定语从句语法教案及配套练习

定语从句语法教案及配套练习

贵州省纳雍县和平中学：蒋钦

用来说明主句中某一名词或代词（有时也可说明整个主句或主句中一部分）而起定语作用的句子叫作定语从句。定语从句在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。关系词通常有下列三个作用：A、引导定语从句；B、代替先行词；C、在定语从句中充当一个成分。例如：

The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman. 该句中，who is shaking hands with my father 是定语从句，修饰先行词the man，“who”是引导定语从句的关系词，代替先行词the man，在定语从句中作主语。

关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。

关系副词有：when, where, why等。

限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

限制性定语从句

China is a country which has a long history. 中国是一个历史悠久的国家

形式上：不用逗号“，”与主句隔开。

意义上：是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。

译法上：译成先行词的定语：“．．．的”

关系词的使用上：A．作宾语时可省略B．可用that C．可用who 代替whom

非限制性定语从句

His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him. 他妈妈十分地爱他，对他要求很严格。

China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful. 中国是1949年成立的，现在正变得越来越强大。

形式上：用逗号“，”与主句隔开。

意义上：只是对先行词的补充说明，如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思。

译法上：通常译成主句的并列句。

关系词的使用上：A．不可省略B．不用that C．不可用who 代替whom

一、关代带词引导的定语从句

1.关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。

1．who 指人，在定语从句中作主语。

The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。

That is the teacher who teaches us physics. 那就是教我们物理的老师。

2．whom 指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。

Mr Liu is the person ( whom ) you talked about on the bus. 刘先生就是你们在公共汽车上谈论的那个人。

Li Ming is just the boy ( whom ) I want to see. 李明正是我想要见的男孩。

注意：关系代词whom 在口语或非正式文体中常可用who 来代替，也可省略。

The man ( whom / who )you met just now is my old friend.

3．Which 指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。

Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 足球是大多数男孩所喜欢的运动。

This is the pen ( which ) he bought yesterday. 这是他昨天买的钢笔。

4．That 指人时，相当于who 或whom；指物时，相当于which.。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。

The number of people that / who come to visit this city each year reaches one million. 每年来参观这座城市的人数达一百万。

Where is the man that / whom I saw this morning? 我今天早上看到的那个人在哪儿？

The season that / which comes after spring is summer. 春天以后的季节是夏季。

Yesterday I received a letter that / which came from Australia. 昨天我收到了一封来自澳大利亚的信。5．Whose 通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。

I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country. 我拜访了一个全国知名的科学家。

I once lived in the house whose roof has fallen in. 我曾经住在那幢屋顶已经倒塌了的房子里。

注意：指物时，常用下列结构来代替：

The classroom whose （of which ）door is broken will soon be repaired.

Do you like the book whose （of which）cover is yellow?

二、关系副词引导的定语从句

关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。

1． when 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。

I still remember the day when I first came to this school. 我仍然记得我第一次来到这所学校的那一天。 Do you remember the years when he lived in the countryside with his grandparents. 你还记得在农村和你祖父母一起生活的那些年吗？

2． where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。

Shanghai is the city where I was born. 上海是我出生的城市。

3． why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。

Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. 请告诉我你误机的原因。

I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today. 我不知道他今天为什么看上去不愉快。

1）关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于\"介词+ which\"结构，因此常常和\"介词+ which\"结构交替使用。例如：

There are occasions when （on which）one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。

Beijing is the place where（in which）I was born.北京是我的出生地。

Is this the reason why （for which）he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？

2）that代替关系副词，可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和\"介+which\"引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略。例如：

His father died the year （that / when / in which）he was born.他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。

He is unlikely to find the place （that / where / in which）he lived forty years ago.

他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。

A、关系代词that 的用法

1）不用that的情况

a）引导非限定性定语从句时。例如：

（错）The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.

b）介词后不能用。例如：

We depend on the land from which we get our food. 我们依赖土地获得食物。

We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.

2）只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况

a）在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。

b）在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。

c）先行词有the only, the very修饰时，只用that。

d）先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。.

e）先行词既有人，又有物时。例如：

All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油问题。

Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.

那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。

B、关系代词which的用法

■关系代词which只用于指事或物，不用于指人，它在定语从句中主要用作主语或宾语。如：

She was not on the train which arrived just now. 她不在刚才到达的那列火车上。(关系代词which 指train，在从句中用作主语)

He never got back the money which he had lent him. 他从未收回他曾借给他的那笔钱。(关系代词which指money，在从句中用作宾语)

■关系代词which有时可用于指人。原则上说，which用于指事物，不用于指人。但以下情况属于例外：

1. 用于在指人的名词之后，指不强调性别的婴儿：

He was the last child which was born. 他是最后出生的孩子。(which指小孩)

■在非常正式的文体中，代词that后可以接一个修饰它的定语从句，这个定语从句通常用which来引导。如：

They say the only real knowledge is that which can be measured. 据说唯一真实的知识是可以检验的知识。

在现代英语中，that which通常用what来代替。如：

We have that which (=what) we need. 我们需要的东西都有了。

That which (=What) many people say is not always true. 很多人说的话并不表示一定是真的。

三、判断关系代词与关系副词

方法一：用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要

求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：

判断改错：

（错）This is the mountain village where I visited last year.

（错）I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.

（对）This is the mountain village （which）I visited last year.

（对）I\'ll never forget the days （which）I spent in the countryside.

习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。

方法二：准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、谓、宾、定、状），也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。

例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.

A. where

B. that

C. on which

D. the one

答案：例1 D，例2 A

例2变为肯定句：This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.

而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语(状语(adverbial)是句子的重要修饰成分。状语是谓语里的另一个附加成分,它附加在谓语中心语的前面,从情况,时间,处所,方式,条件,对象,肯定,否定,范围和程度等方面对谓语中心进行修饰或限制。)表地点，既可用副词where，又因in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。

关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词（who, whom, that, which, whose）；先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词（where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语）。

四、“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句

1、介词后面的关系词不能省略。

2、that前不能有介词。

3、某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的\"介词+关系词\"结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。例如：

This is the house in which I lived two years ago. 这是我两年前住过的房子。

This is the house where I lived two years ago.

Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? 还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗？

Do you remember the day when you joined our club?

Tomorrow I’ll bring here the magazine (which / that) you asked for.

Tomorrow I’ll bring here the magazine for which you asked.明天我将把你要的杂志带来。

注意：

１．含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。

如：look for, look after, take care of 等。

This is the watch (which / that) I am looking for. (正) 这是我正在找的手表。

This is the watch for which I am looking . (误)

２．若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom，不可用who, that；

关系代词指物时只可用which，不可用that。关系代词是所有格时用whose。

The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour. (正) 你刚才跟他谈话的那个人是我的邻居。

The man with that / who you talked just now is my neighbour. (误)

３．“介词+关系代词”前还可有some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few等代词或者数词。

如：

Up to now, he has written ten stories, three of which are about country life. 迄今为止，他写了１０部小说，其中３部是关于农村生活的。

五、定语从句的做题方法：

1．找出主句，确定先行词；二.找出从句，判断从句是否完整(是否符合简单句的基本构成)——否，用关系代词；是，用关系副词。

2、关于及物动词和不及物动词

A 有些动词只是及物动词; 它们不可以单独用，后面必须跟宾语。

False: He is sending now.

Right: He is sending a letter now.

B 有些动词只是不及物动词；它们可以单独用，如果后面想接宾语，动词后面必须加上介词。

{ Right: He is looking around.

False: He is looking me.

Right: He is looking at me.

C 有些动词既是及物动词，又是不及物动词; 但是有时候词义会改变。

The customer is asking for you now.

The customer is asking a question now.

定语从句专项练习

1.The place _______interested me most was the Children's Palace.

A. Which

B. where

C. what

D. in which

选. A. which用作关系代词，在定语从句中作主语。

2.Do you know the man _______?

A. whom I spoke

B. to who spoke

C. I spoke to

D. that I spok

选．C. "和谁讲话”要说speak to sb. 本题全句应为Do you know the man whom I spoke to.。whom是关系代词，作介词to的宾语，可以省略。

3.This is the hotel _______last month.

A. which they stayed

B. at that they stayed

C. where they stayed at

D. where they stayed

选. D. where是关系副词，表示地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。

4.Do you know the year ______the Chinese Communist Party was founded?

A. which

B. that

C. when

D. on which

选. C. when是关系副词，表示时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。

5.That is the day ______I'll never forget.

A. which

B. on which

C. in which

D. when

选．A. which是关系代词，在从句中作forget的宾语。其他几个答案都不能作宾语。

6.The factory ______we'll visit next week is not far from here.

A. where

B. to which

C. which

D. in which

选．C. 解析同第5题。

7.Great changes have taken place since then in the factory _______we are working.

A. where

B. that

C. which

D. there

选. A. 解析见第3题。

8.This is one of the best films _______.

A. that have been shown this year

B. that have shown

C. that has been shown this year

D. that you talked

选.. A. 本句话的先行词应该是films,因此，关系代词that是负数概念，其谓语动词应用复述的被动语态have been shown。如果句中的one前面使用了定冠词the，则the one应该视为先行词。

9.Can you lend me the book ______the other day?

A. about which you talked

B. which you talked

C. about that you talked

D. that you talked

选. A. “谈到某事物”应说talk about sth.。about是介词，其后要用which作宾语，不能用that。

10.The pen ______he is writing is mine.

A. with which

B. in which

C. on which

D. by which

选.. A. with which是"介词+关系代词"结构,常用来引导定语从句.with有"用"的意思,介词之后只能用which,不能用that. with which在定语从句中作状语,即he is writing with a pen.

11.They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of ______sat a small boy.

A. whom

B. who

C. which

D. that

11. C. in front of which 即in front of a farmhouse. In front of which在从句中作状语.

12.The engineer ______my father works is about 50 years old.

A. to whom

B. on whom

C. with which

D. with whom

选. D. with whom引导定语从句.with whom放在从句中即为:my father works with the engineer.

13.It there anyone in your class ______family is in the country?

A. who

B. who's

C. which

D. whose

选. D. whose引导定语从句,在从句中作主语family的定语.

14.I'm interested in ______you have said.

A. all that

B. all what

C. that

D. which

选. A. that引导定语从句,因为先行词是all,所以只能选用that引导.

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