-PAST (articulated with the X handshape touching the cheek, accompanied
by the cheek-to-shoulder non-manual expression) FORMERLY (articulated with an open-B handshape (B-L) circling backward
twice near the head)
#EX (meaning: habitual past, as with English ‘used to’)
UP-TO-NOW (sometimes glossed elsewhere as SINCE)
NOW (which we have glossed elsewhere as immediate present,
IMMED-PRES)
FUTURE (sometimes glossed elsewhere as WILL)
See Neidle et al. (2000, p. 77) for further details.Here we make a further distinction between signs used as future tense markers that has not been made previously (to our knowledge). In addition to the sign glossed as FUTURE, which is articulated with 5 or open-B handshape (the
fingers may be together or spread apart), there is a very similar sign articulated with an L handshape. We have glossed that as follows:(L)FUTURE (similar to FUTURE but articulated with L handshape)
In some cases, there are morphologically related adverbials. Adverbials have been distinguished from tense markers by the part of speech tags. In general, the adverbials display variable pathlength while the tense markers are frozen forms, with fixed pathlength; see Aarons, Bahan, Kegl, and Neidle (1995) and Neidle et al. (2000).
? Fingerspelling
Fingerspelling is used primarily for borrowings and proper names. In such cases, the signer spells out the letters (sometimes with some omissions). Some of these fingerspelled words have been incorporated into ASL as loan signs. The notations used in the two cases are illustrated here:
Occasionally, to focus the addressee’s attention on the fingerspelling, the signer will point, with the other hand to the hand that is doing the fingerspelling. See page 22 for further discussion. Sometimes, only part of a word is fingerspelled. In that case, we annotate this as follows:? Name signs
Name signs, used for names of people or places (e.g., Cape Cod, Boston), are marked in the following way.fs-
fs-JOHN Fingerspelled word.##CAR
#EARLY Fingerspelled loan sign.
fs-UN+PREDICTABLE Fingerspelled prefix followed by ASL sign.
ns-ns-LINCOLN ns-CAPE-COD Name sign for ‘Lincoln’ or ‘Cape Cod’ being used.
? Signs that are held
We have annotated signs in which the final position is held for some time.
SignStream currently does not provide a way to encode holds at the beginning of a sign. This is an omission to be remedied in the next version of the program.
? Contractions and compounds
? Emphatic articulation
? Repetition, reduplication
In the examples above, the sign DIFFERENT is articulated a total of three times, and the sign GO is articulated twice.|-->fs-JOHN|-->
Hold sign. Used to represent a hand position that is held at the end of a sign.For example, after fingerspelling ‘John’the signer may hold the final position (in this case, the N handshape). This same diacritic can be used to indicate perseveration of the non-dominant hand.GLOSS^GLOSS
WILL^NOT Contraction.+MOTHER+FATHER Compound.
!!!MUST!Indicates stressed articulation, for emphasis.
+DIFFERENT++
GO+Indicates repetition (reduplication) of a sign.The number of + signs indicates the number of repetitions.
? Actions
? Phonological issues
In general, we have not been encoding phonological aspects of a sign, such as finger wiggling. It is represented (by convention) in the gloss we use for the yes-no question sign, as shown here:QMwg
Question marking sign (with wiggling, as shown in Figure 2)
Figure 2. QMwg (yes-no question sign with wiggling)
We have also used ‘wg’ to differentiate MOTHER from MOTHERwg . We have done this because there are some signers who use these two signs differently. The same convention is used for the sign FATHER .( )(nod)(shake head)
(draws shape)Words in ( ) indicate an action or movement made without a sign, sometimes with linguistic meaning.
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PACKAGE：可以标记包。 ●@Retention：RetentionPolicy类型（枚举类型），表示注解的可保留期限。可选值为： SOURCE：只在源代码中存在，编译后的字节码文件中不保留注解信息。 CLASS：保留到字节码文件中，但类加载器不会加载注解信息到JVM。 RUNTIME：保留到字节码文件中，并在目标类被类加载器加载时，同时加载注解信息到JVM，可以通过反射来获取注解信息。 2访问注解 很多第三方程序或工具都使用了注解完成特殊的任务，例如Spring、Struts等。它们都提供了自己的注解类库。在程序运行时使用反射来获取注解信息。下面我们来使用反射来获取注解信息。
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真钻研，逐篇学习，深刻剖析了自身存在的问题和不足。认真撰写了自查报告，并写了5篇心得体会，认真查找工作中存在的问题和不足，扎扎实实进行了整改，提高了党性觉悟和思想境界，树立了正确的权力观、地位观和利益观。 (二)进一步强化服务大局的观念，做好商事审判工作。在分管民二庭工作期间，经常深入法庭与法庭庭长、审判长一起研究案件，分析案情，帮助解决办案中遇到的实际问题。进一步强化服务大局的观念，敢于创新，规范了商事案件审判操作规程，确保民诉法正确适用;制定了庭前证据交换与证据规则相结合制度，找准了案件争议的焦点，既能缩短开庭时间，又能使案件庭审效果显著;成立了疑难案件研究小组，定期研究案件，对中院改判的案件认真研究，找出原因，防止重犯，提高了办案质量;规范合议庭，建立案件分类主办制度，解决了案子多、审判人员少、书记员缺乏的矛盾，使审判工作井井有序。全年，共审理各类商事案件467件，结案率达到100%，其中调解279件，调解率60%。 (三)精心审理破产案件，注重办案的社会效果。进一步提高认识，强化措施，切实抓好破产案件的审理工作，同时严把破产案件的质量关，维护债权人的合法权益，并注重办案的社会效果，全年审结破产案件13件，没有因企业破产而导致职工上访事件，较好的完成了市里提出的企业改制任务。 (四)狠抓综治创安工作，全力维护社会稳定。在负责法院平安创建工作期间，认真负责督查各项创安工作的落实情况。成立了平安部
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同时，annotation 运行存在两种方式：运行时、编译时。上文中讨论的都是在运行时的 annota tion 应用，但在编译时的 annotation 应用还没有涉及，
一、为什么使用 Annotation：
在 JAVA 应用中，我们常遇到一些需要使用模版代码。例如，为了编写一个 JAX-RPC web serv ice，我们必须提供一对接口和实现作为模版代码。如果使用 annotation 对远程访问的方法代码 进行修饰的话，这个模版就能够使用工具自动生成。 另外，一些 API 需要使用与程序代码同时维护的附属文件。例如，JavaBeans 需要一个 BeanIn fo Class 与一个 Bean 同时使用/维护，而 EJB 则同样需要一个部署描述符。此时在程序中使用 a nnotation 来维护这些附属文件的信息将十分便利而且减少了错误。
二、Annotation 工作方式：
在 5.0 版之前的 Java 平台已经具有了一些 ad hoc annotation 机制。比如，使用 transient 修 饰符来标识一个成员变量在序列化子系统中应被忽略。而@deprecated 这个 javadoc tag 也是 一个 ad hoc annotation 用来说明一个方法已过时。从 Java5.0 版发布以来，5.0 平台提供了 一个正式的 annotation 功能：允许开发者定义、使用自己的 annoatation 类型。此功能由一个 定义 annotation 类型的语法和一个描述 annotation 声明的语法，读取 annotaion 的 API，一 个使用 annotation 修饰的 class 文件，一个 annotation 处理工具（apt）组成。
1
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Java代码
anon org.apache.shiro.web.filter.authc.AnonymousFilter authc org.apache.shiro.web.filter.authc.FormAuthenticatio nFilter authcBasic org.apache.shiro.web.filter.authc.BasicHttpAuthenti cationFilter logout org.apache.shiro.web.filter.authc.LogoutFilter noSessionCrea tion org.apache.shiro.web.filter.session.NoSessionCreati onFilter perms org.apache.shiro.web.filter.authz.PermissionsAuthor izationFilter port org.apache.shiro.web.filter.authz.PortFilter rest org.apache.shiro.web.filter.authz.HttpMethodPermiss ionFilter roles org.apache.shiro.web.filter.authz.RolesAuthorizatio nFilter ssl org.apache.shiro.web.filter.authz.SslFilter user https://www.wendangku.net/doc/dc224507.html,erFilter
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三、坚持服务第一要务，为经济建设服务迈出较大步伐。充分发挥我院“民营企业保护服务中心”的职能作用，加大对民营企业的服务、保护力度；抓好“涉企”案件的审理，始终把为企业服务做为审判工作的重点，尤其对化工总厂等一批县支柱企业进行重点保护和服务。全年共办理商事案件363件（其中“涉企”案件314件）及大量的债务案件，执行各类案件227件，为企业和各类经济组织挽回损失4800余万元。四、把“司法为民”落实到审判工作的方方面面。本文来自.gongwen123.认真贯彻“立党为公、执政为民”的要求，努力把“司法为民”思想落实在行动上。制定了保护农民增收的十项措施，积极促进和保护全县农民增产增收；出台了“便民措施”28条，全面、系统地把各项便民、利民措施落实在审判工作的方方面面；开展了“帮扶特困群众家庭”活动，全院每个干警都与一个困难群众结成对子，建立一对一的帮扶。五、坚持严教育严管理，队伍建设得到进一步加强。通过开展“立党为公、司法为民”活动、司法公正树形象活动和行风评议活动，重点抓了法官的职业道德教育和党风廉政建设教育，认真解决干警在思想作风、审判作风和生活作风方面存在的突出问题。滤布经过努力，干警队伍的工作作风、审判作风有了显著的变化，法院干警无一人违法违纪，法院形象在群众中有了较大的改变。 六、狠抓基层基础工作，“两庭”建设再上台阶。在法院经费严重紧张的情况下，千方百计克服资金不足等困难，不断加大法庭建设力度，投资150万元新建了宋曹、因村两个法庭，结束了两庭自建庭以来一直靠借房办公的历史，改扩建了南佐法庭，四个法庭已全部达
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期末考核 课程：Glycobiology 植物糖基转移酶研究进展 ：*** 学号：*** 班级：*** 时间：****
植物糖基转移酶研究进展 摘要:糖基转移酶一类是能够催化糖基从激活的供体转移到特定的受体分子上的一类酶，在生物体中普遍存在并形成了超基因家族。糖基转移酶广泛参与植物生命活动的各种生物学过程。本文综述了近年来的研究报道，综述了糖基转移酶的分类、分离鉴定方法及在生物学功能方面的研究进展，期望为相关研究工作提供参考。 关键词:植物糖基转移酶，分类，分离鉴定，生物学功能 糖基转移酶（Glycosyltransferases，GT，EC 2.4.x.y）是一类催化糖基转移的酶，通过产生糖苷键将供体糖分子或相关基团转移至特异的受体上。糖基转移酶几乎存在于所有的生物体中，其所催化的糖基化反应是最重要的生物学反应之一，直接参与二糖、单糖苷、聚糖苷等的生物合成。糖基供体分子包括双糖、多糖、1-磷酸糖、尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖醛酸，植物中最常见的供体为UDP-Glc。受体可以是糖类、脂类、蛋白质、抗生素和核酸。糖基转移酶催化供体-受体形成α、β两种糖苷键，产物为多糖、糖蛋白、糖脂以及糖苷化合物等。全基因组测序发现真核生物中约1%的基因编码糖基转酶。 1糖基转移酶的分类 目前，对糖基转移酶的分类主要根据Campbell等提出的GT Family 分类系统（数据收录在CAZy数据库中）。糖基转移酶作为高度分歧的多源基因家族，根据蛋白氨基酸序列的一致性、催化特性以及保守序列对其进行分类。因此，一特定的糖基转移酶既可以通过生物化学的方法鉴定其底物，也可以通过生物信息学方法研究其与已知酶基因或酶蛋白氨基酸序列的同源性对其进行分类。目前，依据这种分类方法，糖基转移酶被分为94个家族。根据其的折叠方式可将绝大多数酶分为两个超家族，GT-A超家族和GT-B超家族（图1）。根据催化反应机制、产物的立体化学异构性，在这两个超家族中糖基转移酶又分为反向型和保留型两大类（图2）。 GT-A型折叠的空间结构有两个紧密相连的β/α/β类Rossmann折叠区域。GT-A家族成员需要一个D-X-D基序用来结合二价金金属离子（多为Mn2+），这有助于UDP-糖供体的PPi在酶活性位点上的固定，对于催化反应是不可或缺的。GT-A难以识别UDP-糖供体以外的供体，所以受体的多样性较低。GT-B型折叠的空间含有两个正对的β/α/β类Rossmann折叠区域，连接方式灵活。GT-B成员无需二价金属离子维持活性，这是GT-B与GT-A家族成员的一个显著区别。此外，通过结构分析和PSI-BLAST发现了由跨膜GT组成GT-C超家族，其折叠方式全为反向型，活性位点位于长环部，一般含有8-13个跨膜螺旋。
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际写下了学习笔记和心得体会，从而进一步夯实自己政治理论功底。通过学习，使我进一步认识到：人民法院的审判工作必须坚持党的领导，必须为党的中心工作服务，以大局为重。司法为民是人民法院审判工作的归宿和出发点，人民法院要为大众服务，要以人民满意为标准，人民法院要坚持科学发展、协调发展、全面发展。人民法院要为建设和谐社会，建设社会主义新农村服务，由于工作目标、服务宗旨明确，激发了我的工作热情。 担任院长以来，我恪守民主集中制原则，努力提高集体决策水平。凡院里重大问题都必须提交院党组讨论，不搞独断专行和一言堂；坚持集体领导，但我作为一把手敢于负责，大胆管理；定期开展谈心活动，党组成员互相交谈，及时纠正不正确思想和做法，消除误解与顾虑，增强团结与沟通。 二、履行职责、创造业绩 任职以来，我做到兢兢业业，勤于做事，高标准要求自己，各项工作在创新中发展。 （一）依法审理、执行各类案件，促进社会稳定和经济发展 依法惩罚犯罪，维护国家安全和社会稳定。全年受理刑事案件209件267人，审结195件，结案率94%。
2019年法院院长任职四年述职报告
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通过上述措施，造就了一支队伍政治坚定、业务精湛、亲民爱民、胸怀大局的法官队伍。四年来，共依法对经济确有困难的群众依法减、缓、免交诉讼费54.42万元；对行动不便的老年人或病残人员采取到当事人住地开庭、送执行款上门30余次；全院共有42个集体和126名干警受省、市、区各级表彰。 二是着重于审判职能发挥，服从大局，切实为党委、政府提供法律服务和司法保障。本人始终坚持审判工作必须胸怀大局，立足本职，为党委、政府提供法律服务和司法保障的原则，紧紧围绕党委、政府的中心工作，落实了各项措施：在刑事审判工作中，与公安、检察、司法等部门紧密配合，积极参与“严打”专项斗争，始终保持对犯罪分子的高压态势，并运用多种方法，分化瓦解罪犯，立足帮教，对判缓、管、免人员进行回访考察。在民事、商事、行政审判和执行工作中，注重案件法律效果与社会效果的统一，大力加强调解工作，防止和化解社会矛盾。四年来，在各类办结案件中，调解或经调解撤诉的达5512件，调解、撤诉率为54.46%，努力做到案结事了。关注社会热点问题，积极协助区委、政府妥善处理群体性纠纷，维护社会稳定。尤其是城市化建设过程中，能坚持从大局出发，积极应对各方利益冲突，大胆利用先予执行、强制执行、诉前保全等法律手段，钝化矛盾，保障重点建设项目的及时推进。 三是着重于抓执行工作良性循环，卧薪尝胆，重塑法律权威和司法公信力。法院的执行工作历来是涉访的重点，何况椒江法院在执
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