美国文学中的诗鉴赏
To Helen Edgar Allan Poe
The theme of this short poem is the beauty of a woman . she treated him kindly and may have urged him–or perhaps inspired him–to write poetry. Beauty in the poem appears to refer to the woman's soul as well as her physical appearance. As is typical with many of Poe's poems, the rhythm and rhyme scheme of "To Helen" is irregular but musical in sound. The poem consists of three stanzas of five lines each, where the end rhyme of the first stanza is ABABB, that of the second is ABABA, and that of the third is ABBAB. His concluding image is that of light and Helen is the beacon of him in the life .
Annabel lee Edgar Allan Poe
Theme
the poet looks back into the distant past to a time in a kingdom by the sea where he and his lover annabel lee lived. their love was so great that even the highest rank of angels,envied them for it.
,the general tone of the poem is sad.
The love between the narrator and annabel lee is very strong and pure. Though annabel lee was killed by a chilling wind sent by people who envy their love , the love of them remains alive –eternal –because the souls of the lovers remain united .
In this poem ,the poet pay great attention on alliteration to create pleasing sound patterns.
《The Road Not Taken》
"The Road Not Taken" is a poem by Robert Frost, published in 1916 in the collection Mountain Interval, it is the first poem in the volume and is printed in italics. The title is often mistakenly given as "The Road Less Traveled", from the penultimate line: "I took the one less traveled by".
The poem has two recognized interpretations; one is a more literal interpretation, while the other is more ironic.
Readers often see the poem literally, as an expression of individualism. Critics typically view the poem as ironic.[1] – "'The Road Not Taken,' perhaps the most famous example of Frost's own claims to conscious irony and 'the best example in all of American poetry of a wolf in sheep's clothing.'"[2] – and Frost himself warned "You have to be careful of that one; it's a tricky poem – very tricky."[3] Frost intended the poem as a gentle jab at his great friend and fellow poet Edward Thomas with whom he used to take walks through the forest (Thomas always complained at the end that they should have taken a different path) and seemed amused at this certain interpretation of the poem as inspirational.
Literal interpretation
According to the literal (and more common) interpretation, the poem is inspirational, a paean to individualism and non-conformism.
The poem consists of four stanzas. In the first stanza, the speaker describes his position. He has been out walking in the woods and comes to two roads, and he stands looking as far down each one as he can see. He would like to try out both, but doubts he could do that, so therefore he continues to look down the roads for a long time trying to make his decision about which road to take.
Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening Robert Frost
The characters involved in this poem are a person either a man or a woman and a horse.
?The theme of this poem -is the temptation of death, even suicide, symbolized by the woods that are filling up with snow on the darkest evening of the year. The speaker is powerfully drawn to these woods ,wants to lie down and let the snow cover and bury him. Luckily in the end the person who changed the idea and thI ought he or she still have promises to keep,
And miles to go before I sleep,
And miles to go before I sleep.
?He or she resist the pessimistic attitude towards life .
In a Station of the Metro Ezra Pound
The poem is essentially a set of images that have unexpected likeness and convey the rare emotion that Pound was experiencing at that time. Arguably the heart of the poem is not the first line, nor the second, but the mental process that links the two together.
The word “apparition” is considered crucial as it evokes a mystical and supernatural sense of imprecision which is then reinforced by the metaphor of the second line. The plosive word …Petals? conjures ideas of delicate, feminine be auty which contrasts with the bleakness of the …wet, black bough?. What the poem signifies is questionable; many critics argue that it deliberately transcends traditional form and therefore its meaning is solely found in its technique as opposed to in its content. However when Pound had the inspiration to write this poem few of these considerations came into view. He simply wished to translate his perception of beauty in the midst of ugliness into a single, perfect image in written form.
I Hear America Singing Walt Whitman
The mechanics keep the engines of the cars, boats, and machines in factories running operatively. The mason, deckhand, shoemaker, hatter, woodcutter, and ploughboy each play a vital role in their occupation. Each person is important to society. Each person is needed for the various trades that make the country run smoothly. Without a skilled person in every job needed, the other fields may suffer. Whitman is expressing that each person is important.
"blithe and strong," "delicious singing," and "strong, melodious songs" appeals to the imagination with the strength of men intermingled with the beauty of song. Whitman is articulating his view of America as a group of strong people, both men and women, yet both of these groups are beautiful for the work they perform.
The verbs used in this poem are deliberate and indicates much action, keeping the poem moving in such a pace that the reader is compelled to feel as if he or she is going through the workday with each laborer. Verbs such as measures, makes, sits, stands, sewing, and washing invokes moving pictures of people performing their different jobs and each of the actions they take during their day.
The poem is written in simple language and is about simple people. It does not pause to consider greatness, just the strong, constant, chorus of life moving ever onward. Each person, each capacity, has their own unique voice, they are not trying to sing in chorus, they are proclaiming their own great identity in the simple continuous song of their work.
美国文学赏析
Ezra Pound (埃兹拉?庞德) In a Station of the Metro The apparition of these faces in the crowd;人群中这些面孔幽灵般闪现Petals on a wet,black bough.湿漉漉的黑色枝条上的众多花瓣 1. Why does the poet call the faces of pedestrians "apparition"? These pedestrians are all walking in a hurry amidst the drizzling rain. 2.What do "petals" and "bough" stand for? Petals refer to the faces while the bough stands for the floating crowd. Robert Frost (1)Fire and Ice Some say the world will end in fire,有人说世界将终结于火, Some say in ice.有人说是冰。 From what I’ve tasted of desire，从我尝过的欲望之果 I hold with those who favor fire.我赞同倾向于火之说。 But if it had to perish twice,但若它非得两度沉沦 I think I know enough of hate.我想我对仇恨了解也够多 To know that for destruction ice可以说要是去毁灭,
诗歌鉴赏语言类
鉴赏古代诗歌的语言 鉴赏诗歌语言，可从语言内容、语言风格、表达效果三个方面入手。依照诗词鉴赏家的观点，就是要注意“表情达意之美，语言特色之美、表达效果之美”。 一、语言内容 （一）从内容的角度分析，诗歌语言可分为：意象语言、情感语言、象征语言、典故语言。 1、意象语言（词语）：诸如松、竹、梅、菊一类事物被人们赋予特定的象征意义，象征人高洁的品格，诗人常借助它们表达一定的思想感情。如的《卜算子·咏梅》，以梅自喻，表现自己不与争宠邀媚、阿庾奉承之徒为伍的品格和不畏谗毁、坚贞自守的铮铮傲骨。其他常见意象如桃花象征美人、鸟象征自由等。 2、情感语言（词语）：“悲”“孤”等词语能直接表露感情，如“万里悲秋常作客”（《登高》）；还有间接表露的，如“不堪身外悲前事，强向杯中觅旧春”（李益《答许五端公马上口号》），“不堪”“强”写出了诗人不堪回首青春年少时之佳境，只能从酒杯中去回想旧日的事了，传达出内心的凄凉、意绪的消沉。 3、象征语言（诗句）：有些是某些诗句本身有一定的象征意义，有些是全诗常通过具体事物来说理，即说理诗。如“居高声自远，非是藉秋风”（虞世南《蝉》），作者是在强调立身高洁的人，并不需要某种外在的凭借，自能声名远播。“江山如有待，花柳自无私”（杜甫《后游》），写江山花柳像在等待人们去欣赏，用来说明大自然了无私心的道理。 4、典故语言（词语或诗句）：如“秋水”指眼睛，“盗泉”旧时常喻不义之财[见《尸子》卷下：“（孔子）过于盗泉，渴矣而不饮，恶其名也。”]，“鸿雁”指书信（见《汉书》载苏武归汉之事）等。它们大多源于历史典故，这方面需要学生平时加强课外阅读，积累历史知识，提高文化修养。如《永遇乐·京口北固亭怀古》中化用了霍去病“封狼居胥山，禅于姑衍”的故事；《长亭送别》中的“淋漓襟袖啼红泪，比司马青衫更湿”明显化用了的诗句。 （二）从语法角度分析，要关注数量词、名词、动词、形容词和副词。 诗圣杜甫的“为人性僻耽佳句，语不惊人死不休”是不同时代的诗人都追求的一面艺术旗帜。“语不惊人死不休”的含意是丰富的，“炼字”与“炼意”即其中之一。我国古代诗人为了炼字，有的“新诗改罢自长吟”（杜甫）；有的“夜学晓不休，苦吟鬼神愁”（孟郊）；有的自诩为“江湖苦吟士，天地最穷人”（杜荀鹤）；有的则感叹“吟安一个字，捻断数茎须”（卢延让）；有的则“吟成五字句，用破一生心”（方干）。 在汉魏以前可摘的“悠然见南山”的“见”字，但“炼字”“炼句”毕竟是诗歌创作到了高度繁荣的唐代的自觉的产物。曾说“诗赋以一字见工拙”，我国古代
美国文学考试资料整理
一．The Literature of Colonial America(Puritanism) 1.The first English colony: Jamestown in Virginia in 1607 2.The first American writer: John Smith 3.Anne Bradstreet: first American woman poet; a Puritan poet; once called “Tenth Muse”; 二．Literature of Reason and Revolution War of Independence (1775-1783);The French and Indian War / the Seven Y ears’War(1756-1763) 1..Benjamin Franklin: Autobiography; Richard’s Almanac Maxims from Poor Richard’s Almanac (proverbs that give practical wisdom) 2..Thomas Paine (1737-1809): Common Sense: a strong push for the Revolution W ar; four parts (British enslavement of the colonies; praising democratic election; America’s economic and military potential to protect the rights of people) 3..Philip Freneau (1752-1832) The first American-born poet;“Poet of the American Revolution”, “Father of American Poetry”, the most significant poet of 18th century America W orks:The Wild Honey Suckle《野忍冬花》on mortality, The Indian Burying Ground 《印第安人殡葬地》on the imagined afterlife, The British Prison Ship《英国囚船》about his imprisoned experience. 三．Romanticism The American Romantic period is considered one of the most important periods, the first literary Renaissance, in the history of American literature. It stretches from the end of the 18th century through the outbreak of the Civil W ar. It started with the publication of W ashington Irving’s The Sketch Book and ended with Whitman’s Leaves of Grass. 1.Washington Irving (1783-1859) Literary status: the first American to earn an international reputation; Father of the American short stories The Sketch Book: winning him international popularity，the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature. Major works: A History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty under the name of “Diedrich Knickerbocker
英国诗歌欣赏期末考试题(附答案)
I.Multiple Choice 1.To commerate the death of his young wife, __________wrote the poem Annabel Lee. a. D.H. Lawrence b. John Milton c. Philip Phreneau d. Edgar Allan Poe 2. In Leisure, ____________ thinks that it is a poor life if “we have no time to stand and stare” a. John Keats b. William Henry Davies c. Alexander Pope d. John Donne 3.. In Amy Lowell’s Falling Snow, the poet says that “When the temple bell rings again/ they will be covered and gone”. “They” here refers to ______ a. the wooden clogs b. footprints c. the pilgrims d. none of the above 4. The “busy archer”in Philip Sydney’s To the Moon refers to____ a. the poet himself b. Cupid c. a comrade-in-arms of the poet d. none of the above 5. “Act____act in the glorious present”is perphaps the most soul-stirring line in _________’s poem A Psalm of Life. a. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow b. Percy Bissy Shelly c. Walt Whitman d. Carl Sandburg 6. In Song of the Rain, _________ paints a rosy picture of happy family life where the poet is “Safe in the House with my boyhood love/ And our children are asleep in the attic above”. a. Kenneth Mackenzie b. Carl Sandburg c. Hugh MacCrae d. Jerard Manley Hopkins 7. “Day brought back my night”is a well-praised phrase from __________’s On His Deceased Wife. a. Edgar Allan Poe b. Robert Frost c. John Milton d. Philip Sydney 8. In James Shirley’s poem Death the Leveller, the word “leveller” means a. something that reduces everything to nothing b. something that brings equality to all c. something that levels the ground d. none of the abov e. 9. What does “Fire” in Robert Frost’s poem Fire and Ice symbolize? a. war b. anger c. love d. desire 10. In John Keat’s poem The Terror of Death, the phrase “unreflecting love” means a. love without calculation b. love without preparation c. love never thought of d. love involving many considerations II.Blank Filling 1.One word is too often ________, For me to ________ it One feeling is too ______distained, For ______ to distain it .
美国文学赏析整理
一 I heard the merry grasshopper then sing, The black-clad cricket bear a second part, They kept one tune, and played on the same string, Seeming to glory in their little art. Shall creatures abject thus their voices raise? And in their kind resound their maker’s praise, Whilst I, as mute, can warble forth no higher lays? “Under the cooling shadow of a stately Elm, Close state I by a goodly River’s side, Where gliding streams the Rocks did overwhelm; A lonely place with pleasures dignifi’d. I once that lov’d the shady woods so well, Now thought the rivers did the trees excel, And if the sun would ever shine there would I dwell. “While musing thus with contemplation fed, And thousand fancies buzzing in my brain, The sweet tongu’d Philomel percht o’er my head, And chanted forth a most melodious strain, Which rapt me so with wonder and delight, I judg’d my hearing better than my sight. 题目：the 9th of Contemplations 作者：Anne Bradstreet 赏析： 1. Rhyme royal: sevenline iambic petametre 七行五步抑扬格 2. Rhyme: ababccc 3. Theme: religion 4. 象征：black-clad=death; abject=admitting defeat; maker= god 5. A genuine expression of poetic feeling in the presence of nature. The poem offers the reader an insight into the mentality of the early Puritan pioneering in a new world. The poet heard the grasshopper and the cricket sing, and she searched for her own soul accordingly. 6. She saw sth metaphysical inhering in the physical, a mode of perception which was singularly Puritan 二 It was about this time I conceived the bold and arduous project of arriving at moral perfection. I wished to live without committing any fault at any time; I would conquer all that either natural inclination, custom, or company might lead me into. As I knew, or thought I knew, what was right and wrong, I did not see why I might not always do the one and avoid the other. But I soon found I had undertaken a task of more difficulty than I had imagined. While my care was employed in guarding against one fault, I was often surprised by another; habit took the advantage of inattention; inclination was sometimes too strong for reason. I concluded, at length, that the mere speculative conviction that it was our interest to be completely virtuous was not sufficient to prevent our slipping and that the contrary habits must be broken, and good ones acquired and established, before we can have any dependence on a steady, uniform rectitude of conduct. For this purpose I therefore contrived the following method. In the various enumerations of the moral virtues I had met with in my reading, I found the catalog more or less numerous, as different writers included more or fewer ideas under the same name. Temperance, for example, was by some confined to eating and drinking, while by others it was extended to mean the moderating every other pleasure, appetite, inclination, or
英国文学选读一考试大题必备 重点题目分析(人物分析 诗歌分析 三大主义)
Hamlet is the first work of literature to look squarely at the stupidity, falsity and sham of everyday life, without laughing and without easy answers. In a world where things are not as they seem, Hamlet…s genuineness, thoughtfulness, and sincerity make him special. Hamlet is no saint. But unlike most of the other characters (and most people today), Hamlet chooses not to compromise with evil. Dying, Hamlet reaffirms the tragic dignity of a basically decent person in a bad world Hamlet is the first work of literature to show an ordinary person looking at the futility and wrongs in life, asking the toughest questions and coming up with honest semi-answers like most people do today. Unlike so much of popular culture today, "Hamlet" leaves us with the message that life is indeed worth living, even by imperfect people in an imperfect world. 犹豫scholars have debated for centuries about Hamlet's hesitation in killing his uncle. Some see it as a plot device to prolong the action, and others see it as the result of pressure exerted by the complex philosophical and ethical issues that surround cold-blooded murder, calculated revenge and thwarted desire. More recently, psychoanalytic critics have examined Hamlet's unconscious desires (Freud concludes that Hamlet has an "Oedipal desire for his mother and the subsequent guilt [is] preventing him from murdering the man [Claudius] who has done what he unconsciously wanted to do". Robinson Crusoe is a grand hero in westerners? eyes. He survived in the deserted island and lived a meaningful life. He almost has everything needed for becoming a successful man, such as his excellent creativity, great working capacity, courage, and persistence in overcoming obstacles. But he has shortcomings, too. Sometimes he was irresolute; he was not confident; he was fetishistic, although his belief had done him much good. He serves somehow as a lighthouse for the ambitious people. It?s also instructive for average people. Robinson was the representative of the bourgeois of the 18th C. It was the time when bourgeois grew stronger and stronger. The author Defoe paid a tribute to bourgeois by creating such a rational, powerful, clever, and successful man. 【Themes of Robinson Crusoe】 1. The ambivalence of mastery In short, while Crusoe seems praiseworthy in mastering his fate by overcoming his obstacles, and controlling his environment, the praiseworthiness of his mastery over his fellow human Friday is more doubtful. Defoe explores the link between the two in his depiction of the colonial mind. 2. The necessity of Repentance Crusoe?s experiences constitute not simply an adventure story in which thrilling things happen, but also a moral tale illustrating the right and wrong ways to live one?s life. Crusoe?s story instruct s others in God?s wisdom, and one vital part of this wisdom is the importance of repenting one?s sins. 3. The Importance of Self-Awareness Crusoe?s arrival on the island does not make him revert to a brute existence and he remains conscious of himself at all times. His island existence actually deepens his self-awareness as he withdraws from the external society and turns inward. The idea that the individual must keep a careful reckoning of the state of his own soul is a key point in the Presbyterian doctrine that the aothor took seriously all his life. ·Jane Eyre Charlotte Bronte The protagonist and title character, orphaned as a baby. She is a plain-featured, small and reserved but talented, sympathetic, hard-working, honest and passionate girl. Skilled at studying, drawing, and teaching, she works as a governess at Thornfield Hall and falls in love with her wealthy employer, Edward Rochester. But her strong sense of conscience does not permit her to become his mistress, and she does not return to him until his insane wife is dead and she herself has come into an inheritance. 【Themes of Jane Eyre】 1. Gender relations A particularly important theme in the novel is patriarchalism and Jane…s efforts to assert her own identity within male-dominated society. Among the three of the main male characters,
美国文学考点整理
美国文学考点整理
1.Matches 作家作品：（或参考课本目录，黑色斜体为课本目录） The literature of Realism: Walt Whitman 沃尔特.惠特曼 Drum Taps (《桴鼓集》) Good-Bye, My Fancy ( 《再见，我的幻想》,) Leaves of Grass (《草叶集》) Passage to India ( 《通向印度之路》) Sequel to Drum Taps (《桴鼓集续集》) Song of Myself 《自己之歌》 I Sit and Look Out 《我坐在这儿眺望着》 Beat! Beat! Drum! 《敲呀！敲呀！鼓啊！》 Emily Dickinson 艾米莉.狄金森 I Taste a Liquor Never Brewed 《我品味未经酿造的饮料》 I felt a Funeral, in my Brain 《我感受了一场葬礼，在脑中》 A Bird came down the Walk 《鸟儿沿着小径过来》 I died for Beauty--- but was scarce《我为美而死》 I heard a Fly buzz- when I died 《我听到苍蝇的嗡嗡声---在临死之前》Because I could not stop for Death 《因为我不能停下来等候死神》 I’m Nobody! Who are You? Success is Counted Sweetest Harriet Beecher Stowe 哈丽雅特.比彻.斯托 Uncle Tom's Cabin 《汤姆叔叔的小屋》 Mark Twain 马克. 吐温 The Adventures of Tom Sawyer 《汤姆.索亚历险记》 .The Notorious Jumping Frog of Calaveras County ([k?l?‘ver?s] 《卡拉韦拉斯县驰名的跳蛙》 2.Innocents Abroad (《傻子国外旅行记》) 3.Roughing It (《艰苦岁月》) 4.The Gilded Age (with Charles Dudley Waenner, 《镀金时代》与查尔斯·达德利·沃纳合写) 5.The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (《汤姆·索耶历险记》) A Tramp Abroad (《国外流浪汉》) 7. The Prince and the Pauper (《王子与贫儿》) 8. Life on the Mississippi (《密西西比河上》) 9.The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (《哈克贝里·费恩历险记》) 10.The Tragedy of Pudd’nhead Wilson ( 《傻瓜威尔逊》) 11. A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court ( 《亚瑟王朝廷上的康涅狄格州美国人》) 12. The Man that Corrupted Hadleyburg (《败坏赫德莱堡的人》) 13. What Is Man? (《人是什么》)
英国诗歌赏析1(本科)
Sonnet 18 William Shakespeare S hall I compare thee to a summer’s day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate: Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer’s lease hath all too short a date: Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, And of ten is his gold complexion dimm’d; And every fair from fair sometime declines, By chance, or n ature’s changing course untrimm’d; But thy eternal summer shall not fade, Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st; N or shall Death brag thou wander’st in his shade, When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st: So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, So long lives this and this gives life to thee Selected Metaphysical poems by John Donne I. THE FLEA Mark but this flea, and mark in this, How little that which thou deniest me is ; It suck'd me first, and now sucks thee, And in this flea our two bloods mingled be. Thou know'st that this cannot be said A sin, nor shame, nor loss of maidenhead; Yet this enjoys before it woo, And pamper'd swells with one blood made of two ; And this, alas ! is more than we would do. O stay, three lives in one flea spare, Where we almost, yea, more than married are. This flea is you and I, and this Our marriage bed, and marriage temple is. Though parents grudge, and you, we're met, And cloister'd in these living walls of jet. Though use make you apt to kill me, Let not to that self-murder added be, And sacrilege, three sins in killing three.
诗歌鉴赏语言风格
诗歌鉴赏语言风格 （一）设问方式 1、请分析这首诗的语言风格。 2、谈谈此诗的语言艺术。 3、这首诗（词）在语言上有何特色？ （二）分析思路 这种题型不是揣摩个别字词运用的技巧，而且要品味整首诗（词）表现出来的语言风格，即语言风格（特色）是就诗歌整体而言的。常见错误是从语言的使用上去揣摩作者的炼词、炼字，阐述字词运用巧妙。一要注意语言特色（风格）不能等同于语言的使用（炼字）；二要注意语言特色（风格）不能等同于语言上的特点，诗歌在语言上的特点包括炼字用词、修辞特点、语言风格等。 用来答题的词语一般有：清新自然、明快清新、平淡自然、朴实无华、明快浅显、明快直露、明白晓畅、流畅自然、多用口语、通俗易懂、华美绚丽、辞藻华丽、深沉隽永、委婉含蓄、含蓄深沉、雄浑豪放、笔调婉约、缠绵哀怨、温婉悲凉、庄谐俱见、幽默讽刺、简练生动、简练传神、准确精练、生动形象、准确传神等。 【语言风格分类1】古诗词语言风格一般有清新、明快、凝练、含蓄、华丽、质朴、简洁、工丽、隽永、晦涩等类型。 1、清新：主要指语言浅显而有新意。 2、明快：主要指直接的、明朗的、爽快的、泼辣的，往往是斩钉截铁，一语破的的语言风格。 3、凝练（精练）：主要指语言简洁而含意丰富。 4、含蓄：有时也称蕴藉，其特点是意在言外，常常不是直接叙述，而是曲曲折折地倾诉，言在此而意在彼，或引而不发，或欲说还休，让读者去体味。 5、华丽（绚丽）：主要指有富丽的词藻，绚丽的文采，奇幻的情思。 6、质朴（平淡、自然）：主要指选用确切的字眼直接叙述，全用白描，不加修饰，显得真切深刻、平易近人。 7、简洁：特点是干净利落，言简意赅。 8、工丽：既讲究辞藻华丽，又讲究对仗工整。 9、隽永：语意深长，耐人咀嚼。 10、晦涩：主要指语言艰涩、冷僻、难懂。 【语言风格分类2】 1、豪迈雄奇：此种风格的诗，多用具有气势和节奏奔放的语言来塑造博大新奇的形象，营造恢弘阔远的意境，表现积极向上的思想感情。如李白《庐山谣寄卢侍御虚舟》：“登高壮观天地间，大江茫茫去不还。黄云万里动风色，白波九道流雪山。”
美国文学笔记整理完整版专八人文知识
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