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高中语法 代词

高中语法  代词
高中语法  代词

第三章代词

代词主要分为以下几类:

●人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、指示代词、疑问代词、连接代词、不定代

词、关系代词

一. 人称代词

(1)人称代词主格形式在句中作主语或表语;宾格形式在句中作动词宾语或介词宾语

I love my family. 我爱我家。

It was she who had made so many mistakes. 是她出了如此的多的错误。

I would be grateful if you could give me some advice. 如果您能给我提出建议,我是非常感激的。

(2)人称代词并列时的排列顺序:

1)单数:排列顺序为:二三一(人称);宾格me也一样。

You, he and I should return on time.

Mr. Zhang asked Li Hua and me to help him.

2)复数:排列顺序为:一二三(人称)we->you->They

We, you and they have been here. 我们,你们和他们已经到这了。

3)第三人称,男女两性并列,男先女后。

He and she still don’t agree to the plan. 他和她仍没有同意这个方案。

注意:在下列情况中,第一人称放在前面:

a. 在承认错误,承担责任时。It was I and John that made her angry. 是我和约翰惹她生气了。

b. 在长辈对晚辈,长官对下属说话时,如长官为第一人称。如:I and you try to finish it.

c. 并列主语只有第一人称和第三人称时。

d. 当其他人称代词或名词被定语从句修饰时。

(3)人称代词主、宾格的替换

1)宾格代替主格

a.在简短对话中,当人称代词单独使用或在not后,多用宾格。

---- I like English.--我喜欢英语。--- Me too.--我也喜欢。

---- Have more wine?--再来点酒喝吗? ----Not me.--我可不要了。

b.在比较级的句子中than、as后用主格、宾格都可以;但如果比较状语的谓语保留,则主语只能用主格。

He is taller than I/me.

He is taller than I am.

下列句中有区别。

I like Jack as much as her. =I like both Jack and her.

I like Jack as much as she. =I like Jack and she likes him, too.

2)主格代替宾格

a. 在介词but,except 后,有时可用主格代替宾格。

b. 在电话用语中常用主格。

---- I wish to speak to Mary. --我想和玛丽通话。--- This is she. --我就是玛丽。

注意:在动词be 或to be 后的人称代词视其前面的名词或代词而定。

I thought it was she. 我以为是她。(主格----主格)

They took me to be her.他们把我当成了她。(宾格----宾格)

(4)代词的指代问题

1)不定代词anybody,everybody,nobody,anyone,someone,everyone,no one,及whoever 和person在正式场合使用时,可用he, his, him代替。

Nobody came, did he? 谁也没来,是吗?

2)动物名词的指代一般用it或they代替,有时也用he, she,带有亲切的感情色彩。

Give the cat some food. She is hungry.给这猫一些吃的。她饿了。

3)人们常用she/her来代指国家、城市、船只、汽车、飞机等无生命的事物,以表达喜爱或亲切之情。

The “Titanic” was the largest, wasn’t she?

4)it作形式主语;it也可指代baby

Look at that baby. It's lovely.

It is wrong to build a chemical factory here.

二、物主代词

(1)形容词性物主代词相当于形容词,放在名词前作定语。

This is my book.

(2)名词性物主代词相当于名词,在句中作主语、表语、宾语;或与of连用。

This book is mine.

?名词性物主代词=形容词词性物主代词+名词

This is my book.= This book is mine.

?双重所有格

名词性物主代词不可与a, an, this, that, these, those, some, any, several, no, each, every, such, another, which等词一起前置,修饰一个名词,而必须用双重所有格,

公式为:a, an, this, that +名词+of +名词性物主代词。

a friend of mine/ours/yours/his/hers/theirs

each brother of his

三、反身代词

(1)宾语、表语、主语或宾语的同位语。

I am not myself today.我今天不舒服。(表语)

The thing itself is not important.事情本身并不重要。(同位语)

注意:

?反身代词本身不能单独作主语。

(错) Myself drove the car.

(对) I myself drove the car.我自己开车。

?但在and, or, nor连接的并列主语中,第二个主语可用反身代词,特别是myself 作主语。Charles and myself saw it.

(2)反身代词和某些动词连有,构成固定短语。

常用短语:

enjoy oneself 玩得高兴talk/speak to oneself 自言自语devote oneself to 致力(献身)于help oneself(to)随便吃、随便用teach oneself 自学=learn sth. come to oneself 苏醒by oneself 自己干,单干in oneself 本身、本性of oneself 自然地,自动地for oneself 为自己on oneself 依靠自己的

四、相互代词

相互代词表示相互关系的词,常见each other和one other“相互、互相”,其所有格分别为each other’s 、one another’s ,作定语。一般来说,each other指两者之间,one another 指三者或三者以上之间,但现在区分已不明显。

①作动词宾语或介词的宾语

We often help each other when in trouble. 遇到麻烦时,我们常常互相帮助。

He put all the books beside one another.他把所有书并列摆放起来。

②所有格形式作定语。

The students borrowed each other's notes.学生们互借笔记。

五、指示代词(this, that , these, those, such, same)

指示代词具有形容词和代词两种词性,在句子中可以作定语、主语、宾语或表语等

(1)指示代词this和that的区别

①this (these)一般指时间或空间上较近的人或物;that(those)常指时间或空间较远的人或物。This is my desk and that is yours.

In those days they could not go to school.

②this常指后面要讲到的事物,有启下的作用;that则指前面讲到过的事物,有承上的作用。

He hurt his leg yesterday. That’s why he didn’t come.

③为了避免重复,常用that或those代替前面已提过的名词。

The weather of Beijing is colder than that of Nanjing.

The ears of a rabbit are longer than those of a fox.

④英国人打电话中,this指自己,that指对方。

This is Bob, who is that?

⑤当this、that表示程度时,是副词,相当于so。

Does he really jump that high? 他真跳的那么高吗?

It is so cold here and he can’t stay here that long. 这里如此冷,他不可能在这呆那么久。

?含指示代词的习惯用语:

like this 就这样,如此for all this 尽管如此that is to say 也就是说

that’s it 的确如此That’s all right. 没关系,不用谢

?说明1:

指示代词在作主语时可指物也可指人,但作其他句子成分时只能指物,不能指人,例如:(对)That is my teacher.那是我的老师。(that作主语,指人)

(对)I bought this.我买这个。(this指物,可作宾语)

?说明2:

That和those可作定语从句的先行词,但this和these不能,同时,在作先行词时,只有those 可指人,试比较:

(对) He admired that which looked beautiful.他赞赏外表漂亮的东西。

(对) He admired those who looked beautiful. 他赞赏那些外表漂亮的人。(those指人)(错) He admired that who danced well.(that作宾语时不能指人)

(对) He admired those who danced well.他赞赏跳舞好的人。(those指人)

(对) He admired those which looked beautiful. 他赞赏那些外表漂亮的东西。(those指物)(2)such和same的用法。

①such指上文所述的人或事物,在句中作主语、宾语、表语;such as(such…as)

“像……这样的”

We have never seen such a tall building.

Her kindness was such that we will never forget her.

Cartoon characters such as Mickey Mouse and Snoopy are still popular.

②same指“同样的”人或事,在句中作主语、表语、宾语和定语,same的前面要用定冠词the。

The same can be said of the other article. 另一篇文章也是同样的情况。(主语)

Whether he can do it or not, it is all the same to me. 他是否能做这事,对我来说都一样。(表语)

?the same单独用时,可指刚提到过的同一个人或事物。

Happy New Year! The same to you.

?动词+the same;the same+名词

I feel the same as last night.

You shouldn’t always tell the same story.

?the same…as..(名词短语/单词/句子)“与……一样”同类不同物

the same…that…“与……一样”同类同物

This is the same dictionary as I lost. 这本字典和我丢的那本是一样的。(同类不同物)

This is the same story that I lost. 这是为丢的的那本字典。(同类同物)

六、疑问代词

用来表达疑问句或构成疑问句的代词。

(1)who, whom 和whose

①Who和whom都代替人,意为“谁”既可以指单数,也可以指复数;

Who在句中主要做主语,宾语和表语;而whom在句中只能做动词或介词的宾语,作介词的宾语只能用whom.

Who(m) did you meet on the street?你在街上遇到了谁?(作动词宾语)

To whom did you speak on the campus?你在校园里和谁讲话了?(作介词宾语,置介词后,不能用who取代。)

②whose+人/物“谁的”作形容词或代词,在句中可作主语、宾语。表语和定语。

Whose is that farm over there? 那个农场是谁的?

●Whose else/who else’s “另外谁的”

The car isn’t mine. Whose else/who else’s can it be? 这辆汽车不是我的,可能是谁的呢?

(2)what用法

①询问职业:What be+主语?=What do/did +主语+do?

What is your father?= What does your father do?

②询问品行和天气状况时候:What be+主语+like?

What is Betty like? 贝蒂这个人怎么样?She is friendly and lovely.

What is the weather like in Beijing?=How is the weather in Beijing?

③询问外貌,长相时:What do +主语+look like?

What does Lucy look like? She is tall and thin.

④What for?=What…for…?=Why…?

⑤What if..?表示假设、建议、征求意见或疑虑等。

What if it snows tomorrow? 明天下雪怎么办?

⑥What about…?=How about…? ……怎么样?

⑦So what…?“那又怎么样”表示不以为然

(3)which用法

●which和what

无论是做疑问代词还是限定词,which 和what 所指的范围不同。what所指的范围是无限的,而which则指在一定的范围内。

Which girls do you like best?你喜欢哪几个姑娘?

What girls do you like best?你喜欢什么样的姑娘?

●what和who 询问职业一般用what 询问身份一般用who

What is your uncle?

Who is the man? He is my uncle.

七、连接代词:连接主句和从句(名词性);

有who, whom, whose, what, which,-ever;引导主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句。

I can’t tell whose is better. 我说不上谁的更好一些。

Whoever calls, tell him I’m out. 不管谁来电话,告诉他我出去了。

八、关系代词

疑问代词在引导名词性从句时称为连接代词

(1)表示疑问的连接代词

●表示疑问的连接代词在名词性从句中除了作从句的某种成分外还表示疑问的意义。

主要有:who, whom, whose, which, what等

The girl who won the first price is my sister. 赢一等奖的那个女孩是我姐姐。

●连接代词+不定式:作动词或介词的宾语。

I know what to say at the important meeting.

(2)不表示疑问的连接代词

不表示疑问的连接代词在名词性从句中作某种成分。

主要有:what和wh-ever型代词(即whoever, whatever, whichever构成的连接代词)●What=all(the things)that“……事”

I’ll tell you what we’re planning to do in the coming day.

●Whoever=anyone who….“任何……的人”

Whoever can’t afford to go to school shall be sponsored by our company.

●Whomever=anyone who/whom…. “任何……人”常指人,作宾语

He will give the book to whomever he likes. 他会将这本书给任何他喜欢的人。

●Whichever=anyone who…./any one which“……的那个/那些;无论哪个/哪些”既可指人

可指物

Make yourself comfortable and help yourself to whichever you like.

●Whatever=anything that ….“任何……东西”指物

You can buy whatever you need in this supermarket.

九、不定代词

定义:不明确指代的某个人、某种事物,某些事物的代词称为不定代词。

?不定代词的分类

(1)复合不定代词

(1)兼类不定代词

兼类不定代词主要是指此类不定代词除了具有名词特性外也兼有形容词特性,也可作定语。each, other, another, either, none, neither, all, both, may, much, some, few, a few, little, a little

?不定代词的用法

(1)all和both(主语、宾语、同位语、定语)

①all指三个或三个以上的人或物,“全部的”;both仅指两者,“两者都”;

all/both of+名词时,of可以省略;all/both of+宾格时,of不可省略;

All the passengers came on deck. 所有的游客都上船了。

She invited both of us to her wedding party.

②all强调事物的整体和抽象概念时用单数;指个体人或事物的时用复数。而both谓语动词用复数。

All I want to know is how he passed the exams.

All are interesting, so let’s buy the books.

Both of my parents are farmers.

③all与both的位置,两者作主语的同位语时,位于实义动词之前,系动词,助动词和情态动词之后。

You’re both lucky. 你两真幸运。

They both like coffee very much. 他们两都喜欢咖啡。

④all和both两者与not连用,表示部分否定;表示完全否定时,用none和neither。

Both of us are not teachers.我们俩并不都是教师。(部分否定)

Neither of us is a teacher. 我们俩都不是教师。(全部否定)

All the glitters is not gold. 发光的并非都是金子。(部分否定)

None of the telephones are working. 所有的电话都坏了。(全部否定)

●both不能放在the、these、those、my等之后,而应放在它们的前面。

如:Both my parents like this film. Both the /these boys are tall.

(2)each和every

①each(各个),指两个或两个以上的人或物,侧重个体,在句中作主语、宾语、定语、同位语。

every(每个),指三个或三个以上的人或物,侧重整体,在句中只能作定语。

The two young men both came on time, but each left ahead of time.(主语)

New York and London are two large cities. I really love each.(宾语)

We each got a ticket.(名词作同位语)

Each student in our class has a dictionary.(定语,强调各个个体)

Every student it our class has a dictionary.(定语,强调班上“所有的人”)

●each作主语的同位语时,不影响与谓语动词的关系,位于动词仍和主语保持一致。

every与not连用,表示部分否定“并非每一个”;each通常不用于否定句子。

②each指一定数目人或物中的每一个;every指数目不确定的许多人或物中的每一个。There is a line of trees on each side of the road. 马路两边各有一行树。

I enjoyed every minute of the performance. 我至始至终欣赏这场演出

③each of+可数名词的复数,谓语动词用单数;every不能与of搭配。

Each of them has been there.

(3)one

one指代可数名词,既可以指人也可以指物,可以指人或物,其复数为ones,指人时,其所有格是one’s,反身代词是oneself。

①单独使用,泛指“人、一个人、人们”

One should love one’s country. 一个人应该热爱自己的国家。

②表示具体的“一个人或一种事物”

Could you show me a skirt? The green one, I mean.

③代替上文提到过的名词(单数可数名词或者复数可数名词),以免重复

These books are more interesting than those ones.

④one构成的常见短语

at one time 曾经,一度for one thing 一方面one after another 一个接着一个one to tell lies 一个说谎的人one or two 一两个one another 相互

●one 和It都可以代替上文出现过的名词,one与前面的事物同类不同物,而it指上文出现过的同一事物。

I don’t like this camera. Will you please show another one?

I bought a camera yesterday, but it doesn’t work well.

(4)other,the other,others,the others

①other泛指其他的人或物,在句中作主语、宾语或定语;复数others(不作定语),所有格others’

●others=other+可数名词复数“另外……,其他……”

●other泛指别的人或物(但不是全部,全部是“the others”)e.g. some…others

②the other作形容词或代词,指两者中的另一个。构成one…the other (一个……另一个) the others作形容词或代词,“剩下的,余下的”(全部)

③another经常指三者或三者以上同类中中的另一个,修饰或代替单数可数名词,在句中可作宾语和定语。

This coat is too dark. Please show me another. (宾语)

Please give me another book.(定语)

注意:another修饰复数名词时,意为“再,又”。

Please give me another ten minutes.

one …another(a second)…a third…the other…意为“一个……一个……一个……一个”用于三者或三者以上的排列。some…others…others…,意为“一些……一些……一些”。

one…the other 只有两个

some…the others 有三个以上

one…another,another…some…others,others…others = other people/things the others = the rest 剩余的全部

(5)either和neither

either是“两者中任何一个”;neither是“两者中任何一个都不”,可作主语、宾语或定语。作主语时位于动词用单数。

注意:

①either也作副词,其意为“也”,用于否定句的句末。

He doesn’like tea, and I don’t either.(状语)

②“either…or…”构成连词,意为“不是……就是……”/“要么……要么……”。

He is either Japanese or Chinese.

③neither用作副词,意为“也不”,即“not…either=neither….=nor….”。

He can’t do it, neither can I.

If you don’t go to the cinema, I won’t either(Neither/Nor will I)

④“neither…nor…”构成连词,意为“既不……也不”。Neither he nor you are a student. (6)no one和none

●none的习惯用语:

none but只有few or none几乎没有second to none 首屈一指

have nothing of 不允许/不接受/不容忍做某事none of one’s business 不管某人的事(7)every one 与everyone

every one可单独使用;其后面可接of短语;“一定范围内的每一个人,每一种事物”everyone=everybody 可单独使用;其后不可接of短语;指人

①a little+不可数名词=a bit of+不可数名词

②not a little=very“非常,很”not a bit=not at all“一点也不”

(9)many,much

①many用于修饰可数名词,作主语时谓语动词用复数;much用于修饰不可数名词,作主语时,位于动词用单数。

Many of the problems have been solved. 大部分问题已经解决了。

Much of the money has been spent. 这笔钱的大部分已经被花掉了。

②many和much后可以加of短语,但是of后的名词需要有修饰语或表示特指意义。Many of the men were killed by machine gun fire. 士兵中有许多被机关枪射死。

Much of the work has been done. 这项工作的大部分已经完成。

(10)some,any(两者均可修饰或替代可数或不可数名词)

①some“一些”多用于肯定句;any通常用于否定句、疑问句或条件句

Some were insects. 有些是昆虫。

Is there any money with you? 你身上带钱了吗?

②some也用于疑问句,表示说话者的肯定语气或希望得到对方肯定的回答;any还可以用于肯定句,作“任何”

Would you like some apples?

Which color do you want? Any of them will do.

③some of /any of结构作主语时,谓语动词的单复数根据of之后的名词定。

Some agree, some of them don’t.

I don’t think any of them are coming. 我认为他们每人会来。

①some-类复合不定代词多用于肯定句中;any-类复合不定代词多用于否定句,疑问句和条件句中。

some-类复合不定代词用于否定句,疑问句和条件句时,表示肯定的意义。any-类复合不定代词用于肯定句时,表示“任何”

②由-one或-body构成的不定代词,可以互换,但是前者比较文雅。

③someone, somebody, anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, no one等词后不能跟of 短语,而some one,any one,every one,none等词之后可接of 短语。

十、it的用法

?it的基本用法

●用作人称代词

(1)指代前面的提到事物或上文提到的事件。

(2)指代心中有数的人或物,有时尤其指baby或child等。

Someone is knocking at the door. It may be the postman.

The child was crying, perhaps because it was hungry.

●用作非人称代词

表示天气、环境、季节、时间、温度、地点、日期和距离等。

It’s going to rain.

What time is it?

●指代this或that

What is this in English? It’s a cellphone.

?It的特殊用法

●作形式主语

(1)替代不定式

It’s nice of you to help me.

It’s important for us to learn English.

It 代替不定式作形式主语常见的句式(be即是is, was, will, be等)

It be one’s turn to do sth. 轮到某人做某事了

It be up to sb. to do sth. 由某人决定做某事

It be one’s duty to do sth. 做某事是某人的职责

It be one’s fault to do sth. 做某事是某人的过错

It be a great joy to do sth. 做某事是件很快乐的事

It be a waste of time to do sth. 做某事浪费时间

It be good/bad manners to do sth. 做某事有礼貌/不礼貌

It be a pity/shame/pleasure to do sth. 做某事遗憾/可耻、高兴

(2)替代动名词

It be no use(not any use)doing sth. 做某事是无用的

It be no good(not any good)doing sth. 做某事没有好处

It be(great)fun doing sth. 做某事很有趣It’s great fun climbing mountains on rainy days. (3)替代that从句

It 代替that从句作形式主语常见的句式(be即是is, was, will, be等)

It be said that…据说……

It be recorded that…. 据记载……

It be well known that….众所周知……

It be suggested that…. 有人建议……

It be reported that…. 据报到……

It be obvious that…. 很明显……

It be important that…. 重要的是……

It be surprising that…. 令人惊讶的是……

It be necessary that…. 有必要……

It must be pointed out that…. 必须指出……

It has been proved that…. 已经证明……

It seems/seemed that…. 好像是……

It turns out that…. 结果是……

It be likely that…. 有可能……

●作形式宾语

(1)不定式、动名词或名词性从句作宾语时,如果后面带有宾语补足语,常用it作形式宾语,而把真正的宾语放在后面。

I find it difficult to work with him.

He has made it a habit that he goes to bed late at night.

(2)在动词“dislike, appreciate, hate, like, love”等情感方面的位于动词后,接由when, if, why 等引导的从句时,往往在从句前加形式宾语it。

The boy likes it when he’s praised before guests. 那个男孩喜欢在客人面前收到表扬。

●用于固定搭配中:

(1)It takes sb+时间+to do sth. 花费某人多长时间做某事

It takes me half an hour to go to school.

(2)It be(just)like sb to do sth. 像某人做某事的风格

It was like him to think of others. 他总是考虑其他人。

(3)It’s (high)time that ….早就该做某事了(从句多用过去时表示虚拟)

It’s (high)time that the meeting was over.

(4)It be+序数词+time(that) ….是某人第几次做某事(如be动词是is,从句现在完成时;如be动词是was,从句过去完成时)

It’s the second time that he has failed the driving test. 这是他第二次没能通过驾驶考试。

It was the first time that he had been to Beijing. 这是他第一次来北京。

(5)It is/has been+时间+since….表示“自从……以来有多久了”(若从句的谓语动词是延续性动词的时则译为“(多久)不……了”)

It is/has been years since we parted in the West Lake. 自从我们在西湖分别以来已经好多年了。It is several years since he lived here. 他不在这里已经好多年了。

(6)It be+时间段+before….“过……之后才……”;若be是否定式,则表示“没过……就……”It will be years before we meet again. 要过几年之后我们才能重逢。

It was not long before he came back. 没过多久他就会回来

●用于习语中:

If it is convenient to you 如果你方便的话it all depends 视情况而定

make it 获得成功take it easy 别紧张as it is/was 事实上,实际上

be worth it值得做,有好处

●作强调句型的引导词:

强调句型:“It be+被强调的部分+that/who+句子的其他成分”中it是引导词

It was she that/who met an American in the park last Sudd ay. 是她上周日在公园里面遇到了一位美国人。

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