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英文封面摘要正文参考文献模板及标准

英文封面摘要正文参考文献模板及标准
英文封面摘要正文参考文献模板及标准

英文封面模板

A Graduation Thesis of Translation Studies

Translating as a Purposeful Activity:Functionalist

Approaches Explained

Writer: Christiane Nord

Class: 2010 B.A. Class 4

Supervisor: St. Jerome

Word count: 4,810

A Thesis Submitted to Northwest University for Nationalities

in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts in English Language

School of Foreign Languages, Northwest University for Nationalities

Lanzhou, Gansu, China

May 10th, 2014 [填写提交日期]

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction (1)

Chapter 2 Historical Overview (2)

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7 Conclusion (12)

References (13)

Appendix 1 (14)

Appendix 2 (15)

A Graduation Thesis of ELT Methodology Studies

How to Apply Communicative Approach to Teaching

Reading Skills to Young Learners

Writer: Zhang Yuefeng

Class: 2010 B.A. Class 4

Supervisor: Wang Guan

Word count: 4,610

A Thesis Submitted to Northwest University for Nationalities

in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts in English Language

School of Foreign Languages, Northwest University for Nationalities

Lanzhou, Gansu, China

May 10th, 2014[填写提交日期]

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction (1)

Chapter 2 Communicative Approach (2)

2.1 Definition and Features (3)

2.2 Communicative Approach and Communicative Competence (3)

2.3 Communicative Approach and Communicative Language Teaching (5)

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6 Conclusion (12)

References (13)

Appendix 1 (14)

Appendix 2 (15)

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction (1)

Chapter 2 Literature Review (2)

Chapter 3 The Present Study

3.1 Methodology (5)

3.2 Data (6)

3.3 Data analysis (7)

Chapter 4 Discussion (8)

Chapter 5 Conclusion (12)

References (13)

Appendix 1 (14)

Appendix 2 (15)

A Graduation Thesis of English Language Study

Pragmatic Analysis of Tautology A is A

Writer: Zhang Yuefeng

Class: 2010 B.A. Class 4

Supervisor: Wang Guan

Word count: 5,510

A Thesis Submitted to Northwest University for Nationalities

in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts in English Language

School of Foreign Languages, Northwest University for Nationalities

Lanzhou, Gansu, China

May 10th, 2014[填写提交日期]

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction (1)

Chapter 2 Pragmatic Analysis........................................ (2)

2.1 Theoretical contribution (3)

2.2 Co-operative Principle and Grice’s Conversation Maxims (4)

Chapter 3 (7)

Chapter 4 (8)

Chapter 5 (10)

Chapter 6 Conclusion (12)

References (13)

A Graduation Thesis of Literature

Analysis of the Distortion of Heathcliff’s Humanity

in Wuthering Heights

Writer: Zhang Yuefeng

Class: 2010 B.A. Class 4

Supervisor: Wang Guan

Word count: 4, 510

A Thesis Submitted to Northwest University for Nationalities

in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts in English Language

School of Foreign Languages, Northwest University for Nationalities

Lanzhou, Gansu, China

May 10th, 2014[填写提交日期]

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction (1)

Chapter 2 The Causes for Heathcliff’s Distortion (2)

2.1 Heathcliff’s Personal Background (3)

2.2 Justice of Society (4)

2.3 Blow of Betrayed Love (5)

Chapter 3 (7)

Chapter 4 (8)

Chapter 5 (10)

Chapter 6 Conclusion (12)

Notes (13)

References (14)

摘要模板

Abstract

Wuthering Heights, by Emily Bronte, is one of the great curiosities, as it is one of the greatest works of literature. It was published in 1847, and for a long time, people did not know why the author created such a scoundrel protagonist—Hea thcliff. ……..........................................................

The story of Wuthering Heights is mixed with love and hatred. This love is doomed to have no result………………………………………………………………………………………………

This thesis will analyze Heathcliff’s complicate d and mysterious life to explore the distortion of his humanity. It consists of three parts. Chapter One analyses……………….. Chapter Two deals with ………………………………………………….. Chapter Three studies the results of the distortion of Heathcliff’s humanity.

Key words: hatred revenge loss restoration

摘要

《呼啸山庄》是由Emily Bronte 所著的一部最伟大的作品,受到广泛的关注。该作品出版于1847年。长期以来,人们都想了解作者为什么会在作品中。。。。。。

《呼啸山庄》是一个交织着爱与恨的故事,这种爱注定会毫无结果。。。。。。

本文将通过三部分具体分析Heathcliff复杂而谜一般的生活经历以刨析其扭曲的人性。。。。。。第一章。。。。。。第二章。。。。。。第三章。。。。。。

关键词:恨复仇失却重塑

Abstract

The focus of this paper is to present the pragmatic analysis of tautology A is A with the theories of the Co-operative Principle, Grice’s Conversation Maxims and Language Attitudes. Linguistic tautology is a fault of style in expression, the unnecessary repetition of an idea/meaning by using different words at the same time that mean the same thing. The sentence structure A is A belongs to linguistic tautology. It seems. The further analysis aims at various attitudes of the speake rs…… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Key words: tautology A is A pragmatic implicature Language attitudes

摘要

本文主要是从语用学的角度运用合作原则、会话原则和语言态度等理论分析句型A is A。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。

关键词:赘言A is A 语用学会话含义言语态度

另附摘要样板:

On My Mind: Thoughts About Salience, Context and Figurative Language

From a Second Language Perspective

Kecskes, I. 2006

This article discusses three claims of the Gradual Salience Hypothesis presented in Rachael Giora’s book On our mind. It is argued that these claims may give second language researchers the change to revise the way they think about word meaning, the literal meaning-figurative meaning dichotomy and the role of context in language processing. Giora’s arguments are related to recent second language research and their relevance is explained through examples. There are also several suggestions made for further research.

Literature as Sentences

Ohmann, R. 1966; 1969

The following article is an extension of Richard Ohmann’s previous essay ‘Generative Grammars and the Concept of Literary Style’. Professor Ohmann’s discussion of deep and surface structures of sentences—in which he explains and to some extent simplifies Noam Chomsky’s discussion of this topic in Aspects of the Theory of Syntax—allows him to distinguish between form and content, style and meaning, such more specifically than the rhetoricians who have concentrated on the large problems of rhetorical structure.

Selected Works of Henry Widdowson on Applied Linguistics This paper seeks to clarify the notion of competence in language and to draw on its relevance to language teaching practices. It is suggested that Hymes's account of communicative competence as incorporating language beyond grammar and ability as well as knowledge raises problematic issues concerning the analysability and accessibility of knowledge and the scope and

application of linguistic rules. A consideration of these issues suggests the possibility that competence for use may involve not so much the generation of expressions by direct reference to rules as the adjustment of pre- assembled and memorized patterns. The ability to use language, therefore, may have to do with access which is relatively independent of the analytic knowledge of grammar as defined in Chomsky's original concept of competence.

The influence of ideas, whether for good or ill, does not depend upon their being fully understood in their own terms. Usually, indeed, it depends upon them being recast in different terms to suit other conditions of relevance. This should not be a matter of surprise or regret. The more influential an idea, the less dependent it is, obviously enough, on the particular context of its conception. All interpretation, after all, is a matter of reformulating ideas so that they key in with one' s own frame of reference. And so it is with the idea of communicative competence. It has been adapted, interpreted, and exploited, keyed in with the concerns of applied linguistics and language teaching pedagogy. It has inspired a good deal of innovative activity in the field. Some of this comes from partial understanding of the concept, from a distortion indeed of the original. This does not matter. Many a new dish has emerged from a mistake with a recioe. We do not condemn this; we call it being creative.

法国象征派小说家纪德

刘蓥

法国象征派最有名的小说作家,最有力的代表人物,除了纪德之外,恐怕没有胜任的了。虽然也是这派的代表作家,但是在艺术的种种技巧方面,似乎总是相差太远!他在文艺界既然有着偌大的势力,那么我们岂能忽而视之呢?所以现在做个简单的介绍,并且稍加些研究讨论的功夫。(1936《文艺》)

正文模板

1.Introduction

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2.Internal variables

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2.1 Learner expectancies

Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxx. “…. They heighten and sustain their efforts in the face of failure”(Bandura,1993:37) xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx.

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2.1.1 Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

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2.1.2 Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

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2.2 Learner attitude

Gardner and Lambert (1972) define attitude as the persistence shown by the learner in striving for a goal.xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx.

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2.3 Learner strategy

Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx. Learner strategies fall into meta-cognitive strategies, cognitive and social strategies (O’Malley & Chamot,1990). Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxx. Compared with natives, L2 learners manifest more strategy tokens in the cognitive process (Ellis,1999). xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx. Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx.

3.External variables

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3.1 Teaching materials

According to Nuttal(1982), there are three principles to follow in selecting teaching materials:

readability, suitability, and exploitability. Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx. Xxxxxxxxxxxx. Despite the distinction between the illustrative character of teaching materials (Widdowson,1999), authenticity is the common feature. Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx. Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx.

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4.

5. Conclusion

Literature review with regard to motivation has pointed out there are two categories of motivation: integrative motivation and instrumental motivation. Many variables including both internal variables and external variables bear impact upon learner motivation. Currently, more and more research into motivation for foreign language learning has broadened theoretical framework and generalized new research paradigms. However, much remains undone as to the conceptualization of definition, the differentiation of motivation constructs and operating measurement. Therefore, more investigations need to be conducted to guarantee the validity of the underlying theories and constructs, and better teaching methodology needs to be adopted to promote learner motivation.

参考书目模板

References

[1] Bandula, A. Perceive self-efficiency in cognitive development and functioning[J]. Educational Psychology, 28/2: 117-148, 1993.

[2] Ellis, R. Understanding Second Language Acquisition[M]. Oxford: OUP, 1999.

[3] Gardner, R.C. Attitudes and Motivation: Their Role in Second Language Acquisition[A]. In Oller, J.W. & J. C. Richards (eds). Focus on the Learner[C]. London: Newbury House Publishers, Inc.,1973.

[4] Lyons, J. Linguistic Semantics: An Introduction[M]. Cambridge: CUP,1995.

[5] Meara, P. Modeling vocabulary loss[J]. Applied Linguistics 20(4):481-502.

[6] Nuttal, C. Teaching Reading Skills in a Foreign Language[M]. London: Heinemann, 1982.

[7] O’Malley, J. & Chamot, A.U., Learning Strategies in Second Language Acquisition. Cambridge: CUP, 1990.

[8] Widdowson, H.G. Aspects of Language Teaching. Oxford: OUP, 1999.

[9] 葛传槼,《英语惯用法词典》[Z]。北京:时代出版社,1958。

[10] 徐盛桓,论and[J],《现代外语》第三期,1987。

A表示Article[论文]; C表示Collection[论文集]; M表示Matters[专著];Z表示工具书等;J 表示Journal[刊物]

对于notes的使用格式模板[英文亦同]

首先谈生理的依据。国内有关外语教学研究指出:“1967年,Lenneberg首先提出了语言习得关键期的概念,他认为在语言习得过程中存在着一段时间,在这段时间内,由于生理因素的作用,语言的习得最容易,超过这段时间,这种能力就会受到一定程度的限制”①。

“关键期”是生物学的一个理论观点,它包含两层含义:一是指个体生理发展过程中的不同时期,环境影响能起到最大作用的那个时期;二是指在这个时期,由于适宜的环境影响,个体机能发展迅速。这一理论的重要价值并不仅限于自然领域,而且具有重要的心理学和教育学价值。用这一观点研究人的语言获得的过程,学术界得到了带规律性的成果。言语生理机制研究表明:“儿童的大脑中左、右半球都设有语言区,可共同学习语言。但是,一旦进入青春期后,脑的左、右半球就开始分工,语言功能便归于脑的左半球”②。进一步的研究还证实,“言语中枢定位于大脑左半球,主要是在生活实践中,特别是手的劳动习惯的形成而建立起来的。青春期以前的儿童左半球言语中枢受到损害,可以在右半球再形成言语中枢,但要从头开始学话。过了青春期之后,左半球言语中枢的损坏,言语能力就很难恢复了”③。这就说明了儿童时期大脑言语机能有较大的可塑性, 是发展语言能力的最佳时期。从以上引用的研究成果可以得出以下的结论:第一,在人的语言的习得过程中确实存在着生理上的“关键期”;第二,这个“关键期”大体上对应于儿童时期,一般认为4-12岁是开始学习英语的“关键期”,也是习得英语的最佳时期。正如陈至立在剑桥少儿英语序言中指出的“许多儿童教育家和心理学家经过多年的潜心研究后,普遍认为英语学习的最佳时机是在儿童阶段,特别是6-12岁”④。第三,启示英语教育应主动地遵循语言能力发展的生理规律,充分利用这一最佳时期开始学习英语,就可以收到事半功倍的习得英语的效果。

Notes

①⑤⑥冯增俊等,双语教育与综合英语[M]。广州:中山大学出版社,2003。

②晨梅梅等,探索与变革:转型期的英语教学[M]。北京:商务印书馆,2004。

③黄希庭,心理学导论[M]。北京:人民教育出版社,2001。

④邱耀德等,剑桥少儿英语[M]。西安:西安交通大学出版社,2002。

References

附录:

西北民族大学外国语学院论文写作评分工作流程

1、指导教师评语及成绩

2、盲评成绩及评语

3、在给出论文写作成绩时,若出现两个成绩不完全相同的情况,原则上以指导教师的成绩为主。

4、若两个成绩悬殊太大,如一个为合格,一个为不合格;或者一个为优秀,一个为合格,则需要答辩委员会及英语应用语言学教研室委派或聘请校外专家给出裁定成绩。

英国利兹大学英语教育硕士专业(TESOL)毕业论文

设计(写作)评分标准(1997)

70

Coverage: Comprehensive coverage of sources; evidence of scholarship in understanding of ideas; originality in synthesis of ideas and focus on the topic.

Analysis: Shows originality through critical questioning of received ideas and suggestion of alternative perspectives; meticulous, well supported analysis; insightful evaluation/conclusion/implications.

Presentation: Being concise with the requirements of the task; skilled use of academic conventions; skilful layout etc.; accurate in proof-reading.

Where appropriate: Originality in identification of questions; excellent theoretical background showing critical appreciation of underlying ideas, skilled research design, carefully and critically applied; insightful analysis with critical/innovative interpretation of implications.

60

Coverage: Competent coverage of major source; shows depth of understanding of the topic; relationships between ideas cogently made.

Analysis: Critical review and synthesis of ideas; coherent, realistic and well-supported argument; insightful use own ideas and experience; perceptive appraisal of implications.

Presentation: Competent control of length; skilled use of academic conventions; clear layout etc.; almost all errors eliminated in proof-reading.

Where appropriate: Perceptive presentation of questions; cogent, theoretically based rationale; good research design with critical analysis of data; careful appraisal of implications.

50

Coverage: Shows acquaintance with and understanding of key concepts and issues; ideas synthesized and related to the topic.

Analysis: Ideas organized and grouped to present a coherent argument; use of examples/detail/quotations/references/experience to support argument; some critical analysis of ideas/evidence.

Presentation: Length requirements observed; appropriate use of academic conventions; effective uses of spellings etc.; careful proof-reading.

Where appropriate: Clear statement of research questions; rationale provided for research approach taken and some relation to underlying theories made; some critical analysis, discussion and presentation of results; appropriate implications drawn from the study.

40

Coverage: evidence of reading in the field; identification of some pertinent issues from a range of sources; ideas synthesized and related to the topic.

Analysis: Appropriate organization; some evidence of understanding of ideas and ability to relate ideas and experience; mainly descriptive with limited attempt at critical judgment; occasional inconsistencies.

Presentation: Length requirements observed; basic command of academic conventions; some errors in proof-reading but largely accurate in spelling etc.

Where appropriate: research questions given though may not be fully context; limited rationale; some theoretical background attempted data collection method relevant; analysis attempted but may lack depth, some implications examined.

0-39

Coverage: Limited range of ideas; shows weak acquaintance with sources; ideas unfocused. Analysis: disjointed organization; unsupported argument; little use of relevant experience; descriptive without critical analysis.

Presentation: Length requirements not observed; use of un-attributed material; incomplete referencing; presentation marred by language errors affecting comprehensibility; inadequate proof-reading.

Where appropriate: research questions unclear; rationale weak; theoretical background very limited; methods not well-chosen or misapplied; analysis sketchy or unjustified by data; implications asserted or untenable.

西北民族大学外国语学院论文答辩工作流程

1、每3个指导教师负责1个小组约20名学生

2、主管科研或者教学的副院长巡视

3、教学秘书安排人员给各个答辩小组教师提供论文及相关材料

4、教学秘书给答辩记录人员提供答辩记录材料

5、学生会做好摄像、照相等安排及服务工作

6、答辩程序

●各个答辩小组组长介绍评委,点名,宣布答辩注意事项

●学生向评委员以及听众提供论文摘要或陈述要点材料(至少3份)

●学生自我简介

●学生简介论文概要及主要观点

●评委提出和主题相关的问题, 要求学生正面回答(由于时间关系只提1-3个问题)

●教师评定成绩由3个评委打分, 之后根据3人投票结果评定;评定等级: 优秀; 良好; 合格; 不合格

●答辩结束,组长和全体评委完成学生论文册上所有相关内容的填写工作

●答辩小组负责将论文材料交办公室教学秘书,待学院学术委员会审核。

英文参考文献标准格式

英文参考文献标准格式:论文参考文献格式规范 也可以在标点.之后加上一个空格,但一定要保证所有的项目空格个数一致一、参考文献的类型 参考文献(即引文出处)的类型以单字母方式标识,具体如下: [M]--专著,著作 [C]--论文集(一般指会议发表的论文续集,及一些专题论文集,如《***大学研究生学术论文集》 [N]-- 报纸文章 [J]--期刊文章:发表在期刊上的论文,尽管有时我们看到的是从网上下载的(如知网),但它也是发表在期刊上的,你看到的电子期刊仅是其电子版 [D]--学位论文:不区分硕士还是博士论文 [R]--报告:一般在标题中会有"关于****的报告"字样 [S]-- 标准 [P]--专利 [A]--文章:很少用,主要是不属于以上类型的文章 [Z]--对于不属于上述的文献类型,可用字母"Z"标识,但这种情况非常少见 常用的电子文献及载体类型标识: [DB/OL] --联机网上数据(database online) [DB/MT] --磁带数据库(database on magnetic tape) [M/CD] --光盘图书(monograph on CDROM) [CP/DK] --磁盘软件(computer program on disk)

[J/OL] --网上期刊(serial online) [EB/OL] --网上电子公告(electronic bulletin board online) 很显然,标识的就是该资源的英文缩写,/前面表示类型,/后面表示资源的载体,如OL表示在线资源 二、参考文献的格式及举例 1.期刊类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名,出版年份,卷号(期号)起止页码. 【举例】 [1] 周融,任志国,杨尚雷,厉星星.对新形势下毕业设计管理工作的思考与实践[J].电气电子教学学报,2003(6):107-109. [2] 夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业设计(论文)教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育,2004(1):46-52. [3] Heider, E.R.& D.C.Oliver. The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999, (3): 62 67. 2.专著类 【格式】[序号]作者.书名[M].出版地:出版社,出版年份:起止页码. 【举例】 [4] 刘国钧,王连成.图书馆史研究[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1979:15-18,31. [5] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Macmillan, 1985: 42-45. 3.报纸类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[N].报纸名,出版日期(版次). 【举例】 [6] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报,1998-12-27(3).

中英文参考文献格式

中文参考文献格式 参考文献(即引文出处)的类型以单字母方式标识: M——专著,C——论文集,N——报纸文章,J——期刊文章,D——学位论文,R——报告,S——标准,P——专利;对于不属于上述的文献类型,采用字母“Z”标识。 参考文献一律置于文末。其格式为: (一)专著 示例 [1] 张志建.严复思想研究[M]. 桂林:广西师范大学出版社,1989. [2] 马克思恩格斯全集:第1卷[M]. 北京:人民出版社,1956. [3] [英]蔼理士.性心理学[M]. 潘光旦译注.北京:商务印书馆,1997. (二)论文集 示例 [1] 伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C]. 上海:上海译文出版社,1979. [2] 别林斯基.论俄国中篇小说和果戈里君的中篇小说[A]. 伍蠡甫.西方文论选:下册[C]. 上海:上海译文出版社,1979. 凡引专著的页码,加圆括号置于文中序号之后。 (三)报纸文章 示例 [1] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报,1998-12-27,(3) (四)期刊文章 示例 [1] 郭英德.元明文学史观散论[J]. 北京师范大学学报(社会科学版),1995(3). (五)学位论文 示例 [1] 刘伟.汉字不同视觉识别方式的理论和实证研究[D]. 北京:北京师范大学心理系,1998. (六)报告 示例 [1] 白秀水,刘敢,任保平. 西安金融、人才、技术三大要素市场培育与发展研究[R]. 西安:陕西师范大学西北经济发展研究中心,1998. (七)、对论文正文中某一特定内容的进一步解释或补充说明性的注释,置于本页地脚,前面用圈码标识。 参考文献的类型 根据GB3469-83《文献类型与文献载体代码》规定,以单字母标识: M——专著(含古籍中的史、志论著) C——论文集 N——报纸文章 J——期刊文章 D——学位论文 R——研究报告 S——标准 P——专利 A——专著、论文集中的析出文献 Z——其他未说明的文献类型 电子文献类型以双字母作为标识: DB——数据库 CP——计算机程序 EB——电子公告

最详细的论文参考文献规范格式说明

论文参考文献规范格式详解 一、文献格式的快速引用 (一)参考文献的类型 参考文献的类型(即引文出处)以单字母方式标识在文献名后并以方括号括起,具体类型标识如下: M ——专著、普通图书 C ——论文集 N ——报纸文章 J ——期刊文章 D ——学位论文 R ——研究报告 S ——标准 P ——专利 对于不属于上述的文献类型,采用字母“Z”标识。 (二)参考文献的格式及实例 1、专著类 【格式】[序号]作者.书名[M].出版地:出版社,出版年份:起止页码. 【举例】 [1] 张志建.严复思想研究[M]. 桂林:广西师范大学出版社,1989. [2] 马克思恩格斯全集:第1卷[M]. 北京:人民出版社,1956. [3] [英]蔼理士.性心理学[M]. 潘光旦译注.北京:商务印书馆,1997. [4] 葛家澍,林志军.现代西方财务会计理论[M].厦门:厦门大学出版社,2001:42. [5] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Macmillan, 1985: 42-45. 2、论文集 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[C].出版地:出版者,出版年份:起始页码. 【举例】 [1] 伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C]. 上海:上海译文出版社,1979:12-17. [2] Spivak,G. Victory in Limbo[C]. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988, pp.271-313. [3] Almarza, G.G. Teacher Learning in Language Teaching [C]. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1996. pp.50-78. 3、报纸类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[N].报纸名,出版日期(版次). 【举例】 [6] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报,1998-12-27(3). [7] French, W. Between Silences: A Voice from China[N]. Atlantic Weekly, 1987-8-15(33). 4、期刊类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名,出版年份,卷号(期号):起止页码. 【举例】 [1] 王海粟.浅议会计信息披露模式[J].财政研究,2004,21(1):56-58. [2] 夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业论文教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育,2004(1):46-52. [3] 郭英德.元明文学史观散论[J]. 北京师范大学学报(社会科学版),1995(3). [4] Heider, E.R.& D.C.Oliver. The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999, (3): 62–67.

英语毕业论文引用和参考文献格式

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毕业设计_英语专业论文外文翻译

1. Introduction America is one of the countries that speak English. Because of the special North American culture, developing history and the social environment, American English has formed its certain unique forms and the meaning. Then it turned into American English that has the special features of the United States. American English which sometimes also called United English or U.S English is the form of the English language that used widely in the United States .As the rapid development of American economy, and its steady position and strong power in the world, American English has become more and more widely used. As in 2005, more than two-thirds of English native speakers use various forms of American English. The philologists of the United States had divided the English of the United States into four major types: “America n creating”; “Old words given the new meaning”; “Words that eliminated by English”;“The phonetic foreign phrases and the languages that are not from the English immigrates”[1]. Compared to the other languages, American English is much simple on word spelling, usage and grammar, and it is one of the reasons that American English is so popular in the world. The thesis analyzes the differences between American English and British English. With the main part, it deals with the development of American English, its peculiarities compared to that of British English, its causes and tendency. 2. Analyses the Differences As we English learners, when we learning English in our junior or senior school, we already came across some words that have different spellings, different pronunciations or different expressions, which can be represented by following contrasted words: spellings in "color" vs. "colour"; pronunciations in "sec-re-ta-ry" vs. "sec-re-try";

英文论文规范格式

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中英文论文参考文献标准格式 超详细

超详细中英文论文参考文献标准格式 1、参考文献和注释。按论文中所引用文献或注释编号的顺序列在论文正文之后,参考文献之前。图表或数据必须注明来源和出处。 (参考文献是期刊时,书写格式为: [编号]、作者、文章题目、期刊名(外文可缩写)、年份、卷号、期数、页码。参考文献是图书时,书写格式为: [编号]、作者、书名、出版单位、年份、版次、页码。) 2、附录。包括放在正文内过份冗长的公式推导,以备他人阅读方便所需的辅助性数学工具、重复性数据图表、论文使用的符号意义、单位缩写、程序全文及有关说明等。 参考文献(即引文出处)的类型以单字母方式标识,具体如下: [M]--专著,著作 [C]--论文集(一般指会议发表的论文续集,及一些专题论文集,如《***大学研究生学术论文集》[N]-- 报纸文章 [J]--期刊文章:发表在期刊上的论文,尽管有时我们看到的是从网上下载的(如知网),但它也是发表在期刊上的,你看到的电子期刊仅是其电子版 [D]--学位论文:不区分硕士还是博士论文 [R]--报告:一般在标题中会有"关于****的报告"字样 [S]-- 标准 [P]--专利 [A]--文章:很少用,主要是不属于以上类型的文章 [Z]--对于不属于上述的文献类型,可用字母"Z"标识,但这种情况非常少见 常用的电子文献及载体类型标识: [DB/OL] --联机网上数据(database online) [DB/MT] --磁带数据库(database on magnetic tape) [M/CD] --光盘图书(monograph on CDROM) [CP/DK] --磁盘软件(computer program on disk) [J/OL] --网上期刊(serial online) [EB/OL] --网上电子公告(electronic bulletin board online) 很显然,标识的就是该资源的英文缩写,/前面表示类型,/后面表示资源的载体,如OL表示在线资源 二、参考文献的格式及举例 1.期刊类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名,出版年份,卷号(期号)起止页码. 【举例】 [1] 周融,任志国,杨尚雷,厉星星.对新形势下毕业设计管理工作的思考与实践[J].电气电子教学学报,2003(6):107-109. [2] 夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业设计(论文)教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育,2004(1):46-52. [3] Heider, E.R.& D.C.Oliver. The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999, (3): 62 67. 2.专著类

Advanced Materials Research (AMR)英文全文格式说明 参考文献格式

这个垃圾期刊的格式很操蛋,参考文献格式我根本看不懂,找了好久终于找到了介绍。在最后部分。 EI收录的期刊Advanced Materials Research 论文的格式要求中文版详解,方便中国人使用,若想此刊投稿,值得收藏。 “Fig. 1, Fig. 2, ”表示,Fig.和后面的数字间加1空格,数字后面与文字之间加2个空格。注意图的质量。如要节省版面,可以一行中并排放置多个图片。 5. 公式的格式及其引用 5.1 所有公式及文中的复杂符号,均用公式编辑器输入,不要用文本框或图形输入。 5.2 公式单独成段,左缩进5mm,段前12磅,段后0磅;公式编号用“(数字)”表示,排在右端,两端对齐;正文中引用公式时,用“Eq.1, Eq.2 ”表示。例: c2 = a2 + b2. (1) 6. 参考文献格式及引用格式 6.1 参考文献按引用的先后,在正文的有关处用[1],[2,3] 标明(请勿用上标标注),这些数字与文末的参考文献相对应。 6.2 参考文献的编号与内容用制表符Tab隔开,字体及大小与正文相同,行间距为单倍距,格式为悬挂缩进0.8cm。 6.3 参考文献中作者,名在前用简写,姓在后用全称,有多个作者时,作者与作者之间用逗号分开,最后一个作者与前面的作者之间用and相连(如玉娇龙,王处一,李静就写为:J.L. Yu, C.Y. Wang and J. Li)。 6.4参考文献中如果不是英文文献,请在参考文献后用英文注明语种,如:(In Chinese)。 6.5 几种常见参考文献的格式编排规范: (a) 期刊类:(作者: 刊名, 卷(年) No.期号, p.起始页码.),刊名的所有实词首字母大写。例: [1]

java毕业论文外文文献翻译

Advantages of Managed Code Microsoft intermediate language shares with Java byte code the idea that it is a low-level language witha simple syntax , which can be very quickly translated intonative machine code. Having this well-defined universal syntax for code has significant advantages. Platform independence First, it means that the same file containing byte code instructions can be placed on any platform; atruntime the final stage of compilation can then be easily accomplished so that the code will run on thatparticular platform. In other words, by compiling to IL we obtain platform independence for .NET, inmuch the same way as compiling to Java byte code gives Java platform independence. Performance improvement IL is actually a bit more ambitious than Java bytecode. IL is always Just-In-Time compiled (known as JIT), whereas Java byte code was ofteninterpreted. One of the disadvantages of Java was that, on execution, the process of translating from Javabyte code to native executable resulted in a loss of performance. Instead of compiling the entire application in one go (which could lead to a slow start-up time), the JITcompiler simply compiles each portion of code as it is called (just-in-time). When code has been compiled.once, the resultant native executable is stored until the application exits, so that it does not need to berecompiled the next time that portion of code is run. Microsoft argues that this process is more efficientthan compiling the entire application code at the start, because of the likelihood that large portions of anyapplication code will not actually be executed in any given run. Using the JIT compiler, such code willnever be compiled.

英语论文的标准格式

扉页(英文) CulturalFactorsinChinese&EnglishProverbs Translation (TimesNewRoman二号加粗居中) by LiHairong WangZhiyun,Tutor (TimesNewRoman小二居中) RegisteredNo.09 FacultyofForeignLanguages Shanghai Business School December,2011 (TimesNewRoman小二) 论文摘要(英文)及关键词 Abstract (TimesNewRoman二号,加粗,居中) Proverbsreflectcolorfulnationalculturein(TimesNewRoman四号)…………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........................... .....………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… (空一行) Keywords:proverbs;translation;culture;differences(TimesNewRoman四号) 说明: 1.关键词3-5个,词与词之间用分号隔开,除专有名词外,其他单词首字母不大写,最后一个词后面无标点符号。 2.“摘要”下空一行写摘要内容,摘要内容与关键词之间空一行。

(整理)参考文献规范格式

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参考文献格式要求

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本科毕业设计外文文献翻译

( 本科毕业设计外文文献翻译 学校代码: 10128 学 号: 题 目:Shear wall structural design of high-level framework 学生姓名: 学 院:土木工程学院 系 别:建筑工程系 专 业:土木工程专业(建筑工程方向) 班 级:土木08-(5)班 指导教师: (副教授)

Shear wall structural design of high-level framework Wu Jicheng Abstract: In this paper the basic concepts of manpower from the frame shear wall structure, analysis of the structural design of the content of the frame shear wall, including the seismic wall shear span ratio design, and a concrete structure in the most commonly used frame shear wall structure the design of points to note. Keywords: concrete; frame shear wall structure; high-rise buildings The wall is a modern high-rise buildings is an important building content, the size of the frame shear wall must comply with building regulations. The principle is that the larger size but the thickness must be smaller geometric features should be presented to the plate, the force is close to cylindrical. The wall shear wall structure is a flat component. Its exposure to the force along the plane level of the role of shear and moment, must also take into account the vertical pressure. Operate under the combined action of bending moments and axial force and shear force by the cantilever deep beam under the action of the force level to look into the bottom mounted on the basis of. Shear wall is divided into a whole wall and the associated shear wall in the actual project, a whole wall for example, such as general housing construction in the gable or fish bone structure film walls and small openings wall. Coupled Shear walls are connected by the coupling beam shear wall. But because the

英文论文格式要求

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7.关键词 “Keywords”一词五号加粗,内容五号字体。英文关键词之间用逗号,需列出3~5个。 (正文之前的所有内容左右各缩进2字符。) 8.正文 五号Time New Roman通排,首行缩进1字符,采用单倍行距;文中所用计量单位,一律按国际通用标准或国家标准,如hm2,kg等;文中年代、年月日、数字一律用阿拉伯数字表示。 文中各级标题采用阿拉伯数字分级编序,一律左顶格排版。一级标题四号字体加粗,形如1,2,3,…排序;二级标题小四号字体加粗,形如1.1,1.2,…排序;三级标题五号字体加粗,形如1.1.1,1.1.2,…排序。各级标题数字后空1全角空格,段前段后各空0.5行,当两级标题在一起时,两级标题之间不空行。 文中图、表应有自明性,且随文出现。图以10幅为限。尽量采用Word文档以插入表格方式制作三线表。图(表)须有图(表)题,紧随文后,且在同一页面。图中文字、符号或坐标图中的标目、标值须写清。标目应使有符合国家标准的物理量和单位符号。表的内容切忌与插图和文字内容重复。 表题五号字体加粗,排表上居中,段前1行,段后0.5行;表栏头五号字体,各栏居左;表序号按流水排序,表格后空1行。图题五号字体加粗,排图下居中,段前1行,段后0.5行;图注小五号字体,排图题下居中,接排。图文、表文五号字体。 — 2 —

中英文论文参考文献标准格式

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