2019年考博英语语法重点总结

考博英语语法重点总结

独立主格、虚拟语气、非谓语动词、主谓一致、倒装

一、独立主格特征

1. 充当句子的状语。

2. 有自己的主语，同句子的主语不一致。

3. 名词（代词，形容词，副词，介词）+ 分词

4. With + 名词（代词）+ 分词(形容词）

例：a) It being raining, I decided to stay at home.

b) Speech having been delivered, discussion started.

c) he entered the room, with his hands open

（holding a rifle).

(1995) 45 cliffs no longer crumbling, the beaches are

46 of the material which would 47 feed them.

45. A. For B. As C. With D. Because 练习：

Do what you need to do to keep the wolf __7__ from the door, the world __8__ your thesis adviser, team leader, or laboratory director. Then use the rest of your time, p erhaps at night or on the weekends, to do __9__ you real ly want to do.

8. A. is B. having C. being D. be

二、虚拟语气

1. （should）+动词原形

It +be动词+形容词

(-able)(essential, odd, vital, absurd, regrettable, desirable …)+that从句

It +be动词+名词(pity,shame…)+that从句

It +be动词+过去分词(ordered, begged, voted, moved…)+that从句部分名词/动词(表示建议，劝告，决定等) +that从句

2. It’s(high, about) time that +动词过去式

would rather +动词过去式

(1997) …I wouldn’t be truthful if I 47 say that t eaching is hard work . …

47. A. do B. did C. don’t D. didn’t (1993)…The Cairo newspapers the next day carried banner he adlines about the student demonstration 52 , and they

53 that the professor be sent home.

53. A. ordered B. pleaded C. decided D. demanded Years ago the experts warned us that the car-ownership exp losion would demand a lot more give-and-take from all road users. It is high time that we__15__ this message to he art.

15. A. took B. would take C. will take D. should take (2003.3) It is edifying, and it is a source of inner sat isfaction even __54__ other facets of life prove disappoint ing.

(even if other facets of life should prove disappointing.)

54.A. shall B.will C.would D.should

三、非谓语动词

动名词、分词、不定式。

主动或被动。(doing/done, to do /to be done)

发生在谓语动词之前还是之后。

(doing/ having done /having been done, to do/to have done /to have been)

To在什么情况下作介词，什么情况下作不定式引导词。

真题剖析

(2000) …In the inner cities of America, newspapers regul arly report on newborn babies 60 into garbage bins by drug-addicted mothers.

60. A. dropped B. to drop C. dropping D.drops (2001.3) A heroin addict, for instance, leads a 59 lif e: his increasing need for heroin in increasing doses prev ents him from working, from maintaining relationships, from developing in human ways.

59. A. destructive B. dissatisfied C. damaged

D. derivative

四、主谓一致

1. 整体及抽象概念作主语，谓语通常用单数形式。

How you got there doesn’t concern me.

Growing vegetables needs constant watering.

2. 表示时间、距离、重量、容量、价值等概念作主语，谓语多用单数。

Eight hundred dollars is enough to live on.

3. 以-s结尾的专有名词

（linguistics, economics, measles, diabetes等），谓语通常用单数形式。

4. “分数或百分数+主语”，谓语跟主语保持一致。

Two thirds of the villages are flooded (the area is

under water).

5. 不定代词

(one, each, everyone, everybody, everything, no one, nobody , nothing, anyone, anybody, anything, someone, somebody, so mething等)作主语，谓语用单数。

Everyone knows that you’ve come here.

If anybody wants to see me, let them wait till I come back. (--thing 的情况例外)

6. 谓语同并列主语的第一部分保持一致

（as well as, with, along with, together with, as much a s, accompanied by, besides, but, except, in addition to, like, more than, no less than, rather than, including等）He no less than John is interested in literature.

7. 谓语同最贴近的主语保持一致。

(or, either…or,neither…nor,not only…but also, not…but, partly…partly等)

Either my father or my brothers are coming.

8. each,every,many a, no …+主语，谓语用单数。

Many a student and teacher has been to the Great W a ll.

(2000) …Mexico City already 52 twenty million people and Calcutta twelve million. According to the World Bank, 53 o f Africa’s cities are growing by 10% a year, 54 of ur banization ever recorded.

53. A. none B. few C. any D. some

五、倒装

（一）全部倒装

1. “There(Here) +be+主语”

There stand big buildings in this district.

Here on the desk lies a pile of books.

2. 单个副词(in, out, now, up, down, away, off, then)位于句首(短语动词不可拆，如it blew up.)

In came the boss. / Ahead sat an old man.

3. 介词短语作状语位于句首

In the middle of the room stood the naughty boy.

4. 表语位于句首

Especially remarkable was his flat nose.

Not far from here is a famous university.

5. so,nor, neither, no more 位于句首,代表前文

She wasn’t angry, and neither was I.

Peter doesn’t like pop music. No more does his broth er.

6. 分词短语位于句首（分词+be +主语）

Gone forever were the days that we depended on foreig n oil.

（二）部分倒装

1. 疑问句

2. 否定副词

(seldom, rarely, scarcely, hardly, little, never, few, not until, not only) 位于句首（作形容词时例外）

Never did John speak rudely to his parents.

3. “only+状语”位于句首

Only when he comes back can be leave.

4. “hardly…when”,“scarcely…when”,“no sooner…than”,“not only…(but also)”位于句首

No sooner had he got into the classroom than the cla ss began.

5. not,no组成的词组位于句首

(in no way, under no circumstances, on no account…) By no means should you break the rules.

At no time should we give in to difficulties.

6. 虚拟倒装(had, were, should放到句首)

7. “形容词/名词/动词+as/though（尽管,虽然）+be动词”

Small though the room is, it can hold more than tw enty people.

Search as they would, they could find nothing in th e house.

(2000) Faster than ever before, the human world is becomin g an urban world. By the millions they come, the ambitiou s and the down-trodden of the world drawn by the strange magnetism of urban 46 .

46. A. way B. life C. area D. people

限定词的用法

1. Both, each, either, neither (只指两个)

2. All, every, each, some, any, no (指两个以上)

3. Some, any, more, (the) most, all, a lot, lots, enough , none (复数可数或不可数)

4. Much, (a) little, a good/great deal, less, (the) least

(不可数)

eg. “Got any money?”“None at all.”

eg. “Does either side of this street get more sun that the other?”“No,neither side is sunnier than the oth er.”

从句为考察重点

(1999) …The answers given by 200 women to those intimate open-ended questions made me realize that 51 was wron g could not be related to education in the way it was t hen believed to be. …

51. A. which B. what C. it D. that

(1998) They learned to 51 their farming habits to th e climate and soil. 52 they selected the fourth Th ursday of November for their Thanksgiving 53 , they invited their neighbors, …

52. A. While B. When C. So D. If

(1993) In the United States a commentator remarked that

45 Japan apparently still used some “primitive tools”,

46 a Japanese commentator expressed astonishment that th

e American pens wrote so poorly they could safely be used

only once and then discarded.

46. A. though B. when C. while D. and that omitting the subject

Rather formal use

让步状语从句以although, though, while, or whilst 开头时通常与主句共享主语, 从句谓语用分词形式。Whilst he liked cats, he never let them come into his ho use.

Whilst liking cats, he never let them come into his house. Both the journalists, though greeted as heroes on their re turn from prison, not long afterwards quietly disappeared f rom their newspapers. 这四个词还可用在名词、形容词或副词词组前，如：It was an unequal marriage, although a stable and lo

ng-lasting one.

Though not very attractive physically, she possessed a sense of humour.

WHILE

1. He stayed with me while Dad talked with Dr. Smith.

2. I often knit while watching TV.

3. While I have some sympathy for these fellows, I thin

k they went too far.

AND

1. often used to link clauses

I came here in 1922 and I have live here ever since.

2. When you are giving advice or a warning, you can use “and”to say what will happen if something is done.

Go by train and you’ll get there quicker.

Do as you’re told and you’ll be all right.

WHERE

1. She was standing exactly where you are standing now.

2.In 1963 we moved to Boston, where my grandparents lived.

3.The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the

point where he can walk correctly and safely.

4.You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this

is where I disagree.

5.Now, where were we? Oh yes, we were talking about John.

6.Where others might have been satisfied, Dawson had higher ambitions. (difference)

WHICH

(本身无意义，必须接在名词或代词后面)

1.定语从句引导词Did you see the letter which came today?

Now they were driving by the houses which Andy had desc ribed.

2.分割句子，补充说

明The house, which was completed in 1856, was famous for its huge marble staircase.

He was educated at the local grammar school, after which he went on to Cambridge.

She may have missed the train, in which case she won’t arrive for another hour.

THAT 多用于同位语从句和－thing的定语从句中。

WHAT

(有实际意义，可用于宾语从句和主语从句)

1. No one knows exactly what happened.

2.It is not clear to what extent these views were share

d.

3.I could get you a job here if that’s what you want.

4. What that kid needs is some love and affection.

5. What matters is the British people and British jobs. AS

1.比较

His last album sold half a million copies and we hope this one will be just as popular./ They want peace as mu ch as we do.

2.作为，正

如…We’d better leave things as they are until the poli ce arrive.

David, as you know, has not been well lately.

3.看作，看待

The result of last week’s election will be seen as a victory.

4.当…时候= while or when

I saw Peter as I was getting off the bus.

5.原

因As it was getting late, I turned around to start for home.

6.让步

= though Try as she might, Sue couldn’t get the door op en.

The bag has narrow straps, so it may be worn over the s houlder or carried in the hand.

I’d be in trouble if I let on. So I kept mum.

When the meal was finished, Rachel washed up and made cof fee.

I would have liked to have learnt French, but I was deni ed (=not given) the opportunity.

The opportunity was denied (to) me at school.

The prestige is denied (to) the classroom teacher.

The classroom teacher is denied the prestige. 过去分词与形容词的语义差：

1.Destructive:causing damage to people or things

the destructive power of modern weapons

Damaged: being in a bad state

emotionally damaged children

2.Respected:admired by many because of achievements

He’s one of the most respected managers in the game.

Respectful: feeling or showing respect

They listened in respectful silence.

3. Preferred : Her own preferred methods of exercise are hiking and long cycle rides.

Preferable: A big earthquake a long way off is prefe rable to a smaller one nearby.

Preferential: Bank officials denied giving the senator any preferential treatment.

4. Unimagined:Others see a new golden age of business and

technology that will lift the market to unimagined height s.

Unimaginative:That means the traditional office layout of li ned-up cubicles and work stations is seen as rigid and un imaginative. 5.Loving: She was a devoted wife and a very loving mother.

Lovable: a sweet lovable child

Lovely: We had a lovely holiday.

6. Tolerated: While Patches are generally well tolerated th

ey are not always suitable for everyone.

Tolerant: trees that are tolerant of salt sea winds

Tolerable: All in all, it was better to have a tole rable tenement than the ideal which no one could afford.

虚拟语气

非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。为了区分这三种不同的非谓

语动词的用法和含义，我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和

细微含义。

1．不定式和动名词作主语的区别

(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作。Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here．这里禁止抽烟。(抽象)

It is not very good for you to smoke so much．你抽这么多烟

对你身体很不好。(具体)

(2)动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。

不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。

Climbing mountains is interesting．爬山很有趣。(经验)

Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring．在高峰

时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验)

（3）不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。

It took me only five minutes to finish the job.

2．不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别

(1)不定式作表语

1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。

To do two things at a time is to do neither．--次做两件事等于未做。

What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开始干。

2）如果主语是不定式（表示条件），表语也是不定式（表示结果）。

To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。

To work means to earn a living．工作就是为了生活。

3)如果主语是以aim，duty，hope，idea，happiness，job，plan，problem，purpose，thing，wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。

His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near f uture．他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。

The function of Louis Sullivan’s architecture was t o provide large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow amp le light into the interior.

The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant．

(2)动名词作表语：动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为。

Our work is serving the people．我们的工作是为人民服务。

His hobby is collecting stamps．他的爱好是集邮。

(注)动名词作表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形式相同，但其所属结构迥异，进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的。动名词做表语，说明主语的性质或情况。People cannot but feel puzzled，

for they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid mistake.

His victory in the final was no more convincing th an I had expected．

(3)分词作表语

分词做表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词做表语，一种是过去分词做表语，这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如excite，interest等都是及物动词，汉语意思不是“激动”，“高兴”，而是“使激动”、“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以，凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。换句话说，若人对……感兴趣，就是somebody is interested in...,若人/物本身有兴趣时，就是说sb./sth. is interesting.这类词常见的有：interesting使人感到高兴--interested感到高兴的

exciting令人激动的--excited感到激动的

delighting令人高兴的--delighted感到高兴的

disappointing令人失望的--disappointed感到失望的

encouraging令人鼓舞的--encouraged感到鼓舞的

pleasing令人愉快的--pleased感到愉快的

puzzling令人费解的--puzzled感到费解的

satisfying令人满意的---satisfied感到满意的

surprising令人惊异的--surprised感到惊异的

worrying令人担心的--worried感到担心的

Travelling is interesting but tiring．旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲劳。

The pupils will get confused if they are made to lear n too much．如果要学生学得太多，他们会感到糊涂的。

The argument is very convincing．他的论点很令人信服。

They were very excited at the news．听到这个消息，他们非常激动。

3．不定式和动名词作宾语的区别

英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式，也可跟动名词作直接宾语，但有些动词要求：

(1)不定式做宾语和宾语补足语

1)下面的动词要求不定式做宾语

attempt企图enable能够neglect忽视afford负担得起demand 要求long渴望arrange安排destine注定mean意欲，打算

begin开始expect期望omit忽略，漏 appear似乎，显得determine 决定manage设法cease停止hate憎恨，厌恶pretend假装ask问dread害怕need需要agree同意desire愿望love爱swear宣誓volunteer志愿wish希望bear承受endeavor努力offer提供 beg请求fail不能plan计划bother扰乱；烦恼forget忘记prefer喜欢，宁愿care关心，喜欢happen碰巧prepare准备 decide决定learn学习regret抱歉，遗憾 choose 选择hesitate犹豫profess表明 claim要求hope希望promise 承诺，允许start开始undertake承接want想要 consent同意，赞同intend想要refuse拒绝decide决定learn学习vow起contrive设法，图谋incline有…倾向propose提议

seek找，寻觅try试图

2)下面的动词要求不定式做宾补：动词+宾语+动词不定式

ask要求，邀请get请，得到prompt促使allow允许forbid禁止prefer喜欢，宁愿announce宣布force强迫press迫使

bride 收买inspire鼓舞request请求assist协助hate憎恶pronounce断定，表示advise劝告exhort告诫，勉励pray请求authorize授权，委托help帮助recommend劝告，推荐bear容忍implore恳求remind提醒beg请求induce引诱report报告compel强迫invite吸引，邀请，summon传唤command命令intend想要，企图show 显示drive驱赶mean意欲，打算train训练cause引起instruct指示require要求deserve应受leave使，让tell告诉direct指导like喜欢tempt劝诱entitle有资格order命令warn告诫enable使能够need需要urge激励，力说encourage 鼓励oblige不得不want想要condemn指责，谴责lead引起，使

得teach教entreat恳求permit允许wish希望

(2)有少数动词只能用动名词作宾语

acknowledge承认，自认cease 停止mention说到，讲到 admit 承

认tolerate忍受dislike不喜欢，讨厌 advocate：提倡，主张complete完成dread可怕 appreciate 感激，欣赏confess坦白endure忍受 avoid避免contemplate细想enjoy享有，喜爱 bear 忍受defer拖延envy嫉妒can’t help不禁delay延迟escape 逃跑，逃避can’t stand受不了deny否认excuse借口consider 考虑detest嫌恶fancy幻想，爱好 favor 造成，偏爱mind 介

意repent悔悟 figure描绘，计算miss错过resent怨恨 finish 完成，结束不得pardon原谅，饶恕resist抵抗，阻止 forgive 原谅permit 允许resume恢复

imagine设想postpone延迟，延期risk冒险involve卷入，包

含practise 实行，实践suggest建议hate讨厌prevent阻止save营救，储蓄 keep保持quit放弃停止stand坚持，忍

受 loathe非常讨厌，厌恶recall回想

例如：

I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study ab road two years ago.我很感激两年前给我出国学习的机会。

(3)有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别

1）forget to do 忘记要去做某事（此事未做）

forget doing忘记做过某事（此事已做过或已发生）

2）stop to do 停止、中断（某件事），目的是去做另一件事stop doing 停止正在或经常做的事

3）remember to do 记住去做某事（未做）

remember doing记得做过某事(已做)

4) regret to do对要做的事遗憾

regret doing对做过的事遗憾、后悔

5）try to do努力、企图做某事

try doing试验、试一试某种办法

6) mean to do打算，有意要…

mean doing意味着

7）go on to do 继而（去做另外一件事情）

go on doing 继续（原先没有做完的事情）

8）propose to do 打算（要做某事）

proposing doing建议（做某事）

9) like /love/hate/ prefer +to do 表示具体行为；

+doing sth 表示抽象、倾向概念

（注)如果这些动词前有should一词，其后宾语只跟不定式，不能跟动名词。例如：

I should like to see him tomorrow．10) need, want, deserve +动名词表被动意义；+不定式被动态表示“要(修、清理等)”意思。

Don’t you remember seeing the man before?你不记得以前见过那个人吗?

You must remember to leave tomorrow．你可要记着是明天动身。

I don’t regret telling her what I thought．我不后悔给她讲过我的想法。(已讲过)

I regret to have to do this，

but I have no choice．我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没办法。(未做但要做)

You must try to be more careful．你可要多加小心。

Let’s try doing the work some other way．让我们试一试用另外一种办法来做这工作。

I didn’t mean to hurt your feeling．我没想要伤害你的感情。

This illness will mean(your)going to hospital．得了这种病(你)就要进医院。

4．不定式、现在分词和过去分词作定语的区别

(1）不定式作定语

1)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是主谓关系

He was the last one to leave school yesterday．昨天他是最后一个离开教室的。

The train to arrive was from London．将要到站的火车是从伦敦开来的。

2)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是动宾关系

Get him something to eat．给他拿点儿东西吃。

She has a lot of work to do in the morning．早上他有很多工作要做。

3)不及物动词构成的不定式做定语，要加上适当的介词和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系，这里的介词不能省去。

I need a pen to write with．我需要一支笔写字。

There is nothing to worry about．没有什么值得发愁的。

4)不定式修饰一些表示方向、原因、时间、机会、权利等抽象名词如：

ability能力，本领drive赶，驾驶movement运动，活动

ambition抱负，野心effort努力，尝试need需要，需求campaign战役，运动failure失败，不及格opportunity机

会chance机会force力，压力，要点promise许诺，希望

courage勇气intention意向，意图reason理由，原因

decision决定method方法，方式light光，光线，亮

光 determination决心，决定motive动机，目的struggle 奋斗，努力， tendency倾向，趋势wish希望，愿望，祝愿5）被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级next，second, last, only 和not a，the等限定词时候，只能用不定式。

6）不定代词something, nothing, little, much, a lot 等习惯上用不定式做定语。

John will do anything but work on a farm．除了农活，约翰什么都愿意干。

7）如果其动词要求用不定式做宾语，或者其形容词要器接不定式做补语，则相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如：tend to do---tendency to do；decide to do = decision to do；

be curious to do = curiosity to do

His wish to buy a car came true．他要买辆车的愿望实现了。Their decision to give up the experiment surprised us．他们放弃这个实验的决定使我们大吃一惊。

He is always the first to come and the last to leave．他总是第一个到来，最后一个离去。

(2)分词作定语

分词作定语时有下面几个特点：

1)现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词一般表示被动含意。

2)现在分词表示正在进行，过去分词表示状态或做完(完成)的事。He rushed into the burning house．他冲进了正在燃烧着的房子。The child standing over there is my brother．站在那儿的男孩子是我弟弟。

The room facing south is our classroom．朝南的房间是我们的教室。

Have you got your watch repaired? 你拿到那个修好的表了吗? He is an advanced teacher．他是个先进教师。

3）下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语，但不具有被动意义，这点要注意：

departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, frown-up, retired, r eturned, risen, set, vanished, much-traveled, newly-arrived, recently-come

(3)不定式和分词作定语时的时间关系

一般来说，不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后；现在分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；过去分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。例如：

Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from Beiji

ng?

你要见那位将从北京请来的医生吗？

Do you want to see the doctor working on the case report in the office?

你要见那位正在办公室里写病历的医生吗？

5．不定式和分词作状语的区别

（1）现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别。

现在分词做状语与过去分词做状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰的主语的主动与被动关系的区别。

1）现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作，它们之间的关系是主动关系。

He went out shutting the door behind him.

他出去后将门随手关上。

Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.

由于不知如何办是好，他去找父母帮忙。

2）过去分词作状语时，过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间的关系是被动关系。

Given more attention, the trees could have grown better. 如果对这些树多关心一些，它们本来会长得更好。

Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them.

在遇到困难的时候，我们必须设法克服。

(2)动词不定式和分词作状语的区别

1)分词作状语一般表示伴随，而不定式常常表示目的。

They stood by the roadside talking about the plan．他们站在路边谈论着这个计划。(伴随)

They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan ．他们站在路边为的是谈论这个计划。(目的)

2)分词作状语放在句子开头，除表示原因之外有时表示时间或条件。动词不定式作状语时，除了表示目的以外，还表示结果或原因。

Reading attentively，he forgot the time for lunch．由于在专心读书，他忘了吃午饭的时间。(原因)

Reading carefully，

he found something he had not known before．他仔细读书时，发现了一些从前不知道的东西。(时间)

Reading carefully，you’ll learn something new．只要你仔细阅读，你会学到一些新的东西。(条件)

His family was too poor to support him．他的家庭太穷，不能维持他的生活。(结果)

The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shel f．这男孩个子不够高，手伸不到书架。(结果)

We are glad to hear the news．我们很高兴听到这消息。(原因) （3）下面一些句型是不定式做状语时候应该注意的：

a：

not/never too…to,too…not to , but/only too…to, too ready/eager/apt/inclined to 表示肯定意义

b：做结果状语的不定式只能出现在句子的末尾，常见的不定式动词有：find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produce 等。

c：不定式做状语时，其逻辑主语一般为句子的主语，否则用for引导主语。

6．非谓语动词常考的其它结构

（1)疑问词+不定式结构

疑问词who，what，which，when，where和how后加不定式可构成一种特殊的不定式短语。它在句中可以用作主语、宾语、表语和双重宾语。如：When to start has not been decided．何时动身尚未决定。(主语)

I don’t know what to do．我不知道该怎么办。(宾语)

The difficulty was how to cross the river．困难在于如何过河。(表语)

I can tell you where to get this book.我可以告诉你哪里可以买到此书。（双重宾语）

（注）A.有时疑问词前可用介词，如：

I have no idea of how to do it.我不知道如何做此

事。

B.动词know 后面不能直接跟不定式作宾语，只能跟疑问词（如：how, what）+不定式：

While still a young boy, Tom knew to play the piano well and as he grew older, he wrote operas, the most famous of which is Carmen.

(2)介词except和but作“只有…，只能…”讲时跟不定式结构（but与不带to的不定式连用）。

When the streets are full of melting snow, you cannot help but getting your shoes wet.

(3)不带to的不定式

1）在表示生理感觉的动词后的不定式不带to。这类词有：

feel 觉得observe 注意到，看到overhear听到

watch注视listen to听perceive察觉，感知

notice注意see看见look at看hear听

On seeing the young child fell into the lake，

Eric sprang to his feet，and went on the rescue.

2)另一类是某些使役动词，如make, let，have等。如：

Let him do it.让他做吧。

I would have you know that I am ill．我想要你知道我病了。

(注)：

①上述感觉动词与使役动词转换为被动结构时．其后的不定式一般需带to，如：

He was seen to come．

The boy was made to go to bed early.

②在动词find与help之后，不定式可带to亦可不带to，如:

He was surprised to find the sheep (to) break fenc

e at this season．他发现羊在此季节越出栅栏，感到惊讶。

3)在do nothing／anything／everything but(except)结构中。例如：

Last night I did nothing but watch TV．昨天晚上，我除了看电视别的什么也没有干。

但是，如果谓语动词不是“do nothing，anything，

ever ything”，那么but(except)所跟的不定式则仍须带。

The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking．医生除了让他戒烟，其它什么都没有说。

There was nothing for them to do but to remain silent．除了保持沉默以外，他们没有别有别的办法。

（4）不定式与动名词的逻辑主语和分词独立结构

1)不定式的逻辑主语为：for +名词(或代词宾格)+ 不定式。例如：

I found it impossible for him to do the job alone

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