翻 译 部 分
翻译部分
一．题型分析
汉译英试题部分以插入填空式的形式出现，提供部分英语信息和需要翻译成英语的汉语信息，翻译共有五句话，要求在五分钟内完成，分值占卷面的5%。
二．考纲要求
汉英翻译的过程是准确地理解中文和创造性的用目标语再现原文内涵的过程。译文要求准确、规范。
三．常考考点及注意
（一）虚拟语气
考生应该注意以下几种虚拟语气的形式：
1．由“ if ”引导的虚拟句子
（1）与现在的事实相反：(If ... + were/did...,...+ would do...)
If I were you, I would marry him. 如果我是你，就会嫁给他。
（2）与过去的事实相反：(If ... + had done..., ... +would have done...)
If you had worked hard, you would have passed the exam. 如果你用功学习，就会通
过考试了。
（3）与将来的事实可能相反：(If ...+ should do...,...+ would do...)
If it should rain tomorrow, what would you do? 如果明天下雨，你怎么办?
2．用在表示要求、建议、命令等的名词从句中
从句谓语形式为：“...(should ) + do sth.”（在美语中should常省去）。类似用法的动
词有：insist（坚持），suggest（建议），order（命令），propose（建议），demand
（要求），command （命令），advise（建议），desire（要求、请求），request（请
求），require（需要、要求），ask（要求），prefer（宁愿），recommend（推荐），arrange
（安排），advocate（拥护、提倡），maintain（坚决主张）等后面的宾语从句中。
3．用在“It + be + important (necessary, natural, essential, strange, absurd, amazing, annoying, desirable, surprising, vital, advisable, anxious, compulsory, crucial, imperative, eager, fitting, possible, impossible, improper, obligatory, probable, preferable, strange, urgent等，以及insisted, suggested, ordered, requested, arranged, recommended等) + that ...”结构中的that 引导的主语从句中。
4．用在It is time that ... 结构中，表示“该干某事了”，含建议的意思，用动词过去
式。It is time (that) we went to bed. 咱们该睡觉了。
注意: time 前可加about（表示“大约”）或high（表示“强调”）等。
5．wish后宾语从句中的虚拟语气
从句用一般过去时或过去进行时表示一种与现在事实相反的愿望：用过去完成时或
过去完成进行时表示与过去事实相反的愿望：若用would则表示请求或对现状不满
希望将来有所改变等。If only的用法和I wish等基本相同，只是更富有感情色彩。
6．as if／as though方式状语从句中的虚拟语气
从句用一般过去时表示和现在事实相反或对现在的情况有所怀疑；用过去完成时表
示过去想象中的动作或情况。但是，若在seem／look／sound／smell等动词之后，
谓语动词用来表示事实上可能存在的事实时，也可以用陈述语气。
7．would rather 后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气
would rather／would sooner和would just as soon等表示“宁愿”。其后的that引导
的宾语从句用一般过去时表示对现在或将来的一种愿望。然而，若谈论的是过去的
行为或情况，宾语从句则用过去完成形式。
8．1est方式状语从句中的虚拟语气
从句用should+原形或直接用原形，不受主句动词时态的任何影响。
（二）倒装
1．当“only+状语”位于句首表示强调时用倒装，如不在句首或虽在句首但不修辞状语时用正常语序。
Only when you have obtained sufficient data can you come to a sound conclusion.
只有当你获得足够的数据时，你才能得出正确的结论。
Only in this way can we catch up with the world’s advanced levels in science and technology.
只有这样我们才能赶上世界的先进科学技术水平。
其他如：only then, only once, only in America\China, only after the accident等。
真题
【CET-6：2007.6】Only in the small town_________.(他才感到安全和放松)
参考答案：does she feel secure and relaxed
2．never等具有否定意义的词或词组居于句首时用倒装。
这类词或词组常用的有：never，seldom，rarely，little，hardly，scarcely，not until，by no means，under no circumstances，under no condition，in no way(决不) ，in no case(决不)，neither (nor)，no sooner (than)，hardly (when)，barely(仅仅，几乎不)，on no account，in no circumstances(决不)，not a bit，nowhere，not only，but also等。
Not only was Churchill a statesman, but also a poet.
丘吉尔不仅是一位政治家，还是一位诗人。
Never in all my life have I heard such nonsense.
我从未听到过这种胡说！
【CET-6：2007.12】The witness was told that under no circumstances_____________. (他都不应该对法庭说谎)
参考答案：should he lie to the court.
【CET-6：2007.1】______________(直到截止日他才寄出) his application form.
参考答案Not until the deadline did he send (out)
3．the more, the more结构中的倒装。
【CET-4：2006.6】90. The more you explain, _________________(我愈糊涂).
参考答案：the more confused I am
（三）强调
1．It is/was +被强调部分+that/who
对于这个结构，需要注意以下几点：
（1）被强调部分主要是主语、宾语、宾补和状语，不能强调表语；强调句也可用来强调特殊疑问句中的疑问词。
（2）除了is，was外，be还可以采用其他形式。
（3）被强调部分如果是人或物，that可用who／whom／which替代：被强调部分如果是时间状语或地点状语，其引导词只能是that，而不能用when或where：强调时间状语时，若有否定词not．应提到从句前面。
（4）强调句可用来强调多种状语从句，但不能用来强调让步状语从句和比较状语从句；强调句可用来强调because引导的原因状语从句．但不能用来强调since和as
引导的原因状语从句。
（5）在强调主语时，被强调的主语若是人称代词，一般用主格．that后的谓语动词应在人称、数上保持一致；强调的宾语是them时，them要改用those。
【CET-6：2007.1】______________(直到截止日他才寄出) his application form.
参考答案：It was not until the deadline that he sent (out)
（四）替代
为了避免重复，可用不定代词、指示代词等替代名词或名词结构．也可用so或not 来替代从句。动词结构的替代词一般为do(does／did)。应注意：
1．代词one和that都可以用来指代前文出现的名词。one／ones可指人或物，只能代替可数名词；one前面有修饰语时，常用a／an+形容词；ones前面一般都带有修饰语，one／ones后面常跟修饰语或形容词从句。that用来代替前面已出现的可数名词或不可数名词时，后面通常跟有修饰语；that相当于the one时只能指物；those 代替可数名词的复数，既可指人，也可指物；those后面一般跟有修饰语：those相当于the ones。
2．代词it和one都可以用来指代前文出现的名词。one指代泛指的东西，可用来指人；it指代特定的东西，可用来指物。
3．do／does／did可代替前面已出现过的动词或谓语。
4．so／not常出现在某些动词后面代替整个that从句。其中so代替肯定句；not代替否定句。在it appears与it seems句型中也可以用so代替that从句。
（五）主谓一致
1．由and或both…and连接两个主语时，谓语动词一般要用复数。但当并列主语作为整体或指同一个人、同一事物时，谓语动词用单数。由and连接的两个以上名词，如果前面有each／every／no时，谓语动词通常采用第三人称单数形式。
2．当or／either…or／neither…nor或not only…but also…连接一个单数主语和一个复数主语时，谓语动词取决于最接近它的名词或代词的数。在主语后有“as well as 等+名词”结构的句子中，主谓一致不受修饰语或“as well as等+名词”结构中名词的数影响。此外，主语后若跟有accompanied by／along with／as much as／besides／except(but)An addition to／including／instead of／no less than／not to mention／in company with／like／more than／rather than／(together)with等+名词的结构，也不影响谓语动词的数，例如：Unemployment as well as taxes influences votes．／Taxes，not to mention unemployment, influence votes．
3．单个非谓语动词、短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般要用第三人称单数形式。但是，在what引导的主语从句中，若表语与谓语动词be均为复数形式．那么主句谓语动词可用复数形式。
4．“the+形容词／过去分词”作主语，如果表示一类人或动物，谓语动词用复数。但如果表示一个单独的人或表示一个抽象的概念或某种特征，常用单数。
5．表示时间、金钱、距离、体积、小数等的名词词组作主语时，其谓语动词常用单数。如果主语表示具体的、个别的单位，谓语动词用复数。以s结尾的表示疾病或游戏的名词和以ics结尾表示“学科领域”的名词，谓语动词用单数。但如果表示“学科领域”的名词用来表示具体行为、观点、数字，谓语动词就要用复数。以ings形式
结尾的名词作主语时，谓语动词常用复数。有两个部分组成的物体名词，常以复数形式出现，因此，当这些词作主语时，谓语动词应用复数形式。但当这类名此前有pair of，且pair是单数形式，谓语动词也应该用单数形式。事件、国名、机构名称、书及其他作品的名称用作主语时，尽管有时以复数形式出现，谓语动词仍用单数。（六）附加疑问句
1．附加疑问句的一般形式：附加疑问句的主要形式有两种：“前面肯定-后面否定”和“前面否定-后面肯定”。陈述句中含有few／rarely／nowhere等否定词或半否定词时，附加问句应用肯定形式。在回答“前面否定——后面肯定”形式的附加问句时，应注意汉英两种语言的习惯。此外，还有“前面肯定——后面肯定”这种形式，一般表示惊奇、愤怒、讽刺、挑衅等。2．谓语中含有系动词、行为动词及助动词的附加问句：附加疑问句中陈述部分的动词为一般时系动词时，附加疑问句要重复该动词；谓语动词为行为动词时．用do／does／did来引导附加疑问句；但陈述部分谓语动词为wish时，附加问句的谓语应用may；谓语含有助动词时，要重复助动词。
3．谓语中含有情态动词的附加问句：谓语含有情态动词时，要重复情态动词。但（1）need与dare在作助动词时和作行为动词时，附加问句是不一样的。
（2）leave to附加问句用do的适当形式。
（3）ought to在美国英语中一般用“shouldn’t”。在英国英语中用“oughtn’t”。（4）must表示必须时，附加问句用mustn’t。表示有必要时，附加问句用need或needn’t。此外，must+动词原形表示对现在情况的推测．附加问句一般不用mustn’t，而是根据陈述部分的谓语动词来确定，must+动词完成形式．表示对过去情况的推测，附加问句一般用did或didn’t。4．谓语中含有use(had better／would rather的附加问句：used to…的附加问句常用didn’t或usedn’t，但是如果是“there used to be…”句型。附加问句则用“wasn’t (weren’t) there”；had better用hadn’t，would rather和would like用wouldn’t。
5．主从复合句的附加问句：陈述部分若是一个主从复合句，从句为主语从句时，附加问句的主语一般用it；从句为定语从句时，附加问句一般要与主句的主谓保持一致；从句为宾语从句时，附加问句一般也与主句的主谓保持一致。然而当陈述部分的主句为I suppose／I think／I believe／I’m sure等时，附加问句允许重复从句的谓语，但是不要忽视这种句子的否定转移。此外。这类附加疑问句．有时疑问部分的主语是you，它与陈述部分的主语在人称上不同．这时附加问句实际上就相当于另外一个句子，含有how about you或what do you think的含义。
6．祈使句的附加问句：用let’s引导的祈使句，其附加问句一般用shall we。分开写时，意思是“请让我们…”，其附加问句应该是will you。用let him开头，附加问句一般用will you。用let me开头，附加问句一般用will you或may I。由动词原形引导的祈使句，为了让祈使句听上去较委婉、客气，除了用will you外，还可以用would you／could you／can you,／can’t you／won’t you等，但won’t you多用于邀请，而will you／would you／can you等多用于请求或告诉别人做什么事。否定祈使句的附加问句只能用will you。
（七）“情态动词+动词原形／完成式／进行式／完成进行式”表示推测
1．情态动词中除shall／need／dare等外。后接动词原形，都能表示对现在情况的推测，只是在句型和语气上有所不同。表示对现在情况的推测时，must语气最强，might语气最弱，must一般只用于肯定句；can一般只用于疑问句和否定句。2．“can／could／may／might／must+动词完成式”用于对过去发生动作的主观判断，表示推测过去某动作“可能”、“也许”、“一定”已发生或没有发生(否定句)；“should
／ought to／needn’t+动词完成式”表示过去“应该做”而实际并未做的动作。
3．“情态动词+动词进行式”表示推测某动作现在是否正在进行；而“情态动词+动词完成进行式”，表示推测过去某动作是否正在进行或一直在进行。
（八）非谓语动词作状语及其逻辑主语问题
不定式一般可作目的状语、结果状语、原因状语等，不定式作原因状语时多出现在某些形容词之后。分词一般作时间状语、原因状语、条件状语、让步状语、伴随状语、方式状语、结果状语等。作结果状语的分词位于句末，且前面多有hence／thus 之类的词。
用作状语的现在分词／过去分词／不定式短语的逻辑主语必须与其所在句子的主语一致，否则就成为悬垂结构(或称无依附结构，只有在科技英语中，偶尔可以看到此类结构)。介词+动名词，构成含有动名词的介词短语作状语时，句子的主语与动名词的逻辑主语也应一致。
（九）独立结构及分词独立结构
状语有时可以由一个代词／名词和另一成分构成的复合结构担任，前面的名词／代词相当于后面那一成分逻辑上的主语，和一个从句差不多，称为独立结构。例如，分词独立结构的形式就是由“名词／代词+分词”构成，其中的代词／名词是后面分词的逻辑主语。常见的独立结构共有下面几类：名词／代词+分词；名词／代词+不定式；名词／代词+形容词；名词／代词+副词；名词／代词+介词短语；名词／代词+名词／代词。有时这种结构由with引导。独立结构在句中作状语或同位语，可以使句子紧凑、形象具体、描述生动，通常用于文学体裁，口语中较少见。
（十）there be句型
1．there作引导词的句子通常表示“存在”，主要由“there+be+名词词组(+修饰语)”等构成，为倒装句。其中be是不及物动词，因而可用其他不及物动词替代，如：arrive ／come／enter／follow／pass等。appear／emerge／occur／spring up等表示出现的动词，exist／lie／1ive／remain／stand等表示静态的动词，构成“there +v．+名词词组”这样的句型。有时，there引导的句型还有被动式。这一用法只限于极少数动词。如consider／expect／intend／mean等。
“there be+no+动名词”表示“不可能…”。而“there is no point／sense／need／use+动名词”表示没有必要、理由、需要或没有用等。例如：There is no telling what will happen to them．／There is no sense in electing her chairman．
2．there be句型中的be可以采用being的形式。being为现在分词或动名词，“there being+名词词组”一般出现在书面语中，可以用作状语和宾语。there be句型中的be 也可以采用不定式形式，也是书面语。“there to be…”可用作下列动词的宾语ask／expect／hate／intend／like／mean／prefer／want等。当there to be…用作主语时，前面要带for。
（十一）不定式和动名词作主语和表语
动词不定式作主语．侧重于表现具体的，某一次特定的动作，是特指。而动名词作主语，则侧重于一般性的、习惯的和抽象的动作，是泛指。
注意：如果句中有时间状语，一般选择不定式形式作主语。
在很多情况下．不定式和动名词都可以用先行词it作形式主语。当表语为important ／necessary／advisable／fitting／hard／difficult／a waste of time等名词或形容词时，后面一般用动词不定式作主语。当表语为no use／useless／no good／foolish／a great pleasure／dangerous／expensive／crazy／terrible／worthwhile／enjoyable／no help／a nuisance／senseless等名词或形容词时，后面一般用动名词作主语。不定
式和动名词作表语的区别在于：不定式一般表示比较具体的动作，动名词则表示一
般的、抽象的动作；不定式表示未来的动作，动名词则没有明显的时间概念。
（十二）“have+宾语+非谓语动词”结构
“have+宾语+非谓语动词”这一结构较为复杂。have为使役动词时，非谓语动词可以
是不带to的动词不定式、现在分词或过去分词，此时它们是宾补。
1．若非谓语动词为不带to不定式。宾语则为不定式的逻辑意义上的主语。
2．若非谓语动词为过去分词．宾语则为过去分词所表示的动作的承受者、对象。
3．若非谓语动词为现在分词，宾语则为现在分词逻辑意义上的主语，具有“听任”、
“保持”等特殊含义或表示某种即将来临的事态。若have意为“有”时，那么这一结构
中的非谓语动词，应为带to的不定式．是结构中宾语的定语。
此外．这一结构中的宾语如为difficulty／trouble／bother/fun／a hard time等词，
非谓语动词应用动名词形式，属于“in+动名词”结构，介词省略了。形容词busy后
也用动名词形式．介词in也略去不用。
（二）．解题技巧
在做汉译英试题时，首先需要同时考虑所给的英语和汉语信息，需要完整而准确地理解原句。翻译过程是一个从理解到表达的过程，只有做到对原句的准确理解，才能把原语言翻译成准确的目标语。同时，要能从大量积累的目标语料中找到能恰当的表达原语言的内容，按照一定的语法规则完成翻译的过程。在翻译完成后，还要考虑整个句子结构是否完整，较特殊的词汇或语法项目的用法是否恰当。
常用基本翻译方法:
1.顺序法：不改变原文表达语序。
Eg. 他打开门，发现屋子里乱七八糟。
He opened the door and found the room was in a mess.
2.逆序法：根据目标语表达习惯，按原文的反向翻译。
Eg. 上课前他读了两遍课文。
He read the text twice before class.
3.增译法：译文中增加原文没有的词句，补全原文隐含的内容。
Eg. 听说你升职的消息，很是高兴。
I was very happy on hearing that you got promoted.
4.减译法：译文中省略原文中无关紧要的内容。
Eg. 政府要采取有力措施解决环境污染问题。
The government is going to take strong measures to solve the environmental pollution. 5.词性转换法：将原文中的某个词的词性在译文里用其它词性的词表达出来。
Eg. 你赞成还是反对这项计划？
Are you for or against this plan?
6.分句法：将原文中的一个句子译成两个或两个以上句子。
Eg. 十一月，苏得了肺炎。
It was in November, and Sue fell a victim to pneumonia.
7.合句法：将原文中的两个或两个以上的句子译成一个句子。
Eg. 他粗心大意，车撞倒了树上。
His carelessness resulted in the car crash into a tree.
四．评分原则及标准
1. 整体内容和语言均正确，得1分。
2. 结构正确，但整体意思不确切、信息不全或用词不当，得0.5分。
3. 整体意思正确但语言有错误，得0.5分。
4. 整体意思完全错误，即使结构正确也不得分。
5. 大小写错误及标点符号忽略不计。
60个使用频率较高的词语搭配
1．经济的快速发展the rapid development of economy 2．人民生活水平的显著提高/ 稳步增长
the remarkable improvement/ steady growth of people’s living standard 3．先进的科学技术advanced science and technology
4．面临新的机遇和挑战be faced with new opportunities and challenges 5．人们普遍认为It is commonly believed/ recognized that…
6．社会发展的必然结果the inevitable result of social development
7．引起了广泛的公众关注 arouse wide public concern/ draw public attention 8．不可否认It is undeniable that…/ There is no denying that…9．热烈的讨论/ 争论 a heated discussion/ debate
10. 有争议性的问题 a controversial issue
11．完全不同的观点 a totally different argument
12．一些人…而另外一些人…Some people… while others…
13. 就我而言/ 就个人而言As far as I am concerned, / Personally, 14．就…达到绝对的一致reach an absolute consensus on…
15．有充分的理由支持be supported by sound reasons
16．双方的论点 argument on both sides
17．发挥着日益重要的作用play an increasingly important role in…18．对…必不可少be indispensable to …
19．正如谚语所说As the proverb goes:
20．…也不例外…be no exception
21．对…产生有利/不利的影响exert positive/ negative effects on…
22．利远远大于弊the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages. 23．导致，引起lead to/ give rise to/ contribute to/ result in 24．复杂的社会现象 a complicated social phenomenon
25．责任感/ 成就感 sense of responsibility/ sense of achievement
26. 竞争与合作精神sense of competition and cooperation
27. 开阔眼界widen one’s horizon/ broaden one’s vision 28．学习知识和技能 acquire knowledge and skills
29．经济/心理负担financial burden / psychological burden
30．考虑到诸多因素take many factors into account/ consideration 31. 从另一个角度from another perspective
32．做出共同努力make joint efforts
33. 对…有益be beneficial / conducive to…
34．为社会做贡献make contributions to the society
35．打下坚实的基础lay a solid foundation for…
36．综合素质comprehensive quality
37．无可非议blameless / beyond reproach
39．致力于/ 投身于be committed / devoted to…
40. 应当承认Admittedly,
41．不可推卸的义务unshakable duty
42. 满足需求satisfy/ meet the needs of…
43．可靠的信息源 a reliable source of information
44．宝贵的自然资源valuable natural resources
45．因特网the Internet （一定要由冠词，字母I 大写）
46．方便快捷convenient and efficient
47．在人类生活的方方面面 in all aspects of human life
48．环保（的）environmental protection / environmentally friendly 49．社会进步的体现 a symbol of society progress
50．科技的飞速更新the ever-accelerated updating of science and technology 51．对这一问题持有不同态度 hold different attitudes towards this issue
52．支持前/后种观点的人people / those in favor of the former/ latter opinion 53．有/ 提供如下理由/ 证据have/ provide the following reasons/ evidence
54．在一定程度上to some extent/ degree / in some way
55. 理论和实践相结合 integrate theory with practice
56. …必然趋势an irresistible trend of…
57．日益激烈的社会竞争 the increasingly fierce social competition
58．眼前利益immediate interest/ short-term interest
59．长远利益. interest in the long run
60．…有其自身的优缺点… has its merits and demerits/ advantages and disadvantages
全国人事部一级笔译两年真题
2015年CATTI一级笔译英译汉试题 原文： Conventional business wisdom is big on perfection. We are constantly exhorted to give 100 per cent – or even a mathematically impossible 110 per cent. But is this really the absolute virtue it is held up to be? Or is there a case to be made for doing a “good enough” job most of the time? There are two well-known rules that suggest the latter is valid. The first is the Pareto Principle (or the 80-20 rule), which states that 80 per cent of consequences stem from 20 per cent of causes. The second is the law of diminishing returns, which suggests that, as you near 100 per cent, you expend proportionally more effort on the remaining work. Graham Allcott, author of How to be a Productivity Ninja, says that people often look at tasks the wrong way – they focus on the detail of what they are doing, rather than the impact it has. “It is actually far more practical to think in terms of the 80-20 rule and focus ruthlessly on doing things that have the greatest impact.” He also recommends that you delegate the mundane parts of tasks that anyone can do. However, many people find this difficult because they are wedded to the idea of delivering their very best. As business psychologist Karen Moloney says: “Perfection is how they define themselves and to let anything out of their hands that isn’t 100 per cent goes against their sense of professional pride.” She says the trick is to remember it is about delivering what the business needs, not what you want to give. People who are natural perfectionists tend to see not giving 100 per cent as a failing. But you can reframe this by telling yourself that knowing which tasks do not need 100 per cent demonstrates good judgment. Holding on to a task or project by forever adding that extra 1 per cent can sometimes be driven by a fear of being judged on the end result. It is therefore worth reminding yourself of the Steve Jo bs quote: “Real artists ship.” One way to avoid running up against the law of diminishing returns is to set yourself deadlines. But rather than set fake deadlines that you know can be moved, Mr Allcott recommends making yourself accountable to someone else. That way, you will shift from “I could deliver any time next week” to “I’ll look bad in front of my boss i f I don’t deliver by Tuesday”. Perhaps the most difficult thing to deal with, however, is not your own desire to give 100 per cent but your boss’s desire to see you give 100 per cent . Again, says Ms Moloney, you need to make it about what you deliver: “Explain to your boss you can accomplish far more if you don’t dot every I and cross every T.”
常用单位的中英文对照翻译
常用单位的中英文对照翻译 单位 Unit. 单位制 system of units 米 meter (m) 毫米 millimeter (mm) 英尺 foot (ft) 英寸 inch (in) 弧度 radian (rad) 度degree (°) 摄氏 Celsius. (C) 华氏 Fahrenheit (F) 磅／平方英寸 pounds per square inch (psi) 百万帕斯卡 million pascal (MPa) 巴 bar 千克（公斤） kilogram (kg) 克 gram (g) 牛顿 newton (N) 吨 ton (t) 千磅 kilopound (kip) 平方米 square meter (m 2) 方毫米 square millimeter (mm2 ) 立方米 cubic meter (m3 ) 升 liter; litre (L) 转／分 revolutions per minute (rpm) 百万分之一 parts per million (ppm) 焦（耳） Joule (J) 千瓦 kilowatt (kW) 伏（特） volt (V) 安（培） ampere (A) 欧（姆）ohm (Ω) （小）时 hour (h) 分 minute (min) 秒 second (s)
管道组成件专业英语(中英文对照) 1 管道组成件 Piping component 1.1 管子 Pipe 管子(按照配管标准规格制造的) pipe 管子(不按配管标准规格制造的其他用管) tube 钢管 steel pipe 铸铁管 cast iron pipe 衬里管 lined pipe 复合管 clad pipe 碳钢管 carbon steel pipe 合金钢管 alloy steel pipe 不锈钢 stainless steel pipe 奥氏体不锈钢管 austenitic stainless steel pipe 铁合金钢管 ferritic alloy steel pipe 轧制钢管 wrought-steel pipe 锻铁管 wrought-iron pipe 无缝钢管 seamless (SMLS) steel pipe 焊接钢管 welded steel pipe 电阻焊钢管 electric-resistance welded steel pipe 电熔（弧）焊钢板卷管 electric-fusion (arc)-welded steel-plate pipe 螺旋焊接钢管 spiral welded steel pipe 镀锌钢管 galvanized steel pipe 热轧无缝钢管 hot-rolling seamless pipe 冷拔无缝钢管 cold-drawing seamless pipe 水煤气钢管 water-gas steel pipe 塑料管 plastic pipe 玻璃管 glass tube 橡胶管 rubber tube 直管 run pipe; straight pipe 1.2 管件 Fitting 弯头 elbow 异径弯头 reducing elbow 带支座弯头 base elbow k半径弯头 long radius elbow 短半径弯头 short radius elbow
外文翻译
Load and Ultimate Moment of Prestressed Concrete Action Under Overload-Cracking Load It has been shown that a variation in the external load acting on a prestressed beam results in a change in the location of the pressure line for beams in the elastic range.This is a fundamental principle of prestressed construction.In a normal prestressed beam,this shift in the location of the pressure line continues at a relatively uniform rate,as the external load is increased,to the point where cracks develop in the tension fiber.After the cracking load has been exceeded,the rate of movement in the pressure line decreases as additional load is applied,and a significant increase in the stress in the prestressing tendon and the resultant concrete force begins to take place.This change in the action of the internal moment continues until all movement of the pressure line ceases.The moment caused by loads that are applied thereafter is offset entirely by a corresponding and proportional change in the internal forces,just as in reinforced-concrete construction.This fact,that the load in the elastic range and the plastic range is carried by actions that are fundamentally different,is very significant and renders strength computations essential for all designs in order to ensure that adequate safety factors exist.This is true even though the stresses in the elastic range may conform to a recognized elastic design criterion. It should be noted that the load deflection curve is close to a straight line up to the cracking load and that the curve becomes progressively more curved as the load is increased above the cracking load.The curvature of the load-deflection curve for loads over the cracking load is due to the change in the basic internal resisting moment action that counteracts the applied loads,as described above,as well as to plastic strains that begin to take place in the steel and the concrete when stressed to high levels. In some structures it may be essential that the flexural members remain crack free even under significant overloads.This may be due to the structures’being exposed to exceptionally corrosive atmospheres during their useful life.In designing prestressed members to be used in special structures of this type,it may be necessary to compute the load that causes cracking of the tensile flange,in order to ensure that adequate safety against cracking is provided by the design.The computation of the moment that will cause cracking is also necessary to ensure compliance with some design criteria. Many tests have demonstrated that the load-deflection curves of prestressed beams are approximately linear up to and slightly in excess of the load that causes the first cracks in the tensile flange.(The linearity is a function of the rate at which the load is applied.)For this reason,normal elastic-design relationships can be used in computing the cracking load by simply determining the load that results in a net tensile stress in the tensile flange(prestress minus the effects of the applied loads)that is equal to the tensile strength of the concrete.It is customary to assume that the flexural tensile strength of the concrete is equal to the modulus of rupture of the
网络营销外文翻译
E---MARKETING (From:E--Marketing by Judy Strauss,Adel El--Ansary,Raymond Frost---3rd ed.1999 by Pearson Education pp .G4-G25.) As the growth of https://www.wendangku.net/doc/dc7252482.html, shows, some marketing principles never change.Markets always welcome an innovative new product, even in a crowded field of competitors ,as long as it provides customer value.Also,Google`s success shows that customers trust good brands and that well-crafted marketing mix strategies can be effective in helping newcomers enter crowded markets. Nevertheless, organizations are scrambling to determine how they can use information technology profitably and to understand what technology means for their business strategies. Marketers want to know which of their time-ested concepts will be enhanced by the Internet, databases,wireless mobile devices, and other technologies. The rapid growth of the Internet and subsequent bursting of the dot-com bubble has marketers wondering,"What next?" This article attempts to answer these questions through careful and systematic examination of successful e-mar-keting strategies in light of proven traditional marketing practices. （Sales Promotion;E--Marketing；Internet；Strategic Planning ） 1.What is E--Marketing E--Marketing is the application of a broad range of information technologies for: Transforming marketing strategies to create more customer value through more effective segmentation ,and positioning strategies；More efficiently planning and executing the conception, distribution promotion,and pricing of goods,services,and ideas;andCreating exchanges that satisfy individual consumer and organizational customers` objectives. This definition sounds a lot like the definition of traditional marketing. Another way to view it is that e-marketing is the result of information technology applied to traditional marketing. E-marketing affects traditional marketing in two ways. First,it increases efficiency in traditional marketing strategies.The transformation results in new business models that add customer value and/or increase company profitability.
公司参考资料部门名称及常见职位英文
公司/企业部门英文名称 总公司Head Office 分公司Branch Office 营业部Business Office 人事部Personnel Department 人力资源部Human Resources Department 总务部General Affairs Department 财务部General Accounting Department 销售部Sales Department 促销部Sales Promotion Department 国际部International Department 出口部Export Department 进口部Import Department 公共关系Public Relations Department 广告部Advertising Department 企划部Planning Department 产品开发部Product Development Department 研发部Research and Development Department(R&D) 秘书室Secretarial Pool 注：Department可简写为Dept. HR相关英语 Administrative Director 行政主管 File Clerk 档案管理员 Executive Assistant 行政助理 Office Manager 办公室经理 Executive Secretary 行政秘书 Receptionist 接待员 General Office Clerk 办公室文员 Secretary 秘书 Inventory Control Analyst 存货控制分析 Staff Assistant 助理 Mail Room Supervisor 信件中心管理员 Stenographer 速记员 Order Entry Clerk 订单输入文员 Telephone Operator 电话操作员 Shipping/Receiving Expediter 收发督导员 Ticket Agent 票务代理 Vice President of Administration 行政副总裁 Typist 打字员 会计金融相关 Accounting Payable Clerk 应付帐款文员 Accounting Assistant 会计助理
外文翻译
Journal of Industrial Textiles https://www.wendangku.net/doc/dc7252482.html,/ Optimization of Parameters for the Production of Needlepunched Nonwoven Geotextiles Amit Rawal, Subhash Anand and Tahir Shah 2008 37: 341Journal of Industrial Textiles DOI: 10.1177/1528083707081594 The online version of this article can be found at: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/dc7252482.html,/content/37/4/341 Published by: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/dc7252482.html, can be found at:Journal of Industrial TextilesAdditional services and information for https://www.wendangku.net/doc/dc7252482.html,/cgi/alertsEmail Alerts: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/dc7252482.html,/subscriptionsSubscriptions: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/dc7252482.html,/journalsReprints.navReprints: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/dc7252482.html,/journalsPermissions.navPermissions: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/dc7252482.html,/content/37/4/341.refs.htmlCitations: - Mar 28, 2008Version of Record >>
人事部初级笔译第十二讲英译汉选词
. 选词练习。 1.The play runs 100 nights. 2.Dr Hunter was one of the most revered figures in the world of learning. 3.Emancipating the mind means studying and respecting objective laws and acting in accordance with these laws. 4.The Constitution has supreme legal authority. 5.But, in a world of diverse national, cultural, and ideological perspectives, there has never been a prospect of such substantive uniformity. 6.He has the right to vote and to stand for election. 7.Every life has its roses and thorns. 8.She felt the mother rise in her breast. 9.Disease comes on horseback but goes off on foot. 10.There is a mixture of tiger and the ape in the character of that guy. 11.After the speaker, awards usually are given out to company employees; this can take longer than getting a mortgage loan from a bank 12.Many lives were lost in that railway accident. 13.Young men should not seek comfort and enjoyment and shirk hardship. 14.Mother needs additional help in the kitchen on weekends. 15.If corporate earnings are disappointing in the next few quarters, the buying spree might disappear. 16.You may pay for your purchase by cash, credit card or check. 17.They are hand in glove with each other. 18.They are hand in glove to suppress the people. 19.He was afraid and ran away. 20.Fight when we can win and ran away when we cannot. 21.John was an aggressive salesman who did his job quite well 22.Hitler pursued an aggressive policy after he seized power. 23.It has been said that the individual American is generous, but the American nation is hard. 24.IBM has a quite handsome increase of productivity this year. 25.The Chinese Americans in the Chinatowns are very self-contained and industrious. 26.The diverse population presents great challenges to the society 27.After hundreds of years of slow growth, the cities are suddenly racing off. 28.The American greeting card and decoration industries encourage the celebration of both religious and secular holidays. 29.No sooner was the avalanche of Christmas cards swept away the publishers began to fill the shops with their novel valentines. 30.The increase in DINK families has shattered the traditional idea of Chinese family. 31.Causal dress has long been the norm for those working in the high-tech sector, but it is beginning to creep into mainstream corporate culture. 32.The popularity of television and the difficulty of financing plays have helped to close many theaters. But now it seems the theater is about to pick up again after a period of decline. 33.I began the day playing tennis with a second-school friend I hadn’t seen for a while. 34.For what seemed an eternity the two held each other and cried, unaware the rest of us standing around in pained, stunned silence. 35.I have read some of this interpretative literature, but without being greatly instructed. 36.…such as an arm wave to move a corresponding object on screen: 37.John Nash is a mathematical genius who was a legend by age thirty when he slipped into madness, and who—thanks to the selflessness of his wife and the loyalty of the mathematics community—emerged after decades of ghostlike existence to win a Nobel Prize 38.Quasimodo became convinced that he was not a bird at all and refuse to fly. 39.There was nothing I could accomplish there. I convinced myself： 40.He stood below it, cooing until someone lifted him up. Lift him up: 41.But if the music was a waltz, he would move round and round the machine, bowing 42.Doctor suggested they might want to spend a few moments with their son.
常见公司职务英文
常见公司职务英文 总公司Head Office 分公司Branch Office 营业部Business Office 人事部Personnel Department （人力资源部）Human Resources Department 总务部General Affairs Department 财务部General Accounting Department 销售部Sales Department 促销部Sales Promotion Department 国际部International Department 出口部Export Department 进口部Import Department 公共关系Public Relations Department 广告部Advertising Department 企划部Planning Department 产品开发部Product Development Department 研发部Research and Development Department(R&D) 秘书室Secretarial Pool 生产部：Production Dept. 产品制造部：Production Manufacturing Dept. 常见职位职务英文译名 Accounting Assistant 会计助理 Accounting Clerk 记帐员 Accounting Manager 会计部经理 Accounting Stall 会计部职员 Accounting Supervisor 会计主管 Administration Manager 行政经理 Administration Staff 行政人员 Administrative Assistant 行政助理 Administrative Clerk 行政办事员 Advertising Staff 广告工作人员 Airlines Sales Representative 航空公司定座员 Airlines Staff 航空公司职员 Application Engineer 应用工程师 Assistant Manager 副经理 Bond Analyst 证券分析员 Bond Trader 证券交易员 Business Controller 业务主任 Business Manager 业务经理
外文翻译中文版(完整版)
毕业论文外文文献翻译 毕业设计（论文）题目关于企业内部环境绩效审计的研究翻译题目最高审计机关的环境审计活动 学院会计学院 专业会计学 姓名张军芳 班级09020615 学号09027927 指导教师何瑞雄
最高审计机关的环境审计活动 1最高审计机关越来越多的活跃在环境审计领域。特别是1993-1996年期间，工作组已检测到环境审计活动坚定的数量增长。首先，越来越多的最高审计机关已经活跃在这个领域。其次是积极的最高审计机关，甚至变得更加活跃：他们分配较大部分的审计资源给这类工作，同时出版更多环保审计报告。表1显示了平均数字。然而，这里是机构间差异较大。例如，环境报告的数量变化，每个审计机关从1到36份报告不等。 1996-1999年期间，结果是不那么容易诠释。第一，活跃在环境审计领域的最高审计机关数量并没有太大变化。“活性基团”的组成没有保持相同的：一些最高审计机关进入，而其他最高审计机关离开了团队。环境审计花费的时间量略有增加。二，但是，审计报告数量略有下降，1996年和1999年之间。这些数字可能反映了从量到质的转变。这个信号解释了在过去三年从规律性审计到绩效审计的转变（1994-1996年，20％的规律性审计和44％绩效审计;1997-1999：16％规律性审计和绩效审计54％）。在一般情况下，绩效审计需要更多的资源。我们必须认识到审计的范围可能急剧变化。在将来，再将来开发一些其他方式去测算人们工作量而不是计算通过花费的时间和发表的报告会是很有趣的。 在2000年，有62个响应了最高审计机关并向工作组提供了更详细的关于他们自1997年以来公布的工作信息。在1997-1999年，这62个最高审计机关公布的560个环境审计报告。当然，这些报告反映了一个庞大的身躯，可用于其他机构的经验。环境审计报告的参考书目可在网站上的最高审计机关国际组织的工作组看到。这里这个信息是用来给最高审计机关的审计工作的内容更多一些洞察。 自1997年以来，少数环境审计是规律性审计（560篇报告中有87篇，占16％）。大多数审计绩效审计（560篇报告中有304篇，占54％），或组合的规律性和绩效审计（560篇报告中有169篇，占30％）。如前文所述，绩效审计是一个广泛的概念。在实践中，绩效审计往往集中于环保计划的实施（560篇报告中有264篇，占47％），符合国家环保法律，法规的，由政府部门，部委和/或其他机构的任务给访问（560篇报告中有212篇，占38％）。此外，审计经常被列入政府的环境管理系统（560篇报告中有156篇，占28％）。下面的元素得到了关注审计报告：影响或影响现有的国家环境计划非环保项目对环境的影响;环境政策;由政府遵守国际义务和承诺的10％至20％。许多绩效审计包括以上提到的要素之一。 1本文译自：S. Van Leeuwen.(2004).’’Developments in Environmental Auditing by Supreme Audit Institutions’’ Environmental Management Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 163–1721
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