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锅炉结构设计及热力计算

锅炉结构设计及热力计算
锅炉结构设计及热力计算

1

Introduction Uvod

Ga?e?a

Pressures and increased temperatures to which boiler components are exposed initiate deformations and stresses that can lead to a construction break down.So,strength calculations for most reliable boiler elements are standardized and subject to supervising inspection control.Norms such as EN 12952-3and EN 12953-3[1]state the allowed stresses for a given temperature and bring explicit formulas for strength calculation through determining wall thickness for pressurized elements,but do not explicitly consider the influence of thermal stresses,local concentrations of stresses and load changes.

Numerical analysis is increasingly applied in diagnosing boiler construction strength.The finite element model of the overall shell and tube waste heat recovery boiler is presented in paper [2].The simplification of models,stress calculation of smoke tubes for boilers in elastic-plastic analysis by FEM and reforming suggestion are provided in [3].The cause and prevention of boiler tube plate cracks are presented in [4]and [5].Fracture mechanics study of the fire tube and the outer shell of a boiler can be obtained from a special fracture mechanics finite element program as presented in [6].In the design of boiler components,the influence of the temperature loading does not have appropriate consideration.Temperature dilatations of some components of a steam boiler can lead to great plastic deformations [7]and to increasing of dynamic strength.Influence of fire tube geometry on behaviour of steam boiler of lower capacity [8]was examined by ISSN 1330-3651

UDC/UDK 621.181.123/.124:539.377]:519.61

NUMERICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STRENGTH ANALYSIS OF FIRE-TUBE BOILER CONSTRUCTION

Branka Ga?e?a, Vesna Milo?evi?Miti?, Ta?ko Maneski, Dra?an Kozak, Josip Serti?

-Norms,such as EN 12952-3and EN 12953-3handle the issues concerned with calculation of the pressurized boiler components,not however considering the influences of thermal strains that are often of vital importance for the integrity of boiler's construction.Application of FEM in boiler design in EN is suggested in calculating all components that are not covered by the norm.In this way,the calculation of thermal stress is left to the free will of designer and technical inspectorate which supervises and approves placement of a boiler into operation.This paper demonstrates that the influence of thermal stresses is great and that it must be taken into consideration when the boiler's construction is designed and its working life evaluated.It is shown that for every construction a numerical-experimental behaviour diagnostics should be conducted prior to putting it into operation.First,a numerical model must be experimentally verified and then it can be used in considering different parameters of strength diagnostics,such as distribution of membrane and bending stresses for substructures,and distribution of deformation energy.They indicate,in an optimal way,root causes of insufficiently good behaviour of the construction.Also,a dynamical calculation of natural oscillations should always be suggested.

Keywords : deformation energy,finite element analysis, steam-boiler temperature

,,experiment,stress Preliminary notes

Norme kao ?to su EN 12952-3i EN 12953-3deformacija koje MKE ovom je pokazano da je utjecaj toplinskih naprezanja velik i da se mora uzeti u obzir pri projektiranju i procjeni vijeka trajanja kotlovskih konstrukcija.Pokazano je da je za konstrukciju kotla najbolje,prije pu?tanja u rad,izraditi imentalnu dijagnostiku parametara dijagnos jela membranskih i savojnih naprezanja po podstrukturama i raspodjela energije deformiranja.Oni najbolje ukazuju na uzroke nedovoljno dobro se predla?e izrada ite frekvencije vibriranja.

obra?uju problematiku prora?una tla?nog dijela kotla,ali bez mehani?koga utjecaja toplinskih su ?esto puta od vitalnog zna?aja za integritet kotlovske konstrukcije.Primjena kod projektiranja kotlova u EN se predla?e kod prora?una svih komponenti koje norma ne pokriva.Na ovaj na?in se prora?un utjecaja toplinskih naprezanja ostavlja na slobodnu volju projektanta i tehni?kog inspektorata koji nadzire i odobrava stavljanje kotla u rad.U numeri?ko eksper .Prvo se eksperimentalno mora potvrditi numeri?ki model,a zatim se on mo?e koristiti za razmatranje razli?itih tike ?vrsto?e kao ?to su raspod g pona?anja konstukcije.Tako?er dinami?kog prora?una vlast radu uvijek Klju?ne rije?i : analiza metodom kona nih elemenata, eksperiment, energija deformiranja, naprezanje, parni kotao, temperatura

?Prethodno priop?enje

Numeri?ka i eksperimentalna analiza ?vrsto?e konstrukcije plameno-dimnocijevnog kotla

B.In [9]a diagnostic procedure for behaviour of hot water generator is demonstrated due to previous construction compliance during the course of cold testing procedure.It was shown that calculation based on norms is not sufficiently reliable.Improvement of steam boiler plant efficiency based on results of on-line performance monitoring is provided in [10]and the application of a fuzzy logic in boiler control in [11].Numerical analysis of strength uses FEM,analysis of calculation results and determination of the behaviour parameters.Experimental analysis encompasses the measurement of input quantities for numerical calculation and evaluation of calculation results [12].

In this paper a complete numerical-experimental strength analysis of fire-tube boiler is shown.Numerical analysis for pressure and temperature load is conducted using software package KOMIPS [13].In the paper it is shown that the influence of thermal boiler loads is great and that it must be taken into consideration in designing and estimating operation life of boiler construction.It is shown that the best procedure for each construction is to perform numerical-experimental behaviour diagnostics.First,a numerical model must be experimentally verified after which it can be used in considering different parameters of strength diagnostics such as distribution of membrane and bending stresses and distribution of deformation energy.They indicate in a best way root causes of insufficient behaviour of construction.Also,a dynamical calculation of eigen oscillations is suggested.

A hot water flame-tube boiler (constructed strictly in accordance with norms)has been experimentally examined in boiler factory KIRKA-Suri by being fired with thatch up

to a pressure of 3bar.A calculation model is created to simulate the behaviour of the boiler in testing conditions.Statics calculation is performed for pressure and thermal load.Model verification results have shown that the developed calculation approach that is based on FEM is capable of predicting the behaviour of boiler construction in realistic load conditions.Parameters for strength diagnostics have pointed out the causes of inadequate construction behaviour.Dynamical calculation of boiler natural oscillations has confirmed the identified static behaviour.

A boiler that was thermally uninsulated was filled with water and fired up with bundles of thatch.Around 10min after the start of the experiment the boiler pressure reached 2 3

bar after which measurement of physical quantities was initiated.Measurements of boiler water pressure,outlet and inlet water temperature,temperatures of metal on selected points of boiler construction as well as deformations and stresses in one point of rear head have been conducted.After 25min from the beginning of the experiment,another group

of measurements was taken with boiler pressure being at 2 5

bar.Third group of measurements was taken after 40min

with the boiler pressure being 2 8

bar while the fourth group of measurements was taken after 55min when the pressure reached 3bar.

Measurement of boiler pressure was performed with burden tube manometer,while the measurements of inlet and outlet temperature were taken with boiler thermometers that were already installed within the boiler's fine pipe fitting.Measurements of construction temperatures were taken by a non-contact laser device.

2

Experiment description Opis eksperimenta

,,,,head,an active strain-gage was applied in vertical direction along with foil to the cleaned metal surface.Since active and passive gages were subjected to the same load conditions,thermal strains were compensated for,so that the deformations measured were due to pressure alone.Measurement equipment has analog-digital (AD)converter and a USB communication signals to a computer.

Fig.3shows two projections of boiler model together with temperatures T1-T12.Flue gas recirculation from fire tube to smoke tubes in the second pass is performed in the back chamber which is placed within boiler.Recirculation of flue gases into the tubes of third pass is performed in the front chamber.The geometry of the entire boiler supporting structure is obtained by means of addition of three substructures:A –fire tube (A1)with back recirculation chamber (A2)and inspection orifice (A3);B –boiler shell,composed of housing (B1),back (B2)and front (B3)head with front recirculation chamber (B4)and lugs (B5);C –smoke tubes (C1)and anchors (C2)with fictional beams.Substructures A and B represent the supporting elements of the construction which are loaded thermally and by surface pressure,so they are discretized using the shell elements.Substructure C presents support elements shaped as tubes and bars and is discretized with the beam finite elements.This greatly reduced the number of model elements and points thereby reducing total calculation time.

Several different meshes are analyzed and typical mesh with its substructures is shown in Fig.4.Due to the symmetry,the model represents only one half of the actual construction.It is composed of 2873nodes that describe 2677plates and 507beam elements.

In order to compare the stress and strain calculation results obtained by FEM with the measured values obtained experimentaly,four options of computational model have been created (M1to M4)for four different boiler pressures and water temperatures on inlet and outlet fittings in

3

Numerical analysis by finite element method 3.1

Calculation model geometry Numeri?ka analiza metodom kona?nih elemenata ra?unskog modela

Geometrija pro measurement points

of Temperature of the metal was measured in multiple points of construction that were accessible to placement of measurements,especially in the rear head (Fig.1)and in boiler shell in which the temperature measurements were taken aside shell length and height.Deformations were measured between the bottom most edge anchor and the one above it.

Tab.1lists the measured values of boiler pressure ( ),

inlet water temperature ()and outlet water temperature ()as a function of time.

Stress measurements were performed using strain-gage method.On 50mm below the lowest edge anchor of rear

p ??in o Figure 1Slika 1.Measurement points along the boiler rear head

Mjerna mjesta na stra?njem dancu kotla

Figure 2Slika 2.Part of measurement equipment

Dio mjerne opreme Table 1Tabela 1.Experimental measurement and FEM models Eksperimentalna mjerenja i FEM modeli

s Time / min

p /bar ?in /°C ?o /°C FEM model

102,33860M1252,54572M2402,86087M3553,06885M4

accordance with Tab.1.

Calculation was performed for two load cases:compounded pressure and temperature load,and separated pressure load for purposes of model validation.Surface pressure load was defined for all models according to measured values.Characteristic temperatures that were measured on rear head and boiler shell are schematically shown in 5a.Temperature T1was measured between upper anchors of the rear head,temperature T2was measured in the point of deformation measurement,while temperature T3was measured in the point of stress measurement.Temperatures T4,T5and T6were measured on various heights in the middle of boiler shell length.

According to EN computational temperature is equal to the working fluid temperature increased by a temperature addition which is created for pressurized components subjected to fire or flue gases.

Measurements of flame tube and chambers were unfeasible,as well as temperature of rear head at the boiler flue gas outlet fitting.These temperatures were,therefore,adopted on the basis of boiler water temperature values and on adopted temperature additions.Temperature load was calculated on the basis of temperature difference between elements and characteristics of the material.Adopted temperatures are shown on the diagram in 5b.On the basis of measured and assumed temperatures a temperature field for boiler construction was defined.

3.2

Boiler load

Optere?enje kotla

Fig.Fig. 3.3

Results of FEM calculation Rezultati prora?una MKE

Global image of model M4for compounded pressure and temperature load is shown in Fig.6.Maximum total displacement (deformation)is 2,17

mm.

Figure 3Slika 3.Geometric model of the boiler with temperatures o construction elements that need to be defined for a FEM model

Geometrijski model kotla i temperature elemenata konstrukcije koje treba definirati measurement points of n to?ke mjerenja za prora?un MKE

A B

C

Figure 4Slika 4.The boiler computational model for each structure Geometrija prora?unskog modela kotla po podstrukturama

204060Time / min T e m p e r a t u r e /°C

0204060

Time / min

T e m p e r a t u r e /°C

Slika 5a Slika 5a.Measured temperatures as a function of time

Izmjerene temperature u funkciji vremena

20

40

60

Time / min T e m p e r a t u r e /°C

20

40

60Time / min

T e m p e r a t u r e /°C

Slika 5b Slika 5b.Assumed temperatures as a function of time Pretpostavljene temperature u funkciji vremena

construction is increased with load increase.The calculation using FEM is conducted after the experiment has been performed.Strain-gage was not placed on the location of maximum stress because the location was unknown at the time.

Fig.-s 9and 10show the diagrams that compare experimentally derived results -EXP and FEM derived results for stresses and strains at the measurement points.Very small deformations of rear head were measured –the lowest being 0 34mm in the first measurement,and the largest being 1 07mm in the last measurement.Adiagram of time vs deformation (9)shows that experimentally derived deformation values and FEM derived values differ only slightly,and are even identical for pressure values of 2 8and 3bar.

4

Comparison of experiment results and FEM calculation

Usporedba MKE

rezultata eksperimenta i prora?una ,,Fig.,,Fig.Stress field of plate elements for the contours of the entire model M4and especially for its rear head,in the range

of 0-20 9kN/cm ,is shown in 8.Equivalent stresses are calculated by the Huber -von Mises hypothesis.

2

Diagram in 10shows that FEM calculation rendered somewhat higher strains than those obtained by the experiment,but also these differences are small.The most important conclusion is that FEM renders a more reliable representation of stresses and strains in realistic working conditions of boiler.

Fig.Figure 6Slika 6.Total displacements (deformations)Ukupni pomaci (deformacije)

Figure 7Slika 7.Maximal equivalent stresses on shell of boiler

Maksimalna ekvivalentna naprezanja na pla?tu kotla

5101520

250

20

40

60

Time / min

M a x .s t r e s s /k N /c m 2

Maximal stresses in the construction are located in the drum housing near the location of junction with the rear

head and amount to 20,9kN/cm .Yield stress for the calculation temperature of this element and for material

P265GH (EN 10028-2:2009)is 21,5kN/cm .In the rear head somewhat lower stresses appear in the place of junction with drum housing.Calculation rendered that in some anchors high stresses are also produced.

2

2

Figure 8Slika 8.Stress field on shell of boiler and its rear head

Polje naprezanja na pla?tu kotla i njegovom stra?njem dancu

Maximum stress within the construction for all models is shown on the diagram in Fig.7.Maximum stress in the

0,2

0,40,60,811,2

20

40

60Time / min

D e f o r m a t i o n /m m

Figure 9Slika 9.Deformation of the rear head Deformacija stra?nje podnice

20

253035400204060

Time / min

S t r a i n /

μm /m

Figure 10Slika 10.Strain in rear head on pressure loading

Relativna deformacija stra?nje podnice uslijed tlaka

5

Parameters of behaviour diagnostics –elements of optimization

Parametri dijagnostike pona?anja - elementi optimizacije

The basis for defining choice parameters (a new

construction)and behaviour parameters (reconstruction or repairement of an existing construction)is standard calculation (static,thermal,dynamic)of a boiler using FEM.System KOMIPS possesses specific calculations for a closer definition of choice parameters by determining load distribution,membrane and bending stresses,deformation energy and kinetic and potential energy.This enables a very efficient state analysis and diagnosis of construction behaviour.These paremeters of behaviour diagnostics –the elements for optimization suggest that changes in the construction need to be done in order to obtain better construction exploitation behaviour [12].

Efforts towards creating good exploitation behaviour of a construction include:evenly distributed stresses,strains and energy,lowered presence of stress concentration,higher resilience to crack initiation and growth,dynamical responses that are distanced from their excitations,higher first harmonic and greater distance between harmonics,lower factor of dynamical gain.

Stress analysis in model plates has shown that its highest values and concentrations are located in the boiler shell near the welded joint that connects it to rear head.

Maximum equivalent stress value is as high as 20,9kN/cm and close to yield stress for the calculation temperature.For plates of model M4the ratio of membrane and bending

stresses was 68 5/31 5

while in the beams this ratio was 41/59.That means that the beams are dominated by bending stresses.Detailed display of membrane and bending stresses distribution,as well as energies of deformation for substructures of model M4is given in 2.This distribution gives us the initial element for the optimization.Membrane stresses prevail significantly in the boiler shell (B1),as well as in the fire tube (A1),which is good in the sense of construction carrying capacity.Bending stresses prevail in plates of back chamber (A2)and the rear head (B2),as well as in the smoke tubes (C1)and anchors (C2).Total deformation energy distribution for substructures points to the conclusion that fire tube and smoke tubes are being mostly deformed.

,,Tab.2

Energy distribution expressed in percentages for each substructure and for the first three oscillation modes is shown in Tab.3.Dynamical calculation of eigenfrequencies has confirmed the identified statical behaviour.

One of the important behaviour parameters is the distribution of the difference between kinetic and potential energy for the main oscillation modes [14].We can see that the first three harmonics are quite high,which points to high level of system rigidity.Also,these harmonics are well separated which means that the boiler has a relatively good dynamical behaviour.

Fig.11shows the distribution of difference between potential and kinetic energy for the first oscillation mode.

Table 2Tabela 2.Stresses and deformation energy distribution

over the boiler substructures

Raspodjela naprezanja i energije deformiranja

po podsrtukturama kotla

Stress distribution /%Sub-structures membrane bending Deformation energy /%A15,73,126,8A2,A33,66,914,3B130,37,015,9B23,26,94,7B3, B44,23,89,9B518,42,11,9C11,41,726,3C20,31,40,2Total

S =67,1S =32,9

S =100,0

S =100

Table 3Tabela 3.Distribution of potential and kinetic energy E Raspodjela potencijalne i kineti p k ,, %E E E ?ke energije p

k ,, %

f 01=21 Hz f 02=33,3 Hz f 03=45,6 Hz E p E k E p E k E p E k A10,819,238,69,00,60,8A2,A30,67,034.473,41,01,1B146,825,69,10,695,095,6B27,22,411,516,40,81,0B3, B40,216,02,00,31,20,7B544,429,84,40,31,40,8Total

S =100S =100S =100S =100S =100S =100

Figure 11Slika 11.First main mode of oscillation f =Distribution of difference between potential and kinetic energy

Prvi glavni oblik oscilacija f Raspodj 010121 Hz

=21 Hz

ela razlike izme?u potencijalne i kineti?ke energije

6

Conclusion Zaklju?ak

In designing certain parts of boiler that are pressurized appropriate norms are used.Strength calculation using the formulas given in norms is based on the experience of the constructor with previous similar constructions.Application of norms,as well as experimentation,cannot determine the location and quantity of maximal stress due to testing or working pressure and temperature.It is not a rare case that within a relatively short period of time of operation a hazard occurs for a boiler that has been previously tested by water pressurization defined by norms.The advantages of numerical method over norms and experimentation are expressed through possibilities of determining a nearly realistic image of stresses and strains,confirming the solution choice,determining the root cause of poor behaviour (or compliance),decision making abilities regarding reconstruction or working regime changes.

In this paper a complete numerical-experimental procedure for diagnostics is shown for the construction of a fire-tube boiler fired by thatch.A FEM model is formed and static and dynamic calculation performed.Experimental measurements have verified the numerical model.On the basis of conducted static analysis it can be clearly seen that the first critical location of the boiler construction is the boiler shell in the vicinity of junction with the rear head.Boiler shell is the element that has the highest concentrations of stresses and strains,as well as great

[9]Diagnostics of the failure of hot water boiler with

4MW of capacity,reconstruction and overhaul //Proceedings of the 40th International Congress on Heating,Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning,SMEITS Belgrade,(2009),pp.211-219.

[10]Galzina V .control //Technical Gazette 15,4(2008),15-21[12]V .Numerical and experimen tal diagnostic of structural strength //Structural integrity and life,10,1(2010),str.3-10.

[13]Maneski,T Group

Supermatrix Procedure in Computing of Engineering Structures,Structural Engineering Review,6,1(1994)[14]structures //Strojarstvo /Journal for Theory and Application in Mechanical Engineering,52,2(2010),str.147-158.

Ga?e?a,B.Buljuba?i?,I.;Delali?,S.Improvement of steam boiler plant

efficency based on results of on-line performance monitoring //Technical Gazette,15,3(2008),str.29-33.

[11],;?ari?,T.;Luji?,R.Application of fuzzy logic in

boiler .

Maneski,T.;Milo?evi?-Miti?,-Zlokovi?,G.M.;.;Nestorovi?,M..

Tri?ovi?,N.;Maneski,T.;Kozak,D.Developed procedure for

dynamic reanalysis of Authors'addresses Adrese autora

Branka G Ta?ko Maneski

-M Dra?an Kozak Josip S a?e?a Vesna Milo?evi?iti?

erti?

Ma?inski fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering University of Belgrade Kraljice Marije 16

11120 Belgrade, Republic of Serbia branka@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/d46004843.html, tmaneski@mas.bg.ac.rs vmilosevic@mas.bg.ac.rs

Strojarski fakultet u Sl Mechanical Engineering Faculty in Slavonski Brod J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek dkozak@sfsb.hr jsertic@sfsb.hr

avonskom Brodu Sveu?ili?ta J. J. Strossmayera u Osijeku

Trg Ivane Brli?-Ma?urani?2

HR-35000 Slavonski Brod, Republic of Croatia deformation energy.The rear head is shaped as a flat plate,so transition was performed without the curvature radius,which is a feature that might be altered in new boiler designs.The plates of back chamber and rear head are dominantly loaded with bending,while for some anchors,stabilizing these elements,high stresses are present.

Therefore,the application of numerical methods (FEM,FDM,itc.)in designing boilers in EN is suggested in calculating all components not covered by norms and not analytically calculated using the theory of elasticity.

The paper shows that the influence of thermal strains is significant and that it must be taken into consideration in designing and evaluating the working time of boiler constructions.It has been shown that it is best to perform numerical and experimental diagnostics of behavior for each construction prior to putting it into operation.First,a numerical model must be experimentally verified and then used in considering various parameters for strength diagnostics,such as distribution of membrane and bending stresses for substructures as well as distribution of deformation energy.They are the best indicators of inadequate construction behavior.Also,a dynamical calculation of eigen-oscillations should always be suggested.

We would like to thank the boiler factory KIRKA-Suri for allowing us to perform our experiment during the course of boiler testing procedure.

Acknowledgements 7

References Zahvale

Literatura

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European standards:EN 12952-3:2001,Water-tube boilers and auxilliary installations-Part 3:Design and calculation for pressure parts;EN 12953-3:2002,Shell boilers-Part 3:Design and calculation for pressure parts [2]Zhu Liu-Juan,Cai Wen-Zhong.Finite Element Analysis of Overall Strength of Shell and Tube Waste Heat Recovery Boiler //Industrial Boiler,1(2009-01)str.19-22[3]

Ju Yong-Ling,Tang Min.Simplification of Models and Stress Calculation of Smoke Tubes for Boilers //Journal of Anshan Institute of iron and steel technology,4(2000),str.282-286[4]Wu Gong-Ping,Zhao Ji-Peng.The Cause and Prevention of the Tube Plate Crack of One Gas-fired Boiler //Industrial Boiler 1(2009),str.54[5]Xu Yong-Yu.Analysis of Accident on 8.2MW Oil &Gas-fired Hot-water Boiler Rear Tube Plate Cracks //Industrial Boiler 1(2005),str.54-56[6]Maher Y .A.Younan,Sayed M.Metwalli,Ahmed A.Ei-Zoghby.Fracture mechanics analysis of a fire tube boiler //Engineering Fracture Mechanics,17,4(1983),str.335-348[7]

,J.;Kozak,D.;,P.;,M.Analytical and numerical investigation of the connecting pipes between header and steam superheater //Proceedings of the 6th International Congress of Croatian Society of Mechanics ,Zagreb:Croatian Society of Mechanics (2009),str.119.

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,.Serti?Konjati?Kokanovi?/Smojver I.,Sori?J.,Ga?e?a,B.Thermomechanical analysis of behaviour and improvement of steam block-boiler with three flue gas flows producing smaller steam

钢结构工程量计算方法

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2、6当超出允许偏差时进行调整.中心线划好后用油漆明显地标在基础四个侧面上 (待基础表面清理好后再用墨线划在基础表面),以便安装找正。 3施工准备 3、1、施工前编制严密合理得施工方案及施工作业指导书,明确质量目标,建立质量管理体系与奖罚制度。 3、2、开工前组织施工人员熟悉施工图纸,掌握设计要求,明确施工程序, 3、3、组织有经验、素质高得人员参加各项施工,每项施工完毕后由技术员负责做好自检并填好自检记录,各项技术指标达到优良标准后交工地质检专工进行复检,复检合格后交项目部质量管理部及监理公司进行验收,做好验收记录。每项施工未达到优良级标准严禁进行下道工序。 3、4、计量器具设专人管理,按期进行校验。 3、5、施工中发现得设计制造缺陷应及时按有关程序处理,并做好记录。无法处理缺陷应及时上报质量管理部门申请处理意见. 4总体安装方案 本工程锅炉构架全部采用钢结构,全炉钢结构全部采用焊接连接。锅炉钢架安装采用地面组合,分片吊装方案,钢架各主柱、副柱整体组合,整件吊装. 走台、梯子采取地面组合与散吊相结合得安装方式。平台在地面组合,将格栅带好,格栅与平台构架采用间断焊连接,焊接长度不少于50mm。平台与梁、支撑等以焊接连接固定就位。在钢架吊装过程中,平台得支撑应预先焊在相应得柱子上,以减少高空作业量。

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《钢结构设计原理》课程设计 计算书 专业:土木工程 姓名 学号: 指导老师:

目录 设计资料和结构布置- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -1 1.铺板设计 1.1初选铺板截面 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1.2板的加劲肋设计- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 1.3荷载计算 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4 3.次梁设计 3.1计算简图- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5 3.2初选次梁截面 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5 3.3内力计算 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6 3.4截面设计 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6 4.主梁设计 4.1计算简图 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7 4.2初选主梁截面尺寸 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7 5.主梁内力计算 5.1荷载计算- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 9 5.2截面设计- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 9 6.主梁稳定计算 6.1内力设计- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - 11 6.2挠度验算- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 13 6.3翼缘与腹板的连接- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 13 7主梁加劲肋计算 7.1支撑加劲肋的稳定计算 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 14 7.2连接螺栓计算 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 14 7.3加劲肋与主梁角焊缝 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - 15 7.4连接板的厚度 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 15 7.5次梁腹板的净截面验算 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 15 8.钢柱设计 8.1截面尺寸初选 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 16 8.2整体稳定计算 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 16 8.3局部稳定计算 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 17 8.4刚度计算 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 17 8.5主梁与柱的链接节点- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 18 9.柱脚设计 9.1底板面积 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 21 9.2底板厚度 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 21 9.3螺栓直径 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 21 10.楼梯设计 10.1楼梯布置 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 22

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锅炉钢架安装讲解

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1适用范围 本作业指导书适用于薛城污泥焚烧热电联产项目安装工程锅炉钢架组合安装施工作业。 2编制依据 2.1集团公司《锅炉安装质量手册》及公司质量/环境/职业健康安全整合型管理体系文件。 2.2《薛城污泥焚烧热电联产项目安装工程施工组织总设计》。 2.3《电力建设工程施工技术管理制度》。 2.4《电力建设施工及验收技术规范》(锅炉机组篇DL 5190.2 2012) 2.5《火力发电厂焊接技术规程》DL/T 869—2012 2.6《电力建设施工质量验收及评价规程》(锅炉机组篇)DL/T5210.2-2009 2.7《电力建设施工质量验收及评价规程》(焊接工程篇)DL/T5210.7-2009 2.8《电力建设安全工作规程》(火力发电厂部分) 2.9 哈尔滨哈锅锅炉工程技术有限公司提供施工图纸及相关技术资料。 3作业项目概述 本锅炉为哈尔滨哈锅锅炉工程技术有限公司生产制造的1×260t/h流化床锅炉。本作业项目为锅炉钢架及梯子平台安装。 4作业准备 4.1主要施工机具的布置 为合理利用场地,充分考虑施工工艺流程,便于施工生产和集中管理,其中布置如下:在1#炉与2#锅炉之间布置一台行走式塔式起重机作为锅炉钢架的主吊装设备。 4.2主要施工机具一览表

4.3劳动力安排计划 4.4设备、材料供货准备 锅炉厂供钢架到达现场,临时技术措施用料已购进施工现场,满足施工要求。 5作业条件 5.1施工机械设备及工器具经检验合格,且在有效期内。 5.2锅炉厂相关施工图纸及技术文件到位。 5.3施工道路畅通,场地平整。 5.4认真对全体施工人员进行技术(安全、环境)交底,施工过程中要严格做好质量检验记录。 5.5配备施工电源,安装临时照明。

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2、如图所示的拉弯构件,间接承受动力荷载,横向均布荷载设计值m KN q /8= 截面为a I 22,无削弱,试确定构件能承受的最大的轴拉力设计值。钢材 F A Q ?-235 第二组: 一、 简答题(每小题25分,共50分) 1、选择钢材时应考虑哪些因素 2、结构的极限状态是什么?钢结构的极限状态分为几类,其含义各是什么?什么是结构的可靠度? 二、计算题(每小题25分,共50分) 1、一实腹式轴心受压柱,承受轴压力kN 3500(设计值),计算长度m l x 100=, m l y 50=,截面为焊接组合工字形,尺寸如图所示,翼缘为剪切边,钢材为 235Q ,容许长细比[]150=λ。 求:(1)、验算整体稳定性

钢结构设计规范·连接计算·焊缝连接

钢结构设计规范·连接计算·焊缝连接 7.1.1焊缝应根据结构的重要性、荷载特性、焊缝形式、工作环境以及应力状态等情况,按下述原则分别选用不同的质量等级: 1在需要进行疲劳计算的构件中,凡对接焊缝均应焊透,其质缝等级为: 1)作用力垂直于焊缝长度方向的横向对接焊缝或T形对接与角接组合焊缝,受拉时应为一级,受限时应为二级; 2)作用力平行于焊缝长度方向的纵向对接焊缝应为二级。 2不需要汁算疲劳的构件中,凡要求与母材等强的对接焊缝应护焊透,其质量等级当受拉时应不低于二级,受压时宜为二级。 3重级工作制和起重量Q≥50t的中级工作制吊车梁的腹板与上翼缘之间以及吊车桁架上弦杆与节点板之间的T形接头焊缝均要求焊透,焊缝形式一般为对接与角接的组合焊缝,其质量等级不应低于二级。 4不要求焊透的T形接头采用的角焊缝或部分焊透的对接与角接组合焊缝,以及搭接连接采用的角焊缝,其质量等级为: 1)对直接承受动力荷载且需要验算疲劳的结构和吊车起重量等于或大 于50t的中级工作制吊车梁,焊缝的外观质量标准应符合二级; 2)对其他结构,焊缝的外观质量标准可为三级。 7.1.2对接焊缝或对接与角接组合焊缝的强度计算:

1在对接接头和T形接头中,垂直于轴心拉力或轴心压力的对接焊缝或对接与角接组合焊缝,其强度应按下式计算: `σ=N/(l_wt)≤f_t^w或f_c^w`(7.1.2-1) 式中N——轴心拉力或轴心压力; l w——焊缝长度;在对接接头中为连接件的较小厚度;在T形接头中为腹板的厚度; f w t、f w c——对接焊缝的抗拉、抗压强度设计值。 2在对接接头和T形接头中,承受弯矩和剪力共同作用的对接焊缝或对接与角接组合焊缝,其正应力和剪应力应分别进行计算。但在同时受有较大正应力和剪应力处(例如梁腹板横向对接焊缝的端部),应按下式计算折算应力: `sqrt(σ^2+3τ^2)≤1.1f_t^w`(7.1.2-2)注:l 当承受轴心力的板件用斜焊缝对接,焊缝与作用力间的夹角θ符合tanθ≤1.5时,其强度可不计算。 2 当讨接焊缝和T形对接与角接红合焊缝无法采用引弧板和引出板施焊时,每条焊缝的长度计算时应各减去2t。 7.1.3直角角焊缝的强度计算。 1在通过焊缝形心的拉力、压力或剪力作用下: 正面角焊缝(作用力垂直于焊缝长度方向): `σ_f=N/(h_el_w)≤β_f f_f^w`(7.1.3-1)

常压热水锅炉通用技术条件

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GB10180 工业锅炉热工试验规 GB1576 低压锅炉水质 GB50041 锅炉房设计规 3术语 常压锅炉:锅炉本体开孔与大气相通。在任何工况下,锅炉水位线处表压力都为零的锅炉。 4常压锅炉参数系列 常压锅炉的参数一般应符合表1中的规定。 表1 常压锅炉参数系列 注:①额定进、出口温度可根据当地大气压力和特殊使用条件进行调整,但应保证其温差为25℃。额定出口水温度系指一个大气压力的数值。 ②括号参数不推荐使用 5型号编制方法

常压锅炉锅炉产品型号由三部分组成,各部分之间用短横线相连。 5.1型号的第一部分由常压锅炉代号、锅型代号、燃烧 设备代号、额定热功率四段组成。 5.1.1常压锅炉代号用“C”表示。 5.1.2常压锅炉锅型代号见表2。 表2 常压锅炉锅型代号

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