TheTrendsofIronm_省略_inthe21stCentury_ZHA
The Trends of Ironmaking Industry and Challenges to Chinese Blast Furnace Ironmaking in the 21st Century
ZHANG Shou-rong, YIN Han
(Wuhan Iron and Steel Corporation, Wuhan 430083, Hubei, China)
Abstract:As an era of tremendous growth of steel industry, the world annual steel production had been increasing from 28.5 Mt in 1900 to 843 Mt in 2000. The first period of rapid growth appeared from mid of 1950’s to mid of 1970’s, and the second one has started from the end of 1990’s and has been continuing so far. The increasing demand for steel products resulted from rapid economy growth has been the boosting force for iron and steel production, and technological progresses have been the driving force for the development of steel industry. It is expected that in the 21st century the annual world steel production may hit a target of 2 billion tons and the annual world iron production may surpass 1.3 billion tons. The Chinese steel industry may keep an annual capacity of 400-450 Mt based on the requirement of domestic market, and the annual iron production might be declining after 2015. The challenges to Chinese ironmaking industry will be the insufficiency of natural resources, the unreasonable structure of blast furnace ironmaking, the over-consumption of energy and the heavy impact on global environment. Chinese steel industry must be domestic demand oriented. The healthy development of Chinese ironmaking industry depends on how we could deal with these challenges.
Key words: trend; steel industry; challenge to Chinese ironmaking; 21st century
1 Introduction
The appearance of integrated iron and steel works in early industrializing countries (like US steel, August Thyssen, Yawata etc) at the end of 19th century had made the iron and steel manufacturing becoming one important branch of industry. In the 20th century, the steel industry had been playing an important role of mainstay for industrialization. After Second World War, the world economy had been boosted in the period from mid 1950’s to mid 1970’s, and annual world steel production increased from a level of 200 Mt (million tons) to a level over 700 Mt. However, after 1970’s, worldwide economic recession had made world steel industry fluctuating back and forth. In the period of recession, the sense of “steel industry has been becoming a sunset industry” had been prevailing among industrialized countries. However, since the end of 20th century, steel industry has been entering a new flourishing period and the world annual steel production has climbed successively to new levels in the past several years. Questions have been put forward as follows:
(1) Is the steel industry a sunset industry or a sunrise industry?
(2) What we have learned through our experiences of the past 50 years?
(3) How about the trends of ironmaking in the 21st century?
(4) How about the prospect of blast furnace ironmaking in China?
2 A Brief Review of World Steel Industry in the 20th Century
The 20th century is a century of tremendous growth for steel industry. In 1900, the world annual steel production was 28.5 Mt. In 2000, the world annual steel production was 843 Mt, that means an increase of higher than 28.5 times in the 20th century. There were two periods of rapid growth for steel industry after 1950’s. The first one started in mid 1950’s, and lasted to mid 1970’s, in this period, the world annual steel production increased from 200 Mt to a level of 700 Mt. Because of oil crises and economic recession, from the mid 1970’s, world steel industry
fluctuated back and forth in the range of 700±80 Mt until the end of 1990’s. At the end of 1990’s, the world annual steel production surpassed 800 Mt and the second period of rapid growth for steel industry had started. After entering the 21st century, the rapid growth of steel industry has been continuing successively so far, as listed in Fig.1 and Table 1.
From Fig.1, it is obvious that the influence of two periods of rapid growth is significant in the evolution of steel industry after 1950.
Fig. 1 The evolution of world annual iron and steel production and ratio of iron to steel since 1900
Table 1 World iron and steel production after entering the 21st century
Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Mt 829.60 833.75 885.76950.791046.231107.141230.48 1322.221329.72 World
steel production Increase
rate, %
0.50 6.24 7.34 10.04 5.82 11.14 7.46 0.57 Mt 610.13 609.08 645.75707.47768.23 848.62 925.68 1001.13983.46
World iron production Increase
rate, %
-0.172 6.021 9.558 8.588 10.464 9.081 8.151 -1.765
2.1 Economic growth has been the pulling force for steel industry
After the Second World War, annual world steel production was restored to a level of 200 Mt in 1950’s. Since the mid of 1950’s, the construction of new steelworks and modification of existing steelworks were carried out in Europe, North America and Japan in order to meet the increasing demand for steel products in world market which was resulted from the restoration of economy and construction of infrastructure. From the mid of 1950’s to 1973, the world annual steel production increased to a new level of higher than 700 Mt and resulted in the formation of the first period of rapid growth of steel industry.
The oil crisis appeared in 1970’s changed the pattern of growth of steel industry. Oil crisis led to economic recession in developed countries. The growth rate of economy in Europe, United State and Japan came down from -1.0 to -3.0%. The decrease of demand for steel products in world market made the world annual steel production staggered around a level of 700±80 Mt from the mid of 1970’s to 1990’s. The
depression of steel industry propagated the idea of “steel industry has been a sunset industry”. Many steelworks worldwide suffered a lot in the recession which had lasted to second half of 1990’s.
Fortunately, the increasing demand for steel products in developing countries, especially China, changed the difficult situation. In 2000, the world steel
output surpassed 800 Mt, and the world steel industry has entered into a new stage of development. The second period of rapid growth will be lasting to the second decade of 21st century.
Comparing the two periods of rapid growth of steel capacity, one may discover some characteristics as listed in Table 2.
Table 2 Comparison of the two periods of rapid growth of steel industry
1st period of rapid growth 2nd period of rapid growth Resulted from
Post 2nd world war reconstruction,
infrastructure construction and
industrialization in European countries,
North America and Japan
Infrastructure construction and
industrialization of China and
some developing countries
Time Mid 1950’s to mid 1970’s Started from the end of 20th
century and is still continuing
Duration About 20 years It is expected lasting to the 2nd
decade of 21st century
Increasing rate 19 Mt per annum Nearly 60 Mt per annum Related population Roughly 800 millions Roughly 1.3 to 1.4 billions
Technologies adopted for rapid growth Technological innovations in developed countries, such as: BOF, continuous casting, computerized automation
Application of mature technologies introduced or
imported from developed countries
From Table 2, it is obvious that the motive forces for the two periods of rapid growth are similar. The increasing demands for steel products resulted from economic growth call for steel industry to produce more products. The growth of economy is always the pulling force for the growth of steel capacity. In the 1st period, the post-war restoration and industrialization in Europe, Japan and North America needed vast amount of steel products and pulled the world steel industry increasing at a rate of 19 Mt/a. In the second period of rapid growth, several developing countries, like China and Southeast Asian countries have entered the stage of industrialization; the increasing demand for steel products has been the pulling force for rapid growth of steel production. Because populations related to the second period of rapid growth are huge and about 1.8 times of the population of first period and resulted in a higher increasing rate. 2.2 Technological progress has been the driving
force for steel industry
Technological innovation has been the driving force for economic growth. From the point of view of technology, the history of iron and steelmaking has been a history of technological innovation of metallurgical processes. Oxygen converter steelmaking and continuous casting had played a decisive role in the 1st period of rapid growth and the application of technologies introduced to developing countries has been the driving force of technological progress for 2nd period so far. Even in the staggering time of 1970’s to 1980’s, steelworks had devoted all their efforts to technological innovations in order to survive. Therefore, technological progresses are always the driving force for development of steel industry. 2.3 Restrictions for growth of steel industry Steel industry belongs to process industry. Steel industry extracts ferrous metals from raw materials, produces steel products and by-products and lays waste
to environment. As steel production capacity increases, the quantity of waste increases excessively until far
beyond the tolerable limit of global environment. Materials used by steel industry are mainly fossil materials. The expansion of capacity of steel industry threats the sustainable supply of raw materials. Therefore, the restriction of global natural resources and energy as well as the restriction of global environment are always the limiting factors for the development of steel industry, as demonstrated in Fig.2.
Steel industry has been controlled by the three forces: i.e. pulling force, driving force and limiting forces since the 20th century, and the pattern of development will be continuing in the 21st century.
Fig. 2 Factors controlling the development of world steel industry
3 Trends of Ironmaking in the 21st Century 3.1 Steel industry has to continue growing
The world steel production reached a level of 1.3 billion tons, and world iron production climbed to a level of 900 Mt respectively in 2007. Despite the emergence of world financial crisis, the world steel and iron production reached 1.329 billions tons and 927 Mt respectively in 2008. In 2009 world iron and steel production may slump down to a certain extent, but it is expected that world steel industry will restore to a level of production of 1.3 billion tons after several years. According to author’s estimation, the world annual steel production will hit the target of 2.0 billion tons in the 21st century. Supposing the ratio of iron to steel kept within the range of 0.65 to 0.70, the world annual iron production will be 1.3 to 1.4 billion tons. The room for further development of world steel industry is abundant in 21st century; the room for ironmaking capacity is about 400 to 500 Mt per annum.
3.2 Blast furnace process remains the main stream of ironmaking
The production evolution of world steel, blast furnace iron and DRI from 2000 to 2008 is listed in Table 3.
Table 3 Production evolution of world steel, blast furnace iron and DRI from 2000 to 2008
Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 World steel production,
Mt
829.60 833.75885.76950.791046.231107.141230.48 1322.22 1329.72
World BF iron, Mt 576.26 578.46611.07670.09724.08800.77875.02 946.42 926.70 DRI
production,
Mt 33.87 30.62 34.68 37.38 44.15 47.85 50.66 54.71 56.76 World iron, total, Mt 610.13 609.08645.75707.47768.23848.62925.68 1001.13 983.46 Ratio iron/steel 0.724 0.734 0.728 0.749 0.742 0.766 0.76 0.764 0.74
From Fig.1, the iron to steel ratio of world steel industry was roughly 0.7 before 1950’s. Because the appearance of 1st period of rapid growth of steel production, the iron to steel ratio climbed to 0.75 in 1960’s-1970’s. In the staggering time, the iron to steel ratio reduced to 0.71 in 1980’s. In the 2nd period of rapid growth, the iron to steel ratio roused to a level higher than 0.75, as listed in Table 3. The iron to steel ratio in steel industry is intimately related to blast furnace ironmaking as well as the scrap supply for steel industry. In industrialized countries, the scrap supply is abundant, and has a lower iron to steel ratio for steel industry. In developing countries where steel industry is flourishing, because of scrap shortages, the iron to steel ratio is high. The iron to steel ratios in some main steel producing countries are listed in Table 4.
Table 4 The iron to steel ratios in steel industry for some steel producing countries in 2008
Country China
Japan USA Russia India South
Korea
Germany Ukraine
World
total
Crude steel production,
Mt
502.01 118.7391.4968.5155.0553.49 45.83 37.10 1329.72
BF iron production, Mt 471.10 86.1732.9948.2928.9031.21 29.10
30.98
926.70 DRI production, Mt -- -- -- -- 20.15-- -- -- 56.76
Iron total, Mt 471.10 86.1732.9948.2949.0531.21 29.10 30.98 983.46 Ratio iron/steel 0.938 0.7260.3610.7020.8910.583 0.635 0.835 0.740
The scrap storage of USA is the most abundant in the world, where the iron to steel ratio is the lowest in the world. On the contrary, the shortage of scrap in China makes the highest iron to steel ratio of Chinese steel industry. After entering the second decade of 21st century, the supply of scrap will be increasing gradually, and the iron to steel ratio of world steel industry will be decreasing to the range of 0.70-0.65. The world annual iron production of 1.3-1.4 billions will meet the requirement for an annual world crude steel production of 2.0 billion tons.
According to figures listed in Table 4, the production of smelting reduction might be negligible in comparison to the total iron production.
Taking the sum of blast furnace iron and DRI as the world iron production, the evolution of the share of blast furnace iron from 2000 to 2008 is listed in Table 5.
Table 5 The evolution of share of blast furnace iron in world iron production from 2000 to 2008
Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 BF iron production,
Mt
576.26 578.46 611.07670.09724.08800.77875.02 946.42 926.70 DRI
production,
Mt 33.87 30.62 34.68 37.38 44.15 47.85 50.66 54.71 56.76 World iron
production, Mt
610.13 609.08 645.75707.47768.23848.62925.68 1001.13 983.46 Share of BF iron
production, %
94.44 94.97 94.63 94.72 94.25 94.36 94.53 94.54 94.23
DRI production has made remarkable improvement in the past 10 years, but progress of DRI technology could not match the pace of progress of blast furnace ironmaking. Except for a breakthrough in technologies of direct reduction or smelting reduction happened, iron production in 21st century will be remaining the domain of blast furnace ironmaking. In 21st century, blast furnace process remains the main stream of ironmaking.
3.3 The economy of natural resources and protection of global envrionment through reduction of emission will be the main tendency of technological progress for ironmaking in the 21st century
Natural resources are limited, but economic growth is a must for human society. As mentioned above, steel industry is the mainstay for industrialization, the world steel industry will maintain an upward trend in 21st century. The only way out is the economy of natural resources.
First of all, the effective utilization of natural resources must be emphasized. More attention must be paid to beneficiation of ores and recovery of ferrous metal bearing materials. The utilization of non-coking coal and weak coking coal on the basis of the upgrading of the metallurgical characteristics of coke will be one of the most important topics for coke making.
Upgrading of burden materials is the foundation of technological progresses for ironmaking. The quality of sinter, pellet, lump ore and ore fines as well as quality of coke must be improved. The processes of sintering, pellelizing and coking have to be improved.
After entering the 21st century, the annual steel production has increased 60% so far. For an annual iron production of 900 million tons, the total number of blast furnaces will be more than 450, if the average annual unit iron production of blast furnaces is 2 Mt per annum. Actually, the number of blast furnaces is several times of 450 at present. The rationalization of the structure of blast furnace ironmaking is an urgent task for 21st century; the adoption of advanced technologies and the abolition of out-of-date facilities are the principles for restructuring and rationalization. The deduction of backward and small-scaled ironmaking is advantageous to economy of energy, reduction of emission and beneficial to protection of environment.
The performance of working staff in ironmaking area of steelworks always influences the productivity, efficiency, economy and environment of steelworks. The improvement of performance is important for steel industry and the enhancement of technological progress in performance is a regular practice in steelworks.
Technological progresses in ironmaking area from late 20th century have made some technological parameters approaching the results obtained by theoretical calculation. For example, the calculated theoretical fuel rate of blast furnace is about 450 kg/ton hot metal. In recent years, several advanced large-scale blast furnace have made a fuel rate level of 460-470 kg/ton hot metal. The gap between the results from theoretical calculation and parameters of practice has been narrowing gradually. Further improvement of technological parameters in some area has to rely on hard efforts to carry out R&D works in steel industry. For majority of steelworks, the dissemination of mature and advanced technologies is important. For further development of ironmaking industry, we have to put forward challenging targets for world ironmaking industry focusing on sustainable development of steel industry and to mobilize all efforts to carry out R&D projects aiming at fulfilling these targets.
Based on current conditions of alternative ironmaking, there is no any alternative is capable of replacing blast furnace ironmaking. Looking for a new ironmaking process is necessary. But considering the fact that the perfection of ironmaking has been lasting for decades, blast furnace ironmaking technology has been approaching the theoretical limits, such as: the big unit productivity, low energy consumption, stable supply of hot metal for steelmaking, high quality of products and reusability of products, by-products and waste, and it is very difficult for any new ironmaking technology to match. Based on the experience of blast furnace ironmaking, looking for modifications to reduce the energy consumption and to minimize the emission to global environment might be a possible way in 21st century.
As mentioned above, technological progress is the driving force for the development of steel industry. For the future of ironmaking, we must endeavour to promote technological innovation for ironmaking industry.
4 Challenges to Chinese Blast Furnace Ironmaking
4.1Current situation of China’s blast furnace ironmaking
4.1.1 Rapid growth after entering the 21st century
Since the last decade of 20th century, Chinese steel industry has stepped into a stage of rapid
development. In 1995, the iron production surpassed 100 Mt (105.293 Mt), and the steel production reached 101.24 Mt in 1996. China’s steel industry produced 151.63 Mt in 2001, 222.34 Mt steel in 2003, 349.36 Mt steel in 2005, 418.78 Mt steel in 2006 and made a new record of 500.48 Mt in 2008. The evolution of iron and steel production in China since the mid of 20th century is shown in Fig.3.
From Fig.3, it is clear that the boom of China’s steel industry has emerged at the beginning of 21st century. The increase rate of annual iron production in China was 6.87 Mt/a in last decade of 20th century, however, the increase rate from 2000 to 2008 has leapt to an average of 46.8 Mt/a. The rapid growth of China’s iron production after entering 21st century has been boasted by the increase of investment of fixed assets in steel industry as listed in Table 6.
The dramatic increase of investment of fixed assets has been leading to the dramatic growth of China’s steel industry in the 21st century. The annual steel production from 101.24 Mt to 222.34 Mt, it took 7 years (from 1996 to 2003), and increased to 346.36 Mt, it took 2 years (2003 to 2005), increased to 418.78 Mt, it took one year (2005 to 2006), and increased to 500.48 Mt, it took two years. The annual iron production has been keeping at the similar pace.
Fig. 3 The evolution of annual iron and steel production in China since the mid of 20th century to 2008
Table 6 The investment of fixed assets of China’s steel industry from 1986 to 2008
Year 1986-19901991-19951996-20002001-2005 2006 2007 2008 Investment of fixed assets, 108 RMB yuan 658.21 1728.33 2153.76 7147.38 2246.5 2616.713920.8
4.1.2 Redistribution of regional ironmaking capacity
The rapid growth of China’s ironmaking capacity has been resulted from dramatic growth of regional ironmaking capacity. In 2008, there were 15 administrative units of the total 31 units had annual iron production over 10 Mt, in which the biggest ironmaking province Hebei produced 113.56 Mt. Fig.4 demonstrates the distribution of regional ironmaking capacity of China in 2008. Except for the Tibet autonomous region, in all the 30 administrative units there are ironmaking facilities. The ironmaking capacity mainly distributed in the coastal provinces and reached 279.05 Mt in 2008.
Fig. 4 The distribution of regional ironmaking capacity of China in 2008
4.1.3 Increase of number of blast furnaces
Since 2001, the classification of steelworks has changed to as focusing steelworks and the rest steelworks, in which all the integrated steelworks including state and provincial steelworks are taken as focusing steelworks, and the rest steelworks include mini-mills in countryside and private furnaces. The evolution of Chinese ironmaking capacity since 2001 is listed in Table 7.
In the past 8 years, the share afforded by focusing steelworks has been decreasing, and the share of rest
steelworks has been increasing. In past 3 years, the share of focusing steelworks has been lower than 3/4 of the total iron production. That means the emergence of a large number of small blast furnaces.
Because believable data for the rest steelworks are not available so far, we may review the evolution of ironmaking blast furnaces in focusing steelworks as reference. The structure of ironmaking blast furnaces in 2001, 2005 and 2006 are listed separately in Table 8, Table 9 and Table 10.
Table 7 The evolution of Chinese ironmaking capacity since 2001
Iron production 2001
2005 2006 2007 2008
2008 compared to
2001
Total tonnage, Mt 148.93 337.41 404.16 469.44 470.67 +321.74 % 100
100 100 100 100 216.03 Focusing, Mt 136.31 255.75 302.71 349.24 359.88 +223.57 % 91.52
75.80 74.90 74.40 76.46 -15.06 Rest, Mt 12.62 81.65 101.45 120.20 110.79 +98.17 In which
% 8.48 24.20 25.10 25.6 23.54 +15.06
Table 8 The structure of ironmaking blast furnaces of focusing steelworks in 2001
V olume of BFs, m 3 >2000 2000-1000 1000-500 500-200 Total
Range of BF volume, m 3
4350-2000 1800-1000 983-500 420-200 -- Number of BFs 21 29 22 124 196 Total volume of BFs 56064 36384 15547 40451 158446 Calculated capacity, Mt 45.01 25.02 12.05 35.04 117.13 Share in total capacity, % 38.4 24.1 10.3 29.9 100
Note: BFs 200＜ m 3 were excluded.
Table 9 The structure of Chinese ironmaking blast furnaces of focusing steelworks in 2005
V olume of BFs, m >3000 3000-20002000-10001000-300300-100 <100 Total Range of BF volume,
m 3
4747-3200 2680-20001800-1000983-300 294-100 -- --
Number of BFs 9 33 48 260 75 12 437 Total volume of
BFs,m 3
33223 76838 62628 109671 12880 983 296223
Calculated capacity,Mt 26.74 61.86 50.42 96.51 14.14 1.08 250.75 Share in total
capacity,%
10.67 24.68 20.12 38.49 5.60 0.40 100
Table 10 The structure of Chinese ironmaking blast furnaces of focusing steelworks in 2006
V olume of BFs, m 3 >3000 3000-20002000-10001000-300300-100 <100 Total Range of BF volume,
m 3
4800-3200 2850-20001800-1000973-300 294-100 -- --
Number of BFs 12 39 60 278 86 -- 475 Total volume of BFs,
m 3
44710 92708 78095 118700 14512 -- 348725
Calculated capacity, Mt 35.99 74.63 67.87 104.46 15.96 -- 293.91 Share in total capacity,
%
12.25 25.39 21.39 35.54 5.43 -- 100
From 2001 to 2005 and 2006, the annual iron output increased 119.4 Mt and 166.40 Mt, respectively in focusing steelworks. In the same period, the number of blast furnaces increased from 196 to 437 and 475. The increase of number of blast furnace has been the main reason for the growth of iron production. 4.1.4 Improvement of burden materials
The rapid growth of annual iron output has resulted in high demand for iron ores. Chinese steel industry has relied on both domestic and imported iron ore resources since 20th century. The amount of imported iron ores and domestic iron ore production from 2000 to 2008 is listed in Table 11.
Most of domestic iron ores are lean ores and have to be beneficiated. The price-hike of imported iron ores has stimulated the domestic iron ore production since 2004. In the past several years, improvement of ore dressing technology as called “inverse flotation magnetic separation process” has been developed in
China, this process upgraded concentrate composition to 67%-69% Fe and 3%-4% SiO 2 . This fine-grained concentrate have to be agglomerated in pelletizing plants, it is estimated that the ferrous burden for blast furnace ironmaking in China will change gradually to sinter+pellet+iron ore. Actually, the production of pellet has been increasing. See Table 12.
The quality of burden materials for blast furnaces has been improved due to the construction and start-up of newly built coking batteries, sintering plants and palletizing plants. The average parameters of sinter, pellet and coke are listed in Table 13. 4.1.5 Progress of performance
As mentioned above, after entering the 21st century, the increase of number of blast furnaces has been the main reason for the growth of iron output. The transition of technological parameters of ironmaking blast furnaces in focusing steelworks from 2001 to 2008 are listed in Table 14.
Table 11 The amount of imported iron ores and output of domestic iron ores from 2000-2008
Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Imported iron ores, Mt 69.9 92.0 111.1 145. 208. 275.22 326.30 383.09 443.66 Domestic iron ores,
run-of-mine ores, Mt
222.25 217.01 232.61 262.72 311.31 426.23 588.17 707.07 824.01
Table 12 Production of sinter, pellet and coke in China from 2000 to 2008
Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Sinter,
Mt 166.78 192.76 226.00 270.44 204.46 369.23 429.77 523.50 -- Pellet,
Mt 13.60 17.69 26.20 38.85 44.01 59.11 76.35 99.43 -- Coke,
Mt 100.58 101.84 114.94 138.79 187.70 232.81 282.85 335.52 323.59
Table 13 Average parameters of sinter, pellet and coke from 2000 to 2008
Year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Fe,
% 55.73 56.54 56.74 56.90 56.00 56.80 55.65 55.39 CaO/SiO2 1.76 1.83 1.94 1.93 1.94 1.94 1.884 1.858 Sinter
Drum
index,
% 66.42 83.72 71.83 73.24 83.77 75.75 76.02 76.59 Fe,
% NA NA NA 63.06 62.85 NA 62.89 NA Pellet
Crush
strength,
N/pellet
NA NA NA 2458 2389 NA 2372 NA Ash,
% 12.22 12.42 12.61 12.76 12.77 12.54 12.52 13.03 S,
% 0.56 0.57 0.61 0.63 0.65 0.65 0.68 0.74 M40,
% 82.06 81.10 81.25 81.40 81.82 82.94 83.16 83.12 Coke
M10,
% 7.04 7.13 7.06 7.15 7.10 6.81 6.75 6.84 Note: NA means not available.
Table 14 The comparison of technological parameters of ironmaking in focusing steelworks from 2001 to 2008
Year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Productivity, t/m d 2.337 2.448 2.474 2.516 2.642 2.675 2.677 2.607 Coke
rate,
kg/t 426 415 433 427 412 396 392 396 Coal
rate,
kg/t 120 125 118 116 124 125 132 136 Fuel
rate,
kg/t 546 540 551 543 536 531 529 532 Fe
content,
% 57.16 58.18 58.49 58.21 58.03 57.78 57.71 57.32 %
of
sinter+pellet 92.03 91.53 92.41 93.02 91.45 92.21 92.49 92.68 Blast temperature, ℃1081 1066 1082 1074 1084 1100 1125 1133
One important factor affecting the improvement of blast furnace performance has been the construction and commissioning of new blast furnaces, in which some larger blast furnaces had been equipped with modern facilities, such as: bellless top, high temperature hot stove, under stockhouse screening, high top pressure equipment, coal injection devices, etc. Most of the newly built blast furnaces have had good performance.
Among the technological parameters from 2001 to 2008, the improvement of productivity has been obvious. The author realized that, it had been the result of enlargement of proportion of small blast furnaces. Small blast furnaces are characterized as shorter height and smaller ratio of inner volume to hearth area, with the similar intensity of smelting in furnace hearth; small blast furnaces are expressing a higher
productivity of inner volume. On other hand, small blast furnaces have a higher fuel rate than larger blast furnaces, because of shorter ascending time of bosh gas in furnace shaft. Quite a few ironmaking blast furnace had made excellent performance in 2006 to 2008, however, the difference among plants were astonishing.
4.1.6 Prolongation of blast furnace campaign life
In 1980s’, excessive erosion of blast furnace lining had been a serious problem affecting blast furnace campaign life. The situation has been improved after 1990s’. After entering the 21st century, several large blast furnaces have extended their campaign life to 10 years or even longer without intermediate repair. The No.2 blast furnace with inner volume of 4063 m3 at Baosteel was blown out on Aug. 31, 2006. Its first campaign was 15 years and 2 months, with a unit iron production of 11613 tons/m3. The BF No.5 at Wuhan Iron and Steel Corp. with inner volume of 3200 m3 was blown out on May 30, 2007. The furnace has been working smoothly without any intermediate repair even guniting for 15 years and 8 months with a unit production of 11096.6t/m3d. Since 1990s’, many blast furnaces with inner volume > 1000 m3 has been adopting technologies for prolongation of blast furnace life, longer campaign life is expectable.
4.2 Challenges to Chinese blast furnace ironmaking in the 21st century
After reviewing the current situation of Chinese blast furnace ironmaking as a whole, we may get in a panorama of a steel industry with coexistence of different levels. That means: the coexistence of technologies of different levels (from up-to-date to out-of-date), the coexistence of facilities of different levels (from most advanced to backward), the coexistence of units of different scales of production (from BF≥4000 m3 to BF≤200 m3) and the coexistence of production environment of different levels (from steelworks of clean production to badly polluted mini-mills). For the biggest iron and steel producer in 21st century like China, the phenomena of coexistence will hinder Chinese steel industry from implementing the policy of sustainable development and will interfere with the course of industrialization of China. How to deal with the phenomena of coexistence will be the predominant challenging task for Chinese blast furnace ironmaking.
4.2.1 Restructuring of blast furnace ironmaking
The number of blast furnaces and average unit production at focusing steelworks from 2001, 2005 and 2006 are listed in Table 15. It is obvious that the average unit production per furnace is far bellow the acceptable limit.
Considering the situation in the rest steelworks should be worse, the current structure of blast furnace ironmaking is far beyond reasonable structure of world blast furnace ironmaking. Accompanying with the emergence of huge numbers of small blast furnaces, considerable numbers of small sintering plants and coke ovens were built near blast furnaces. The facts reveal that restructuring is a must for the whole Chinese ironmaking industry, including blast furnaces, sintering plants, coke ovens and pelletizing plants. However, the restructuring of blast furnace ironmaking is not only a problem of technology, but also a problem relating to the interest of local economy, and may take a long time.
4.2.2 Effective utilization of natural resources
The deficiency of natural resources has been a major bottleneck for Chinese steel industry, and the effective utilization of natural resources both domestic and imported will be a permanent topic for Chinese steel industry. Imported iron ores will be mainly used in coastal steelworks for the convenience of transportation. For domestic iron ores, the improvement of mining and ore dressing processes must be emphasized in order to upgrade the quality of concentrates and the efficiency of recovery. Exploration of iron ore deposit must be taken as top priority for the sustainable development of steel industry. In addition to the effective utilization of iron ore resources, the recovery of iron-bearing waste from steelworks must be emphasized, such as: scrap recovery, recovery and reuse of dust and slurry of steelworks, and so on.
Table 15 Evolution of number of blast furnaces in focusing steelworks (2001, 2005 to 2006) Range of inner volumes
Year >4000
m34000-3000
m3
3000-2000
m3
2000-1000
m3
Total>1000
m3
Total number of
BFs in focusing
steelworks
Annual
production, Mt of
focusing
steelworks
Average
production
Mt/per BF
2001 3 1 17 29 50 196* 136.31 0.695 2005 4 5 33 48 90 437 255.75 0.585 2006 5 7 39 60 111 475 302.71 0.637 Note: *BFs<200 m3 excluded.
4.2.3 Economy of energy consumption
The Chinese steel industry has been taking a share of 13%-14% in the energy consumption of China, and the energy consumption of ironmaking area is usually about 70% of the total energy consumption of steelworks. In 2008, the average fuel rate of blast furnace in focusing steelworks was 532 kg/t, in which, coke rate 396 kg/t, coal injection rate 136 kg/t. The fuel rate was higher as compared with that of Europe and Japan. In addition, the differences among the focusing steelworks were big. On the other hand, the iron output of focusing steelworks was less than three fourth of the total iron output in 2008. Unfortunately, believable parameters of blast furnaces in the rest steelworks are not available so far. According to the author’s estimation, the actual coke rate of Chinese blast furnace ironmaking might be 60-80 kg/t higher than the figure of focusing steelworks in 2008. Therefore, the room for economy of energy consumption of Chinese blast furnace ironmaking will be abundant, and the abolishment of backward blast furnaces is an urgent task for the sustainable development of Chinese steel industry.
4.2.4 Implementation of clean production
The rapid growth of Chinese steel industry has laid heavy impact on environment, especially in the regions where vast small steelworks have been existing. There are remarkable progresses in pollution protection at large-scale urban steelworks; quite a few urban steelworks have matched the requirements for clean production. Progress has been made in emission control as listed in Table 16.
Table 16 The emission of focusing steelworks in China from 2000 to 2007 (per ton steel)
Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Consumption of fresh water, m3/t 25.2418.8115.5813.7311.628.60 6.71 5.61 Drainage of waste water, m3/t 16.8312.8610.977.7 7.47 4.89 3.42 2.67 Emission of waste gas, Nm3/t 186781507414973163861609816470 12558 11729 Emission of SO2,
kg/t 6.09 4.6 4.0 3.21 3.2 2.77 1.82 1.55
Chinese government has emphasized the pollution control and restrictions of waste emissions for steelworks in China. The implementation of clean production will be lasting a long period of time.
4.2.5 Improvement of performance
From 2000 to 2008, the annual iron and steel production in China increased to roughly 4 times of the annual output of 2000. The main driving force of the rapid growth has been the tremendous demand for steel products in domestic market and the rapid growth of demand has been the mainstay of emergence of hundreds of steelworks and mini-mills in countryside. Huge human resource in China could meet the demand for workforce of steel industry, but the shortage of professionals has been a serious problem so far. As the performance of ironmaking area is concerned, the situation is “the coexistence of different levels” or “there are bad as well as good ones mixed together”. The uneven situation has resulted in big differences in performance parameters among steelworks. The
improvement of performance of Chinese blast furnace ironmaking will be everlasting.
4.3 Prospect of China’s ironmaking industry
In the 2nd CSM-VDEH seminar 2007, the author put forward the estimation for Chinese steel industry as follows (Table 17).
Since 2007, China has become an exporting country for steel products (see Table 18), and annual tonnage of steel products in 2008 may take the place of tonnage of 2010 as the highest production in China’s steel industry.
Table 17 Estimated demand for steel products in Chinese domestic market from 2010 to 2020
Year 2010
2015
2020 Range, Mt 415-355 403-337 363-300
Table 18 The actual apparent consumption of steel products in Chinese domestic market (corrected)
Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Apparent consumption of steel
products in domestic market,
Mt
12722 158881914324241280303330936776 4115943227
Output of domestic steel
products, Mt
11747 146411723921220265233277939226 4573649945
The bottlenecks for the development of China’s steel industry have been the insufficiency of natural resources and heavy impact on environment. Therefore, China’s steel industry must be domestic market oriented. After entering the 2nd decade of 21st century, the scrap supply will gradually come to be abundant, the demand for hot metal will decrease, and the tonnage of ironmaking will decline. On the other hand, about more than 100 Mt of the existing ironmaking capacity belong to backward facilities, in which, some are obsolete, some are out-of-date, and some are heavily pollutive. From late of first decade of 21st century, there will arrive the most advantageous opportunity for abolishment of backward facilities.To meet the challenges to Chinese ironmaking industry, following countermeasures are indispensable:
(1) Abolishment of the backward iron-making facilities;
(2) Implementation of “The Guideline on Steel Industry Development Policy”;
(3) Restructuring of China’s blast furnace iron- making;
(4) Rationalization of the supply chain of both imported and domestic iron ores and the optimization of the structure of blast furnace burden materials;
(5) Improvement of performance of blast furnace area of steelworks, including raw material handling, sintering, pelletizing, cokemaking and blast furnace operation;
(6) Enhancement of technological progresses and dissemination of up-to-date technologies of iron- making, taking priority over economy of energy consumption and environmental protection.
The healthy development of China’s ironmaking industry depends on how we could deal with the challenges in the first two decades of 21st century.
5 Concluding Remarks
(1) The just elapsed 20th century was a century of tremendous growth for steel industry. Experience learned from 20th century is that: economic growth has been the pulling force for the growth of steel industry, technological progress has been the driving force for the development of steel industry and the restrictions for steel industry are insufficiency of energy and natural resources as well as the limitation of global
environment.
(2) Steel industry can never be a sunset industry. In the 21st century it has to continue growing. Steel will still be the most important material for human society. In the 21st century, a target of annual steel production of two billion tons is expectable for the requirement of industrialization of all world population.
(3) In the 21st century, blast furnace ironmaking will remain the main stream of ironmaking, but the iron to steel ratio will be gradually declining after entering the 2nd decade of 21st century. The economy of natural resources and protection of global environment through reduction of emission as well as innovative processes and/or modification of blast furnace process will be the tendency of technological progress of ironmaking in the 21st century.
(4) Chinese ironmaking industry has climbed to the summit of iron production in China. Challenges to Chinese ironmaking have been: insufficiency of natural resources, the unreasonable structure of blast furnace ironmaking, over-consumption of energy, and heavy impact on global environment. Chinese steel industry must be domestic demand oriented. The healthy development of Chinese ironmaking industry depends on how we could deal with these challenges.
(5) The globalization of world economy is going to make the steelworks worldwide into a community of iron and steel. We have to try our best to enhance technological innovation and striving for the target of sustainable ironmaking.
References:
[1] ZHANG Shou-rong, YIN Han. Technological Progress of
China’s Ironmaking after Its Annual Tonnage Surpassed
100 Mt in 1995[M]. 3rd ICSTI Proceedings pp.44-49 Düsseldorf June, 2003.
[2] ZHANG Shou-rong, YIN Han. Challenges to China’s
Ironmaking Industry in the First Two Decades of 21st Century Proceedings. the 4th International Congress on
the Science and Technology of Ironmaking[M]. pp.18-28 Osaka November, 2006.
[3] ZHANG Shou-rong, YIN Han. The Current Situation and
Existing Problems of Blast Furnace Ironmaking in China[M]. 2nd CSM-VDEh-Seminar on Metallurgical Fundamentals, Dusseldorf June, 2007.
[4] ZHANG Shou-rong. Development Trends of the Iron and
Steel Industry in the First Part of the 21st Century and the
Challenges Facing China[J]. Macroeconomics, 2008, 1:
3-10 (in Chinese).
日语省略音、音便解释
日语省略音、音便解释 ◆在口语中，接在「て」之后所出现的「い」音常会被省略掉。如：原文口语表现 ～ていないで→ ～てないで ～ている→ ～てる ～ていられない→ ～てられない ～ていく→ ～てく 聞いていれば→ 聞いてれば もっていったら→ もってったら ◆在口语中所出现的「ん」音。 1. ら行常会音便成「ん」音。如： 原文口语表现 信じられない→ 信じらんない てる→ てん ふぎけるな→ ふぎけんな なってるの→ なってんの 分からなくて→分かんなくて *「の」之前所接若为「る」时，此时的「る」通常会发「ん」音。 2. 「の」的口语形式也常会发「ん」音。如： 原文口语表现 ～のだ→ ～んだ ～ので→ ～んで もの→ もん ◆口语简略形ちゃ/じゃ 原文口语表现 ～てはいけない→ ちゃいけない ～ではいけない→ じゃいけない ～ではない→ じゃない ◆口语简略形ちゃ/きゃ 原文口语表现 ～なくてはいけない→ なくちゃいけない ～なければならない→ なきゃならない ◆口语简略形りゃ 原文口语表现 これは→ こりゃ それは→ そりゃ あれは→ ありゃ すれば→ すりゃ
聞いていれば→ 聞いてりゃ ◆形容词～くって—其后省略了「たまらない/非常」。为口语强调形。如：忙しくてたまらない→ 忙しくって/忙死了。 美味しくてたまらない→ おいしくって/太好吃了。 ◆って：[副助词] 1. 提示话题。有「というのは」、「というものは」的意思。例： *見習いというのは大変だね。 →見習いって大変だね。 /当学徒很辛苦吧！ 2. 表达听来的传言或他人的想法。 *あの人、首になったという話よ。 →あの人、首になったんだってよ。 /听说他被炒鱿鱼了！ *川瀬さんが日本に行くと聞いたよ。 →川瀬さんが日本に行くんだってよ。 /听说川濑先生要去日本喔！ *美味しくないと思ってるんだよ。 →美味しくないって思ってるんだよ。 /他觉得不好吃！ 3. 表示指定的内容，有「～という」、「～といって」、「～ということ」的意思。 *トムさんという人はどこの国の人？ →トムさんって人はどこの国の人？ /Tom是哪一国人啊？ *ちょっと行ってくるといって出掛けたよ。 →ちょっと言ってくるって出掛けたよ。 /他说我出去一下就出门了。 *友達と約束してたということ、忘れてた。 →友達と約束だったって忘れてた。 /我忘了和朋友有约。 4. 重复对方问话。 *誰かって言われても知らないよ。 /你问我他是谁，我不知道啊。 *花子ちゃんの前で花子ちゃんのこと好きかって聞かれても答えられるわけないだろう。 /在花子面前问你喜欢她吗，你不好回答吧！ 5. 「って」放在句尾，可当终助词，无意义，用来加强语气。 *あの人を見た覚えはないって。 /我不记得见过那个人。 ◆とく 「とく」是「ておく/预先……、保持某种状态」的口语简略形。
英语语法中的省略现象
外教一对一https://www.wendangku.net/doc/dc6909016.html, 英语语法中的省略现象 并列复合句中的省略 在并列句中后边的分句可以省略与前边分句中相同的成分。如： a) The boy picked up a coin in the road and (the boy ) handed it to a policeman. 这个男孩在马路上拾起一枚硬币并把他交给了警察。 b) Your advice made me happy but(your advice made) Tom angry .你的建议使我高兴但使汤姆生气。 c) Tom must have been playing basketball and Mary (must have been)doing her homework. 汤姆肯定一直在打篮球，玛丽一直在写作业。 d) Gao Xiumin was born in 1959 and Fu Biao (was born) in 1963.高秀敏出生于 1959 年，傅彪出生于 1963 年。 其他一些省略结构 1.名词所有格修饰的名词，若表示住宅、店铺、教堂或上下文已暗示或明确指出过的事物时，常常可以省略。如： We spent the weekend at the Mary's. 我们在玛丽家过的周末。 2.What 和 how 引导的感叹句中，常可省略主语 it 和 be 动词如： a) What a wonderful victory (it is ) for Tom ! 这对 Tom 来说是个多么大的胜利呀! b) How beautiful (it is ) to be treated like a normal child. 被当作一个正常孩子对待对他而言是多么美妙的一件事呀。
谈英汉翻译技巧中的增补与省略
谈英汉翻译技巧中的增补与省略 【摘要】增补法是英汉翻译中常用的方法之一。所谓增补，就是为了使译文准确和符合汉语习惯，译者应该添加必要的词句。所谓省略法，就是将不必译的冠词、物主代词、连系动词等省略不译。 【关键词】翻译技巧增补法省略法 英汉翻译是英语学习中最基本的技能之一，在今天的飞速发展的世界中越来越显示出它的重要性。一篇好的译文应该是既忠实于原文，又符合汉语的用法习惯，并且在内容与形式上与原文达到辩证的统一。忠实于原文是翻译中最重要的一点。但由于英汉两种语言的巨大差异，“忠实”的涵义并不是逐字逐句地照搬原文，而是“忠实地表达”原作者的思想，准确地理解和恰当地表现原文。因此，译者必须在理解原文的基础上，运用恰当的翻译技巧，将原文译出。 英汉翻译技巧一般来说有8种，即“分清主从”，“选词用字”，“增补法”，“省略法”，“词性转换”，“词序调整”，“正说反译和反说正译”以及“长句拆译”。本文侧重谈谈英汉翻译技巧中的增补与省略这两种方法。 1.增补法 增补法是英汉翻译中常用的方法之一。增补不是给原文增加某些内容，而只是翻译中的一个必要的规则。它实际上主张，为了使译文准确和符合汉语习惯，译者应该添加必要的词句。增补法在下面几种情况下经常使用： A.当某些词在英语的句子中被省略时 例如：We can get rid of a bad style and keep the good. 虽然，在good 一词后省略了style. 这句可译成：我们能够去掉不良作风，保持优良作风。 He majors in English and l in French. 在I 后面省略了动词major. 这句应译成：他主修英语，我主修法语。 在这类句子中，原文省略的部分应在译文中写出来。 B. 当英文中用代词来避免重复时
高考英语语法专项突破训练专题16-倒装句和省略句
专题十六倒装句和省略句重难点分析 一、倒装句 倒装句主要考查以下几个方面： ◆含有否定意味的词置于句首，用部分倒装； ◆“only+状语/状语从句”置于句首，用部分倒装； ◆so/such…that句型中，“so+形容词/副词”提前，用部分倒装； ◆表示方位的副词或介词短语放在句首，要用完全倒装。 1. 倒装句用法一览表：
2. 特别提示 (1) there be结构的倒装句型中，除了be动词之外，there后还可接lie, live, seem to be等。如：There lived an old man in the village long long ago. 很久很久以前，村子里住着一位老人。 (2) here, there, now, then, up, down, away, out等副词位于句首，主语为代词时不到装。如：Away it flew. 它飞走了。 (3) 直接引语的一部分或全部位于句首，主句倒装，主句倒装，但是主语为代词时不倒装。如：“You have to finish it tonight,” she said. “今晚你必须完成它，”她说。 (4) so位于句首不倒装的情况：
① 主语与前句相同，表赞同，译为“确实如此”。如： — Mike studies hard. 迈克学习很刻苦。 — So he does. 确实是。 ② 表示前句内容也适用于另外的人或事，前句如果列举了两种事实以上，用“so it is/was with sb./sth.”回答。如： — Tom is kind and often helps those in trouble. 汤姆很友好，经常帮助处于困境中的人。 — So it is with his father. 他父亲也是。 (5) 使用as/though进行倒装时注意： ①句首有名词，名词不能带任何冠词。如：Child as he is, he can tell right from wrong. 尽管他是个孩子，却能够明辨是非。 ②句首是实义动词时，其他助动词则放在主语之后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，则宾语和状语随实义动词一起放在主语之前。如： Try hard as he will, he never seems to be able to do the work satisfactorily. 虽然他尽力了，但他的工作总做得不尽如人意。 (6) not until位于句首的倒装结构中，如果是复合句，只有主句用倒装，从句不用。如： Not until he loses his health will he give up smoking. 他直到失去健康才会戒烟。 二、省略句 高考命题导向：省略是一种避免重复，保持简洁的语法手段。缺少一个或一个以上的必要语言成分，但在一定语境中能够独立存在，意义明确，并且能发挥交际功能的句子叫作省略句。高考主要是考查省略在固定结构中的运用。 省略句用法一览表：
高考英语语法-省略
高考英语语法——省略 无论在口语中还是在书面语中,有时为了讲话简洁或行文方便,常常在不影响文意的情况下将句子中的某些成分略去,这种现象称为省略。纵观历年高考试题,"省略"在单项填空中频频出现。 简单句中的省略 1、省略主语祈使句中主语通常省略；其它省略主语多限于少数现成的说法。 (1) (I) Thank you for your help. (2) (I) See you tomorrow. (3) (It) Doesn’t matter. (4) (I) Beg your pardon. 2、省略主谓或主谓语的一部分 (1) (There is) No smoking . (2) (Is there) Anything wrong ? (3) (Will you) Have a smoke ? (4) What/How (do you think) about a cup of tea ? (5) Why (do you) not say hello to him ? 3、省略作宾语的不定式短语，只保留to，但如果该宾语是动词be或完成时态，则须在之后加上be或have: (1) –Are you going there? --Yes, I’d like to (go there). (2) He didn’t give me the chance, though he had promised to (give me the chance). (3) –Are you an engineer? --No, but I want to be. (4) –He hasn’t finished the task yet. --Well, he ought to have. 4、省略表语 (1) –Are you thirsty? --Yes, I am (thirsty). (2) His brother isn’t lazy, nor is his sister (lazy). 5、同时省略几个成分 (1) Let’s meet at the same place as (we met) yesterday. (2) –-Have you finished your work ? ---(I have) Not (finished my work) yet. 1、主句中有一些成分被省略 (1) ( I’m ) Sorry to hear you are ill. (2) ( It’s a ) Pity that he missed such a good chance. 2、主句中有一些成分被省略 (1) –Is he coming back tonight? --I think so. (2) –She must be busy now? --If so, she can’t go with us. (3) –Is she feeling better today? --I’m afraid not. (4) –Do you think he will attend the meeting? --I guess not. 这种用法常见的有：How so? Why so? Is that so? I hope so. He said so.及I suppose/believe/hope not. 两个并列句中，后一个分句常省略与前一分句中相同的部分。 (1) My father is a doctor and my mother (is) a nurse. (2) I study at college and my sister (studies) at high school. (3) When summer comes, the day is getting longer and longer, and the night (is getting) shorter and shorter. 1、连词的that省略 (1) 宾语从句中常省略连词that，但也有不能省略的情况。
日语中の的类型和用法的用法学习资料
一、「の」的类型和用法 领格助词 接续方法：体言+の+体言 前面的[体言和の]一起形成定语，作后面体言的连体形修饰语。 例如：「私は日本语の教师です。」 这里「日本语」是体言，与领格助词「の」一起构成定语，来修饰「教师」。 全句译成：“我是日语（的）教师。” 主格助词--作定语句的主语 接续方法：体言+の+谓语+体言 前面的[体言+の+谓语]形成句子，构成后面体言的定语。这里要注意：句子要以连体形出 例如：「ここは私の勉强している大学です。」 这里「私の勉强している」是定语句，是用来修饰「大学」的。定语句中「私」是「勉强している」的主语。这时主语后面可加「の」和「が」，而不能加「は」。 「ここは私が勉强している大学です。」（正确） 「ここは私は勉强している大学です。」（错误） 「勉强している」是连体形，不过和基本形是一样的。 全句译成：“这里是我学习的大学。” 又如：「器の奇丽な料理は食欲が出る。」 这里「器の奇丽な」是描写句「器が奇丽だ」作定语句时的变化，作「料理」的定语。这
里「器」是句子的主语，「奇丽だ」是谓语。当它作定语时，主语用「の」或「が」表示，「奇丽だ」变成连体形「奇丽な」。 整个句子译成“器皿好看的菜能引起食欲。” 同位语 接续方法：体言+の+体言 从接续方法上看和领格助词一样,但作同位语时，在「の」前后的体言必须表达同一事物。例如：「留学生の山田さんは今上海にいます。」 这里的「留学生」和「山田さん」是一个人，之间的「の」就是表示前后是个同位关系。全句译成：“留学生山田先生现在在上海。” （1）在日语句中，主语、宾语、补语等都要求是体言，如果不是体言的用言或句子作这些 例如：「私が勉强しているのはこの学校です。」 这里的「の」代表了「私が勉强している」的地方，在句子中是主语。 全句译成：“我学习的地方是这个学校。” 又如：「借りた本は全部返さないといけないと言うので、私は借りたのを全部返しました。」 这里的「の」代表了我借的书，在句子中是宾语。 全句译成：“说是必须全部还清借的书，所以我把我借的（书）全部还掉了。”
英语中省略现象
高中英语语法之省略 英语中省略现象较为普遍，对省略的考查已成为高考中的热点。句子成分的省略，可分为以下几种情况： 为了使话说得简明扼要，英语句子中某个单词、短语甚至从句或主句都可以省去。Ⅰ、状语从句中的省略用法 一、如果从句的主语和主句的主语一致，且从句的谓语含有be动词的某种形式 （am/is/are/was/were），可同时省略从句的主语和be动词的某种形式。 1、when，while引导的时间状语从句 e.g. Do be careful when (you are) crossing the street. When/While (I was) on my way to work, I met her. 2、if，unless，once引导的条件状语从句 e.g. If (it is) properly treated, waste will do no harm to the environment. I’ll not go to the party unless (I am) invited. Once (you are) caught stealing in a supermarket, you will be punished. 3、though，although，whether，no matter whether/what/how/who等引导的 让步状语从句 e.g. He was happy, though/although (he was) poor. Whether (she is) sick or well, she is always cheerful. No matter how/However hard the task (is), we must fulfill it in time. （注：从句的主语和主句的主语不一致时，只省略从句中的be动词形式） 4、as if，as though引导的方式状语从句 e.g. He rubbed his eyes and yawned as if/though (he was) waking up after a long sleep. He stood up as if/though (he wanted) to leave.（as if/though + to do表示一个将来的动作） 二、than，as引导的比较状语从句中的省略用法：当不同的主语进行比较时， 一般省略从句中的谓语；当从句中的主语与谓语（be动词除外）和主句中的主语与谓语相同时，通常省略从句中的主语和谓语，只保留比较部分。 e.g. He is taller than his brother (is).
英语语法省略句
英语语法省略句 省略句 1)不定式在love, mean, want, like, wish, expect, try, intend, plan, refuse, prefer, seem等动词后面 2)在happy，glad，eager，ready，willing等形容词后面。 1.---will you join us? --- I should love to(join you). 2.I asked him to see the film, but he didn’t want to(s ee the film). 3.--- Would you like to go with us? --- Yes, I’m glad to(go with you) 4.He doesn’t get up early as he used to. (get up) 注意: 如果不定式中含有be, have(助动词), have been, 通常保留be, have(助动词), have been. 1.--- Are you a sailor? --- No, but I used to be. 2.---He hasn’t finished yet. ---well, he ought to have. 1. —I'll be away on a business trip. Would you mind looking after my cat? —Not at all, ________ . (NMET 1995) A. I have no time B. I'd rather not C. I‘d like it D. I'd be happy to 2. —Does your brother intend to study German? —Yes, he intends ________ . (NMET 1998上海卷)
公示语翻译中的“情景省略”
公示语翻译中的“情景省略” 摘要：每个公示语都是一个完整的语篇，意义很大程度上依靠特定情景语境来传达。公示语的翻译应该追求情景语境的对等，而非形式的对等，而情景语境的对等主要是通过不同形式的“情景省略”来实现的。 关键词：公示语；翻译；情景语境 一、前言 公示语是在公共场合给特定人群观看，以达到某种特定交际目的的特殊应用文体。社会公示语的范围很广，包括公共场所的宣传标语、指示牌、告示语和旅游景点的介绍等，在对外宣传中发挥着不容忽视的作用。和普通文本相比，公示语有一个明显的特点是每个公示语虽然简短，但都是一个完整的语篇，而语篇的实现意义很大程度上依赖于情景语境，信息主要依靠特定情境或场合来传达，语篇功能也主要依靠情景语境来实现，不一定要体现在字面上。这种基于情景语境的省略简称为“情景省略”，在公示语翻译中非常普遍，也是公示语翻译的一大特色，但却没有专文探讨。而语篇语言学中的情景语境理论，对解释公示语翻译中的“情景省略”有参考价值。 二、情景语境理论 “情景语境”最早是马林诺夫斯基（malinowski）提出来的。马林诺夫斯基的语境包括文化语境和情景语境两大类。马氏所说的
“文化语境”是指说话者生活的社会文化环境；而“情景语境”是指说话时实际发生的事情，即语言发生的具体情境。弗斯（firth）对语境因素进行了总结，将“语境”分成由语言内因素构成的语境和由语言外因素（即参加者、事物、事件、言语效果）构成的语境。这种理论主张直接影响了韩礼德（halliday），成为系统功能语法的理论基石。韩礼德将情景因素归纳为三种：语场、语旨和语式，也即语域的三个变项，这三个变项决定了具体的语言形式。语场包括了谈话的话题和场地等情境因素；语旨指参与讲话者之间的角色关系，包括他们的社会地位，以及说话者的态度和想要实施的意图；语式指的是语言活动的媒介或渠道，分为口头语和书面语。语域的这三个变量可以用来预测在特定情景语境中所使用的具体词汇和 语法类型，即什么样的情景语境因素决定什么样的语言形式。情景语境因素，即语域，不仅影响着语言的使用，也制约着翻译策略的选择和译文的质量。和普通文本相比，公示语也有三个层次的语境，但公示语有一个明显的特点，那就是对情景语境的依赖性，信息很大程度上依靠交际的参与者、时间、地点、话题、参与者的身份等特定情境因素来传达，不一定体现在字面上，因此公示语有清晰明确、通俗易懂的效果。翻译过程中译者应恰当再现原文赖以产生的语场、语式、语旨，使译文与原文在情景语境的层次上趋于一致。在这一过程中，经常需要根据情景语境进行适当省略，即“情景省略”。
2019小升初英语语法省略句知识点：空缺与增补.doc
2019 小升初英语语法省略句知识点：空缺与增补 小升初英语语法省略句知识点：空缺与增补 两个主语不同的句子，谓语有相同部分，也有不同部分，如果用 连词连接起来实行对比，则其相同部分在后面分句中能够省略，这样，后 面分句中就出现“空缺”现象。“空缺” 处通常被省略的是动词， 或动词及其宾语、补足语等。汉译时不妨采用“补齐”的方法。例如： A sound must be heard ，a colour seen ，a flavour tasted ， an odour inhaled.，颜色必须目视，滋味必须口尝，气味必须鼻吸。( 后三句省略 must be) Histories make men wise；mathematic logic and rhetoric able to contend. ；数学使人精细；逻辑和修辞 使人善辩。( 原文后两句省略make men) 注意 than 引出的比较从句中，套有 when引导的时间从句或 if 引导的条 件从句，而且该比较从句中的省略部分与整个句子的主要结构一致时则 比较从句的省略部分可省略不译。例如： My uncle is better than when I wrote to 我伯父的身体比我上 次给你去信时好些了(...than 后面省略了he was) 灵活使用 对英语中一些特殊省略结构译法需灵活，指的是按正常语法规则 分析，有的无法增补，有的要用不同的方式来增补，使之成为完全句。 所以，汉译英时，视上下文加以灵活处理。 1.“宾语 +主语 +谓语 and + 谓语”结构 其中 and 连接的，是用作不同成分的同一个词，这个词既是第一分 句的宾语，又是第二分句的主语。此结构的特点是，把宾语提到句
概述日语中常见的省略表达方式
概述日语中常见的省略表达方式 本文从委婉的省略表达、人称代词的省略、双方共知部分的省略三个方面分析了在日语中经常出现的一些 省略表达方式。 [摘要]日语的表达有个显著的特点，那就是省略表达比较多。在日常生活中省略表达处处可见。本文通过具体的例子分析了委婉的省略表达、人称代词的省略表达和谈话双方共知部分的省略表达，最后分析了日语 中存在众多的省略表达的原因。 [关键词]省略表达;委婉省略;人称代词省略;共知部分省略 省略是任何语言中都存在的一种语言现象，一般来说，讲话中往往省略大家共知的部分，以求简明扼要。 由于日语特有的语言氛围和日本人独有的“以心伝心”、“腹芸”的文化背景，日语中的省略现象尤为突出，古典文法学家松尾拾治郎把省略作为日语三大特征之一，著名国语学家金田一春彦也认为日语具有“中国語以上の省略表現”：日本語の簡略表現は、時に中国語を上回るということは注意しておきたい?日本人は中 国語こそ簡略表現の極致のように思っているが、時には日本語にかなわないようだ?极多的省略表达现象，更增加了日语的暧昧性。下面我们来看一些在日语中经常出现的一些省略表达。 一、委婉的省略表达 委婉的省略，有时处于礼貌，有时处于自身为难，故意将后半句省略，任对方去琢磨、去理解。这种省略 往往出现在诸如向对方提出不满，拒绝对方或请求对方帮助等不说不行但说了又怕给对方带来不快或伤害 的场合。如：请求帮助时说：ご面倒でなければ……お忙しいところですが……提出不满时说：ちょっと、ご相談いたしたいことがございますが……あのう、申し訳ありませんが、あの、ステレオですが、音が……拒绝对方时说：お手伝いできるといいんですが……明日はちょっと……用省略的方式将自己不好讲 或不愿讲的话巧妙地“移交”给对方，看似模糊，听者稍加留心便可明其所言，这种省略的方式常给人一种 如释重负的良好感觉。因此，不仅在以上场合，就连在接电话时也经常会说“はい、鈴木ですが……”这种 情况下省略的多是一个句子单位，这是建立在日语本身的结构和共通代码———文化的共同理解的基础上的。要完成这种意会的交流，就要利用特殊的语言标志来暗示，使某些不便言表的信息，在一定的文化背 景下，通过特殊的语言标志和文化上的共通的理解，传送到听话人的意识构造里去。 二、人称代词的省略 按照日语的习惯，尽可能不使用人称代词，以敬词、惯用结构、形态变化等使之隐含在句子中，即省略”。有些一看便明白了省略了何种人称代词，而有的比较含糊，须细心观察（这一点与汉语的差异更为突出）。看下面的例句：①兄に連れてもらったのがきっかけで、（わたしは）釣りが好きになった?②（彼は）秘密にしてくれと言われていたのに、（私は）つい人に話してしまった?③（私は）いってきます。（あなたは）いってらっしゃい。（注：括号中为日语表达中的省略部分）从以上例句不难看出，日语和汉语在
最新英汉翻译练习之省略法
Put the following sentences into Chinese, using the technique of omission. 1.If you give him an inch, he will take a mile. 2.These developing countries cover vast territories, encompass a large population and abound in natural resources. 3.Winter is the best time to study the growth of trees. Although the leaves are gone and the branches are bare, the trees themselves are beautiful. 4.It is not entirely right to say that if there is food, let everyone share it. 5. 6.Scientific exploration, the search for knowledge, has given man the practical result of being able to shield himself from the calamities of nature and the calamities imposed by others. 7. 8.There was no haste or restlessness in his manner but a poised friendliness. 9. 10.N ever trouble yourself with trouble till trouble troubles you. 11.T he true joy of joys is joy that joys in the joy of others. 12.F or generations, coal and oil have been regarded as the chief energy source to transport man from place to place.
中考文言文翻译实用方法经典讲解(带试题实例!)
一.增就是增补，在翻译时增补文言文省略句中的省略成分。 注意：补出省略的成分或语句，要加括号。 1、增补原文省略的主语、谓语或宾语 例1：“一鼓作气，再而衰，三而竭。”“再”“三”后省略了谓语“鼓”，翻译时要补上。 例2：“见渔人，乃大惊，问所从来。”译句：“（桃源中人）一见渔人，大为惊奇，问他是从哪里来的。” 例3：“君与具来。”“与”后省略了宾语“之”。 2、增补使语义明了的关联词 例：“不治将益深”是一个假设句，译句：“（如果）不治疗就会更加深入”。 二 .删就是删除，凡是古汉语中的发语词、在句子结构上起标志作用的助词和凑足音节的助词等虚词，因在现代汉语中是没有词能代替，故翻译时无须译出，可删去。 例1：“师道之不传也久矣。”译句：“从师学习的风尚已经很久不存在 了。”“也”为句中语气助词，起到舒缓语气的作用，没有实在意义。在翻译时，完全可以去掉。 例2：“孔子云：何陋之有？”译句：“孔子说：有什么简陋的呢？”“之”为宾语前置的标志，删去不译。 例3：“夫战，勇气也。”译句：“战斗，靠的是勇气”。“夫”为发语词，删去不译。 三.调就是调整，在翻译文言文倒装句时，应把古汉语倒装句式调整为现代汉语句式，使之符合现代汉语的表达习惯、译句通顺。这就需要调整语句语序， 大体有三种情况：
1、后置定语前移例：“群臣吏民，能面刺寡人之过者，受上赏。”可调成“能面刺寡人之过群臣吏民，受上赏。” 2、前置谓语后移例：“甚矣！汝之不惠。”可调成“汝之不惠甚矣。” 3、介宾短语前移。例：“还自扬州”可调成“自扬州还”。 4、前置宾语后移例：“何以战？”可调成“以何战？” 四.留就是保留，凡是古今意义相同的词、专有名词、国号、年号、人名、物名、人名、官职、地名等，在翻译时可保留不变。 例：“庆历四年春，滕子京谪守巴陵郡。”译句：“庆历四年的春天，滕子京被贬到巴陵郡做太守。”“庆历四年”为年号，“巴陵郡”是地名，可直接保留。 五.扩就是扩展。 1、言简义丰的句子，根据句义扩展其内容。 例：“怀敌附远，何招而不至？”译句：“使敌人降服，让远方的人归附，招抚谁，谁会不来呢？” 2、单音节词扩为同义的双音节词或多音节词。 例：“更若役，复若赋，则如何？”译句：“变更你的差役，恢复你的赋税，那么怎么样呢？”“役”“赋”扩展为双音节词。 六.缩就是凝缩，文言文中的有些句子，为了增强气势，故意实用繁笔，在翻译时应将其意思凝缩。 例：“有席卷天下，包举宇内，囊括四海之意，并吞八荒之心。”译句：“（秦）有吞并天下，统一四海的雄心。” 七.直即直译，就是指紧扣原文，按原文的词句进行对等翻译的今译方法。对于文言文的实词、大部分虚词、活用词和通假字，一般是要直接翻译的，否则， 在考查过程中是不能算作准取得翻译。 例：“清荣峻茂，良多趣味。”译句：“水清，树茂，山高，草盛，实在是趣味无穷。”
常用的日语中文发音
常用日语中文发音 中文意思: 早上好！おはようございます 汉语拼音发音：ou ha you 中文意思: 晚上好！こんばんは 汉语拼音发音：kong ba wa 中文意思: 晚安お休(やす)みなさい 汉语拼音发音：ou ya si ni na sai 中文意思: 你好吗？こんにちは 汉语拼音发音：kong ni ji wa 中文意思: 谢谢ありがとう 汉语拼音发音：a li ya duo ku dei yi ma si 中文意思: 对不起！すみません 汉语拼音发音：gu min na sa yi 中文意思: 真的！？so-u na-no 汉语拼音发音：hong dou ni なに？na ni 干吗？ がんばれgan ba tte 加油！ だまれda ma re 闭嘴 ストップsu go ppu 住手 どうぞ、ごゆっくりdo u zo ,go yu kku ri 请便 いぬi nu 狗腿 中文意思: 我回来了！ 汉语拼音发音：ta da yi ma
中文意思: 等一下！ 汉语拼音发音：ma dai 中文意思: 老头子！ 汉语拼音发音：ou ji sang 中文意思: 父亲 汉语拼音发音：(ou) dao sang 中文意思: 儿子 汉语拼音发音：mu si gao 中文意思: 我明白了！ 汉语拼音发音：wa ka da wa 中文意思: 没关系！？不要紧！？汉语拼音发音：dai zou bu 中文意思: 可爱、可爱的。 汉语拼音发音：ka wa yi 中文意思: 可怕 汉语拼音发音：ku wa yi 中文意思: 太好了！ 汉语拼音发音：you ka da 中文意思: 怎么？干什么！ 汉语拼音发音：na ni 中文意思: 多多关照！ 汉语拼音发音：you lou xi gu 中文意思: 但是！ 汉语拼音发音：dai mou 中文意思: 大家！ 汉语拼音发音：min na 中文意思: 住手，不要呀！ 汉语拼音发音：ya mei lu
日语 1级 常用外来语
日本語１級外来語整理ア行 1. アクセル：[アクセレレーター(accelerator)の略] (汽车的)加速机。 2.アプローチ：[approach] ①接近，靠近②探讨，研究③(滑雪)滑行引 道 3.アマチュア：[amateur] 素人。爱好家。アマ。业余爱好者 ●反义詞：プロフェッショナル：[professional] 专业 4.アラブ：[Arab] 阿拉伯 5.アルカリ：[alkali] 碱 6.アルコール：[alcohol] ①酒精， 乙醇②酒菜，酒 7.アワー：[hour] 时间 8.アルミ：[アルミニウム(aluminum)の略] 铝 9.アンケート：[フランス語enquête ＝inquiry] 民意测验，社会调查10.アンコール：[encore] 〔もう一度の意〕(要求)重演，再演奏(唱)一次，再来一次 イ行 1.イデオロギー：[ideology] 意识形态，思想体系 2.イヤホーン：[earphone] 耳机， 听筒 3.インターチェンジ：[interchange] 高速公路的出入口 4.インターナショナル：[international] 国际，国际歌 5.インターファンインターホン： [interphone] 内线电话机，内部对 讲电话机 6.インテリ（ゲンチャ）：[インテリゲンチ ア(intellectuals)の略] 知识分子，知 识阶层 7.インフォーメーション：[information] 通知，报道；传达室，咨询处 8.インフレ（―ション）：[inflation] 通 货膨胀 エ行 1.エアメール：[air mail] 航空邮件， 航空信 2.エレガント：[elegant] 雅致的， 优雅的，高尚的 3.エンジニア：[engineer] 工程师， 技师 オ行 1.オートマチック：[automatic] 自动 装置；自动式的 2.オーバ：[over] 超载，超过；夸 大，夸张 3.オープン：[open] 开放，公开； 豁达的 4.オリエンテーション：[orientation] 定向，定位；新人教育 5.オンライン：[on line] 上网，在线； 压线球 6.オレンジ：[orange] 桔子；橙黄 色 7.オルガン：[organ] 风琴 カ行 1.カーペット：[carpet] 地毯 2.カーブ：[curve] ①弯曲，曲线， 转弯处；②曲线球 3.ガイド：[guide] 向导，导游手册 4.ガイドブック：[guidebook] 导游手 册／指南 5.カット：[cut] ①去掉，切；②削 球，切球
高中英语语法中的省略现象
在英语语言中，为了使语言简洁明了，重点突出或上下文紧密相连，可以省去某些句子成分而保持句子愿意不变，这种语言现象称之为省略。现就英语中的种种省略现象分析如下： 一、并列复合句中的省略 在并列句中后边的分句可以省略与前边分句中相同的成分。如： a) The boy picked up a coin in the road and (the boy ) handed it to a policeman. 这个男孩在马路上拾起一枚硬币并把他交给了警察。 b) Your advice made me happy but(your advice made) Tom angry .你的建议使我高兴但使汤姆生气。 c) Tom must have been playing basketball and Mary (must have been)doing her homework. 汤姆肯定一直在打篮球，玛丽一直在写作业。 d) Gao Xiumin was born in 1959 and Fu Biao (was born) in 1963.高秀敏出生于1959 年，傅彪出生于1963 年。 二、主从复合句中的省略 1．状语从句中的省略 一般说来省略现象多出现在下列五种状语从句中：由 when ,while ,as ,before, after , till, until, once 等引导的时间状语从句；由whether ,if , unless 等引导的条件状语从句；由though , although ,even if ,whatever 等引导的让步状语从句；由as ,than 等引导的比较状语从句；由as, as if , as though 等引导的方式状语从句。
省略法在专业英语翻译中的运用
省略法在专业英语翻译中的运用 耿悦 （沈阳音乐学院辽宁沈阳110818） 摘要：省略法是英汉翻译过程中一种常用方法。译者在抓住原文基本精神 的前提下，运用省略法，可以将译文的语言表达得更为精练、准确、流畅。省 略法有自己的规律，它是一种有章可循的、实用的翻译方法。本文作者结合自 己从事的音乐专业英语翻译教学工作，阐述了省略法的实用性。 语言服从思想，形式服从内容，这是翻译中必须遵守的原则。不同的语言在词语的使用数量上存在很大的差异。为了兼顾汉语行文流畅简洁，避免嗦累赘，我们在英汉翻译中，有时可以对少数词语减省不译，因为译文中虽无其词而已有其意，或者在译文中是不言而喻的，这就是省略翻译法。但省略绝不是把原文的某些思想内容删去，也不是随心所欲地断章取义。 一、实词的省略 实词是指名词、动词、代词、形容词、副词和数词等，在任何语言中都起很重要的作用，不可或缺。一般来说，在翻译中不可省去。但有时为使译文语言简洁、严谨，在翻译成汉语时，可以省去重复的词汇及起语法作用的词，以避免语义的含混。 (一)省略名词 例1 Fugue is a type of contrapuntal compositions for particular number of parts or voices. 译文：赋格是一种用对位法写作的作品体裁，有特定数量的声部。 句中的part和voice都是“声部”的意思，为了简洁及汉语表达的通顺，不必重复翻译。 例2 Various methods called “ornament” and “grace-note” were created by composers in order to give the effect of a sustained note. 译文：为了产生持续音的效果，作曲家们创造了各种装饰音。名词ornament和grace-note同义，一个事物，两个名称，翻译成 汉语时，为了避免累赘，略去重复翻译。
教案[英语语法]省略句
省略句 定义：为了使语言简洁或避免重复，要省略句中的一个或几个成分，这种语法现象称之为省略。 1，状语从句的省略 在when, while, whenever, till, as soon as, if, unless, as if, though 等引导的状语从句中，其实是：包括时间，让步，方式等一些状语从句中，若从句主语和主句主语相同，或者是it时，且从句的主语为be动词时，则从句中的主语和be 动词常全部被省略。 If _______________(heat), water will boil . When ___________(walk) the dog , you were careless and it got loose . 常用的一些短语： 1, if possible , when/ if necessary, as … as possible, as please (随便) I will do what I can _____________(help) you when necessary. If necessary , I will write him a letter . 2, if so (如果是这样)，if ever (如果曾经发生过)，if any(如果有些)，if not (如果不)，even so （即便如此） I will go to the party. If not, I will let you know. I do not like reading popular novels. If any, I can read it. It is likely to rain tomorrow. If so, I will stay at home surfing the Internet. 3, 在as, than, however，whatever, no matter what 等引导的从句中，常省略某些成分。 After two hours she became quieter (than she had been). ) 2，虚拟语气中的省略： 1），常省略if，而将had，were, should 提前，构成部分倒装。 __________ he _________(take) my advice, he would have succeeded. 2),在suggest动词串中，应用虚拟语气虚拟语气（should +动词原形），should 可省略。 It suggested that we (should ) go to see a film. 3，在定语从句和名词性从句中的省略。 1），在限定性定语从句中，常将在从句中做宾语或状语的关系词who, whom, that省略。 The girl _________________ the teacher spoke to is my sister. I don't like the way ________________she speaks to her mother . 2), 在know, think, consider等动词后所接的宾语从句中，连词that可以省略，若连接的是两个宾语从句，只有第一个 that可以省略，其余的不可以省略。 He said (that) the text was very important and that we should learn it by heart. 5, 动词不定式的省略。 1），使役动词let, make, have, 及感官动词see, watch, hear,等后面作宾语补足语的不定式要省去to,但是被动语态要加上to I saw the boy fall from the tree. =>The boy was seen to fall from the tree. The boy wanted to play football in the street, but his mother told him______.A not B not to C not to do D not to do it 2), 有时候为了避免重复，与前文所表达的内容相同的不定式to后面的内容要省略，而只是保持不定式的符号to。Could you go shopping with me？I am glad to. 3), 不定式作某些动词的宾语时，可省略不定式内容，只保留不定式to, 这类动词包括有like, love, hope, wish, expect, refuse, mean, try, agree等 You can do it if you mean to. 注意：省略的不定式的内容若有作助动词用的have 或be的任何形式时，to 后面的have 或be 要保留。 He did not come, but he ought ________