词汇学复习资料
1. A word is _______ of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.
A. a minimal free form
B. a smallest meaningful unit
C. an element which can not be further analyzed
D. a grammatically minimal form
2. Which of the following statements is Not correct?
A.A word can be formed by two free morphemes
B.A word can be formed by a free morpheme and a bound morpheme
C.A word can be formed by two bound morphemes
D.A word can be formed by any two affixes.
3. The symbolic connection of a word to a particular thing is almost always
_______________.
A. logical
B. arbitrary
C. inherent
D. automatic
4. In different languages, the same concepts can be represented by different sounds, which shows __________.
A.the relationship between sound and meaning can not be established.
B.there are different logical relations between sound and meaning
C.the relation between sound and meaning is a matter of convention
D.the concepts are not really the same
5. The pronunciation of a language has changed more ______ than spelling over the years.
A.systematically
B. arbitrarily
C. logically
D. rapidly
1. The Indo-European language family consists of________.
A. all the languages in Europe and India
B. all the languages in India and some languages in Europe.
C. most of the languages of Europe, the Near East, and India.
D. Some of the languages of Europe and all the languages of the Near East
2. The prehistoric Indo-European parent language is thought to be ______.
A. A highly inflected language.
B. A highly developed language.
C. A very difficult language.
D. A language of leveled
endings.
3. The Eastern set of Indo-European language family includes such languages as _____.
A. Polish, Welsh and Hindi
B. English, French and Russian
C. German, Persian and Irish
D. Armenian, Albanian and
Bulgarian
4. The Germanic family consists of the four European languages: __________.
A. Slovenian, Czech, Romany and Italic
B. Norwegian, Icelandic,
Danish and Swedish
C. Scottish, Irish, Welsh and Breton
D. Portuguese,
Italian, English and German
5. _________ only made a small contribution to the English vocabulary.
C. Danish
D. Spanish B. CelticA. Latin
6. The first peoples known to inhabit what is now England are ________.
A. Anglo-Saxons
B. French speaking Normans
C. Celts
D. Jutes
7. English is more closely related to ____________.
A. German than French.
B. French than German
C. Welsh than German
D. Irish than Dutch
8. The most important mode of vocabulary development in present-day English is the creation of new words by means of _______.
A. translation-loans
B. semantic loans
C. word formation
D. borrowings
9. Old English vocabulary was in essence ________ with a small quantity of words borrowed from Latin and Scandinavian.
A. Celtic
B. Germanic
C. Roman
D. Irish
10. English has evolved from ___________.
A. an analytic language to a synthetic language
B. a Celtic language to a British language
C. analytic language to a less inflectional language
D. a synthetic language to an analytic language
1. The relationship between the word-form and meaning is ____. Most words can be said to be___.
A. prescriptive, motivated
B. prescriptive, non-motivated
C. arbitrary, motivated
D. arbitrary, non-motivated
of the following is incorrect?
A. “airmail” means “mail by air”
B. “reading-lamp” means “lamp for reading”
C. “green horn” is the horn green in color
D. “hopeless” is “without hope”
3. ____ explains the connection between the literal sense and triturative sense of the word.
A. Etymological motivation
B. Onomatopoetic motivation
C. Morphological motivation
D. Semantic motivation
4. Now people use “pen” for any writing tool though it originally denotes “feature”. This phenomenon can be explained by____ .
A. etymological motivation
B. onomatopoetic motivation
C. morphological motivation
D. semantic motivation
is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning.
A. Grammatical meaning
B. Denotative meaning
C. Associative meaning
D. Connotative meaning
6. When readers come across the word “home” in reading, they may be reminded of their family, friends, warmth, safety, love. That is because of the “home” has ______.
A. collocations
B. connotations
C. denotations
D.
perorations
meaning,
conceptual in same the almost are home” abode, residence, “Domicile, 7.
but differ mainly in___.
A. connotative meaning
B. affective meaning
C. collocative meaning
D. stylistic meaning
8. ____ vary from individual to individual, from culture to culture, from generation to generation, from society to society.
A. Connotative and affection meanings
B. Connotative and collcational meanings
C. Affective and collocational meanings
D. Affective and stylistic meanings
9. “Pretty and handsome”, “tremble and quiver” differ mainly in their _____ meanings.
A. affective
B. collocative
C. stylistic
D. denotative
word“treacle”has the following senses: (1)wild beast; (2)remedy for bites of venomous beasts; (3)antidote for poison or remedy for poison; (4)any effective remedy; (5)(BrE)molasses. What semantic process has“treacle”undergone?
A. centralization
B. radiation
C. concatenation
D. narrowing
group of the following are perfect homonyms?
A. dear (a loved person)—deer (a kind of animal)
B. bow (bending the head as a greeting)—bow(the device used for shooting)
C. bank(the edge of the river)—bank (an establishment for money business)
D. right (correct)—write (put down on paper with a pen)
following are the main sources of homonyms except ____.
A. change in meaning
B. change in sound C .change in spelling D. borrowing
4.“Charm and glamour”，“ranch and ran”are two pairs of synonyms resulting
from___.
A. borrowing
B. dialects and regional English
C. figurative and euphemistic use of words
D. with idiomatic expressions
5.“win” and “gain the upper hand”，“hesitate” and“ be in two minds”are two pairs of synonyms resulting from ____.
A. coincidence with idiomatic expressions.
B. figurative and euphemistic use
of words.
C. dialects and regional English.
D. borrowing
1. The part of a piece of writing or speech which surrounds a word and helps to explain its meaning is called _____.
A.Linguistic context
B.Grammatical context
C.Extra-linguistic context
D.Para-linguistic context
2. In a broad sense, extra-linguistic context includes________.
A.stress
B.time
C.intonation
D.word order
3. From the phrase “ a white paper”, we know that the meaning of the word “paper”here is “document”. This shows that the _______ context can define the meaning
of a word.
A. extra-linguistic
B. grammatical
C. lexical
D. situational
4. The meanings of a word may be influenced by the structure in which it occurs. context. ____D____ called be can appears question in word the which in structure The
A.situational
B.morphological
C.lexical
5. In a narrow sense, context refers to ________ in which a word appears.
A. the words B clauses C. sentences D. All of the above
6. The extra-linguistic context many extend to embrace _______.
A. grammatical context
B. lexical context
C. cultural context
D. linguistic context.
7. In different countries, “trade union” can be interpreted in different ways. This means that _______ may have a defining influence on the meaning of an expression.
A. linguistic context
B. collocation of words
C. a compound word or a phrase
D. cultural background
8. The words that occur together with the word in question are often termed as____.
A. grammatical context
B. compound words
C. lexical context
D. situational context
than one variant, which can realize some morphemes according to the position in
a word, are termed .
A. phonemes
B. allomorphs
C. morphs
D. phones
2. In the words
ecollection, idealistic, and ex-prisoner,
e-, -ion, -ist, -ic,
ex-, and -er are .
A. prefixes
B. suffixes
C. free morphemes
D. bound morphemes
3. is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning but has to be used in combination with other morphemes to make words.
A. Free root
B. Bound root
C. Morpheme
D. Bound morpheme
4. Affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are known as .
A. morphemes
B. derivational morphemes
C. inflectional morphemes
D.
suffixes
5. is the basic form of a word, which can't be further analyzed without total loss of identity.
A. Stem
B. Root
C. Morpheme
D. Affix
6. A may consist of a single morpheme as in iron or of two morphemes as in a compound like handcuff.
A. stem, root, root
B. root, stem, stem
C. stem, stem, root
D. root,
root, stem
1. The new words produced from shortening including clipping and acronyms amount
to of all the new words.
A. 30% to 40%
B. 28% to 30%
C. 8% to 10%
D. 1% to 5%
2. is defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational
affixes to stem. This process is also known as .
A. derivation, affixation
B. affixation, derivation
C. derivative, affixation
D. affixation, derivative
3.De-, dis-, un- , in de-compose, disunite, unwrap, are called .
A. pejorative prefixes
B. negative prefixes
C. reservative prefixes
D. miscellaneous prefixes
4. Hyper-, macro-, mini-, sub-, super-, ultra-, belong to .
A. prefixes of orientation
B. prefixes of attitude
C. prefixes of degree or size
D. prefixes of time and order
5. belong to pejorative prefixes.
A. anti-, contra-, counter-, pro-
B. auto-, neo-, pan-, vice-
C. de-, dis-, un-
D. mal-, mis-, pseudo-
6. Pan-European means .
A. for Europe
B. against Europe
C. the whole of Europe
D. former Europe
7.Profiteer, engineer, priestess, kitchenette, booklet are called .
A. concrete deverbal nouns
B. concrete denominal nouns
C. abstract denominal nouns
D. abstract deverbal nouns
8. Productivity, happiness, largeness fall into the group of .
A. Deverbal nouns
B. Denominal nouns
C. De-adjective nouns
D. De-adverb
nouns
9. belong to deverbal suffixes.
A. -able, -ive
B. -ly, -ward
C. -ate, -en
D. -ful,
-less,
10. When we use a green hand to mean an inexperienced person, a black horse
to mean an unexpected winner, we should read them as .
A. a green 'hand, a 'black horse
B. a 'green hand, a 'black horse
C. a green 'hand, a black 'horse
D. a 'green hand, a black 'horse
11. Sometimes, the meaning of a compound can be inferred from its separate elements, for example, .
A. hot dog
B. red meat
C. flower pot
D. fat head
12. The following can be changed into plural forms by adding inflectional -s directly to their ends, except .
A. brother-in-law
B. three—year-old
C. major general
D. new-born
13. The meanings of many compounds and derivatives are the total of the
combined.
A. morphs
B. allomorphs
C. roots
D. morphemes
14. Which group of the following are the noun compounds acceptable in English?
A. breakout, downfall, intake, downslide
B. outbreak, three-leg, outcry, breakthrough
C. runaway, hangover, going-over, upbringing
D. stockholder, brainstorming, deadline, easy-going
15. Which group of the following are the adjective compounds acceptable in
English ?
A. far-reachng, forth-coming, air-conditioning, on -going.
B. ten-story, five-leg, moon-walk, wading bind
C. deaf-mute, bitter-sweet, one-eyed, air-conditioned
D. proof-reading, mass production, warweary, stone-hearted
16. Which of the following statements is false?
A. Conversion refers to the use of words of one class as that of a different class.
B. Words mainly involved in conversion are nouns, verbs and adverbs.
C. Partial conversion and full conversion are concerned with adjectives when converted to nouns.
D. The conversion between nouns and verbs may involve a change of stress.
17. Which group of the following is partially converted when used as nouns?
A. poor, young, affluent, drunk
B. poor, corrupt, rich, affluent
C. poor, newly-wed, drinkable, white
D. white, final, native, liberal
18.“Omnibus, earthquake, discotheque” are replaced by “bus, quake, disco”respectively in the way of .
A. conversion
B. clipping
C. acronym
D. backformation
19. Which group of the following are acronyms?
A. VOA, AIDS, BASIC, D-Day
B. CORE, Laser, TEFL, NATO
C. G-man, BBC, BASIC, NATO
D. TV, ID, TB, UFO
20. The most productive means of word-formation in modern English are the following except .
A. compounding
B. affixation
C. acronym
D. conversion
ⅠAccording to the given meaning, Choose the proper form of the English idiom from the four alternative answers.
A. till cows come home
B. till the cows come home
C. till bulls come home
D. till the bulls come home
in thought
A. in a brown study
B. in a red study
C. in a green study
D. in a dark study
only in words, not in fact
A. mouth service
B. lip service
C. brain trust
D. mind trust
certainly
A. sure as egg is egg
B. sure as a egg is a egg
C. sure as eggs are eggs
D. sure as eggs is eggs
A. in the air
B. in the open
C. in the raw
D. in the straw
useless and unwanted but big and costly
A. white elephant
B. dark elephant
C. white horse
D. dark horse
important and essential part
A. might and main
B. bag and baggage
C. sum and substance
D. part and
parcel
from continuous use
A. fair and spare
B. toil and moil
C. wear and tear
D. kith and kin
member thought to be a disgrace in the family
A. black sheep
B. a dark horse
C. gray mare
D. white elephant
all difficulties and troubles
A. through high and low
B. through thick and thin C .from head to foot D. from
start to finish
Ⅱ Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose
the best one.
the following idioms, which one is nominal in nature as far as syntactic function
is concerned.
and blood and soul and nail and low
speaking,idioms are expressions that are not readily understandable from their of individual elements.
meaning meaning meaning meaning
structure of an idiom is to a large extent .
of the above
of synonyms is called .
5. refers to idioms in which the name of one thing is used for that
of another associated with it.
D Metonymy
meaning of the idiom black bottle is .
drink
that is black in color bought in an illegal way
figure of speech is applied in the following idioms he salt of the earth; snake
in the grass.
is the mother of success, in the idiom, is used.
of the following idioms means things of little value?
and means and ends of dust tire
,deletion,replacement,dismembering,etc. are _____ .
manipulation features of speech of idioms
brooms sweep clean,wash one dirty linen in public is first used by ____ .
Ⅲ Say whether the following statements are true or false.
each consist of more than one word, but lots of them function as one word.
meaning of idioms always have logical relationship with the literal meaning of individual words.
constituents of an idiom cannot be changed ,not even one article.
structural stability is absolute in actual use.
speaking,most idioms are either formal or informal.
each idiom is a semantic whole,each can be replaced by a single word.
the idioms that function as adjectives consist of adjectives.
large proportion of idioms were first created by working a result,most of them
are now still confined to limited group of people engaged in the same trade or
词汇学的基本知识
词汇学的基本知识 词汇学是研究词语的学问，它是传统语言学（语法、语音、词汇）的一个分支。词汇学的 主要研究的内容是：词的性质、词的构成、词义的本质及发展、词的各种关系（同音、同 义、反义等）。 一、什么是词 词是有意义的能够独立运用的造句的最小单位，它具有固定的语音形式。汉语词的划分有一 定的困难，因为在书写时词和词之间是不分开的。就“独立运用”而言，许多虚词和量词是 不能独立运用的。于是增加了一条补充，一句话中把能独立运用的词划分出去，剩写的也是词。如：“我把这本书包了个书皮。”这个句子中的“本”“个”和“把”也是词。汉语中词 和短语的界限也不很清楚。一般可以用扩展插入法来区分。能插入的是短语，不能插入的是 词（意义不能变）。比如：钢笔——钢的笔、白菜——白的菜、白布——白的布、吃饭——吃 了饭、鸡蛋——鸡的蛋、睡觉——睡不睡觉。“钢笔”不能插入词，“白菜”插入后意思变了，它们肯定是词。“白布”可以插入且意思不变，可以做为短语。“吃饭”可以插入，“鸡蛋”可 以插入，但“鸡蛋”的频度很高，可以把它做为词。睡觉可以插入，但两个语素的组合是固 定的，把这类词做为离合词（理发、洗澡、打仗等）。 一个语素（有意义的汉字）能独立运用就是词。（米、吃、红、个、从） 两个语素组合后，意义不是它们的简单相加，就是词。（钢笔、金鱼、） 两个语素组合后，不能扩展插入词，就是词。（钢笔，白菜） 两个语素组合后，虽能扩展插入词，但它们是不能用别的语素替换的，则是一种特殊的词 ——离合词。 两个语素组合后，虽能扩展插入词，但它们的使用频度很高，且大家约定俗成认为它是词。（“鸡蛋”是词、“鹰蛋”就有人认为是短语）。 综上所述，汉语的词与短语之间的界限是有模糊地带的。 人们对客观世界的认识形成了概念，词是反映概念的，但它们之间的关系不是一一对应的。 比如，“月亮”、“月球”对应的是一个概念，“人民”这个词可以对应不同的概念。 二、现代汉语词汇的构成 词汇由词和固定的短语——熟语、谚语等构成。 词可以从不同的角度分类： 1.语法分类——实词、虚词（词类） 2.结构分类——单纯词、合成词 3.音节分类——单音节词、多音节词 4.常用——常用词汇（基本词汇）、一般词汇 5.口语词汇——书面词汇 6.普通话词汇——方言词汇 7.汉语词汇——外来语词汇 8.古词语——新词语 熟语可以包括成语、谚语、歇后语等。成语表意凝炼、形象，在书面语中广泛运用。它来源 于古代的典故，有的选取原句中最能概括原句意思的成分（乘风破浪——愿乘长风，破万里浪），有的用四个字概括寓言、故事等（刻舟求剑、狐假虎威），有的增加个别字（短兵相接——车错毂兮短兵接）。成语的意思有的是语素义的简单相加（汗流浃背、无稽之谈、自圆其说）；多数成语的意思不是语素义的相加，有的意思是约定俗成的（高山流水——表示知己知音），有的是取字面的比喻义（水落石出——比喻真相毕露了）。
词汇学复习重点
Terms: 1. lexicology 2. morpheme 3. root 4. derivational affixes 5. affixes 6. compounding 7. blending 8. conversion 9. back formation 10. synonymy 11. homonymy 12. hyponymy Questions: 1. Explain the relationship between sound and meaning with examples. There is no logical relationship between sound and meaning as the symbolic connection between them is arbitrary and conventional. E.g. “woman” means “Frau” in German, “Femme” in French and “Funv” in Chinese. On the other hand, the same sound /rait/ can mean right, rite and write, though denoting different things, yet have the same sound. 2. Illustrate four types of antonyms with examples. 3. What are allomorphs? Please list the allomorphes of the morpheme{plural} in English. The different morphological or phonetic forms of a morpheme are allomorphs of the morpheme. The noun plural morpheme {plural} in English has a numer of allomorphs, such as [-s] in cats, [-z] in bags, [-iz] in fishes, [-ai] in mice, [-n] in oxen, [-i:] in geese and so on. 4. As language changes over time, the meaning of a word may deviate from its original denotation. Discuss the major types of semantic changes. Major types of semantic changes are semantic broadening, semantic narrowing and semantic shift. Semantic broadening refers to the process in which the meaning of a word becomes more general or inclusive than its historically earlier denotation. Take the word “holiday”for example, the orlder meaning was a “holy day”. Today everyone enjoys a holiday, regardless of religious background. Semantic narrowing is a process in which the meaning of a word becomes less gneral or inclusive than its historically earlier meaning. For example. “wife”used to mean “any woman”, but now it only means “a married female”. Semantic shift is a process of semantic change in which a word loses its former meaning and acquires a new, sometimes related, meaning. For example, the word silly meant “happy”in Old English, and naive in Middle English, but “foolish”in Modern Engilsh. 5. Illustrate four types of synonyms with examples.
词汇的形象色彩
词汇的形象色彩与对外汉语教学 词语的形象色彩是指很多词语用于解释普遍存在的概念意义外，还同时具有形象感，它们通过人们的感官如视觉、听觉、味觉等诱发人们的联想，给人以生动可感的形象感。例如：猫头鹰这个词就比较形象地反映出这种鸟头部像猫的特点；哗啦啦，是人耳边回现出流水的声音；而甜丝丝会让我们如同品尝到了甜味的食物。这些都是日常生活中非常常见的例子，可见词汇的形象色彩在生活中的应用是很广的。 正由于应用广泛，有形象色彩的词很丰富，所以对这些词的分类显得有点困难。本文将采取兰宾汉先生对具有形象色彩的词的分类，即将它们分成形感、动感、色感、声感这样四类。下面分别加以阐释： 形感：有些词的意义能给人十分具体的形象。如佛手、木耳、浪潮，大家眼前会浮现出这种事物的整体的形状。木耳是一种长在腐朽的木头上的一种可供食用菌类，形状像人的耳朵；浪潮顾名思义，想浪花一样的潮流；这是对事物整体情状的比喻。又如喇叭花、鹅卵石，灯笼裤、斑马线则是在对事物的性状的比喻之后加上了一个类名。斑马、驼背、白头翁是对描摹事物的突出的特征等等。它们的突出的特点即是让人们很容易地联想到所指事物的外在形状，我们称之形感。 色感：有些词的意义给人以鲜明的色彩感。如血红让人联想到血的颜色；草绿则浮现出一片青草的的画面，联想到充满生机的绿，还有鹅黄、橘红等。具有色感的词多为形容词，比如ABB式的白茫茫，红彤彤，绿油油，金灿灿等；又如ABC式的白呲咧、血呼啦；还有A 里BC、A不BC式的，如血里呼啦，白不呲咧；还有ABCD式的如黑咕隆咚。这些词当中的词缀部分意义很虚，但它们结合在一起具有描摹性，给人们造成一种很模糊的印象，从而给人一种形象感。 动感：有些词的意义能让人产生特殊的动感。如席卷，会让人联想到用席子卷的这样一系列的动作，从而给人一动作快，范围大的感觉。而蚕食则让人们想到蚕不分昼夜沙沙吃蚕叶这样的动作行为，从而给人一种连续不断地侵食这样一种动感。这样的词还有摇曳、撞车、碰钉子、炒鱿鱼等。一些带如字的词常带有动作感：暴跳如雷、血流如注、泪如雨下、不绝如缕等。象点头哈腰、东倒西歪、俯首帖耳等次也是对存在事物的动作状态的直接的描写。声感：有些词能给人以如闻其声的感觉。这些词多为拟声词如呵呵，哈哈，嘻嘻，啧啧，喔喔，咩咩等。还有ABB式的如笑哈哈，笑嘻嘻，轰隆隆，哗啦啦；A里BC式的如稀里哗啦等，看到这些词自然会联想到自然界的一些声音，这也是其形象色彩的特点之所在。 当然，这只是众多对具有形象色彩意义的词的分类中的一种，而且也只是一种大至的分类，比如有的词就不只属于其中的一种，而是兼具两种甚至是多种形象色彩。如银河是因为看起来像一条白色的河而得名，它的意义中就包含了形感和色感两种形象色彩。有如扑啦啦，既有拍翅膀的动感又有拍翅时的声音的形容，也兼具两种形象色彩。 不仅仅是词，在词汇系统中的固定语中的一些成语同样具有形象色彩。例如狼吞虎咽明显是对动作的描摹，具有很强烈的动感；又如羊肠小道则是很典型的对于事物形状的描绘，具有形感。其它的成语如坐如针毡、骨瘦如柴、口若悬河等。还有一些成语以其呈现的整体的画面共同显示它的形象色彩。如隔岸观火，会使人的头脑中浮现一幅画面，隔岸是空间位置，观火是动作行为，如果接受者再补充一个动作行为的主体，就形成了这幅整体的画面。这是由于固定语的内部结构相对来首比较复杂，所呈现的信息量较大，因而信息的叠加呈现出了整体的画面，这个画面对整个成语的理解起着烘托得作用。如按下葫芦浮起瓢、拨云见日、兵临城下等。还有一些词语，其表层的给接受者提供两个形象单位二者结合在一块儿很容易使人想起它的深层的涵义，这一类成语形象感的形成和我国古典诗歌中意境的形成非常相似，既由表层的关系使人联想到深层的意蕴。如南辕北辙，辕向着南边而辄却朝着北，想去南边而却走向了北边，比喻行动和初衷是相违背的。如果对这个成语稍加体会其深沉含义是
英语词汇学考试重点整理
Explain the following terms 一1) free morpheme/ A free morpheme is one that can be uttered发出，表达alone with meaning. It can exist on its own without a bound morpheme. In the traditional sense, a free morpheme is a word. 例如hand ,eat, get 2) bound form/never used as sentences. – ess in countess, lioness and duchess –ish in boyish, childish and greenish –s in hats, books and cups 3) function words/ function words are often short words, they do not have much lexical meaning and some of them have no lexical meaning of their own; They are often short words such as determiners限定词, conjunctions连词, prepositions介词, auxiliaries辅助物, and so forth. 如to, the , of , by 4) content words实词/ They are used to name objects, qualities, actions, processes or states, and have independent lexical meaning. They are the nouns, main verbs, adjectives形容词and adverbs副词of a language. 二1) syntheti c综合的language / inflectional grammatical markers, French, German and Russian. 2) analytic language/word order, prepositions or auxiliary verbs , English and Chinese 3) Indo-European family of languages/ Europe and parts of Southern Asia Eight groups 三1) morphemes /The morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible可分的or analyzable into smaller forms. 2) allomorphs/variants变体of the same morphem如im-, ir-, il- : allomorphs of the morpheme in- 3) root / is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word. work able, work er, work ed, and work ing 4) stem /A stem is of concern only when dealing with inflectional morphology. Inflectional (but not derivational) affixes are added to it. It is the part of word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed. 如undesirables, undesirable; desired, desire 5) base / A base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added. Desirable, desire - base and root, not stem; undesirable, desirable-base, not root and stem 6) inflectional affixes/A inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality复数, tense, and the comparative比较的or superlative 最高的degree. 如-s, -ed, -er, -est 7) derivational affixes / When they are added to another morpheme, they derive a new word. re+write, mini+car, super+market, modern+ize, work+er 8) compounding 复合法/Compounding is a word-formation process consisting of combining two or more bases to form a compound word 9) derivation 派生法/Derivation or affixation is generally defined as a word-formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix or a suffix or both to the base 10) conversion 转化法/Conversion is a word-formation process in which a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix. 11) initialism/It is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase. 12) acronym首字母缩略词/Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, etc. Acronyms differ from initialisms in that they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters. 13) blending拼缀/Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by
词汇学第一、二章课后习题及答案
2012级（1）班 Chaper1 The Basic Concepts Of Words and Vocabulary I.Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement. 1. ______is the most important of all characteristics of the basic word stock. A.Productivity Stability C.Collocability D.All national character 2. Nonbasic vocabulary includes all of the following except_______ . A.slang B.Anglo-Saxon words C.argots D.neologisms 3. According to the origins of the words, English words can be classified into _______ . A.content words and functional words B.native words and borrowed words C.basic words and dialectal words D.loan words and dialectal words 4. Borrowings can be divided into________. A.liens, semantic loans, translationloans, denizens B.empty words, notional words, form words, content words C.blends, portmanteau words, acronyms, initializes D.derivatives, compounds, converted words and clipped words 5. Apart from the characteristics of basic vocabulary, native words have two other features, namely_________. A.Productivity and stability B.neutrality in style and high frequency in use C.collectability and polysemy D.formality and arbitrariness 6．The word beaver(meaning“girl”)is_______ . A.a dialectal word B.argot C.an archaism D.slang 7. AIDS as a nonbasic word is_______ . A.jargon B.an archaism C.aneologism D.slang 8.Form words include the following word classes except_______ . A.conjunctions B.auxiliaries C.prepositions D.adjectives 9. Vocabulary can refer to the following except_______ . A.the total number of the words in alanguage B.all the words used in a particular historical period C.all the words of a given dialect D.most words a person knows 10.Kimono is a loan word from_______ . A.German B.French C.Spanish D.Japanese 11. _______ form the mainstream of the basic word stock. A.Anglo-Saxon words B. Frenchwords C.Danish words https://www.wendangku.net/doc/d06283881.html,tin words 12.Black humor is_______ . A.a translation loan B.a semantic loan C.a denizen D.an alien 13.Pronouns and numerals are semantically_______ and have limited_______ . A.polysemous;use and stability B.monosemous;collocability and stability C.polysemous;use and productivity D.monosemous;productivity andcollectability 14.Indigestion is_______ . A.jargon B.slang C.terminology D.an archaism
汉语言文字学书目
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22、《文字学概要》裘锡圭 23、《音韵学教程》唐作藩 24、《中国修辞学》杨树达 25、《〈说文解字〉注》 [清]段玉裁 26、《说文释例》 [清]王筠 27、《经传释词》 [清]王引之 28、《四书章句集注》 [宋]朱熹 29、《训诂丛稿》（《郭在贻文集》）郭在贻 30、《同源字论》（《同源字典》）王力 研究生阅读、写作初步建议（09） 壹、阅读 一、文献文本：文献阅读的目的是增强语感，储存语料，了解语言面貌；精读（即参考注释，字句无窒碍）阅读量10-15万字（不包括注释），泛读（即不一定参考注释，基本理解）阅读量20-30万字；下列书目大致按难易排序，可以二选一（史书部头大，可以选读）。 1、《世说新语》/《坛经》 2、《中古汉语读本》（方一新、王云路编著） 3、《近代汉语读本》（刘坚编著） 4、《论语》/《孟子》（杨伯峻译注） 5、《史记》/《汉书》（传记部分） 6、《庄子》（陈鼓应今注今译）/《荀子》（王先谦集解） 7、《诗经》选读（100篇以上）/《左传》选读
词汇学知识点总结
Language Language is a system of symbol based on physiology, psychology, and physics. It’s a special social action and a carrier of information used for human communication in a society. The relationship between Language, Society, and Thought: 1. any language reflects the culture of the society in a particular period. Therefore language is the mirror reflecting the culture of a society. 2. Language is a product of society. Language is inseparable from human society. 3. Language is used as a means of communication in a society. Outside society there is no language. 4. Society depends upon language for its existence. For example, there are many words connected with carriage. Buggy, a light one-horse carriage with two wheels. Coach, a large closed four-wheel horse-drawn carriage. 5. moreover, man’s thought is indispensable to language just as language is indispensable from society. We know that language is used to express man’s thought. The process of thinking is closely connected with language. That is to say, without thinking, there would be no human language. 6. language serves society as a means of intercourse between people. Linguistics is the scientific study of language. The scope of linguistics include phonology, syntax, semantics, phonetics, philology, lexicology, stylistics, general linguistics, descriptive linguistics…… Lexicology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the study of the vocabulary of a given language. It deals with words, their origin, development, history, structure, meaning, and application. Aim of English Lexicology is to give a systematic description of the English vocabulary. It offers students an insight into the origin and development of the English vocabulary. The significance of English Lexicology: help the learners to enlarge their vocabulary and improve their ability to analyze and use the words. Two approaches to the study of English Lexicology: synchronic and diachronic. Synchronic means describing a language as it exists at one period of time. Diachronic means concerned with the historical development of a language. For example: January, February, march, synchronically, they are the words of the months of one year. Diachronically, they are all borrowed words. Synchronically, we consider words like eventful, talkative as derivatives. Diachronically, they are hybrids, that is, words that are made of two parts, each from a different language. Etymology is the study of the origin and history of words and their meanings. Significance: 1.to provides background information and knowledge about the history, origin and development of the English language. 2. To increase the learner’s enjoyment and real understanding of English words from their changes of forms including their spelling and pronunciation to that of meanings. English is classified as a Teutonic language, that is, a Germanic language. English belongs to the Low West Germanic branch of the Indo-European family. Division of the history of the English language: 1. the period from 450 to 1150 is known as the Old English or Anglo-Saxon period. It’s described as the period of full inflection. 2. The period from 1150 to 1500 is known as the Middle English period, also as the period of leveled inflections. 3. The period from 1500 to the present day is called the Modern English period, also as the period of lost inflection. There are two classes of language in the world: synthetic and analytic. A synthetic language is one which shows the relation of word in a sentence largely by means of inflection. An analytic language is one which indicates the relation of words in a sentence by means of word order, preposition or auxiliary verbs, rather than by inflection. Old English the a synthetic language, while Modern English is an analytic language. Modern English can be divided into two parts: the early Modern English period and the Late Modern English period. Dean Swift was a conservative and he opposed the tendency to shorten words, such as ad
自考英语词汇学部分章节重点归纳EnglishLexicology
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现代汉语词汇学考试题
北京师范大学语言学与应用语言学研究生（07·假期）课程班考试题 考试时间：2007年7月（孙银新副教授） 科目：现代汉语词汇学班别：07假期姓名：_____ 学号：______分数：_____ 考试题： 一、关于现代汉语的基本词汇及其特点，你是如何理解的？试加以评述。（20分） 1. 基本词汇 普通话词汇里，有些词是全民族使用得最多的，一般的生活当中所必需的，意义最明确，为一般人所共同理解，几乎用不着什么解释的。这样的词是词汇当中最主要的成份，叫做基本词。基本词的集合体叫做基本词汇，是词汇的基础。 2. 基本词汇的特点 ⑴全民性 ⑵稳定性 二、现代汉语的词和词素有哪些不同？举例说明应该如何判定现代汉语的词？（20分）词素又叫语素，是汉语中最小的语法单位，是构成词语的要素。词是汉语中能表达一个完整意思的语法单位；1. 词，由语素组成的能够独立运用的最小语言单位。这里的独立，就与“词素”区别了，词素是不能独立的最小的音意结合体。例“乡”这是个“xiang"和字形的结合，但不能独立运用，”乡村”就是一个词了。区别词和词素，用替换法。 三、汉语的造词和构词，造词法和构词法有何不同？试举例分析说明。（20分） 造词法和构词法最主要的区别是前者是研究词是用什么语言材料，什么样的造词方法来创造词，是一种造词方式。后者是从词的构造来分析，分析词成分的意义，作用及其间的关系，是一种结构方式。所以：构词法不涉及单纯词，造词法说明一些单纯词如何创造出来，如：咕咚用的是语音学造词的“单纯拟声“。 另外两者都是分析词语的方法，但侧重点不同。比如“银币”和“银耳”这两个词： 1. 按构词法分析：都属限定式，前一个成分限定后一个成分； 2. 按造词法分析：“银币”属于句法学造词中的主从式，“银耳”属于修辞学造词中的比喻式。
英语词汇学第九单元测试题2(附答案)
C9 Test-2 below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that I. Each of the statements would best complete the statement. 1. The fixity of idioms depends on A. idiomaticity B. structure C. grammaticality D. style
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