跨文化交际case答案

Case 1

In this case, there seemed to be problems in communicating with people of different cultures in spite of the efforts made to achieve understanding.

在这种情况下，尽管人们努力去理解，但在与不同文化背景的人交流时似乎出现了问题。We should know that in Egypt as in many cultures, the human relationship is valued so highly that it is not expressed in an objective and impersonal way. While Americans certainly value human relationships, they are more likely to speak of them in less personal, more objective terms.

我们应该知道，在埃及，就像在许多文化中一样，人际关系被看得如此重要，以至于无法以客观和非个人的方式表达出来。虽然美国人的确重视人际关系，但他们更倾向于用不那么个人化、更客观的方式来谈论人际关系。

In this case, Richard‘s mistake might be that he chose to praise the food itself rather than the total evening, for which the food was simply the setting or excuse. For his host and hostess it was as if he had attended an art exhibit and complimented the artist by saying, ―What beautiful frames your pictures are in.

在这种情况下，理查德的错误可能是他选择赞美食物本身，而不是整个晚上，因为食物只是设置或借口。对他的主人和女主人来说，这就好像他参加了一个艺术展，并恭维那位艺术家说:“你的画的画框多漂亮啊!”

In Japan the situation may be more complicated. Japanese people value order and harmony among persons in a group, and that the organization itself－be it a family or a vast corporation－is more valued than the characteristics of any particular member. In contrast, Americans stress individuality as a value and are apt to assert individual

differences when they seem justifiably in conflict with the goals or values of the group.

在日本，情况可能更为复杂。日本人重视群体中人与人之间的秩序与和谐，而组织本身——无论是家庭还是大型企业——比任何特定成员的特点更受重视。相反，美国人强调个性作为一种价值，当他们与群体的目标或价值观有合理的冲突时，他们倾向于主张个体差异。

In this case: Richard‘s mistake was in making great efforts to defend himself. Let the others assume that the errors were not intentional, but it is not right to defend yourself, even when your unstated intent is to assist the group by warning others of similar mistakes. A simple apology and acceptance of the blame would have been appropriate. But for poor Richard to have merely apologized would have seemed to him to be subservient, unmanly.

在这种情况下:理查德的错误在于努力为自己辩护。让其他人认为这些错误不是故意的，但是为自己辩护是不对的，即使你没有说明的意图是通过警告其他人类似的错误来帮助团队。一个简单的道歉和接受指责是适当的。但是对可怜的理查德来说，仅仅是道歉，在他看来就是卑躬屈膝，没有男子气概。

When it comes to England, we expect fewer problems between Americans and Englishmen than between Americans and almost any other group.

说到英国，我们认为美国人和英国人之间的问题比美国人和几乎任何其他民族之间的问题都要少。

In this case we might look beyond the gesture of taking sugar or cream to the values expressed in this gesture: for Americans, ―Help yourself; for the English

counterpart, ―Be my guest.

American and English people equally enjoy entertaining and being entertained but they differ somewhat in the value of the distinction. Typically, the ideal guest at an American party is one who ―makes himself at home, even to the point of answering the door or fixing his own drink. For persons in many other societies, including at least this hypothetical English host, such guest behavior is presumptuous or rude.

在这种情况下，我们可能会把目光从吃糖或奶油的手势转移到这个手势所表达的价值观上:对美国人来说，请自便;对于英国人来说，-请便。美国人和英国人同样喜欢娱乐和被娱乐，但他们在区别的价值上有所不同。一般来说，美国人聚会上最理想的客人是那些把自己当成自己家的人，甚至到了开门或自己准备饮料的地步。对于许多其他社会的人来说，至少包括这个假想的英国主人，这样的客人行为是放肆或粗鲁的。

Case 2

A common cultural misunderstanding in classes involves conflicts between what is said to be direct communication style and indirect communication style.

课堂上常见的文化误解包括直接沟通方式和间接沟通方式的冲突。

In American culture, people tend to say what is on their minds and to mean what they say. Therefore, students in class are expected to ask questions when they need clarification.

在美国文化中，人们倾向于说出心中所想，言出必行。因此，在课堂上，学生应该在需要澄清的时候提出问题。

Mexican culture shares this preference of style with American culture in some situations, and that‘s why the students from Mexico readily adopted the techniques of asking questions in class.

在某些情况下，墨西哥文化与美国文化有相同的风格偏好，这就是为什么墨西哥学生在课堂上很容易采用提问技巧的原因。

However, Korean people generally prefer indirect communication style, and therefore they tend to not say what is on their minds and to rely more on implications and inference, so as to be polite and respectful and avoid losing face through any improper verbal behavior.

但是，韩国人一般比较喜欢间接的交流方式，所以他们倾向于不直接说出自己的想法，更多的依靠暗示和推理，从而做到礼貌和尊重，避免因为任何不当的言语行为而丢面子。

As is mentioned in the case, to many Koreans, numerous questions would show a disrespect for the teacher, and would also reflect that the student has not studied hard enough.

正如案例中提到的，对许多韩国人来说，无数的问题会显示出对老师的不尊重，也会反映出学生学习不够努力。

Case 3

The conflict here is a difference in cultural values and beliefs. In the beginning, Mary didn‘t realize that her Dominican sister saw her as a member of the family, literally

. In the Dominican view, family possessions are shared by everyone of the family. Luz was acting as most Dominican sisters would do in borrowing without asking every time. Once Mary understood that there was a different way of looking at this, she would become more accepting. However, she might still experience the same frustration when this happened again. She had to find ways to cope with her own emotional cultural reaction as well as her practical problem (the batteries running out).

这里的冲突是文化价值观和信仰的差异。

一开始，玛丽并没有意识到她的多米尼加姐姐把她当成了家里的一员。

在多米尼加人看来，家庭财产是由每个家庭成员共享的。卢茨的行为就像大多数多米尼加姐妹那样，每次都是不经请求就借钱。

一旦玛丽明白有另一种看待这件事的方式，她就会变得更能接受。然而，当这种事情再次发生时，她可能仍然会经历同样的挫折。她必须找到方法来处理她自己的情感文化反应和她的实际问题(电池用完了)。

Case 4

It might be simply a question of different rhythms. Americans have one rhythm in their personal and family relations, in their friendliness and their charities. People from other cultures have different rhythms. The American rhythm is fast.It is characterized by a rapid acceptance of others. However, it is seldom that Americans engage themselves entirely in a friendship. Their friendships are warm, but casual, and specialized.For example,you have a neighbor who drops by in the morning for coffee. You see her frequently, but you never invite her for dinner --- not because you don‘t think she

could handle a fork and a knife, but because you have seen her that morning. Therefore, you reserve your more formal invitation to dinner for someone who lives in a more distant part of the city and whom you would not see unless you extended an invitation for a special occasion.

这可能只是不同节奏的问题。

美国人在他们的个人和家庭关系中，在他们的友好和他们的慈善事业中都有一个节奏。来自其他文化的人有不同的节奏。美国人的节奏很快。它的特点是迅速接受他人。

然而，美国人很少完全投入到友谊中去。他们的友谊是温暖的，但也很随意，而且很专一。

例如，你有一个邻居早上过来喝咖啡。你经常见到她，但你从不请她吃饭——不是因为你认为她拿不动刀叉，而是因为你那天早上见过她。因此，你会为那些住在城市较偏远地区的人保留更正式的晚餐邀请，除非你在一个特殊的场合发出邀请，否则你是不会见到他们的。

Now, if the first friend moves away and the second one moves nearby, you are likely to reverse this --- see the second friend in the mornings for informal coffee meetings, and the first one you will invite more formally to dinner. Americans are, in other words, guided very often by their own convenience. They tend to make friends easily, and they don‘t feel it necessary to go to a great amount of trouble to see friends often when it becomes inconvenient to do so, and usually no one is hurt. But in similar circumstances people from many other cultures would be hurt very deeply.

现在，如果第一个朋友搬走了，第二个搬到附近，你可能会逆转这种情况——在早上与第二个朋友非正式地喝咖啡，而第一个朋友会被你正式地邀请去吃晚餐。换句话说，美国人常常被自己的方便所引导。他们很容易交到朋友，当他们觉得不方便的时候，他们不觉得有必要去见朋友，而且通常没有人受到伤害。

但是在类似的情况下，来自其他文化的人会受到很大的伤害。

Case 5

In China, it is often not polite to accept a first offer and Heping was being modest, polite and well-behaved and had every intention of accepting the beer at the second or third offer. But he had not figured on North American rules which firmly say that you do not push alcoholic beverages on anyone.A person may not drink for religious reasons, he may be a reformed alcoholic, or he may be allergic. Whatever the reason behind the rule, you do not insist in offering alcohol. So unconscious and so strong are their cultural rules that the Americans equally politely never made a second offer of beer to Heping who probably thought North Americans most uncouth. However, what we have to remember is that cultures are seldom a strict either-or in every instance for all people and there are always individual differences. Probably this young Chinese nurse was very different from Heping or, unlike Heping, she may have known something about the American cultural rules and was just trying to behave like an American when she was in an American family.

Case 6

When a speaker says something to a hearer, there are at least three kinds of meanings involved: utterance meaning, speaker‘s meaning and hearer‘s meaning. In the dialogue, when Litz said ?How long is she going to stay?‘ she meant to say that if she knew how long her mother-in-law was going to stay in Finland, she would be able to make proper arrangements for her, such as taking her out to do some sightseeing. However, her mother-in-law overheard the conversation, and took Litz‘s question to mean ―Litz does not want me to stay for long‖. From the Chinese point of view, it seems to be inappropriate for Litz to ask such a question just two days after her mother-in-law‘s arrival. If she feels she has to ask the question, it would be better to ask some time later and she should not let her mother-in-law hear it.

Case 7

Keiko insists on giving valuable gifts to her college friends, because in countries like Japan, exchanging gifts is a strongly rooted social tradition. Should you receive a gift, and d on‘t have one to offer in return, you will probably create a crisis. If not as serious as a crisis, one who doesn‘t offer a gift in return may be considered rude or impolite. Therefore, in Japan, gifts are a symbolic way to show appreciation, respect, gratitude and further relationship. Keiko obviously has taken those used items from Mary, Ed and Marion as gifts, for she probably doesn‘t know that Americans frequently donate their used household items to church or to the community. Mary, Ed and Marion would never consider those used household items given to Keiko as gifts. No wonder they felt very

uncomfortable when they received valuable gifts in return.

Case 8

As the Chinese girl Amy fell in love with an American boy at that time, it seems that she preferred to celebrate Christmas in the American way, for she wanted very much to appear the same as other American girl. She did not like to see her boyfriend feel disappointed at the ―shabby‖ Chinese Christmas. That‘s why she cried when she found out her par ents had invited the minister ‘s family over for the Christmas Eve dinner. She thought the menu for the Christmas meal created by her mother a strange one because there were no roast turkey and sweet potatoes but only Chinese food. How could she notice then the foods chosen by her mother were all her favorites? From this case, we can find a lot of differences between the Chinese and Western cultures in what is appropriate food for a banquet, what are good table manners, and how one should behave to be hospi table. However, one should never feel shameful just because one‘s culture is different from others‘. As Amy‘s mother told her, you must be proud to be different, and your only shame is to have shame.

Case 9

Hierarchy is significant in the Japanese culture. This structure is reflected everywhere in Japanese life, at home, school, community, organizations, and traditional institutions such as martial arts or flower arrangements. In this case, the young chairman must have had his own ideas about how to manage the company; however, when encountered with his grandfather‘s dissenting opinions, he dared not to take a stand against him. This may manifest the rigid hierarchical structure in the Japanese society. In the Japanese

society, how hierarchy is formed depends mainly on seniority, social roles, and gender. As a respectable senior member of the family and the former leader of the company, the grandfather obviously overpowered the inexperienced young chairman. In other words, the grandfather seemed to be an absolute authority for the young chairman. In Japanese culture, challenging or disagreeing with elders‘ opinions would be deemed as being disrespectful and is often condemned. People in lower positions are expected to be loyal and obedient to authority. That‘s why the young chairman didn‘t say anything but just nodded and agreed with his grandfather. But Phil seemed to know little about the Japanese culture in this aspect. In many Western cultures, particularly American culture, seniority seldom matters very much in such situations, and young people are usually encouraged to challenge authority and voice their own opinions. Unfortunately, his outspoken protest could easily offend the grandfather and he might be regarded as a rude and ill-bred person by other Japanese.

Case 10

In Japan, a company is often very much like a big family, in which the manger(s) will take good care of the employees and the employees are expected to devote themselves to the development of the company and, if it is necessary, to sacrifice their own individual interests for the interests of the company, from which, in the long run, the employees will benefit greatly. But for the French, a company is just a loosely- knit social organization wherein individuals are supposed to take care of themselves and their families. Moreover, the way the French make decisions in the family might also be different from the typical Japanese one, which may not often involve females and the power to decide usually lies with the dominating male. As there are such cultural differences between the Japanese and the French, Mr. Legrand‘s decision made Mr. Tanaka feel dumbfounded.

Case 11

Incidents such as these can point to possible cultural differences in so-called ―polite‖ behavior, and at the same time highlight the tendency for people to react emotionally to unexpected behavior. People in most cultures would probably agree that an apology is needed when an offence or violation of social norms has taken place. However, there may be differing opinions as to when we should apologize (what situations call for an apology) and how we should apologize. To many Westerners, Japanese apologize more frequently and an apology in Japanese does not necessarily mean that the person is acknowledging a fault. To many Japanese, Westerners may seem to be rude just because they do not apologize as often as the Japanese would do. In this case, for instance, the attitude of the Australian student‘s parents is shocking to the Japanese but will be acceptable in an English-speaking society, for the student is already an adult and can be responsible for her own deeds.

Case 12

In this case, it seems that the Chinese expectations were not fulfilled. First, having two people sharing host responsibilities could be somewhat confusing to the hierarchically minded Chinese. Second, because age is often viewed as an indication of seniority, the Chinese might have considered the youth of their Canadian hosts as slight to their own status. Third, in China, it is traditional for the host to offer a welcome toast at the beginning of the meal, which is the reciprocated by the guests; by not doing so, the Canadian might be thought rude. The abrupt departure of the Chinese following the

新编跨文化交际英语教程 参考答案

Unit 1 Communication Across Cultures Reading I Intercultural Communication：An Introduction Comprehension questions 1. Is it still often the case that “everyone?s quick to blame the alien” in the contemporary world? This is still powerful in today‘s soci al and political rhetoric. For instance, it is not uncommon in today‘s society to hear people say that most, if not all, of the social and economic problems are caused by minorities and immigrants. 2. What?s the difference between today?s intercultural contact and that of any time in the past? Today‘s intercultural encounters are far more numerous and of greater importance than in any time in history. 3. What have made intercultural contact a very common phenomenon in our life today? New technology, in the form of transportation and communication systems, has accelerated intercultural contact; innovative communication systems have encouraged and facilitated cultural interaction; globalization of the economy has brought people together; changes in immigration patterns have also contributed to intercultural encounter. 4. How do you understand the sentence “culture is everything and everywhere”? Culture supplies us with the answers to questions about what the world looks like and how we live and communicate within that world. Culture teaches us how to behave in our life from the instant of birth. It is omnipresent. 5. What are the major elements that directly influence our perception and communication? The three major socio-cultural elements that directly influence perception and communication are cultural values, worldview (religion), and social organizations (family and state). 6. What does one?s family teach him or her while he or she grows up in it? The family teaches the child what the world looks like and his or her place in that world. 7. Why is it impossible to separate our use of language from our culture? Because language is not only a form of preserving culture but also a means of sharing culture. Language is an organized, generally agreed-upon, learned symbol system that is used to represent the experiences within a cultural community. 8. What are the nonverbal behaviors that people can attach meaning to? People can attach meaning to nonverbal behaviors such as gestures, postures, facial expressions,eye contact and gaze, touch, etc. 9. How can a free, culturally diverse society exist? A free, culturally diverse society can exist only if diversity is permitted to flourish without prejudice and discrimination, both of which harm all members of the society. Reading II The Challenge of Globalization Comprehension questions 1. Why does the author say that our understanding of the world has changed? Many things, such as political changes and technological advances, have changed the world very rapidly. In the past most human beings were born, lived, and died within a limited geographical area, never encountering people of other cultural backgrounds. Such an existence, however, no longer prevails in the world. Thus, all people are faced with the challenge of understanding this changed and still fast changing world in which we live.

中西文化比较2019尔雅答案

************************************************************************** 审美递增递减律（一） 1 从文学和审美的角度来看,更具有内在的高度的是()。D ?A、白话诗 ?B、古体诗 ?C、现代诗 ?D、格律诗 2 在()时期,国人对于国粹和西化的排斥态度同时存在。C ?A、改革开放时期 ?B、新生活运动时期 ?C、文革时期 ?D、五四时期 3

以下错误描述人对事物的好恶的是()。B ?A、 很多人容易先产生好恶情绪再寻找具体理由 ?B、 对于某种东西的爱好更多来源于自身的自主选择 ?C、 好恶的原始冲动是可以被控制的 ?D、 最初的喜好更多地是冲动 4

审美递增递减规律的意思是,对于某种东西的爱好或者逐渐递增,或者逐渐递减,不可能在不同阶段产生不同的趋向。()错误 5 文学作品的创作若想要展示创作的独特性,就更要强调摒弃规律与制约。 ()错误 审美递增递减律（二） 1 辜正坤老师认为,艺术最终应该服务于()。D ?A、精英 ?B、个人 ?C、特定人群 ?D、大众 2 下列选项中错误描述审美改变的是()。C ?A、个人、集体乃至国家的审美都是可以被强行改变的 ?B、人的喜好是受传统影响的 ?C、审美可以在短时间自行改变

?D、审美是可以改变的 3 长期来看,()最容易影响人对于事物的喜好。B ?A、蕴含的意义 ?B、接触的频率 ?C、他人的喜好 ?D、事物的外表 4 审美活动中,效用递减律与效用递增律同时存在。()正确 5 任何文化都有正面和负面的内容,人们若想提高自身的审美水平,可以全盘接受一种负面较少的文化。()错误 阴阳二级对立转化律 1 《易经》运用要结合数与()。B ?A、道

跨文化交际 -

基于教材的高中英语文化教学探析 摘要： 本文以2003年实施的《普通高中英语课程标准》(实验)为基础，分析了新课标对文化教学的具体要求和新人教版高中英语教材中的文化知识，并简述了高中生文化意识培养的现状，最后提出相应的教学建议和方法。 关键词：高中英语教材，文化意识培养，文化教学 一、引言 随着经济的全球化、文化多元化的发展，我国的对外交流与合作日趋频繁。这就对我们英语教学中培养学生与之相适应的文化素养和跨文化交际能力提出了更新更高的要求。同时，2003年颁布实施的《普通高中英语课程标准（实验）》中明确将“文化意识”同“语言知识”、“语言技能”、“学习策略”和“情感态度”列在一起构成了高中英语新课程标准的五大体系，同时也把文化意识教学和跨文化交际能力的目标进行了明确的分级和描述。由此说明了文化意识教学在高中英语教学中不容忽视。“文化意识”包括文化知识、文化理解、跨文化交际意识和跨文化交际能力。文化知识（knowledge about culture）是对中外文化知识的理解和掌握；文化理解（understanding of culture）是对中外文化及其差异的理解过程和理解能力；跨文化交际意识（cross-cultural communicative awareness）又可分为文化敏感度和自觉性，是对中外文化异同敏感度以及根据交际语境调整自己的语言理解和语言产出的自觉性；跨文化交际能力（cross-cultural communicative competence）是根据所处文化环境和交际各方的文化背景，在理解并尊重交际各方文化身份的前提下，恰当、得体地使用语言进行交际的能力。 二、英语新课程标准对文化教学的要求 在新课标中提到，“在英语学习中，文化主要指英语国家的历史、地理、风土人情、传统习俗、生活方式、文学艺术、行为规范和价值观念等。”以此为基础，在英语课标的性质、基本理念和课程目标中都提到了文化及文化教学要求。 1. 课程性质 高中课程既有人文性又有工具性，高中学生学习外语，一方面可以促进心智、情感、态度与价值观的发展和综合人文素养的提高；另一方面，掌握一门国际通

新编跨文化交际英语教程_参考题答案Unit_3

Unit 3 Cultural Diversity Reading I Different Lands, Different Friendships Comprehension questions 1. Why is it comparatively easy to make friends in the United States? Because few Americans stay put for a lifetime. With each move, forming new friendship becomes a necessity and part of their new life. 2. Do people from different countries usually have different expectations about what constitutes friendship and how it comes into being? Yes. The difficulty when strangers from two countries meet is their different expectations about what constitutes friendship and how it comes into being. 3. How is friendship in America different from friendship in West Europe? In West Europe, friendship is quite sharply distinguished from other, more casual relationships, is usually more particularized and carries a heavier burden of commitment, while in America the word “friend” can be applied to a wide range of relationship and a friendship may be superficial, casual, situational or deep and enduring. 4. In what country does friendship have much to do with one’s family? And in what country does it not? In Germany, friendship has much to do with one‘s family as friends are usually brought into the family, while in France it doesn’t as, for instance, two men may have been friends for a long time without knowing each other‘s personal life. 5. What is friendship like when it is compartmentalized? For instance, a man may play chess with a friend for thirty years without knowing his political opinions, or he may talk politics with him for as long a time without knowing about his personal life. Different friends fill different niches in each person’s life. 6. What are friendships usually based on in England? English friendships are based on shared activity. Activities at different stages of life may be of very different kinds. In the midst of the activity, whatever it may be, people fall into steps and find that they participate in the activity with the same easy anticipation of what each will do day by day or in some critical situation. 7. Do you think friendship shares some common elements in different cultures? If you do, what are they?

2017尔雅中西文化比较期末考试答案

?《中西文化比较》期末考试（20） 35' 44'' 题量： 100 满分：100.0 截止日期：2017-12-15 23:59 一、单选题 1 《周易·序卦》中自然界的始基不包括（）。 ?A、 天地 ? ?B、 阴阳 ? ?C、 男女 ? ?D、 日月 ? 我的答案：D 2

从气候角度来说，中原一带的肥厚土壤主要是受到（）的影响。 ?A、 太平洋暖湿气流 ? ?B、 副热带高压带 ? ?C、 西伯利亚冷气流 ? ?D、 温带季风 ? 我的答案：C 3 认为经验是知识的唯一来源的经验主义代表人物是（）。 ?A、 笛卡尔 ? ?B、 霍布斯

? ?C、 洛克 ? ?D、 斯宾诺莎 ? 我的答案：C 4 西方产生了帮主制主要是为了约束太强的（）。 ?A、 理性主义 ? ?B、 唯物思想 ? ?C、 专制心态 ? ?D、 共和意识 ? 我的答案：C

5 乔姆斯基认为，所有的句子具有（）。 ?A、 深层结构和表层结构 ? ?B、 表义结构和表形结构 ? ?C、 文化结构和环境结构 ? ?D、 主观结构和客观结构 ? 我的答案：A 6 第一次农业革命开始于（）。 ?A、 第二冰期结束 ? ?B、

第三冰期结束 ? ?C、 第四冰期结束 ? ?D、 第五冰期结束 ? 我的答案：C 7 地球上环境变迁最敏感的地带位于（）之间。 ?A、 北纬30°-40° ? ?B、 南纬30°-40° ? ?C、 北纬40°-50° ? ?D、 南纬40°-50° ?

我的答案：A 8 索绪尔的（）主要强调的是从静态的角度去研究语言的变化。 ?A、 历时语言学 ? ?B、 短暂语言学 ? ?C、 共时语言学 ? ?D、 纵向语言学 ? 我的答案：C 9 关于阴谋诡计，说法正确的是（）。 ?A、 中国不存在大量阴谋诡计的现象 ?

跨文化交际基础知识

跨文化交际基础知识

跨文化交际基础知识 【复习指南】 这部分内容主要涉及跨文化交际的基本理论及较为常见的日常交际礼仪，在选择题、填空题、判断题中所占比例较少，但与案例分析部分紧密结合；建议考生复习此块内容时，注意相关理论概念在实际案例中的运用。考生可重点看胡文仲《跨文化交际学》或吴为善的《跨文化概论》，这两本书对于跨文化交际的基本概念、基础理论等都有全面介绍。 【知识点归纳】 1.重点概念： （1）文化：culture，涉及内容十分广泛，不同研究者有不同定义。 广义文化：指人类社会实践过程中所获得的物质、精神的生产能力和创造的物质、精神财富的总和。 狭义文化：精神生产能力和精神产品，包括一切社会意识形式；自然科学、技术科学、社会意识形式。英国人类学家泰勒1871年在《原始文化》中提到的定义影响很大。 总的来说，文化是人类社会创造的财富，包括食物、器具，也包括信念、价值观、习俗、知识。可分为物质文化、制度文化和观念文化。 其特性是：人类独有；来自后天习得；大部分存在于人的潜意识；是行动的指南；动态，与一定历史时期相联系。 （2）交际：就是人与人之间的往来交际活动，文化在交际中得到发展与传播。跨文化交际中的交际主要指人际间通过语言等交际工具进行的直接或间接的信息交流和沟通活动。 （3）编码与解码 交际是一个编码和解码的过程；编码是把思想、感情、意识等编成语码的过程，解码是对外界接受的符号或信息赋予意义或进行解释的过程。

“他定势” 定势概念应用到跨文化交际上后，称为文化定势(又译文化定型或刻板印象)，是指人们在跨文化交际研究或跨文化实际交往中对不同文化背景的民族和国家成员的笼统的、先验的看法。 （4）文化冲突 指两种或者两种以上的文化相互接触所产生的竞争和对抗状态。最早由由哈佛大学国际关系教授萨缪尔·亨廷顿（Samuel Huntington )在《文明的冲突与世界秩序的重建》中提出。 （5）文化曲解 不同民族、社区和集团的的文化，有不同的价值目标和价值取向，并且常常各自以自己的文化为优越，视其他文化为危险物；当其他文化在传播、接触的时候，便会有不顾客观事实歪曲原意或作错误理解。文化曲解既是文化冲突的诱发因素，也是文化冲突的表现。 （6）主流文化与亚文化 主流文化是一个社会、一个时代受到倡导的、起着主要影响、具有群体认同的文化。 亚文化（subculture）:又称小文化、集体文化或副文化，指某一文化群体所属次级群体的成员共有的独特信念、价值观和生活习惯，与主文化相对应的那些非主流的、局部的文化现象。 （7）文化距离 是指不同文化之间的差异程度，主要包括语言方面的差异、生活习惯的差异、社会文化方面的差异等。 （8）文化休克 “文化休克”，Cultural Shock，是1958年美国人类学家奥博格(Kalvero Oberg)提出来的概念。是指一个人进入到不熟悉的文化环境时，因失去自己熟悉的所有社会交流的符号与手段而产生的一种迷失、疑惑、排斥甚至恐惧的感觉。 文化休克常见于移民当中或者是在一个社会内，不同文化背景的民族因文化生活环境发生根本性改变的时候。

跨文化交际case参考

Unit 1 Intercultural Communication in the Global Context Case 1(P11) 1.What do you think are the reasons for young people?s yearning to be a celebrity today? As humans we naturally measure ourselves to those around us, but now we live in a global village we are comparing ourselves with the most significant people in the world. In the past being a lawyer or doctor was a very reputable profession. But today, even high achievers constantly fear that they are insignificant when they compare themselves to success stories in the media. 2.How can today?s people find their own self-worth and real meaning of life? The remedyis a process that he calls “active self-acceptance” through a sustained quest（持续探索）for self-knowledge through life. And People need to invest as much time in developing their worldview as their careers. Case 2 1. Why was the Dutch technology manager so shocked? The Dutch manager was shocked because he thought he hadn’t told the te am to build it in a certain way, he simply had asked if it could be done! He had never questioned the way in which he communicated to the head of his technology group. In fact, he thought he had been asking simple questions, almost making idle conversation, and never considered that because he was the boss, his Indian employee would do as he asked. He expected that the technology design team would counter with another recommendation if his idea was inappropriate. 2. How could such misunderstandings in this case be avoided? Both the Dutch and the Indian teams needed to have a better understanding of the culturally based expectations of each group. Case 3 1. What has modern technology brought about to people today? Advances in information technology are bringing about changes in contemporary society that pose new situations requiring intercultural communication expertise. Technology has enabled ordinary individuals to quickly organize themselves around a common interes. 2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of modern technology? Rather than moving the global community toward the single, homogenized culture decried by many globalization opponents, technology is actually providing a means to reaffirm and extend cultural awareness, identity, and practices. Media technology plays an important role in modern society whether it is political, economic or cultural Case 4 1. Why did Mrs. Nimos hesitate when the Japanese young man asked about her age? In western countries where privacy is greatly valued, age is something that is considered rather private. Asking about the others’ age, especially in this case on their first meeting, is rather impolite.However, age is an important factor in situat ing a person in the Japanese cultural hierarchy. 2. What is the Ch inese perspective concerning people?s age? In China, age is important. However, when communicating with family members generation becomes an important factor that overrides age. Even if they have the same age, the one belonging to the younger generation must address the other with the respect accorded to the older generation in the family. If they are the same generation, they can communicate as peers. Case 5 1. Why did Mr. Richardson leave an impression of insincerity on Mr. Wong? “We must get together and have lunch sometimes” issignals that the person who says it thinks that the encounter should be ending soon. So it can call a “pre-closing.” While it does contain the vague idea that a subsequent meeting would be desirable, it does not in any way commit the speaker or the hearer to such an arrangement. However, to Mr. Wong, it sounds like an invitation. 2. Do people always mean what they say? Give Examples. Similarly, “See you later” does not commit someone to a later meeting. It would be very odd if, i n response to this utterance, the hearer were to take out his or her diary and attempt to set a date. Other examples are “How are you” in English and “Have you eaten?” in Chinese, both of them are typical greetings, which do not require the hearer to give specific answers. All of them just serve as lubricants to move the conversation forward. Case 6 1.Why does Fiona feel exhausted in America and want to return to Australia? When people come into a new culture, they have to make many small adjustments in a short period of time. Each adjustment causes a little bit of difficulty, but the stress adds up to a point where people become frustrated and begin to complain about their life in the other culture. 2.What do you think Fiona should do to make herself adjusted to her life in American? However, she should know that this is only a necessary period of culture shock, requiring her to make some adjustment. She is likely to have experienced some cultural differences and will be more willing to take them seriously. Unit 2 Understandings of Culture and Communication Case 1(P41) 1.Why did the Chinese young man leave the company?

中西文化比较考试题及答案

1.请从中西视域阐述文化的含义，并比较文化与文明的差异。 答：“文化”，是中国语言系统中古已有之的词汇。“文”的本义，指各色交错的纹理，引申为涵盖、反映社会、自然现象的条理及规律性。“化”，本义为改易、生成、造化，引申为教行迁善之义。“文”与“化”方合成一个整词，本义就是“以文教化”，它表示对人的性情的陶冶，品德的教养，本属精神领域之范畴。西方的“文化”，英文“culture”和德文的“kuctur”都由拉丁文“cultura”衍化而来，原意指耕作土地（故园艺学在英语为Horticulture），后来逐渐引申出神明崇拜、性情陶冶、品德教化等，这就与古汉语中“文化”所具有的“文治教化”的义项日益接近。用《中国大百科全书》社会学卷上的话说:“文化一词的中西两个来源,殊途同归,今人都用来指称人类社会的精神现象。”随着时间的流变和空间的差异，现在“文化”已成为一个内涵丰富、外延宽广的多维概念，并有广义与狭义之分。 广义的“文化”，着眼于人类与一般动物、人类社会与自然界的本质区别，着眼于人类卓立于自然的独特的生存方式，其涵盖面非常广泛，所以又称作“大文化”。“大文化”指的是人类自身的一切精神性创造活动及其结果，包括认识的（语言、哲学、科学、教育）、规范的（道德、法律、信仰）、艺术的（文学、美术、音乐、舞蹈、戏剧）、器用的（生产工具、日用器皿以及制造它们的技术）。社会的（制度、组织、风俗习惯）等等。广义的“文化”从人之所以为人的意义上立论，认为正是文化的出现“将动物的人变为创造的人、组织的人、思想的人、说话的人以及计划的人”，因而将人类社会——历史生活的全部内容统统摄入“文化”的定义域。 与广义“文化”相对的，是狭义的“文化”。狭义的“文化”排除人类社会——历史生活中关于物质创造活动及其结果的部分，专注于精神创造活动及其结果，所以又被称作“小文化”。1871年英国文化学家泰勒在《原始文化》一书中提出，文化“乃是包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗和任何人作为一名社会成员而获得的能力和习惯在内的复杂整体”，是狭义“文化”早期的经典界说。在汉语言系统中，“文化”的本义是“以文教化”，亦属于“小文化”范畴。《现代汉语词典》关于“文化”的释义，即“人类在社会历史发展过程中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和，特指精神财富”，当属狭义文化。一般而言，凡涉及精神创造领域的文化现象，均属狭义文化。 由于文化的产生和发展,“文明”随之而来。“文明”在中国的古典中频频出现，并与“文化”词义相近。《尚书·舜典》中有“溶哲文明”,《易·乾·文言》中有“见龙在田, 天下文明”之语。唐朝经学家孔颖达对上述两句的疏解是“经天纬地曰文, 照临四方曰明。”与“文明”对译civilization, 来源于拉丁文sivis （市民）或civilitas（都市）, 表示城市生活的秩序和原则, 是相对未开化、野蛮而言, 也有启蒙、教化、不落后于时潮之意。近代中国人最早诊释的是清朝第一任驻英公使郭篙熹。他在1878年所写的日记中, 把civilized、half civilized、barbaian、相对应地称之为“教化、半教化、无教化”, 虽未出现“文明”等译词, 但也相当于“文明、半文明、野蛮”的概念。到十九世纪末, 黄遵宪、康有为、孙中山、梁启超等人大量采用日本译词, 频繁使用与“野蛮、半开化”相对应意义上的“文明”一词。“文明”引申后意为一种先进的社会和文化发展状态，以及到达这一状态的过程，其涉及的领域广泛，包括民族意识、技术水准、礼仪规范、宗教思想、风俗习惯以及科学知识的发展等等。 总而言之，文化是人类创造的所有物质成果和精神成果的总和,而文明则是

跨文化交际案例 Intercultural Communication—Case Studies

Course: Intercultural Communication—Case Studies Textbook: Self-compiled handouts Objectives: This curricular module prompts students with the salient issues related to intercultural communication (1CC). Its main focus is on discussions of major problems arising from ICC. During the course the students are exposed to a large variety of cases, taken from up-to-date documents. The goal is not only to build up students' knowledge of ICC, but more importantly to increase their cross-cultural awareness. The course intends to be instructive, practical and enjoyable. At the end of this course, the students will be able to 1. deepen their understanding of major ICC principles; 2. become familiar with differences in Chinese and American cultures; 3. experience conflicts and controversies in ICC; 4. enhance their abilities to analyze ICC phenomena; 5. improve their ICC competence. Topic Areas: Values: 1. Friendship 2. Ethics 3. Individualism & self-reliance 4. Privacy 5. Equality 6. Attributes 7. Time & space 8. Competition & cooperation 9. Volunterism & philanthropy Daily life: 1. Lifestyle 2. Family & marriage 3. Entertainment 4. Holidays & travel 5. Art & architecture 6. Science & technology Social life: I. Education 2. Religion 3. Political systems & law 4. Minorities 5. Prejudices &stereotyping 6. Building bridges Assessment: The students will have one assignment for this course. The assignment should center on one of the particular ICC issues covered in the course. They are supposed to address the topic on the basis of theoretical analysis applying the knowledge, principles, as well as strategies obtained during the course. The assignment should run approximately ten pages long, with an abstract, key words and a list of references in the APA format. It must be double-spaced, using Times New Roman (12). Reference: 1. Larry A. Samovar. Communication Between Cultures Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000 2. Dou, RQ, Qian DX, Li BX. Selected Readings in Intercultural Communication Xi‘an Jiaotong University Press, 2004 3. Jia Yuxin. Intercultural Communication Shanghai Foreign languages Education Press, 2003 4. Yao Baorong. Han Qi, Wang Tao. Chinese Society and Culture Shaanxi people‘s Publishing

《中西文化比较》题库答案

《中西方文化比较》题库答案 1.首先，文化可以看作具有多层次结构的有机系统。作为一个整体，它可以涵盖人类有 史以来所进行的全部社会性活动及成果，既包含人类所有的历史遗产，也包括还在不断演化和创造中的整个文化进程。从形态入手对文化加以划分，可以将它分为物质文化、精神文化、制度文化、技术文化等几大块。倘若从意义层面对文化进行剖析，又可以将文化分为表层文化现象和深层文化要素。无论对文化作怎样的阐述和分类，我们仍然需要把它作为一个整体来加以研究。其次，民族性和地域性是文化的重要特征。 不同的人类群体由于赖以生存的自然条件的差异以及地缘因素带来的不同的文化共生关系的影响，常常会形成不同的价值系统、思维模式和行为倾向。第三，文化还具有规则性。它可以依靠明确外显的规范（如法律、制度、习俗及文化产品等）或隐含的形式（如思维模式、心理惯性、价值系统等）来引导或约束个人行为，促使某种既定的行为准则得到特定社会中大多数成员的自觉遵从。第四，文化是历史继承的，它能够通过代代相传的不断积累形成特定的文化传统。第五，尽管我们已承认每一种特定的文化都具有维护其持续性和稳定性的内在力量，但我们还是要指出：一定民族的文化形态是可以变迁的。 2.一种文化背景下的哲学，往往强烈地体现着此种文化群体的思维方式。而思维方式因 人而异，文化背景不同的人之间，其差异更为明显。中西哲学不同的思维方式体现在以下几方面：第一，重直觉与崇尚逻辑。“天人合一”精神是中国哲学精神的体现，它将世界视为独立与人之外的纯粹客体，不重视对客体一般本质的抽象及对普遍真理的认识，而讲究结合理智、情感、意志等多种心理机制来对世界、对生活、对人生进行体验。此种体验中虽然包含认知的因素，但更多采用的是一种非逻辑思维，无需遵循概念、判断、推理的一般程序和思维规律，即一种直觉思维。西方哲学既遵循“主客二分”模式，相应地就需要主体运用概念、判断、推理、分析的逻辑思维，借助理性，从感性、现象、个别的材料中抽取本质、一般的东西，从而越过客体之现象，抵达现