河海大学研究生英语unit5翻译

Unit 5 Take a Lesson from the Economists Economics is the dismal science: so say the large number of people who heap sc orn on the intellectural merits of the discipline. Much of the criticism comes from "pu re" or "proper" scientist —— physicists, chemists and biologists. Now, economics cer tainly has its failings. But the general way in which economists approach and describe the world, and how they convey their message about it to others , carries lessons whic h pure scientists should learn from.

经济学是沉闷的科学:所以说,大量的人嗤之以鼻的方式的优点的纪律。大部分的批评来自于“纯”或“适当的”科学家——物理学家、化学家和生物学家。现在,经济学当然有其缺点。但是一般的方式方法和描述这个世界的经济学家,以及他们如何传达他们的消息对其他人,上了一课,纯科学家应该学习。

Economics has inexactitudes and vagueness built into it. The general lack of rel iable data about past events makes virtually impossible the accurate measurement of e ven the most basic economic variables, such as the total volume of output in a country , or the path of consumer spending, or inflation.

经济学是由不精确性和模糊性建成的。普遍缺乏对过去事件的可靠的数据使得几乎不可能有准确的测量,即使是最基本的经济变量,如一个国家的输出总量,或者消费支出的路径,或通货膨胀。

If economists are hazy about what is going right now, they are even less sure ab out the future. Due to the general measurement difficulties, as well as unforeseen even ts such as wars or natural disasters, economic forecasts are almost always wrong, som etimes by wide margins. As for economic theories, they change almost according to fa shion, with economists allowed to move effortlessly between them, sometimes holdin g several contrasting points of view at the same time.

如果经济学家朦胧的关于什么将会发生,现在他们更不确定的未来。由于通用测量困难,以及不可预见的事件,如战争或自然灾害,经济预测几乎总是错的,有时是由宽的利润率。至于经济理论,他们改变几乎根据时尚,经济学家可以毫不费力地移动它们之间,有时在同一时间持有多种截然相反的观点。

The contrast with scientists could not be starker. The tools of an economist's tra

de are muddy data, loose theorising and a shambling approach to causality which says . that a set of interactions between A, B and C MIGHT lead to a conclusion Z (and on ly via a roundabout route which takes in P, Q and R as well) . Scientists have a harder-edged way of looking at the world, requiring a set of rigid theories and data based on painstaking experimental observation.

相比之下,科学家们有着天壤之别。经济学家的贸易工具是泥泞的数据,松散理论和呆滞的因果性说。这一组之间的交互,B和C可能导致结论Z(和只能通过一个迂回路线,需要在P,Q,R)。科学家们有一个硬朗的看待世界的方式,需要一套严格的理论和基于细心的实验观察的数据。

But the economists have been able to use the vagueness with which their subje ct is afflicted to their advantage. By concentrating on broad conclusions to problems a nd communicating these in terms that can be understood by the special interest groups they are dealing with, economists have had a generally good record in "assimilating t hemselves into positions of influence. Scientists have done rather less well by concent rating on the nature of problems rather than on the conclusions or policy prescripitons.

但是，经济学家们已经能够使用的模糊性，其主题是困扰自己的优势。通过专注于广泛的问题结论和交流这些条款,可以理解他们正在处理的特殊利益集团,,经济学家有一个普遍的良好记录在“同化成具有影响力的位置上。科学家们已经做得相当不那么专注于问题的本质,而是结论或政策规定。

All this explains why, in British at least, economists as a body of people have had muchmore success in purely professional terms over the past 20 years than scienti -sts.

所有这些都解释了为什么至少在英国,在过去20年经济学家作为一个群体比科学家有更多的成功在纯粹的专业术语方面。

Take the posts in the Britain government of chief scientific adviser and chief ec onomist. In the first position, Bill Stewart has a thin power base, playing a marginal ro le in providing scientific advice to dozens of government departments. The second job takes the "incumbent to the centre of the government's decision-making machinery in the Treasury, and into involvement with many of the most important decisions minist ers make about how Britain should operate.

以作为英国政府的首席科学顾问和首席经济学家的职位。在第一个位置,比尔·斯图尔特有一层稀薄的权力基础,扮演一个次要角色为数十政府部门提供科学建议。第二个工作需要，在财政部的政府决策机制的中心，到参与的最重要的决定部长，英国应该如何操作进行。

In industry, top scientists working for big firms such as ICI or IBM certainly are in strong positions. But the ability of such people to influence events is put into the sh ade by the power of economists working for the big international banks and investme nt houses in the City of London. The broad judgments of these people about global ec onomic patterns, transmitted by numerous direct and indirect ways, form a key compo nent of thousands of decisions made at company level at the grass roots of industry.

在工业领域，顶尖的科学家工作在大公司如ICI或IBM肯定是在强有力的位置。但是这样的人影响事件的能力是通过经济学家在伦敦对国际大银行和投资公司工作来实现的。这些人对全球经济模式的大致的判断,通过大量的直接和间接的方式,形成在公司层面基层产业的重要组成部分。

How did economists get to be in this position - and what can scientists learn fro m them? Despite the difficulty in arriving at hard answers to many of the problems in economics, people in the discipline have shown an ability to skim over the inexactitud es, to come up with a general view of the world in terms that are relevant and make s ense to those outside the profession.

经济学家如何会在这个位置,科学家可以从他们那儿学到了什么?尽管经济中存在的许多问题很难回答，本学科的人们表现出掠过不确切性问题的能力，要明确拿出一个通用的世界观，并对行业以外的有意义。

As an example, consider a single topic of relevance to a wide body of people—t he flow of capital around the world. Finding out about where all the world's money is going (and why and how and at what rate) is of obvious importance to anyone interest ed in investment decisions and the competitive advantages of specific nations over oth ers.

作为一个例子,考虑与单个主题人力相关的问题-世界各地的资本流动。找到世界上所有的钱是怎么花的(和为什么，怎样以及以什么速率),对每一个有兴趣投

资决策的人和特定国家竞争优势非常重要

Every few miuntes, banks and other institutions are switching hundreds of milli ons of dollars from country to country in a pattern that is far from clear. The goal on e ach 'transaction is to move money into a region where the returns are higher and so ch alk up a profit. Working out what is going on in this vast exercise, and the important i nfluences that are at play, is vital to understanding a host of issues involving the build up of wealth in the modern world.

每隔几分钟,银行和其他机构在不同国家交换数亿美元,以一个目前仍不清楚的模式。每个交易的目标是将资金投入到一个回报是更高的地区并记下收益。找出在这场大转移中发生了什么，以及产生了多大的影响，在理解一系列在现代世界中积聚财富的问题中至关重要。

The "pure science" way of approaching this problem would be to attempt to coll ect data from all the banks and regulatory authorities participating in money transfer, and thence gain a sum of all the capital flows - from which appropriate conclusions co uld be drawn. The economist would recognise that the task of measuring and collectin g the data is well nigh impossible.

“纯科学”的方式处理这个问题是尝试收集来自所有的银行和监管当局参与转账的数据,那里获得一笔所有的资本流动——从哪能得出相关的结论。经济学家也会承认,这项任务的测量和收集数据几乎是不可能的。

Using the fairly "paltry statistics that are available, and some "judicious averagi ng out and guesswork, the economist would gain a rough idea about the shape of the world's money flow. From this would flow a convincing argument about the policy di mension to the problem - such as how the balance of interest rates between several co untries made a specific course of action, as related to funds transfer, either less or mor e appropriate - in a relevant way. The scientific way is to throw everything at the probl em and be less concerned at the prescription that follows; with the economist the bala nce is the other way round.

使用相当微不足道的有效的统计数据,通过一些明智的均衡和猜测,经济学家将获得一个世界货币流动大致估计。这将引出一个关于政策方面的令人信服论点

的问题,比如如何通过一系列的行动平衡几个国家之间的利率,因为涉及资本转移,要么少或更适当的——以一种合理的方式。科学的方法是考虑问题的所有因素,不考虑其遵循的原则;与经济学家的平衡是倒过来的。

What can pure scientists gain from this study of the "dismal science"? When n ecessary, they should reject exact approach, take a broader view, study conclusions an d how to implement them and above all learn better communications skills. There are some signs of such things happening. There is a general move in certain sections of a cademia and industry towards the concept of the multidisciplinary scientist, one who c an take in to a world view bits of physics, chemistry and biology as well as general kn owledge about business, marketing and finance.

纯正的科学家可以从这种“忧郁科学”的研究中得到什么?必要时,他们应该拒绝精确的方法,采取一个更广泛的观点,研究结论和如何实现它们,重要的是学习更好的沟通技巧。有一些迹象显示这样的事情发生。在学术界和工业界关于综合学科科学家的概念有一个普遍进步，就是一个融合了物理、化学和生物学以及商业，市场，金融等综合知识的学科。

Even at a basic single-discipline scientific level, more efforts are being made to consider problems as part of a multi-faceted general inquiry - in risk analysis, for exa mple, where it is acceptable to state that there is a certain chance that something might happen, rather than will happen. Perhaps, in theme, academic establishments will star t to offer degree courses in general science combined with economics such courses at the moment are thin on the ground.

即使在一个基本的单一学科的科学水平层面,更多的努力正考虑将问题作为多层面普遍分析的一部分，在风险分析领域,例如,在哪里接受的状态,有一定的几率可能发生的事情,而不是将会发生。或许,在主题,学术机构应该开始提供结合经济学以及一般科学的学位课程;这样的课程目前是寥寥无几。

研究生英语系列教材上unit1-原文+翻译

研究生英语系列教材上unit1-原文+翻译

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家，其中有那么两三个人是我赖以生存的，”他说， “Key players are essential to my organization. “他们对我的公司而言不可或缺。 And when we hire your company to recruit for us, we expect that you'll be going into other companies and finding just: 当请你们公司替我们招募新人的时候，我们期待你们会去其他公司找这样的人： the staff that another manager will not want to see leave. 其他公司经理不想失去的员工。 We recruit only key players.” 我们只招募核心员工。” This in part of pep talk intended to send headhunters into competitor's companies to talk to the most experienced staff about making a change. 这是一段充满了鼓动性的谈话，目的是把猎头们派往竞争对手的公司去游说经验丰富的员工们做一次职业变更。

河海大学研究生英语课文及翻译(重点单词突出显示)unit8isaraceofrobotspossib

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Unit One 旅行通用语 1 数十年来，法兰西语言研究院一直捍卫着法语的尊严。几年前，由于法国人对英语词汇的入侵非常敏感，该机构颁布了净化法语的法律，其内容甚至涉及专业术语。就拿波音747 (Boeing747)来说吧，现在法国人必须用法语词gros-porteur；表示出租的leasing也变成了credit-bail。此类例子不胜枚举，触及生活的方方面面。法国总统希拉克很可能会继续加大力度，直至连英特网internet和字节流(信息组)byte stream之类的词也找到相应的法语新词。哎，真不知未来的法语会变成什么样。 2 不幸的是(或许并非不幸)，英语没有受到如此的保护。在美国，随处可见严重偏离英国标准英语的美式英语。“honour”普遍被写成“honor”，“night”也变成了“nite”。许多词意广为人知的英式英语单词被赋予新的解释，交流也变得有些困难。比如说，汽车的行李箱“boot”变成了“trunk”(一个在英国指代树干的单词)；引擎盖“bonnet”变成了“hood”(英式英语中的风帽)；老式婴儿尿布“nappy”变成了“diaper”(英式英语中的菱格花纹织物)；婴儿小外套“matineejacket”也变成了“vest”(英国的内衣汗衫)。显而易见，两国英语曾同出一源，而如今却将两国彼此隔离。当然了，按美国人的观点，是英国人的语言表达出了问题。 3 实际使用中，甚至还有更糟的英语呢!只要你在外国旅游并注意一下菜单、海报、旅店、甚至当地日常生活中的英语，就可以证明过去的标准用语在这些地方已变得不伦不类，让我详例如下： 4 旅行作家波洛?菲利浦曾不惜笔墨地渲染自己的几番经历，我觉得该有更多的读者了解一下。他提及某份荷兰的灯泡目录，上面对用户承诺有“a speedy execution’——快速处死(毫无疑问，想表达的应是“送货及时”)。此外，东柏林的一个衣帽间告示要求客人“please hang yourself here”——请在这儿吊死自己(本想说的是“将衣帽挂在这儿”)。只希望没人会真的从字面上去理解。 5 我还可以补充一些多年周游世界时的亲身经历。例如，奥斯坦德的一家精品店正在宣扬其货品立意新颖，却用了“revolting new ideas”，即“令人作呕的立意”。孟买的几家糕饼屋也鼓吹自己是“No.1 loafers”，目口头号游手好闲者，可是其本意是要宣称自己的糕饼全市第一。 6 我并不知道基督教影响如此之广，直到我在香港看到一位牙医的宣传：“我们由最新的循道宗信徒拔牙”，这儿的“Methodists”(循道宗信徒)显然应改为“methods”，即“方法”。 7 恐怕没人能确定这些误用实际上是体现了英语的普及还是仅仅反映了局限于地方的习惯用法。但可以确定的是，海法医学会绝对应该阻止其会员挂这样的铜招牌：“妇女及其它疾病的专家”。 8 看来旅店对多语种告示颇为青睐，希望它们会有利于人们更好地使用现代化设施。没有它们，旅店就会显得沉闷而缺乏效率。然而，在布鲁塞尔的一家旅店中，这条电梯告示只会令毫无防范的房客更愿意爬楼梯：“使用电梯时，请按要去楼层的按钮。若更多人进入电梯，请分别按各自要去楼层的按钮。电梯会按楼层的字母顺序，依次送客。没复位的按钮显示着接收到的要去楼层的指令”。伊斯坦布尔的一则旅店告示则没这么复杂：“想要客房服务时，请开门喊叫‘客房服务’”。至少那儿的客人不用对付也许经常失灵的电子设备。 9 在土耳其，人们对于“直言不讳”的喜爱在一个已远近闻名的安卡拉导游册中得到了充分体现。导游册这样招揽顾客：“来我们餐馆吧，你会在欧洲救护车中享用中东风味美食”(显然这儿的救护车“ambulance”应为氛围“ambience”)。而另一家瑞士餐馆的菜单也同样吸引人：“我们的葡萄酒绝人他念”。(“our wines leave nothing to hope for'’一语双关，可本意显然是“我们的葡萄酒美味绝伦”)。 10在东欧，奥匈帝国时期的老牌大旅馆从未放弃过礼节。一则旅馆房间告示上写着“诚邀尊贵的客人在12点到14点之间占客房女服务员的便宜”(take advantage of t he chambermaids)。然而，这可能造成意外的交通阻塞。最近的一次莫斯科画展也未必能让偶尔光顾者欣然前往，根据其告示，“画展将展出俄罗斯艺术家的300幅作品，他们中的大部分人在过去十年中已被处死了”。 11 曼谷一家洗衣房的广告词邀请来访的顾客“留下你的衣服，尽情享受吧!”就像是鼓励人们在这座远东娱乐首府干些出格之事。

河海大学研究生英语课文及翻译(重点单词突出显示,)Unit 4 Explicit and Implicit Moral Education

Imagine a guardsman, from the moment he falls in on parade in the morning until the moment th e parade is dismissed, every conscious action he makes is predetermined and controlled. If inadv ertently he does something that is not in the schedule, such as drop his rifle, he has to cover up t he accident by pretending to faint. To do anything other than conform might show originality and inventiveness, but from the point of view of military ethos（风气，社会思潮） would be immoral. 想象一下，一个卫士，从他早上在阅兵仪式的那一刻起直到游行解解散的那一刻,他的每一个有意识的动作都是受预定和控制的。如果他无意间做了什么计划外的事情，比如像掉了他的步枪，他不得不假装晕倒来掩盖事故。做除了承认以外的任何事情都可以展示出独创性和创造性，但是从军事风气的角度来看可能是不道德的。 That is an example of a thorough-going explicit moral system. In it actions are rigidly divided into right ones and wrong ones, permitted ones and non-permitted ones, and everyone involved acce pts this without question; and to train a participant in such a system is an explicit matter, and the simplest form of behaviour training, provided the learners acknowledge the teacher as an unques tionable authority who knows exactly what moral behaviour is. 这是一个彻底的显性道德体系的例子。它的行动被严格分为正确的和错误的，允许的和不准许的，并且体系内的人接受这个没有问题，并且培养在这样的系统中的参与者是一个明确的事情，，最简单的行为训练的形式，倘若学习者承认教师作为一个不容置疑的权威，明确分辨道德行为与否。Consider the same guardsman in the evening, in a tavern with a girl. His behaviour is not so rigor ously controlled, and he has many choices of action, many decisions to make. In that case, all sort s of pressures are influencing his choice of actions. What his peer group does, what is the custom at the moment in that area, what he thinks the girlfriend will accept or expect, maybe the sort of lifestyle he has seen displayed in television plays, the things he has read about in the papers, thes e are all contributing to his decisions. He has not been instructed explicitly, as in the morning, but he has had a much more diffuse implicit training in behaviour, derived from many sources.考虑同样的卫士，在晚上，同一个女孩在一个小酒馆。他的行为是不那么严格的受控制，他的行动有很多选择，很多决定去下。在这种情况下，各种压力都会影响他的行动选择。他的同龄人做的，此刻在此方面的习惯，他认为的这个女性朋友会接受或者拒绝的，或者他在电视上看到的生活方式，书上读到的故事，这些都有助于他的决定。同早上比，他没有被明确指示，但是他有一个更加扩散的隐性训练行为，来自多种来源。 These, then, are the two forms of education available to those who wish to influence others' mor als - the explicit instruction and the implicit influence of surrounding behaviour. Which do we use with school pupils, or do we perhaps need to make use of each at different times? Above, in desc ribing the morning parade morals of the guardsman, it was pointed out that explicit instruction d epended on the learner's acceptance of the authority of the instructor. Without that acceptance t he system breaks down. While to the same guardsman in the evening, in a tavern with a girl, such explicit moral exhortation would probably have little effect, because the speaker is not regarded as an authority, but rather as a crank. This illustrates the impossibility of having explicit moral edu cation unless all concerned have agreed on the fundamental principles, and on who has the right to expound them and say how they apply in practice. Where you have a society or an organizatio n in which such accord is possible, then behaviour is determined and can be the subject of explici t instruction.那么，明确的指导和周围环境的隐性影响是两种有效的教育模式对那些想要影响他人道德的人来说。我们用哪一种当面对学校学生是，或在不同时刻我们用每一个。上面，在描述上午游行的卫兵的道德时，指出显性指导依赖于学习者对指导者权威的承认。如果不承认系统就崩溃了。而相同的卫兵在晚上,在酒2013年ACCA/CAT考试全攻略每日一练历年

河海大学研究生英语课文及翻译(重点单词突出显示,特殊单词有注释)Unit 1 Ghosts for Tea

' Ten pence for a view over the bay' . said the old man with the telescope. 'Lovely clear morning. Have a look at the old lighthouse and the remains of the great shipwreck o f 1935.' 十便士看一次海湾风光，”那个带着一架望远镜的老头说道：“多么晴朗美丽的早晨。请来看看那古老的灯塔和1935年失事的大轮船残骸吧。” Ten pence was sheer robbery, but the view was certainly magnificent. 要十便士简直是敲诈勒索，可是海湾的景色确实壮丽。 Cliffs stretched into the distance, sparkling waves whipped by the wind were unrolling on to the b each, and a few yachts, with creamy-white sails, were curving and dodging gracefully on the sea . Just below, a flock of seagulls were screaming at one another as they twisted and glided over the water. A mile out to sea, the old lighthouse stood on a stone platform on the rocks, which were b eing greedily licked by the waves. In no way indeed did I grudge my money. As I directed the teles cope towards the lighthouse, the man beside me tapped my wrist. 峭壁向远方伸展，海风激起的阵阵波浪泛着白花，冲上海滩。海面上几艘游艇张着乳白色的风帆优雅地避开浪头蜿蜓前进。山崖下面，一群海鸥相互叫唤着，在海面上盘旋飞翔。离岸一英里处，在海浪贪婪地吮舔着的岩岸上，那座古老的灯塔矗立在一座石头平台上。说实话，我毫不吝惜那几个钱。当我把望远镜转朝灯塔时，站在我身旁的那个老头拍了拍我的手腕。' Have you heard about the terrible tragedy that occurred there in that lighthouse?' he asked in a hushed whisper. 'I imagine there may be plenty of legends attached to such a dramatic-looking place' , I suggested . “您听过在那座灯塔里发生的一起骇人听闻的惨案吗?”他压低了嗓声对我说。“我想这个地方看起来非常富有戏剧性，有关它的传说一定不少，”我说。 'It's no legend' , declared the old man.'My father knew the two men involved. It all took place fift y years ago to-day. Let me tell you. His voice seemed to grow deeper and more dramatic. “这可不是传说，”那老头郑重其事地说。“我父亲认识那起惨案的两个当事人。一切都发生在50年前的今天。让我说给您听听吧。” 他的声音似乎变得更低沉、更富有戏剧性了。 'For a whole week that lighthouse had been isolated by storms' , he began, 'with terrifying seas s urging and crashing over the rocks. People on shore were anxious about the two men working th ere. They'd been on the best of terms until two or three weeks before, when they had quarrelled over cards in the village inn. Martin had accused Blake of cheating. Blake had vowed to avenge th e insult to his honour. But thanks to the wise advice of a man they both respected, they apologise d to each other, and soon seemed to have got over their disagreement. But some slight resentme nt and bitterness remained. and it was feared that the strain of continued isolation and rough we ather might affect their nerves, though, needless to say, their friends had no idea how serious the consequences would be. “整整一个礼拜，风暴困住了那座灯塔，”他开始说。 “咆啸的大海波涛汹涌，海浪拍打着岩石，轰然作响。岸上的人们十分担心在那儿工作的两个人。他们俩是多年的挚友，但在两三个礼拜前，他们在乡村酒店里玩牌时吵了一架。马丁指责布莱克打牌时耍赖，布莱克则发誓要对侮辱他人格的不实之辞进行报复。多亏一位他们俩都尊敬的人好言相劝，他们才互相道了歉，并以乎很快地结束了他们之间的不快。不过各自心里还有些怨恨。因此，人们担心长时间与世隔绝所造成的极度紧张和恶劣的天气会使