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The history of the tortoise

If you go back far enough, everything lived in the sea. At various points in evolutionary history,enterprising individual s within many different animal groups moved out onto the land,sometimes even to the most parched deserts,taking their own private seawater with them in blood and cellular fluids. In addition to the reptiles,birds,mammals and insects which we see all around us, other groups that have succeeded out of water include

scorpion s ,snail s,crustaceans such as woodlice and land crab s,millipede s and centipede s,spider s and various worms. And we musten’t forget the plants,without whose prior invasion of the land none of the other migrations could have happened.

1.Evolutionary:进化的，发展的，演变的。Evolution:n,进化，发展，演变evolution

theory 进化论2 Enterprising：有事业心的；有进取心的；有魄力的3.parched adj.焦干的；饥渴的parch v.烘；烤干；炙烤 parchment:羊皮纸，仿羊皮卷4. cellular adj.细胞的；多孔的；蜂窝式的 n.手机5. In addition to除之外6 reptile：爬行动物，卑鄙的人；爬虫类的7 mammal：n，哺乳动物8.scorpion n 蝎子（死搞拼）9 snail :n 蜗牛，慢性子的人（第一篇出现过，蜗牛液体提取染料）10 crustacean :adj,甲壳（读跷qiao）纲的 n 甲壳纲动物(蟹，龙虾等)。读音可挼死嘚神嗯11 woodlice : woodlouse的复数形式土鳖，土鳖虫 louse n.虱子，寄生虫，卑鄙的家伙 vt 搞糟，办砸；捉虱子。12. Crab: n 蟹，蟹肉，阴虱，脾气乖戾的人。[植物]沙果树沙果。Vi 捕蟹，发牢骚，抱怨，偏航 vt 发脾气，破坏，使偏航14 millipede n 马陆，千足虫。又

说，百足虫。另写 millepede 马陆之类疑为音译。 pes (:动物的)足,脚;

复数形式：pedes 15 centipede蜈蚣从蜈蚣一词看来，前词翻译为千足虫更妥。

16,spider 蜘蛛，星形轮，十字叉；带柄三脚平底锅；三脚架。

Moving from water to land involve d a major redesign of every aspect of

life,including breathing and reproduction . Nevertheless ,a good number of thoroughgoing land animals later turned around,abandoned their hard-earned terrestrial re-tool ing, and returned to the water again.Seals have only gone part way back.They show us what the intermediate s might have been like,on the way to extreme cases such as whales and dugong s.Whales(including the small whales we call dolphin s )and dugongs,with their close cousin s the

manatee s,ceased to be land creatures altogether and reverted to the full

marine habits of their remote ancestors.They don’t even come ashore to breed.They do ,however,still breathe air,having never developed anything equivalent to the gill s of their earlier marine incarnation .Turtle s went back to

the sea a very long time ago and ,like all vertebrate returnees to the

water,they breathe air. However ,they are, in one respect ,less fully given

back to the water than whales or dugongs, for turtles still lay their eggs on beaches .

17 involve：v.包含，使忙于，牵涉，使卷入，使陷入。Invovled Adj, 涉及的，牵连的复

杂的，感情投入的；有密切关系的。18 reproduction n 再现，复制，生殖，幼树。19. Nevertheles s 尽管，然而，不过20 thoroughgoing彻底的，完全的，十足的，深21

hard-earned来之不易的22 re-tooling 再加工，重组。Retool,V 重组，重新装备23 part

way 部分地，不完全地，在某种程度上地 24 intermediate a,中间的，中级的，n 中间物，中介，中间人。Vi，调解，充当调解人，干涉。25 dugong n 儒艮，海牛，俗称美人鱼。

儒艮属。26 dolphin 海豚，系船柱27 manatee海牛（海牛与同属海牛目的儒艮科动物在

外观上相近，不同点在于头骨与尾巴的形状，海牛的尾部扁平略呈圆形，外观有如大型的桨；而儒艮的尾巴则和鲸类近似，中央分岔。成年海牛大约身长3-4米，体重600千克左右，有桨状的脚蹼。海牛目的名字来源于古代传说中，美人鱼形状的神秘生物，它们用歌

声诱惑水手们走向死亡。） 28 reverted 恢复，回复，归还 29 gill n鳃，菌褶；及耳（液

量单位）v.用刺网捕鱼，被缠在刺网中。30 incarnation n 赋予肉体，具人形，化身，（生

活中的）特殊阶段。31 turtle : 名词高翻领【动】龟，海龟 v .倾覆，翻身，捕龟 32 vertebrate adj 脊椎的，脊椎动物的n 脊椎动物（vertical adj.垂直的，纵向的，顶点的

n.垂直物，垂直的位置 vertical line 垂直线 verticalness 垂直 vertex 【几何】顶点，最高点，头顶。Vertebra n脊椎骨，椎骨）

There is evidence that all modern turtles are descend ed from a terrestrial ancestor which lived before most of the dinosaur s.There are two key fossils called Proganochelys quenstedti and Palaeochersis talampayensis dating

from early dinosaur times,which appear to be close to the ancestry of all modern turtles and tortoises.You might wonder how we can tell whether fossil animals lived on land or in water ,especially if only fragments are

found .Sometimes it’s obvious .Ichthyosaur s were reptilian contemporaries

of the dinosaurs , with fins and streamlined bodies .The fossils look like dolphins and they surely lived like dolphins , in the water .With turtles it is a

little less obvious .One way to tell is by measuring the bones of their forelimbs.

33 descend v 下降；降临 v.传下来，遗传 v. 突然袭击，突然拜访 descent n 下降，

下坡，家世，血统，侵袭，衰落，继承。Descendant n后裔，子孙，后代。Descendent adj 下降的，降落的，世袭的n 后代，子孙 =descendant 34 dinosaur 恐龙，守旧落伍的

人和东西35 ichthyosaur ['?kθ???s??] n 鱼龙 36 reptilian n 两栖动物，卑劣的人 adj （像）爬行动物的；卑躬屈节的。

Water Joyce and Jacques Gauthier,at Yale University ,obtained three measurements in these particular bones of 71 species of living turtles and tortoises.They used a kind of triangular graph paper to plot the three measurements against one another .All the land tortoise species formed a

tight cluster of points in the upper part of the triangle;all the water turtles cluster in the lower part of the triangular graph.There was no overlap, except when they added some species that spend time both in water and on

land .Sure enough ,these amphibious species show up on the triangular graph half way between the ‘wet cluster’ of sea turtles and the ‘dry cluster ‘of land tortoises .The next step was to determine where the fossils fell.The bones of P.quenstedti and P.talampayensis leave us in no doubt .Their points on the graph are right in the thick of the dry cluster.Both these fossils were

dry-land tortoises . They come from the era before our turtles returned to the water .

You might think,therefore , that modern land tortoises have probably stayed

on land ever since those early terrestrial times ,as most mammals did after a few of them went back to the sea.But apparently not. If you draw out the family tree of all modern turtles and tortoises ,nearly all the branches are aquatic.Today’s land tortoises constitute a single branch, deeply nested among branches consisting of aquatic turtles .This suggestion that modern land tortoises have not stayed on land continuously since the time of P. quenstedti and p.talampayensis. Rather , went back to the water,and they

then reemerged back onto the land in (relatively )more recent times.

37 one another互相 38. Overlap 重叠，重复，有重叠部分，重叠部分，重复。39 amphibious两栖的，水陆两用的，两栖作战的，具有双重性的 amphibian adj 两栖类的，水陆两用的n 两栖动物，水陆两用飞机，水陆两用车40 approximately大约，许41 aquatic adj水生的，水产的，水中的n 水上运动水生动植物42 nested 嵌套的 nest 窝，

筑巢，温床，藏匿处

Tortoises therefore represent a remarkable double return .In common with all mammals,reptiles and birds,their remote ancestors were marine fish and before that various more or less worm-like creatures stretching back,still in the sea ,to the primeval bacteria . Later ancestors lived on land and stayed there for a very large number of https://www.wendangku.net/doc/d512048912.html,ter ancestors still evolved back into the water and became sea turtles .And finally they returned yet again to the land as tortoises, some of which now live in the driest of deserts.

43 tortoise n 乌龟，行动迟缓的人或物44 primeval原始的，太古的，太初的 45 bacteria 细菌 bacterium的复数形式

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