英汉被动句的限制条件讲述讲解

英汉被动句的限制条件

摘要：本文试着从几个方面描述一些英语与汉语的被动形式的使用限制条件，并对其进行一些对比研究，试着对一些使用限制条件进行解释，如:找出那些被动式使用不合理，那些不能使用被动句式,并试着解释这不合理以及不能使用的原因。

摘要：英语，汉语，被动语态，限制条件。

一、由词性特征对英汉语被动语态造成的限制

1、动词

一种语言的被动形式都是建立在动词之上的，以实现这一动词所作用的客体的基础上产生。因此，句子中的动词与动词所作用的客体即动作的受体（audience）或者说是英语中的宾语是主动句可转化成被动句的两个必不可少的两个条件。如果没有动词，一句话亦不能成为完整的话，也就不能构成被动形式了，同时如果没有受体（audience），那这被动形式也是无法解释的。语言首先被用来传递信

息，被动结构的主要意义则在于传递并说明受体的信息，所以这更能说明没有受体的被动结构是不能被解释的。由此我们可以推断出所有语言的不及物动词是没有被动形式的。那么所有的及物动词都有被动语态吗？并不见得，其还有如下限制。

1.1动词根据其动态性的强弱，可分为表状态的动词和表动作的

动词，其中表状态的动词，没有被动形式。这些状态动词包

括：

1.1.1表示“相互”的意义的动词，例如:resemble（类似、像）,look like, equal, with, mean 等不能用于被动语态。例如：

He agrees with his mother’s opinion.

不能改写成：His opinion is agreed with by his mother. Four plus two equals six.

不能转化成：Six is equaled by four plus two.

1.1.2表示“适合”的意义的及物动词。如：suit,fit,become等不能用于被动句式。例如：

That clothes suits him/

不能转化成：He is suited by that clothes.

That coat becomes her.

不能转化成：She is become by that coat’

1.1.3表示“含纳”意义的及物动词及其反义词都无被动形式。如contain, hold, comprise, consist of, lack ,lack of等等。例如：

The U.S.A consists 53 states.

不能被转化成：53 States is consisted of by The U.S.A. The library contains more than a million books.

不能被转化成：more than a million books is contained by the library.

1.1.4 “拥有的”意思的及物动词不能用于被动结构.如：be, have belong to, owe等等。例如：

He has a girl friend.

不能转化成：A girlfriend is had by him.

That book belongs to him.

不能转换成：that book is belonged to him.或者，that book is belonged to by him.

1.1.5除以上表状态的动词外还有一些特殊的表示状态的动词如：last，cost，total，measure等等这些动词也没有被动形式。例如：This TV show lasts one hour.

不能转化成：One hour is lasted by the TV show.

1.1.6 然而有的及物动词，一词多义，它既可以表示状态又可以表示动作。这类词，当其表示动作时可以用被动结构，但当其表示状态时便不可以用于被动结构。这主要要求我们结合具体语境判断该词在这一句子中是表示状态还是表示动作。如词：hold, want, have等。例如：

We hold a meeting yesterday.（此句中hold为举办主持之意，为表示动作的及物动词）

所以可以转化成：A meeting was held by us yesterday.

但是在下面一个句子当中：

The classroom holds 40 students.(hold一词的意思为“容纳”为状态动词)

不能转化为：40 students are held by the classroom.

1.1.7另外得注意的是:感官动词

feel.hear,notice,see,small,watch,touch等等，以及使役性动词如;make,help,等等这些词在主动句中使用不带to的不定式，但是被变成为被动语态的时候，即是被转化成主语补语，此时的动词不定式必须带to.其中在使用let时的不定式可以不带to。例如：He heard their talk.

其被动形式为：Their talk is heard to him.

He made us work.

其被动形式为：they were made to work.

He let me go.

其被动形式却为：

I was let go.

不能转化为：I was let to go.

1.2同样的在汉语中表示状态的动词也不能用于被动结构。这儿

有些例子可以参考，例如：

他有一个女朋友。不能转化成：

一个女朋友被他有。

这个计划方案还存在一些问题。不能转化成：

一些问题被这个策划方案存在。等等。

1.2.2此外较为特殊的是，汉语中有一种使令动词，这类动词在

汉语中没有被动结构，不能用于被动句。例如：

地震中救援官兵的英勇举动令所有人感动不已。这句话如若改成被动句式则为：

所有人都被救援官兵在地震中的英勇行为感动。按照我们的汉语习惯，这句被动形式显然是合理的，是能够被读者理解，是合乎语言习惯的，但是不知大家是否注意到，在这个被动句式中，动词早已经不是主动句中的“令”字而是“感动”一词。“使”字亦同理。例如：

他的言论使我讨厌他。这句话这不能被改写成被动句式。

除上特殊外，汉语中还有一种特殊的词-形容动词。所谓“形容动词”就是那些由形容词转化而来的动词。例如：“黄”、“红”、“青”、“软”等等一些列词。举几个例子：

秋天来了，树叶逐渐黄了。不能转化。

老师训完话后，他红着脸。不能转化成：

老师训完话后，他的脸被红着。

2、双宾语

在汉语与英语句子中，双宾语的现象很常见。“他给了我一双手套”（He gave me a pair of glove)在这个句子中“我”(me)是直接宾语而“手套”（a pair of glove)是间接宾语。这里先讲讲双宾语中的动词限制。在汉语的双宾语结构中，有的动词只能以直接宾语作主语以构成被动形式。如：

老师送给了我们一些圣诞礼物。

转化成：圣诞礼物被送给了我们。

不能转化成：我们被老师送了一些圣诞礼物。

在上面的例子当中“书”是直接宾语而“圣诞礼物”是间接宾语。只能用“书“作被动结构中的主语。下面还分析一些其它例子：她要吃它个三大碗。

他们要赚它个万八千的。

上面两个例子中的”它”都是虚指成分，即是虚词。和英语一样，这些成分在汉语中同样不可以转化成被动句的主语。例如：不能转化成：

它被他们赚了个万八千的。

它被她吃了个三大碗。

此外，及物动词后面的宾语可以是短语，单词，也可以是分句。在转换中，宾语就被转换成了被动句中的主语，但是并不是所有的宾语都可以转换成被动句的主语。下面就讨论一下各种成分作宾语时被动句的转换限制。

1.2.1 分词作宾语。分句包括限定分句和非限定分句。

限定分句

Jane thought that she was cute.

不能转化为：That she was cute was thought by Jane.

但是可以转化成：It was thought that she was cute.

或者：She was thought to be cute.

从上面的句子可以看出，限定分句在主动句作宾语时，一般不能转化为被动句中的主语。当把含有限定性从句为宾语的主动句转化为被动句时可以借助代词it作为形式主语，以引导这个被动结构。

非限定分句

He hoped to visit his father.

不能转化为：To visit his father was hoped by him.

但是可以转化为：It was hoped to visit his father.

The decided to meet in Beijing.

不能转化为：To meet in Beijing was decided by them.

但是可以转化为：It was decided to meet in Beijing.

代词作宾语

如果作宾语的短语是反身代词，相互代词或者是物主代词，即语法中所讲的，句中的主语与宾语有同指关系，不能被转换成被动形式。 We could see ourselves in the mirror.

不能转化成： Ourselves could be seen in the in mirror.（不能用ourselves作为主语）

The small boy cleared his face.

不能转化为：His face was cleared by the small boy.(这句话中his face指代不明，这可能是别人的face，也可能是the small boy 的face，有歧义。

if引导的条件状语从句讲解和练习(答案)

t 条件状语从句 一、 条件状语从句通常由 if （如果）, unless （除非），as long as （只要）引导。 例如：If it rains tomorrow, we won ’go to the park. 如果明天下雨，我们就不去公园了。 Unless weather stops me, I go for a walk every. 我每天都会去散步，除非遇上坏天气。 Our parents will be pleased with our performance as long as we try our best. 小试牛刀：1、只要我们竭尽全力，父母就会满意我们的表现。 Our parents will be pleased with our performance _____ _____ ______ we try our best. 2、如果人人为保护环境做出贡献，世界将会变得更美好。______ ______ ______ _____ _______ to protecting the environment, the world will become much more beautiful. 二、if 引导的条件状语从句 （1）“if 从句+祈使句”的句子。其实，if 作为一个连词，主句也可以是其他形式的句子。 例如：If you want to go, please let me know. If the green light isn ’t on, wait for a minute. (2)“祈使句 + and (or)+ 陈述句” 在意思上相当于一个带有条件状语从句的复合句。 注意：A. “祈使句 + and + 陈述句”可以转化为 if 引导的肯定条件状语从句，而且主语是第二人称。 B. “祈使句 + or + 陈述句”可以转化为 if 引导的否定条件状语从句，而且主语是第二人称。 例如：Study hard and you will pass the exam. =If you study hard, you will pass the exam. Hurry up, or you ’ll be late. =If you don ’t hurry up, you ’ll be late. 考题 (2010 重庆中考)Work hard ，________ you may catch up with your classmates soon. A.or B.but C.and D.yet 思路解析：本句是“祈使句＋and”的句型，句意为“努力学习，你会很快赶上其他同学的”，and 在句中表示承接 关系，所以选 C 项。答案：C 黑色陷阱：本题的陷阱是句型，本句型区别于“祈使句＋or”，这个句型的含义是“……，不然的话/否则……”。 绿色通道：祈使句后面既可以加 and ，也可以加 or ，所以要全面分析句意，再作决定。 小试牛刀：用 if 连接下列句子 1、Go to bed early and you will have a good rest. 2、Hurry up, or you ’ll miss the bus. 三、if 从句与主句具有以下特点： 1．If 从句中用一般现在时，表示未来的一种条件，从句中可以加时间状语。 e.g.If yo u can’t come tomorrow, we can hold the party a little later.明天你如果不能来，我们可迟一点举行宴会。

if可以引导真实条件句和虚拟条件句

Unit 4 一. if 条件句 if可以引导真实条件句和虚拟条件句。真实条件句表示在假设的条件下，能够实现的情况。在这种情况下，主句和从句的谓语动语随各自的人称和时态发生变化，同时if条件句遵循“主将从现”的原则，即主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时表将来。 If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go for a picnic. 如果明天不下雨，我们去野餐。 如果if条件句用来描述说话人认为与事实相反的内容，或仅是一种愿望，假设、猜测等，我们称为虚拟条件句。 If I got rich , I would travel around the world. 如果我有钱了，我将周游全世界。 1. —I often get nervous when I have an English class. What should I do?

—If I were you, I . (ask the English teacher for help) 2. —What would the earth be like if there ?(is no air or water on it) —It could be like the moon without any living things. 3. If it ,the crops would be saved. (is to rain tomorrow) 4. If we had found him earlier, we .(solve the problem more easily) 5. If I hadn’t been so busy, I .(take part in the party) 四、单选。 ( )1. If my father here now, he tell me what to do. A. were, would B. were, will C. is would D. is will ( )2. If I a bee, I work much harder. A. were, would B. were, shall C. had, will D. have, should ( )3. If I much money, I buy a house. A. have, will B. had, would C. had, will D. have, should ( )4. He learn more quickly if he harder. A. will, work B. would , worked C. would, work D. will, worked ( )5. If I you, I do that. A. was, wouldn’t were, wouldn’t C. am, won’t D. were, won’t ( )6. It’s quite impossible that it will rain tomorrow. But if it ,I would still go to the park. A. should rains B. would rain C. rained D. had rained 五、汉泽英 1. 如果我是你，我会帮助她。If I you, I her. 2. 如果我以前去过那个地方，我就认识路了。（和相反） If I to the place before, I the way. 3. 万一你明天迟到了，我们就不等你了。（和相反） If you tomorrow, we for you.=If you late tomorrow, we for you. 4. 如果没有空气，地球上就不存在生物。 If there no air, there no living things.

虚拟语气详解

虚拟语气详解 虚拟语气表示说话人的主观愿望（往往与客观事实相反），或是表示假象和猜测。虚拟语气无论从形式上还是时态上都比较复杂，需要归类记忆。 虚拟语气大体分为三类：(1) be型虚拟(2) were型虚拟(3) if 条件句及主句虚拟下面会详细说每种虚拟形式的特征和规律，考试时先判断属于哪种虚拟类型，剩下的皆是套路~ （1）be型虚拟（基本是套路） 形式：should + 动词原形，should可以省略 用法：1）表示“命令、建议、要求”等意义词语之后的宾语从句用be型虚拟，常见的词如下: demand, desire, insist, order, ask, command, propose, recommend, suggest, prefer, require, request等 最常见的形式是这类动词后面接着一个宾语从句，则宾语从句的谓语部分要用（should）+ 动词原形来虚拟 例: We demand that the meeting（should）be postponed. The manager suggested that we (should) work together. 注意：有时候你所见到不一定是上述动词引导的宾语从句，而是由上述词变体后所引导主语从句(it做形式主语，如：it is advised/ suggested/ requested/ ordered/ proposed that…)、表语从句或同位语从句 例如：It is required that the students (should) learn a foreign language. (主语从句) The requirement is that all the equipment in the meeting room (should) be checked twice before. (表语从句) We didn’t stand for his proposal that the meeting (should)be postponed. (同位语从句) 只要看到句中有上述动词或其变体，不管词性怎么变、句型怎么变，都用be型虚拟！ 特例：suggest和insist这两个比较特殊，当suggest作“暗示、表明、说明”讲，insist 作“坚持说”讲，后面一般跟的是客观事实，不需要虚拟~这是一个比较重要的考点，体会下面两组句子： We all suggest that a lab (should) be built. 我们都建议建一个实验室。 Her expression suggests that she is angry. 她的表情说明她生气了。 She insisted that we should find the source of the river. 她坚持主张我们应该找到河的源头。 She insisted that she had done nothing wrong. 她坚持说自己没做错事。 suggest 的区别很明显，但insist有点难辨别，一般来说如果insist后面跟的是某种主张，或是坚持要做一件事，那么用虚拟。 2）表示主观看法，常表示“某事是必要的、重要的。。。怎么怎么样的”，尤其是在“ it is +名词/形容词+ that从句”结构中，常见的形容词包括：advisable, desirable, essential, imperative, important, necessary, obligatory, proper, dispensable, impossible, natural, surprising等 例如：It is advisable that you (should) leave now. It is necessary that teenagers (should) take part in outside activities. It is of great importance that smoking (should) be banned in public area.

经典英语语法讲解解析

三天搞定英语语法 英语语法分为两个部分。一个部分是词法，即词的构成和词的使用规律。另一个部分是句法，即句子的组成和句子的使用方法。 英语语法的特点可以用三句话来表示：1、每个词都有词性；2、每句话都有动词(实意动词或系动词)；3、每句话都必须符合五个基本句型。 三句话用一句话来说，就是，标出句中每一个单词的词性，找出句中所有动词，并标出其种类和相应的句子成分。理解，掌握，运用好这句话，按照一：词性；二：动词种类；三：动词相对应的句子成分；四：从句；五：非谓语动词方法就能透彻理解英语语法体系。 词的分类 词类又叫词性，英语单词根据其在句子中的功能，可以分成十个大类。 词类词义英语名称缩写形式例词中译 noun n. student 学生 1、名词表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名 称。 2、代词主要用来代替名词。pronoun pron. you 你 3、形容词表示人或事物的性质或特征。adjective adj. happy 高兴的 4、数词表示数目或事物的顺序。numeral num. three 三 5、动词表示动作或状态。verb v. cut 砍、割 adverb adv. quickly 迅速地 6、副词修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时 间、地点、程度等。 7、冠词用在名词前,帮助说明名词。article art. a 一个 preposition prep. at 在... 8、介词表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句 子成分的关系。 9、连词用来连接词、短语或句子。conjunction conj. and 和 10、感叹词表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。interjection interj. Oh 哦 词性的分类: 修饰: 形容数冠代词名词 （red）（one）（a/the）（my）wood 1.名词 代替: 代词it 形容词the red 数词one

初中英语语法——If引导的条件状语从句(讲解及练习)

条件句从句主句 真实一般现在时一般将来时 情态动词+动原祈使句 非真实 一般过去时 be动词用（were） would/could+动原初中英语――条件状语从句（讲解&练习） Ⅰ条件状语从句的定义 Ⅱ条件状语从句的引导词 1.if引导的条件状语从句：表示在某种条件下某事很可能发生。 If we pay much attention to the earth, we'll have a better world. 如果我们多关爱地球，就会拥有一个更美好的世界 If it rains tomorrow, what shall we do? 如果明天下雨，我们怎么办？ 注意：if还可以引导虚拟条件句，表示不可实现的条件，从句中多用一般过去时或过去完成时。 What would happen if there were no water ? 如果没有水会怎样？ 2.unless引导的条件状语从句，unless的意思是如果不，除非。可与if...not互换。 You will fail in English unless you work hard. 你英语考试会不及格的，除非你更加努力。 3.as /so long as引导的条件状语从句：as /so long as意思是“只要” So long as you're happy,i will be happy. 只要你高兴，我就高兴。 Ⅲ条件状语从句的种类 Ⅳ条件状语从句的时态原则 用法例句 ①主句为一般将来时态，if从句用一般 现在时态（即主将从现）。We will stay at home if it rains tomorrow. 如果明天下雨，我将要呆在家。 ②主句中含有情态动词，if从句用一 般现在时态。If you finish your homework, you can go home now.如果你做完了作业，你现在可以回家了。 ③主句为祈使句，if从句用一般现在 时态。Don’t jump into the river if you feel very hot. 如果你感到很热，不要跳入河里。 ④主句为过去将来时，if从句用一般 过去时态（如果涉及到be动词， 一律都用were）。此时，表达的是和现实相反的推测，用虚拟语 气。If I were you, I wouldn’t do it like that.如果我是你，我就不会那么做的。 If you gave me some money, I would be very happy. 如果你给我一些钱，我就会很高兴的。 二、if 引导的条件状语从句 （1）“if 从句+祈使句”的句子。其实，if 作为一个连词，主句也可以是其他形式的句子。 例如：If you want to go, please let me know. (2)“祈使句 + and (or)+ 陈述句”

初中英语——If引导的条件状语从句(整理版)说课讲解

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