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英语中代词的用法

英语中代词的用法
英语中代词的用法

代词的用法

一、定义与分类

代词是代替名词及起名词作用的短语或句子的词。代词根据其意思和用法可分为人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、相互代词、疑问代词、连接代词、关系代词、不定代词九类。综观历年高考情况,在这九类代词中,不定代词一直是高考英语的重点。

?人称代词I , you ,she ,him

?疑问代词who, whom, whose, which, what (用于引出特殊疑问句的代词)

注意:what与which的用法区别:当选择的范围较明确时,用which;不明确时用what。

如:Which color do you like, red, black or white? What color is your car?

?物主代词my 、your、hers

?关系代词which 、that、who、whom

?反身代词myself、yourselves

注意:反身代词用于be, feel, seem, look 等后作表语表示身体或精神所处的状态。

如:I'll be myself again in no time. 我一会儿就会好的。He doesn't feel himself today.

I’m not quite myself these days. 我近来身体不大舒服。

?连接代词who, whom, what, which, whose, whoever, whatever, whichever主要用于

引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句等

?相互代词each other、one another

?不定代词one、each、another、neither

?指示代词this、that、those、these

注意:a. 为避免重复,可用that 和those 代替前面提到的名词。

如:The playground of this school is bigger than that of that school.(that=the playground) My books are next to those of the monitor.

b. 在打电话时,通常用this 指自己,用that指对方:如:Hello. This is Jim. Is that John?

c. this 和that 还可用作副词,用以修饰形容词或副词,意为“这么”、“那么”,相当于so。

如:I've done only that much. 我所做的就这么多。Is he always this busy? 他总这么忙吗? 二:人称代词,物主代词,反身代词用法概述

这三种代词都有人称(一、二、三人称)的变化、数(单、复数)的变化,以及性(阴性、阳性、中性)的变化。其中,人称代词除了这三种变化外,还有格(主格、宾格)的变化。物主代词又包括两种形式:形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。特别注意:形容词性物主代词its没有相应的名词性物主代词。

三、不定代词的用法

1)定义:不定代词是不指明代替任何特定名词或形容词的代词。

2)分类:

英语中不定代词有:some(something,somebody,someone,somewhere),any(anything,anybody,anyone,anywhere),no(nothing,nobody,no one),every(everything,everybody,everyone,everywhere),all,each,both,much,many,(a)little,(a)few,other(s),another,none,one,either,neither等。

2)不定代词的句法功能

1)作主语,例:Both(of us)are right.Neither(of the answers)is correct.

2)作宾语,例:There is room for all of us.If you have any,give us some.

3)作表语,例:Is that all you want to know?

I’m not somebody,I’m nobody.我不是重要人物,我是个无名小卒.4)作定语,例:You may take either road.

Everybody‘s business is nobody’s business.人人都管等于没人管。(谚)5)作同位语,例:They both agreed to stay here.We none of us said anything.

☆不定代词是英语所有代词中最重要的一类,也是高考英语中最常考的一类,复习时应注意以下几点:

1. some和any的比较

不定代词some,any都是“一些”的意思,都可和可数名词或不可数名词连用。some一般用于肯定句中;而any则用于否定句、疑问句或条件从句中.

例:Tom has some picture-books.I have waited some time.

Have you any questions?There aren’t any pictures on the wall.

注意:在表示请求、邀请或征求意见的句子中,通常要用some 而不用any。

如:Will you lend me some money? Why don’t you bring some flowers?

2. 指两者和三者的不定代词。有些不定代词用于指两者(如both, either, neither),有的不定代词用于指三者(如all, any, none, every),具体使用时要根据一定的上下文正确选用。

如:He is blind in both eyes. 他双目失明。

Were they all college students? 他们都是大学生吗?

注意:each 可用于两者、三者或三者以上,而every 只用于三者或三者以上,因此用于两者时只能用each,不能用every。

如:There are trees on each side of the road.

3. (a) few 与(a) little。few和a few 后接复数名词,而little和a little后接不可数名词。其中few 和little表示数量很少或几乎没有,强调“少”,含有否定意义;而a few 和 a little 则表示数量虽然少但毕竟还有,强调“有”,含有肯定意义。

如:He knew few of them. He sold only a few of the papers. 他只卖出了几份报纸。

He knew little about it. There is still a little left.

4. all, every, each的用法。从强调重点上看:all强调整体,every 强调总体中的所有成员(与all很接近),each则强调逐个逐个地;从用法上看:all和each既可单独使用,也可后接名词,还可后接of短语;而every 后必须接名词,既不能单独使用也不能后接of 短语;从含义上看,each 指两者或两者以上的“每个”,every指三者或三者以上“每个”,因此指

两者时只能用each。

如:All was destroyed in the big fire.Each of us has a book.

All are present.= Everyone is present..

注意:1)在表示“每个”、“全体”意思时,every的意思与all很接近。但一般情况下every 和单数名词搭配,all和复数名词搭配。

例:Every child enjoys Christmas.All children enjoy Christmas.

2)each也是“每一个”的意思,但与every不同,each用于指两个或两个以上的人或物,着重于个别概念。

例:Two men came into the room.Each carried an umbrella.

Each/Every book on this desk is worth reading.

5.other, the other, another, others的用法。指单数时,若泛指用another,若特指用the other;指复数时,若泛指用other(后接复数名词)或others(其后不接名词),若特指用the other (后接复数名词)或the others(其后不接名词)。

如:Show me some others. Show me another.

We should think of others. Where are the other students?

注:another后一般要单数可数名词,若其后的名词有数词或few 修饰,则也可接复数名词。如:I've got another five minutes. 我还有5分钟。

6.no one, nobody, none 的用法。no one 与nobody 用法相似,均只用于指人不用于指物,且其后不能接of短语,用作主语时谓语用单数;而none 既可用于指人也可用于指物,其后通常接of短语,用作主语时,若指不可数名词,谓语只能用单数,若指复数名词,则谓语可用单数(较正式)也可用复数(用于非正式文体)。

如:No one [Nobody] has read it. None of this milk can be used.

None of the films is [are] worth seeing.

7. 复合不定代词的用法。复合不定代词主要包括something, somebody, someone, anything, anybody, anyone, nothing, nobody, no one, everything, everybody, everyone 等,它们在句中可用作主语、宾语或表语,但不能用作定语。其中something, someone 等和anything, anyone等的区别与some 和any 的区别一样,前者一般用于肯定句,后者一般用于否定句、疑问句或条件句。使用时应请注意以下几点:

(1) 受定语修饰时,定语应置于其后。

如:Tell us something interesting. There was nobody tired.

(2) 指人的复合不定代词若用作主语,其谓语动词一般用单数,相应的人称代词和物主代词

也用单数he, him, his (不一定指男性)。但在非正式文体中常用复数代词they, them, their。如:If anybody [anyone] comes, ask him [them] to wait. 要是有人来,让他等着。(3) anyone, everyone 等只能指人,不能指物,且其后一般不接of 短语。若是指物或后接of

短语,可用any one, every one (即分开写)。

8.one, that和it

one表示泛指,that和it 表示特指。that与所指名词为同类,但不是同一个,而it 与所指名词为同一个。

one泛指任何人,可以在形容词和that,this等词后代替刚提过的可数名词,其所有格形式为one’s,反身代词为oneself,复数形式为ones。

1)泛指“人”,如:

One should be strict with oneself.人应该严格要求自己。

2)表示“一个人或物”,如:

Chinese is one of the most useful languages in the world.汉语是世界上最有用的语言之一。

3)代替上文己出现过的可数名词,如

I’ve lost my pen. I want to buy a new one.我的钢笔丢了,我想买一枝新的。4)the one和the ones表示特定的人或物,如:

No film is as good as the one I saw last week.我上周看的电影最好。

Students who do well in examinations are the ones who ask questions in class.考试成绩好的都是上课爱提问的学生。

5)One前可以有形容词修饰,这时它需带冠词或受形容词性的物主代词修饰,如:

I have two balls. The old one is on the floor. The new one is in my hand.我有两

个球,旧的在地板上,新的在我手里。

He bought a new pen yesterday. His old one is broken.昨天他买了一支新钢笔,他那支旧的坏了。

6)one可用this,that,any,some,each,the,next,every,which等修饰,如:

Here are two umbrellas,which one is yours?This one or that one?这儿有两把伞,哪一个是你的?这个还是那个?

7)one或ones带后置定语时,前面要加定冠词,如:

Is this the one you want?这是你想要的那个吗?

8)one和it的区别,如:one和ones是泛指,表示同类中的任何一个或几个,it是特指,指代上文出现过的某一物。如:This book is a good one. May I borrow it?这是一本好书,我可以借它吗?

比较I can't find my hat. I think I must buy one.(不定)

我找不到我的帽子了。我想我该去买一顶。

The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought.(同类但不同个)

你买的那顶帽子比我买的大。

I can't find my hat. I don' t know where I put it.( 同一物)

(5)much和many的用法

much和many都有“许多”的意思,much表示或修饰不可数名词,many表示或修饰可数名词。

1)much或many多用于疑问句或否定句,在肯定句中常用a lot of,lots of,plenty of,a large quantity of,quantities of 代替,much还可用a great deal of 代

替,many还可用a(large)number of代替。

2)much和many在句中可作主语、宾语或定语,many作主语时,谓语动词用复数,much作主语时,谓语动词用单数,如:

Many of the students did well this time.这次许多学生做得好。(作主语)

Much of the time is free.  许多时间是空闲的。(作主语)

I have much to say.我有许多话要说。(作宾语)

I don’t have much to do today.今天我没太多的事要做。(做宾语)

Many people wanted to stay here.许多人想呆在这儿。(作定语)

There’s much water in the bottle.瓶里有许多水。(作定语)

3)much可用作副词、作状语,表程度,如:

The city is much larger than that one.这个城市比那个城市大多了。

4)be not much意为“不怎么样”,如:

I’ve visited the country and it is not much.我拜访过那个国家,并不怎么样。5)much还可与too连用,构成“too much+不可数名词”短语,意为“太多的……”如:

There is too much noise in the classroom.  在教室里有太多嘈杂声。6)much还可与too连用,构成much too“非常”副词词组,修饰形容词、副词,不修饰动词,如:

I’m much too busy to see visitors.我太忙,不能会见来访者。

7)“many a+可数名词单数”表示“许多”,如:

Many a way has been tried.己试过不止一个方法了。

8)在名词前如果有冠词或指示代词等词时,要用many of或much of结构,如:

Many of my books are English.我的书大多是英语书。

(6)either和neither的用法

Either指“两个人或物中的任何一个”,表示肯定意义,neither指“两个人或物中一个也不,两者都不”表示否定意义。

1)这两个词在句中可作主语、宾语、定语,作主语时谓语动词用单数,如:Either of them has a pen.  他们两人都有一枝钢笔。(作主语)Neither is wrong.哪个都没错。(作主语)

“Do you speak German or French?”“I don’t speak either.”“你讲德语还是法语?”“这两种语言都不说。”(作宾语)

Neither answer is right.两个答案都不对。(作定语)

I know neither of the two men.这两个人我一个也不认识。(作宾语)

There are trees on either side of the road.路两旁有树。(作定语)

2)either可放在否定句的句尾,表示“也”,如:

I don’t know either.我也不知道。

3)either修饰名词时,前面不用物主代词,表示代词或定冠词,可以说:either pen但不能说the either pen或either my pen。

4)either用作代词时,可以单独使用,也可和of连用,of后接复数名词,名词前要用一个物主代语、指示代词或定冠词,如:

He doesn’t like either of the two places.他不喜欢这两个地方中的任何一个。5)当either of作主语时,动词一般用单数形式,但在否定句和疑问句中,动词也常用复数,特别在口语中,如:

Either of them is good enough.他们两个都足够好。

I don’t think either of them are at home.我认为他们俩都不在家。

6)either…or…,意为“不是……就是……,或者……或者……”,连接两个名词或代词作主语时,谓语动词在人称和数上要同最近的主语保持一致,如:Either he or I am to blame.或者他或者我将受到责备。

Is either he or you going to the cinema?他去看电影,还是你去呢?

Are either you or he going to the cinema?你去看电影,还是他去呢?

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