《欧洲文化入门》串讲资料
Greco-Roman tradition
Politics, democracy, citizen-assembly,
Citizenship of Athens, male adults
Democracy”in ancient Greece
(How do you understand “Democracy”in ancient Greece? What is the difference between “Democracy”in ancient Greece and modern democracy?)
exercise of power by the whole people”; but in Greece by “the whole people”the Greeks meant only the adult male citizens.
Women, children, foreigners and slaves were excluded from Democracy.
How did the Ancient Greek philosophy develop?
1. Three founders
1) Pythagoras
a. All things were numbers.
b. Scientific mathematics.
c. Theory of proportion.
2) Heracliteus
a. Fire is the primary elements of the universe.
b. The theory of the mingling of opposites produced harmony.
3) Democritus
a. the atomic theory.
b. materialism.
2.Three thinkers: Socrates, Plato and Aristotle
Aristotle
1) The Lyceum is the second school in the world, it was established by Aristotle.
2) Aristotle is a humanist.
3. Five contending schools
1). The Sophists
a. Under the leadership of Protagoras.
b. The representative of work is On the God.
c. His doctrine is “man is the measure of all things”.
2). The Cynics
a. Under the leadership of Diogenes.
b. The word “cynic”means “dog”in English.
c. He proclaimed his brotherhoo
d. And he had no patience with the rich and powerful.
3) The Sceptics
a. Under the leadership of Pyrrhon.
b. His thought is not all knowledge was attainable, and doubting the truth of what others accepted as true.
4) The Epicureans
a. Under the leadership of Epicurus.
b. Pleasure to be the highest good in life but not sensual enjoyment.
c. Pleasure could be attained by the practice of virtue.
d. Epicurus was a materialist. He believed that the world consisted of atoms.
5) The Stoics
a. Under the leadership of Zeno.
b. His thought is duty is the most important thing in life.
c. One should endure hardship and misfortune with courage.
Developed into Stoics’duty.
He was also a materialist.
The Contending Schools of Thought
1.The Sophists
Protagoras: “M an is the measure of all things.” humanism, the focus of renaissance, 2.The Cynics, Diogenes, rejecting all conventions and advocating self-sufficiency and extreme simplicity.
3.The Sceptics, represented by Pyrrhon, who held that not all knowledge was attainable.
4.The Epicureans. They were disciples of Epicurus, who believed pleasure to be the highest good in life, but by pleasure he meant, not sensual enjoyment, but freedom from pain and emotional upheaval, which he thought could be attained by the practice of virtue.
5.The Stoics, with Zeno as the chief. To the Stoics, the most important thing in life was not “pleasure”, but “duty”. According to them, virtue is the sole good in the life of an individual man.
What philosophy system did Plato establish?
(Why do we say Plato’s philosophy system was idealistic? Do you think Plato built up a comprehensive system of philosophy? )
1. It dealt with, among other things, the problem of how, in the complex, ever—changing world, men were to attain knowledge.
2. The first case and physical world should take the secondary case.
3. Idealistic of philosophy.
4. Many of Plato’s ideas were later absorbed into Christian thought.
What’s the difference between Plato and Aristotle in terms of their philosophical ideas(system)？
1. For one thing, Aristotle emphasized direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact. This is different from Plato’s reliance on subjective thinking.
2. For another, he thought that “form”and matter together made up concrete individual realities. Here, too, he differed from Plato who held that ideas had a higher reality than the physical world
3. Aristotle thought happiness was men’s aim in life, but not happiness in the vulgar sense, but something that could only be achieved by leading a life of reason, goodness and contemplation.
What should be man’s aim in life?
Aristotle’s answer was: happiness, but not in vulgar sense…
Epicurus, pleasure; not sensual pleasure
What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the later-on cultural development?
(What positive influence did the Greek Culture exert on the world civilization?)
Roman tradition
The Pax Romana
Roman Law
Plebeians and patricians
Republic from 27 B.C.
The decline of the Roman empire
Latin literature: Cicero, Ciceronian; Virgil, the Aeneid,
What is the similarity and difference between Greek culture and Roman culture?
1. similarity
A. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly.
B. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified, and their myths to be fused.
C. Their languages worked in similar ways, both being members of the Indo-European language family.
2. differences
A. The Romans built up a vast empire; the Greeks didn’t, except for the brief moment of Alexander’s conquests, which soon disintegrated.
B. The Romans were confident in their own organizational power, their military and administrative capabilities.
Judeo - Christian tradition
1. Christianity is by far the most influential in the West.
2. Judeo-Christian tradition constitutes one of the two major components of European culture: Judaism and Christianity.
3. The Jewish tradition, which gave birth to Christianity. Both originated in Palestine, which was known as
Canaan.
4. The ancestors of the Jews —the Hebrews.
5. They called “Hebrews”, which means “wanderers”.
6. About 1300 B.C., the Hebrews came to settle in Palestine.
7. The Hebrews history was recorded in the Old Testament of the Bible.
8. The Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament.
9. The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God.
10. The New Testament is about the doctrine of Jesus Christ.
11. The New Testament is, in essence, the four accounts, written by the four disciples.
12. The word “Testament”means “agreement”, the agreement between God and Man.
13. Bible is representative of Christianity and
14.. The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called Pentateuch.
15. Pentateuch
The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called Pentateuch. Pentateuch contains five books: Genesis (创世记), Exodus (出埃及记), Leviticus(利未记), Numbers (民数记), Deuteronomy (申命记--摩西遗言记).
16. Genesis
Genesis is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religious account of the origin of the Hebrews people, including the origin of the world and of man, the career of Isaac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph.
17. Exodus
Exodus is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religious history of the Hebrews during their flight from Egypt, the period when they began to receive God’s Law. Joshua brought the people safely back to Canaan.
18. The Fall of Man was recorded in Genesis, Pentateuch, the Old Testament, The Bible.
19. Noah’s Ark was recorded in Genesis, Pentateuch, the Old Testament, The Bible.
20. The Historical Books was divided into seven sections:
①Books of Joshua
②Books of Judges
③Books of Samuel
④Books of Kings
⑤Books of the Chronicles
⑥Books of Ezra
⑦Books of Nehemiah.
23. The content of historical Books: 1200B.C.--586 B.C.
Dealing with history of the Hebrew people from their entry into Palestine around 1200 B.C., till the fall of Palestine into hands of Assyrians and Chaldeans in 586 B.C.
24. The History Books
①The development of system of landed nobles.
②The development of monarchy.
③Establishment of the two Kingdoms.
④The settlement in the highlands
⑤Age of great prosperity under Saul, David and Solomon.
25. Joshua brought the people safely back to Canaan.
26. The first king to unite the Hebrews was Saul.
27. David established religious capital, Jerusalem to Palestine.
28. The Prophets
For more than a thousand years in the Middle East there had been a class of people known as “Prophets”or the spokesmen of God. Earlier prophets lived in groups as temple officials. Later on there appeared in dependent prophet. The Prophets can be grouped into the Major Prophets and Minor Prophets.
29. The Book of Daniel
The Book of Daniel belongs to The Old Testament of the Bible. It tells about the Hebrews being carried away into Babylon.
30. The former body of church was known as Synagogues（犹太会堂）.
31. The Pentateuch is also called Torah.摩西五经的别称
32. The story about God’s flooding to the human being and only good-virtue being saved was recorded in Genesis, Pentateuch, the Old Testament, the Bible, which was known as Noah’s Ark.
33. By 300 A.D. each local church was called a parish and had a full time leader known as a priest.
34. Several parishes were grouped together into a large unit called diocese, which was headed by a bishop.
35. The most important bishops were called archbishops.
36. Towards the end of the fourth century four accounts were accepted as part of the New Testament, which tells the beginning of Christianity.
37. The Birth of Jesus was recorded in Matthew
38. All the generations from Abraham to David are fourteen generations.为什么十四在西方吉利？
39. The Last Supper was recorded in John.
40. The Last Supper was put into an oil painting by Da Vinci in the high renaissance in Italy.
41. The Last Supper adapted from St.，John, the New Testament, the Bible.
42. The story about Jesus being betrayed by Judas was known as The Last Supper.
43. The story about Jesus being crucified in the wooden cross to death was known as The Last Supper.
44. The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by John Wycliff.
45. Wycliff 与Tyndale语言来源不同
Reformation against the Latin language.
46. William Tyndale’s version was based on the original Hebrew and Greek sources.
What difference between Christianity and the other religions?
(What are the forceful beliefs of Christianity?)
Christianity based itself on two forceful beliefs which separate it from all other religions.
1. One is that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, and that God sent him to earth to live as humans live, suffer as humans suffer, and die to redeem mankind.
2. The other is that God gave his only begotten son, so that whosoever believes in him should not perish, but have everlasting life.
加尔文主义也有这样的观点
How did Christianity originate and develop in the European continent?
（How was Christianity spread to Europe and became the official religion?
1. The disciples of Jesus tried to spread his gospel, first among the Jews in Palestine and then in the Mediterranean region.
2. During a time of great unrest and upheaval in the European continent, the poor and humble found comfort in the Christian Gospel.
3. Christianity began to draw men and women from all classes in Europe. The Romans grew tired of war and feared the collapse of the empire. And they admired the courage of the Christian missionaries.
4. Constantine believed that God had helped him in winning the battle and issued the Edict of Milan米兰敕令in 313. It granted religious freedom to all, and made Christianity legal.
5. In 392 A.D., Emperor Theodosius made Christianity the official religion of the empire and outlawed all other religions.
6. Now Christianity had changed from an object of oppression to a weapon in the hands of the ruling class to crush their opponents. The Latin language became the official language.
What are the different translation editions of the Bible?
1. The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as the Septuagint. And it is still in use in the Greek Church today. But it only translated the Old Testament.
2. The most ancient extant Latin version of the whole Bible is the Vulgate edition, which was done in 385-405
A.D. By St. Jerome in common people’s language. It became the official Bible of the Roman Catholic Church throughout the world.
3. The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by John Wycliff.
4. After John Wycliff’s version, appeared William Tyndale’s version. It was based on the original Hebrew and Greek sources.
5. The Great Bible ordered by Henry Ⅷin 1539 to be placed in all the English churches was in part founded on Tyndale’s work.
6. The most important and influential of English Bible is the “Authorized”(钦定圣经) or “King James”version, first published in 1611. It was produced by 54 biblical scholars at the command of King James. With its simple, majestic Anglo-Saxon tongue, it is known as the greatest book in the English languages.
7. The Revised Version appeared in 1885, and the standard American edition of the Revised Version in 1901. (美国英语版)
8. The Good News Bible and the New English Bible.
What is the great significance of the translations of the bible?
(What are the great influences that the English Bible has on the American and British literature?)
1. It is generally accepted that the English Bible and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs of Modern English.
2. Miltion’s Paradise Lost (失乐园), Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, Byron’s Cain, up to the contemporary .Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises, and Steinbeck’s East of Eden. They are not influenced without the effect of the Bible.
Division Three: The Middle Ages
1. the Middle ages,the Age of Faith
In European history, the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages.
2. The middle ages is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times. To be specific, from the 5th century to 15th century.
3. The transitional period is called the middle ages, between ancient times and modern times.
4. The transitional period is called the 17th century, between the middle ages and modern times.
5. In 476 A.D. a Germanic (日耳曼) general killed the last Roman emperor and took control of the government.
6. Feudalism
Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding—a system of holding land in exchange for military service. The word “feudalism”was derived from the Latin “feudum”, a grant (许可的) of land.
7. fiefs(采邑；次划分)
In Feudalism, the ruler of the government redivided the large lands into small pieces to be given to chancellors (有功的大臣) or soldiers as a reward for their service. The subdivisions were called fiefs.
8. vassals (占有fiefs的人)
In Feudalism, the ruler of the government redivided the large lands into small pieces to be given to chancellors (有功的大臣) or soldiers as a reward for their service. The subdivisions were called fiefs. The owners of the fiefs were call vassals.
9. code of chivalry (骑士制度)
As a knight, he were pledged to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry, from which the western idea of good manners developed.
10. dubbing (骑士头衔加冕仪式)
After a knight was successful in his trained and tournaments, there was always a special ceremony to award him with a title, knight. This special ceremony is called dubbing.
11. knight trained for war by fighting each other in mock battles called tournaments.(模拟战场)
12. The crusades ended up with the victory of Moslems.(穆斯林)
13. The Manor (领地所有制)
The centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor. Manors were founded on the fiefs of the lords (领主). By the twelfth century manor houses were made of stone and designed as fortresses. They came to be called castles.
14. After 1054, the church was divided into the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.
15. The Catholic Church made Latin the official language and helped to preserveand pass on the heritage of the Roman Empire.
16. The word “catholic”, meant “universal”.
17. St. Jerome, who translated into Latin both Old and New Testament from the Hebrew and Greek originals. Vulgate (拉丁语圣经)
18. Early Monasticism (早期修道院制)
Between 300 and 500 A.D., many men withdrew from worldly contacts to deserts and lonely places. This movement developed into the establishment of monasteries (for men) and convents (for women) for monks and nuns. Some of the hermits (隐士) were great scholars known as “Father of the Church”, whose work is generally considered orthodox.
19. Augustine —→Confession and The City of God
20. St. Benedict —→founded Benedictine Rule about 529 A.D. (专门给清修的人制定的法律)
21. The Inquisition (异端裁判所) to stamp out so-called heresy.
22. The most important of all courses was Jerusalem.
23. Crusades went on about 200 years.
24. There were altogether eight chief Crusades.
25. By 1291 the Moslems had taken over the last Christian stronghold. They won the crusades and ruled all the territory in Palestine that the Crusaders had fought to control.
26. Carolingian Renaissance
Carolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The most interesting facet of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.
27. Roger Bacon’s work was the Opus maius.
28. National Epics(民族史诗运动)
The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature. “National epic”refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics.
29. Chaucer (乔叟)
①power of observation ②piercing irony
③sense of humour ④warm humanity
与狄更斯相似
30. Gothic
①The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of Western Europe.
②It lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in some areas, into the 16th. More churches
were built in this manner than in any other style in history.
③The Gothic was an outgrowth of the Romanesque.（罗马式）
31. The Canterbury Tales:
①The Canterbury Tales was written by Chaucer.
②Chaucer introduced French and Italy writing the English native alliterative verse.(头韵)
③Both Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales are the best representative of the middle English.
In the middle ages, what cultures began to merge？
Classical, Hebrew and Gothic heritages merged (文化融合). It paved the way for the development of what is the present-day European culture.中世纪为现代欧洲文化铺平道路
Why is the middle ages is called Age of Faith (信仰的年代)？
1. During the Medieval (中世纪) times there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church.
2. The Christian church continued to gain widespread power and influence.
3. In the Late middle ages, almost everyone in western Europe was a Christian and a member of the Christian Church. Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and learning for hundreds of years.
4. It shaped people’s lives. That is why the middle ages is also called the “Age of Faith”.
How did Feudalism develop in Europe in middle ages?
1. feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding —a system of holding land in exchange for military service. The word “feudalism”was derived from the Latin “feudum”, a grant of land.
2. In order to seek the protection of large land-owners, the people of small farms or land gave their farms and land to large land-owners, but they still had freedom, they were called freemen.
3. While the people from towns and cities did not possess farms or land. They had nothing but their freedom to be given to large landowners, and then they lost their freedom for protection. They were called serfs.
4. In Feudalism, the ruler of the government redivided the large lands into small pieces to be given to chancellors or soldiers as a reward for their service. The subdivisions were called fiefs. The owners of the fiefs were call vassals.
5. There came a form of local and decentralized government.
6. As a knight, he were pledged to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry, from which the western idea of good manners developed.
What positive influence does the Crusades exert on the European Culture?
(What is the great significance of the Crusades?)
1. The crusades brought the East into closer contact with the West. And they greatly influenced the history of Europe.
2. During the wars while many of the feudal lords went to fight in Palestine, kings at home found opportunities to strengthen themselves. Thus among other things, Crusades helped to break down feudalism, which, in turn led to the rise of the monarchies.
3. Besides, through their contact with the more cultured Byzantines and Moslems, the western Europeans changed many of their old ideas. Their desire for wealth or power began to overshadow their religious ideals.
4. The Crusades also resulted in renewing people’s interest in learning and invention. By the 13th century, universities had spread all over Europe. Such knowledge as Arabic numerals, algebra (代数), and Arab medicine (医学) were introduced to the West.
5. As trade increased, village and towns began to grow into cities. And the rise of towns and trade in western Europe paved the way of the growth of strong national governments.
How did learning and science develop in the Middle Ages?
1. Charlemagne and Carolingian Renaissance:
①He was crowned “Emperor of the Romans”by the pope in 800.
②Carolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The most interesting facet of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches
of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.
2. Alfred the Great and Wesex, the Centre of Learning:
①He promoted translations into the vernacular from Latin works.
②He also inspired the compilation of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles. (编年史)
3. St. Thomas Aquinas and Scholasticism: (经院主义，保守主义的雏形)
4. Roger Bacon and Experimental Science:(实用主义)
①Roger Bacon, a monk, was one of the earliest advocates of scientific research. (最早的支持者) 亚里士多德最早提出
②He called for careful observation and experimentation. His main work was the Opus maius.
How did literature develop in the middle ages?
1. The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature. “National epic”refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.
2. Dante Alighieri and The Divine Comedy: (但丁与神曲)
①His masterpiece, The Divine Comedy, is one of the landmarks of world literature.
②The poem expresses humanistic ideas which foreshadowed the spirit of Renaissance.
③Dante wrote his masterpiece in Italian rather than in Latin. (只用意大利语创作)
3. Geoffrey Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales:
①The Canterbury Tales were his most popular work.
②Most of the tales are written in verse which reflects Chaucer’s innovation by introducing into the native alliterative verse the French and Italian styles.
③Chaucer is thus to be , regarded as the first short story teller and the first modern poet in English literature.
④Chaucer and the Canterbury Tales were representative of the Middle ages.
What is the difference between the vernacular language used in the National epics and the vernacular language used by Mark twain?
1. The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature. “National epic”refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.
2. The vernacular language used by Mark twain refers to both local and colloquial (地方式俗语) language used in the Mississippi area, with a strong characteristic of that region .Mark twain used vernacular language not only in dialogue, but also in narration.
3. His representative works Life on the Mississippi.
Division Four
1. Renaissance
Generally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century. The word “Renaissance”means revival, specifically in this period of history, revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. Renaissance, in essence, was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of conservatism (保守主义思想) in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie (资产阶级), to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the
Roman church authorities.
2. Generally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century.
3. Renaissance started in Florence and Venice with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture.
4. Florence was the golden city which gave girth to a whole generation of poets, scholars, artists and sculptors.
5. In Renaissance literature of Italy, Petrarch (彼得拉克) was the representative poet.
6. Intellectuals became closely tied up with the rising bourgeoisie.
(Humanistic ideas to develop)
7. At the heart of the Renaissance philosophy was the assertion of the greatness of man.
8. Literature: The idea of the greatness of man is reflected in Shakespeare’s literature.
9. painting: The idea of the greatness of man is reflected in Da vincci’s Mona Lisa.
10. Renaissance Art
A radical break with medieval methods of representing the visible world occurred in Italy during the second half of the 13th century.It was not until the second decade of the 15th century that there was a decided break with the medieval pictorial tradition.
11. Last Supper adapted from the New Testament of the Bible.
12. Mona Lisa——model wife of a banker.
——the ambiguity of the smile.
13. Michelangelo ——David——Sistine Chapel (from the First book of the Bible, the Genesis )——Dying Slave (垂死的奴隶)——Moses (摩西)
14. Raphael was best known for his Madonna. (圣母玛利亚)
15. He painted his Madonnas in different postures against different backgrounds.
16. One of the famous paintings besides the Madonnas is School of Athens (雅典学派). Plato and Aristotle engaged in argument.
17. Titian ——The Venus of Urbino (断臂的维纳斯)
Man with the Glove
18. John Wyclif ——translation of the Bible into English for the first time.
19. Jan Hus ——Czech
——in Czech language
20. Martin Luther ——translation of the whole Bible with the vernacular language.
21. The reformation get it’s victory first in England.
22. Reformation
The Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political movement. It began as Martin Luther posting on the door of the castle church at the University of Wittenberg his 95 thesis. This movement which swept over the whole of Europe was aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible. The reformists engaged themselves in translating the Bible into their mother tongues.宗教改革的实质是：反对罗马天主教，直接形式是用母语翻译圣经
23. Calvinism
Calvinism was established by Calvin in the period of Renaissance. Presbyterian government (长老会). Only those specially elected by God can be saved . This belief serves so well to help the rising bourgeoisie on its path.
24. The national religion established after reformation in England was called The church of England or The Anglican Church.
25. It was under the reign of Henry Ⅷthat reformation was successful in England.
26. The English Bible was adopted in England after Reformation.
27. Counter-Reformation (反宗教改革)
By late 1520 the Roman Catholic Church had lost its control over the church in Germany.
The Roman Catholic Church did not stay idle (坐以待毙). They mustered (召集) their forces, the dedicated Catholic groups, to examine the Church institutions and introduce reforms and improvements (改良), to bring back its vitality (活力). This recovery of power is often called by historians the Counter-Reformation.
28. The Jesuits ，Ignatius
Ignatius and his followers called themselves the Jesuits, members of the Society of Jesus. The Jesuits went through strict spiritual training (精神训练) and organized their own colleges to train selected youth who would be centre of their influence in the next generation.
29. Francis Bacon introduced Montaigne’s Essais into the English literature.
30. Montaigne was a French humanist known for his Essais(Essays).
31. The representative author of Renaissance in France was Montaigne with his famous work Essais. The representative novelist of Renaissance in Spain was Cervantes with his famous work Do Quixote, which marked European culture entry into a new stage.
32. Art Greco ——counter-reformation (反宗教改革的代表)
——the Baroque-treatment (巴洛克)——The Burial of Count Orgaz (伯爵的葬礼) 典型的反宗教改革
33. Renaissance in Germany: Dürer ——The Four Horsemen of Apocalpse——Knight, Death and the Devil
34. 到达英国晚的原因：The war of Roses and Its weak and unimportant position in world trade.
35. 达到高潮的第一个原因：It was to produce some towering figures (顶级人物) in the English.
William Shakespeare, Edmund Spenser, Sir Thomas More.
达到高潮的第二个原因：The Reign of Elizabeth I was a period of political and religious stability on the one hand and economic prosperity on the other.
36. England began to embark on the road to colonization and foreign control that was to take it onto its heyday of capitalist development.
37. William Shakespeare
Hamlet (哈姆雷特), Othello (奥赛罗), King Lear (李尔王), Macbeth (麦克白)
喜剧—→As You Like It and Twelfth Night (第十二夜)
38. 悲剧上的特点：①astonishing variety in presentment (表现上的多样性)
②dramatic movement (戏剧上的时刻)
③in characterization (人物的个性化)
乔叟中具有个性化的是女性
39. Shakespeare’s comedies prove Shakespeare to be a great humanist writer.
40. 喜剧表现出的between humanists and feudal and capitalist reality.
41. Copernicus (哥白尼): —→solar-Centric (日心说)
42. Which was proved by Kepler and Galieo? Centric (日心说)
43. Dante: The equality (平等) of the divine (神) power and the secular (世俗) power.(Satan)
44. Machiavelli —→Father of political science.(Prince君主论Discourses演讲篇)
Why do we say Renaissance first came to Italy?
(what propositions先决条件were there in Italy for renaissance to flourish?
What priorities were there in Italy for renaissance to flourish?)
1. Because of its geographical position , foreign trade developed early in Italy. This brought Italy into contact with other cultures and gave rise to urban economy and helped Italy to accumulated wealth.
2. Beginning from the 11th century, cities began to rise in central and north Italy. But there existed rivalry among the cities and they were constantly at war with each other.
3. City-states have been established in Italy in beginning from the 11th century.
4. For two centuries beginning from the late 15th century, Florence was the golden city which gave girth to a whole generation of poets, scholars, artists and sculptors. There was in Florence a revival of interest in classical learning and rising of humanist ideas.
What are the characteristics of Renaissance art?
(How does Renaissance art differ from the other kinds of arts?)
1. Art broke away from the domination of the church.
2. Themes of paintings changed to an appreciation of all aspects of nature and man.
3. The artists studied the ruins of Roman and Greek temples and put many of the principles of ancient civilization
into their works. They began to be supported by individual collectors.
4. Artists introduced in their works scientific theories of anatomy and perspective (透视法).
Why did Renaissance decline in Italy in the end?
1. The feuds (不合) of families, the conflicts of classes and the rivalry between the city-states kept the economic structure of Italy in the traditional local order.
2. In world trade Italy had lost its supremacy because of the discovery of America in 1492 and the rounding of the Cape of Good Hope in 1488, the opening of an all-water route (全线贯通) to India which provided a cheaper means of transport.
Which of the following is not the course for Italy to lose its favorable position?
3. The Protestant reformation forced the Roman Catholic Church to tighten its control over thought, speech and publication.
4. One after another the cradles of Italian Renaissance, Florence, Venice, Naples, Milan were pillaged and devastated in the Italian Wars. Spain, France and England fought for the control of its resources.
5. from the above, it can be concluded that Renaissance finally declined in Italy due to the reason of different kinds.
①War ②Foreign trade ③Position ④Wars with the other country
What is the great significance of the reformation?
What positive influence does the reformation exert on world culture?
1. The Roman Catholic Church was never the international court to which all rulers and states were to be morally responsible for.
2. Economically, peasants all over Europe had no need to pay a good amount of their gains to the Pope.
3. In educational and cultural matters, the monopoly of the church was broken.
4. In religion, Protestantism brought into being different forms of Christianity to challenge the absolute rule of the Roman Catholic Church.
5. In language, the dominant position of Latin had to give way to the national languages as a result of various translations of the Bible into the vernacular.
6. In spirit, absolute obedience (盲从) became out-moded (不复存在) and the spirit of quest (探索), debate (争论), was ushered in by the reformists.(凡事都要问为什么的精神)
Why do we say renaissance came to England very late, but in England renaissance reached its climax?
1. The war of Roses and Its weak and unimportant position in world trade.
2. It was to produce some towering figures (顶级人物) in the English. William Shakespeare, Edmund Spenser, Sir Thomas More.
3. The Reign of Elizabeth I was a period of political and religious stability on the one hand and economic prosperity on the other. England began to embark on the road to colonization and foreign control that was to take it onto its heyday of capitalist development.
What are the Geographical Discoveries (航海大发现) in the Renaissance?
The Renaissance was the golden age of geographical discoveries: by the year of 1600 the surface of the known earth was doubled .
1. Columbus:
Columbus discovered the land of America. On his fourth voyage he explored the coast of Central America
2. Dias:
Dias was a Portuguese navigator who discovered the Cape of Good Hope in 1487.
3. Da Gama:
Gama was a Portuguese navigator, who discovered the route to India round the Cape of Good Hope between the years of 1497 and 1498.
4. Amerigo (亚美利哥)
Amerigo was the Italian navigator on whose honour America was named. His discovered and explored the mouth of the Amazon (亚马逊河) and accepted South America as a new continent.
What contribution did the Renaissance make to the world culture?
1. The Renaissance created a culture which freed man to discover and enjoy the world in a way not possible under the medieval Church’s dispensation.
2. The Reformation dealt the feudal theocracy a fatal blow.
Division Five
1、The first time to look at men’s place in the Universe started in the 17th century.
2、In modernism, men’s position in the universe was looked at in a fresh new way.
3、The outlook (世界观) of educated men was transformed. There was a profound change in the conception of
men’s place in the universe.(人在宇宙中的位置)
4、The 17th century philosophy was focus on materialist in nature.
5、17th century Science: physics mathematics chemistry biology psychology
6、The modern world, so far as mental outlook is concerned, begins in the 17th century.现代世界从何时开始
7、Kepler’s Laws formed the basis of all modern planetary astronomy and led to Newton’s discovery of the
laws of gravitation
8、the laws of gravitation (万有引力的内容):
the sun, the moon, the earth, the planets, and all the other bodies (天体) in the universe move in accordance with the same basic force, which is call gravitation.
9、Francis Bacon’s works —→The Advancement of Learning
—→The New Atlantis
—→The Novum Organum (New Method)
—→Essays (散文集)
10、Essays are Bacon’s most widely read work. 58 essays were included.
11、Francis Bacon
①Knowledge is power. (知识就是力量)
②Virtue is like precious odours —most fragrant when they are incensed or crushed.
品德像宝贵的气味－当被压碎或焚香时很芳香
③Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.
④Reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man.(纯粹的人) 读书可以使人
成竹在胸
⑤Histories make men wise.
12、Tomas Hobbes —→Leviathan
13、the Great Instauration
to break with the past, and to restore man to his lost mastery of the natural world. This was what Bacon called the Great Instauration. (大恢复理论)
14、Inductive method
Inductive method was established by Francis Bacon in 17th century.Induction means reasoning (推理) from particular facts or individual cases to a general conclusion.(从特殊推一般). Induction was put over against Deductive method.
15、All our ideas are ultimately derived from sensation (感受) or from reflection (反思) and these two make
up experience and all our knowledge springs from experience as well.
16、Locke also believed that the ruler of government is one partner of the social contract.(是社会契约的签约
方)
17、Hobbes —→absolute Monarchy (君主制)
Locke—→Constitutional Monarchy (君主立宪制)
18、The English Revolution is also called Bourgeoisie Revolution.
19、Democracy (民主的体现是) —→Parliament (议会)
希腊民主的体现是公民大会
20、The serfdom had begun breaking up as a result of the Enclosure Movement.
21、By the end of the 16th century, Calvinism had spread to England. As a result, the Puritan Movement was
started in England.
22、1689, the Bill of Rights was enacted by the English Parliament .
23、There are two leaders in the English Revolution. Cromwell was the man of action and Milton the man of
thought.
24、Milton —→Paradise Lost (失乐园)
选自：The fall of men (圣经的旧约)
Satan
25、In Milton’s poetic works, both the Renaissance and the Reformation showed their influence. (受两个运
动的影响)
26、Theory of Knowledge认知论
Descartes employed methodic doubt (置疑方法论) with a view to discovering whether there was any indubitable (不容置疑的) truth. I doubt, therefore I think: I think, therefore I am. Doubting is thinking, thinking is the essence of the mind (精髓所在). Descartes believed that they are not dependable. (置疑是不可的)
27、Descartes’s Dualism二元论
①Thought (思维) was the foundation of all knowledge (认知) while the senses might deceive (欺骗) us. This
is idealist. (唯心主义者)
②The external (外部) world existed, which was independent (无关) of the human mind. This is materialist.
(不以人的意识为转移)
28、Classicism (新古典主义)
Classicism implies the revival of the forms and traditions of the ancient world, a return to works of old Greek literature from Homer to Plato and Aristotle. But French classicism of the 17th century was not conscious of being a classical revival (并非古典主义的复苏). It intended to produce a literature, French to the core (以法语为中心), which was worthy of (与…相媲美) Greek and classical ideals. This neoclassicism (新古典主义) reached its climax in France in the 17th century.(代表：莫里哀和德国的歌德?席勒)
29、French classicism of the 17th century was not conscious of being a classical revival (并非古典主义的复
苏). 判断
30、Rationalism (理性主义) was believed to be able to discover the best principles of human conduct (行为)
and the universal (通用的) principles of natural laws. Here Descartes provided the philosophical foundation for the French neoclassicism.(新古典主义)
31、Molière (莫里哀) —→The best representative of French neoclassicism.
32、Baroque Art承上启下的(法国新古典主义时期重要的)艺术形式
Baroque Art, flourished first in Italy, and then spread to Spain, Portugal, France in south Europe and to Flander and the Netherlands (荷兰) in the North. It was characterized by dramatic intensity (强烈的艺术性) and sentimental appeal (哀婉的格调) with a lot of emphasis on light and colour.(强烈的明暗对比)
33、Michelangelo Caravaggio —→The Calling of St. Matthew (圣马赛的呼唤)
—→The Cardsharps (纸牌游戏)
34、Dutch Protestant Art 新教艺术
Rembrandt (伦勃朗) —→Blinding of Samson (双目失明萨姆森)
—→The Polish Rider (荷兰骑士)
一、Why do we say the 17th century is a transitional (过渡的) period from middle ages to the modern times? 答：
1、This advance began in science, in astronomy, physics and pure mathematics (纯粹数学), owing to the work of Galileo, Kepler, Newton and Descartes.
2、The outlook (世界观) of educated men was transformed. There was a profound change in the conception (概念)
of men’s place in the universe.(人在宇宙中的位置)
3、The new science and philosophy gave a great push to the political struggle waged by the newly emerged class (新兴的阶级), the bourgeoisie (资产阶级), and other chasses.
4、The modern world, so far as mental outlook is concerned, begins in the 17th century.
二、How did science develop in the 17th century?
1、Copernicus: Helio-centric (日心说)
2、Kepler:
①Kepler’s Laws of planetary motion. (开普勒行星定律)
②Kepler proved Copernicus Helio-centric theory to be true.
③Kepler’s Laws formed the basis of all modern planetary astronomy and led to Newton’s discovery of the laws of gravitation. (万有引力理论)
3、Galileo
①He made a telescope.
②Galileo also proved Copernicus Helio-centric theory to be true.
③Galileo discovered the importance of acceleration in dynamics. (动力加速度)
④Galileo was also the first to establish the law of falling bodies. (落体理论的奠定)
4、Newton:
①He invented calculus. (微积分)
②In optics (光学), he discovered that white light is composed of all the colors of the spectrum.(光谱)
③Newton established his name in the field of physics.
④Newton established the analytical method. (分析方法理论)
5、Leibniz:
①Leibniz distinguishes three levels of understanding:
the self-conscious (自我意识)
the conscious and the unconscious or subconscious (无意识或下意识)
This theory had a great influence on Freudian psychology.
②This theory of time and space had a great influence on Einsteinian physics.
③He and Newton invented independently the differential (互不相关的) and integral (整合性的) calculus.(微积分)
三、What are the merits shared by the Great Scientists of 17th century？
(Do you think there is something in common among the 17th century scientists? If there is, present your ideas on the statement.)
During the 17th century, the modern Scientific method began to take shape (初见端倪). It emphasized observation and experimentation (实验) before formulating (表示) a final explanation or generalization (概括). Copernicus、Kepler、Galileo、Newton and other scientists of the time shared two merits (价值) which favoured the advance of science.
1、First, they showed boldness (大胆性) in framing hypotheses.(假定框架)
2、Second, they all had immense patience in observation.
3、The combination (组合) of the two merits brought about fundamental changes in man’s scientific and philosophical thinking.
四、What is Baconian Philosophical system?
(What is the different between inductive method (归纳法) and deductive (演绎法) method?)
1、The whole basis of his philosophy was practical (实用主义哲学): to give mankind mastery (主宰) over the forces of nature by means of scientific discoveries and inventions.
2、He held that philosophy should be kept separate from theology (神学), not intimately be blended with it as in Scholasticism.(与经院主义混为一谈)
3、Bacon established the inductive method. Induction means reasoning (推理) from particular facts or individual cases to a general conclusion.(从特殊推一般). Deductive method emphasized (强调) reasoning from a known principle (原因) to the unknown and from the general to the specific.(从已知推未知，从一般推特殊)
4、In a word, to break with the past (与过去相背离), and to restore man to his lost mastery of the natural world. This was what Bacon called the Great Instauration. (大恢复理论)
五、What is Hobbes’material system?
(What are Hobbes’materialist view?)
1、Our knowledge comes from experience.(知识来源于实际)
2、Only material things are perceptible, and knowable to us. Our own experience alone is certain (个人的实践是确定无疑的). Men could not know anything about the existence of God. (人类无法感知上帝是否确定存在)
3、When a thing lies still, unless something else stirs (搅动) it, it will lie still for ever.
4、Hobbes systematized (系统化) Baconian materialism, but basically (基本上) he was a mechanical materialist.(机械唯物主义),费尔巴哈也是
六、What is the natural state of war according to Hobbes?
1、Equality of hope arises from the equality of ability.(欲望来自于能力的平等)
2、If any two men desire the same thing, which nevertheless they cannot both enjoy, they become enemies.
3、From this, he concluded, until such time as men live under a common power (努力均衡), they are in a state of war with one another.
七、What are the Laws of nature, according to the Hobbes?
1、It is obviously in man’s interest to emerge from this natural state of war.(人的利益导致战争)
2、For by nature men have their passions and their reason. It is their passions which bring about the state of war (导致战争的自然状态).
3、Peace is necessary for survival and certain articles (条款) of peace, upon which men may be drawn to agreement (达成一致).
八、What is the theory of the Social Contract, according to the Hobbes?
1、It is necessary that there should be a common power (权利的集中) or government backed by force and able to punish
2、Commonwealth (英联邦), in Latin, Civitas (共有财产).
3、To escape anarchy (无政府状态), men enter into a social contract, by which they submit to the sovereign (君主). In return for (作为回报) conferring (赠与) all their powers and strength to the sovereign, men attain peace and security
4、The powers of the sovereign must be absolute, and it is only be the centralization (中央集权) of authority (权利) in one person that the evil can be avoided.
5、As to the form of government, Hobbes preferred monarchy.(主张君主制)
6、Government was not created by God, but by men themselves.
九、What are John Locke material view?
1、All our ideas are ultimately derived from sensation (感受) or from reflection (反思) and these two make up experience and all our knowledge springs from experience as well.
2、Neither principles nor ideas are innate.(规律与人的思维都并非天生的)
3、Sensation and reflection are the fountains of knowledge.(两大源泉)
十、What is Locke’s Political Philosophy?
1、Locke flatly rejected the theory of divine right of kings.(排除了君权神授的思想)
2、He ridiculed the theory of transmission of royal authority (王权的世袭制) by saying that there was no evidence that Adam possessed (控制) a divinely (像神一样的) granted royal authority (授予王权), nor is there any evidence that his heirs had it.
3、Locke put forward the idea of the state of nature.(提出自然状态的观点)
4、For Locke, Nature Law, therefore, means a universally obligatory (强制性的) moral law (道德法则) promulgated (发布) by the human reason. Whereas (然而) for Hobbes it means the law of power, force and fraud (欺骗).
5、Locke firmly believed in natural rights (天赋人权). The natural right is the right of private property (财产).
十一、What is the difference between Hobbes and Locke in terms of nature Law?
For Locke, Nature Law, therefore, means a universally obligatory (强制性的) moral law (道德法则) promulgated (发布) by the human reason. Whereas (然而) for Hobbes it means the law of power, force and fraud (欺骗).
十二、What is John Locke’s Social Contract?
1、Society is out of necessity, convenience and man’s own interest, and therefore, society is natural to man.
2、The institution (制度) of political society and government must proceed (进行) from the consent (赞同) of those who are incorporated into (与…融为一体) political society and subject themselves to government.(人要完全屈服于政府的统治)
3、Locke emphasized that the social contract must be understood as involving the individual’s consent (同意) to submit (服从) to the will of the majority (大多数人的意志) and that the will of the majority must prevail (流行).
4、Locke also believed that the ruler of government is one partner of the social contract.(是社会契约的签约方), If he violates the social contract, then government is effectively dissolved.(有效地取消), This idea was welcomed (采用) by the Americans during the American Revolution and the bourgeoisie revolution in England.(北美独立战争和英国资产阶级革命)
十四、What are the courses of the English Revolution?
1、The growth of capitalism (资产阶级的出现)
2、The break-up of serfdom (农奴制被打破)
3、The Puritan movement (清教徒运动)
十五、How many stages has the English Revolution undergone (经历)？
1、The war between Parliament and the King: It was ended with the victory of the king.
2、The first civil war from 1642 to 1646.
3、The second civil war in 1648: It was ended with the victory of the Parliament.
4、The establishment of the Republic by Oliver Cromwell in 1649: CharlesⅠwas be headed.
5、The Restoration (复辟) of the Stuart dynasty (斯图亚特王朝): in 1660.
6、The Glorious Revolution (光荣革命) in 1688: Mary and William.
十六、What is the great significant of the English Revolution?
1、It was the first time that capitalism has defeated absolute monarchy (君主专制) in history.
2、The English Revolution marked that the modern times are approaching (接近).
3、After the English Revolution the constitutional monarchy (君主立宪制) has come into being as well as the Bill of Rights. The Bill of Right established the supremacy (至高无上的权利) of the Parliament and put an end to divine monarchy in England. The Bill of Rights limited the Sovereign’s power (王权) in certain important directions.
十七、What are the characteristics of French classicism?
(How does French classicism differ from the other classicism?)
1、In the French classical literature, man was viewed (认为) as a social being consciously and willingly (自动的) subject (主体) to discipline (纪律).社会自然人
2、Rationalism (理性主义) was believed to be able to discover the best principles (原则) of human conduct (行为) and the universal (通用的) principles of natural laws. Here Descartes provided (提供的) the philosophical foundation for the French neoclassicism.(新古典主义)
3、French classicism was fond of using (善于使用) classical forms, classical themes (思想) and values (价值观念).
Division Six
1、Enlightenment启蒙运动
2、启蒙运动的先行者：John Locke and Isaac Newton
3、Newton’s theory of gravitation (万有引力理论) further demonstrated (进一步证实) to the world that the universe is governed (控制) by laws that could be understood by the human mind.(可以为人所知)
4、The major force of the Enlightenment was the French philosophes, such as Montesquieu, Voltaire (伏尔泰) and Rousseau (卢梭). Diederot, who edited the famous Encyclopédie (百科全书).
5、Diederot —→Encyclopédie(百科全书).
6、Montesquieu
—→was the first of the great French men of letters associated with the Enlightenment
(第一个加入到启蒙运动的法国人)
—→Persian Letters (波斯人的信札)
—→The spirit of the Laws (论法的精神)
7、It is an investigation (研究) of the environmental and social relationships that lie behind the laws of civilized society.
8、The definition of law by Montesquieu.
9、“must be adapted to each people”Montesquieu The Spirit of the Laws
10、The theory of the separation of powers (三权分立理论) was put forward by Montesquieu in his work The Spirit of the Laws. He believed that the legislative (立法), executive (行政) and judicial (司法) powers must be confided (托付) to different individuals, acting independently. (独立的行为)
11、The theory of the separation of powers was accepted by the U.S. Constitution.
(三权分立的思想被美国宪法所接受)
12、Voltaire (伏尔泰) —→His works are an outstanding embodiment (杰出的体现) of the principles (原则性的) of the French Enlightenment.—→Letters Anglaise (Letters philosophiques) 哲学信件
—→Candide (名字)
13、Rousseau (卢梭)
The greatest figures of the French Enlightenment (对浪漫主义文学思潮产生影响的法国哲学家是卢梭) he glorified human nature and attacked social inequality. (赞扬人的本质反对社会不平等)
—→The Origin of Human Inequality (论人类平等的根源)
“man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.”
—→The Social Contract (社会契约论) social democracy 呼唤社会的民主
14、Rousseau 之所以比Hobbes 和Locke 更高级是因为他提出了social democracy. P233
15、Daniel Defoe —→Robinson Crusoe (鲁滨逊漂流记)
—→One of the greatest fiction writers (小说作家) of 18th century England.
在启蒙运动中英国有一部触及现实主义的作品和人是：Daniel Defoe
16、—→Satirist (讽刺大师) in the English language
—→A modest Proposal (温和的建议)
—→Gulliver’s Travels (格列佛游记)
17、Fielding —→Father of the English novel (英国现代小说之父) 第一个写小说的是乔叟
—→小说类型为：Modern novel
—→The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling (一个弃儿的历史)
18、He was also the first person to approach the genre (类型) with a fully worked-out theory of the novel.(用小说理论进行创作的第一人)
19、Goethe (歌德) —→德国文学第一人
—→The Sorrows of Young Werther (少年维特的烦恼)
—→Faust (浮士德)
—→Poetry and Truth (诗和真理)，Autobiography (自传体)
20、Schiller (席勒) —→He was a founder of modern German literature. 多产的作家
Schiller and Goethe are the chief representatives of German classicism
—→The Robber
—→Cabal and Love (阴谋与爱情)
—→Wilhelm Tell
21、Kant (康德) —→Waterhead of modern philosophy (当代哲学的源头)
nebular hypothesis (星云假说)
—→General History of Nature and Theory of the Heavens
(自然发展史和天体理论) nebular hypothesis在这部作品中提出
—→Critique of Pure Reason
rationalism with empiricism (把理论主义与经验主义融为一体)在上书中
human knowledge is limited to the phenomenal world. 局限于外部世界
22、The Musical Enlightenment (音乐启蒙运动)
By the beginning of the 18th century the art of creating music had become almost entirely rationalized.It came to its richest fruition (高潮) in the works of Bach (巴赫) and Handel (亨德尔). Bach and Handel represented a trend (趋势) towards greater regularity (规律性) of style in the clearly defined types and forms, in a series of standardized formulas (公式).
23、Bach (巴赫)
—Bach created a synthetic art (人为艺术) which summarized (总结) all the developments of the Baroque era. —为Haydn (海顿), Mozart, and Beethoven 打下基础的人是Bach
—Schumann said, “Music owes as much to Bach as Christianity does to its Founder.”
(欧洲现代主义音乐的创始人)
24、Handel (亨德尔)
—combination (结合) of the Italian traditions of solo (独奏为主) and instrumental style, the English choral (合唱) tradition.
—→Messiah (弥赛亚)轻歌剧教会音乐
25、The Baroque Period was followed by the Classical Period, roughly between 1750 and 1820.
26、Classical Period 三大代表：Haydn (海顿), Mozart, and Beethoven.
27、以上三位代表为：Viennese School (维也纳流派)
28、Haydn (海顿) —→Austrian
—→London symphonies (伦敦交响乐) 以交响乐为主
29、Mozart (莫扎特) 歌剧成就最高英年早逝(文学上为：Keats)
—→Operas (歌剧)
—→Don Giovanni (唐璜)
—→The Marriage of Figaro (费加罗的婚礼)
一、What is the historical context for the Enlightenment to develop?
1、The American War of Independence (美国独立战争) of 1776 ended British colonial (殖民) rule over that country and got victory in 1783.
The Declaration of Independence (独立宣言)
2、The French Revolution broke out in 1789. The seizure (占领) of the Bastille (巴士底狱). The first French Republic was born in 1792.
Declaration of the Rights of Man (人权宣言)
3、The Industrial Revolution (工业革命) the 1760’s —the 1830’s, beginning with the invention of the steam engine, rapidly changed the face of the world, and ushered in a completely new age. (开创了一个崭新的时代)
二、What is the great significant of the Industrial Revolution?
1、The introdution of machines which reduced the need for hand labour in making goods.
2、The substitution (替代) of steam power for water, wind, and animal power.
3、The change from manufacturing (手工作坊) in the home to the factory system.
4、New and faster method of transportation (交通方式) on land and on water.
5、The growth of modern capitalism and the working class. (两大阶级的对立)
Division Seven
1、Romanticism名词解释
Romanticism was a movement in literature, philosophy, music and art which developed in Europe in the late
18th and early 19th centuries. Starting from the ideas of Rousseau in France and from the Storm and Stress movement (狂飙运动) in Germany. Romanticism emphasized individual values and aspirations (灵感) above those of society. As a reaction (反应) to the industrial revolution (工业革命), it looked to (承上启下) the Middle Ages and to direct contact with nature (与大自然的直接接触) for inspiration (灵感). Romanticism gave impetus (动力支持) to the national liberation movement (民族解放运动) in 19th century Europe.
2、The literary and philosophical trend (倾向) in the Romantic philosophy was represented by Transcendentalism.(先验论)
3、the theoretical (理论上的) groundwork (基础) for capitalism was Adam Smith’s the wealth of Nations.
4、Brotherhood最早由犬儒派提出，惠特曼的草叶集也提到
5、French revolution with its slogans (口号) of liberty (自由), equality and universal brotherhood.
6、Blake—→Songs of Innocence (清白之歌), happy world
—→Songs of Experience (经验之歌), bitter world (苦涩)
7、The Laker poets (The Lakers)
①Wordsworth —→Lyrical Ballads (抒情民谣) 与Coleridge 合写
—→The Prelude (序曲)
②Coleridge—→Kubla Khan (忽必烈汗), exotic culture (外来文化)
—→The Rime of the ancient Mariner (古舟子咏)
8、Lyrical Ballads marked the beginning of the Romantic literature.
9、Coleridge’s works possessed the characteristic of exotic culture. (外来文化)
10、Byron—→Isles of Greece (希腊诸岛)
—→Don Juan (唐璜) 莫扎特改编成歌剧(选择)
⊙Byron 是浪漫主义时期中国最熟悉的
⊙两个战役hence (战役) the mention (提到的) of Marathon (马拉松) and Thermopylae
⊙Byronic hero 对中国影响最深的是鲁迅
11、Byron created a typical hero which is call The Byronic hero.
12、Byron mentioned two important wars of Marathon and Thermopylae in Isles of Greece.
13、Byronic hero
Byronic hero was created by Byron in the Romantic period of the English literature. The Byronic hero is characterized by bravery and hard working spirit, such as Don Juan as the best representative of the Byronic hero.
14、Shelly —→Ode to the West Wind (西风颂) (If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?)—→Prometheus Unbound，The Lyrical drama 抒情戏剧
15、”If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?”was written in Ode to the West Wind by Shelly.
16、Shelly wrote a Lyrical drama Prometheus Unbound which is a parody Prometheus bound written by Aeschylus
17、Keats —→Ode to a Nightingale (夜莺赋)
—→Ode on a Grecian Urn (希腊古瓮颂)，Beauty is truth, truth beauty.
—→sonnets (十四行诗)，只有真理才是永恒的美
18、“Beauty is truth, truth beauty,”was written in Ode on a Grecian Urn by Keats.
19、(略)Scott—→The Heart of Mid-lothian (密德罗安市的监狱)
—→Ivanhoe (撒克逊劫后英雄传)
20、The death of Scott marked the end of Romanticism in England. 他的死标志着浪漫主义结束
21、Victor Hugo —→Cromwell(介于浪漫主义与古典主义之间)
—→Notre Dame de Paris (巴黎圣母院)
—→Les Miserables (悲惨世界) 主人公：Jean Valjean
22、Victor Hugo was a best representative writer of Romanticism in France.
23、George Sand —→Indiana (印第安纳州) misunderstook woman没受到公正待遇的女性
24、Russian Romantic literature was against The Tzarist rule.(沙皇统治)
25、The representative writers of Russia Romanticism were Pushkin and Lermontov.
26、Pushkin—→Ruslan and Liudmila (罗斯兰与雷尔达米拉) 与leaves of grass 相似
—→Boris Godunov (布达耶夫)
中国文化概论复习资料
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自考互联网数据库重点考点
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完整版欧洲文化入门参考资料
欧洲文化入门参考资料 这是一本中国大学生了解欧洲文化的英语教科书，为了教学需要而编写的。学习英语的中国大学生在阅读英文书刊和同英语国家人士的交往中，往往感到由于缺乏欧洲文化知识而增加了许多困难。英语中有数不清的典故、名言、成语、人名、地名等等来自古希腊罗马的哲学、文学、历史著作，希伯莱的圣经，文艺复兴时期的艺术创作或者牵涉到各时期思想、科技、政治、社会方面的重要事件和人物。如果对这些所知无多，读书未必全懂，对谈也难顺利。而一旦对这些有了较多知识，则不仅了解程度会提高，而且由于通过文化来学习语言，语言也会学得更好。 《欧洲文化入门》教学大纲 一、课程基本信息 1、课程英文名称：European Culture: An Introduction 2、课程类别：专业限选课程 3、课程学时：32学时 4、学分：2 5、先修课程：《高级英语》、《英国文学选读》、《美国文学选读》 6、适用专业：英语 7、大纲执笔：英语专业教研室 8、大纲审批：外语系学术委员会 9、制定(修订)时间：2005 二、课程的目的与任务： 本课程为专业选修课程，旨在通过该课程的学习，学生比较系统地学习有关欧洲文化的基本知识，以提高学生的文化知识和文化修养，并为以后开专业课提供大量重要的背景文化知识，从而更好地了解和学习英语，提高文学欣赏水平。 三、课程的基本要求： 本教学大纲对象是高等院校英语专业高年级学生，全部用英语授课。 了解欧洲文化对英语发展的影响和欧洲文化发展的脉络； 了解来自古希腊罗马的哲学、文学、历史著作，希伯莱的圣经，文艺复兴时期的艺术创作的典故、名言、成语、人名、地名等； 了解欧洲各时期思想、科技、政治、社会方面的重要事件和人物； 将欧洲文化与同时期的中国文化进行比较； 学生应准备一些工具书、参考书、选本、译本。 四、教学内容、要求及学时分配： 希腊、罗马文化 基督教及其《圣经》 中世纪 文艺复兴与宗教改革 十七世纪 启蒙运动 浪漫主义 马克思主义与达尔文学说 现实主义 现代主义及其它 五、考试考核办法：笔试 六、教材及参考书：
自考-00321中国文化概论-历年真题及答案
自考-00321中国文化概论-历年真题及答案 一、单项选择题(本大题共15 小题，每小题1 分，共15 分)在每小题列出的四个选项中 只有一个选项是符合题目要求的，请将正确选项前的字母填在题后的括号内。 1.进到“文化”，人们常常引用“圣人观乎天文，以察时变；观乎人文，以化成天下。”此语出自( ) 2002-10 A. 《论语》 B. 《易》 C. 《荀子》 D. 《礼记》 2.文化是人类在长期的历史发展中共同创造并赖以生存的物质与精神存在的总和。这里的“文化”指的是（）2004-10 A.广义的文化 B.狭义的文化 C. 民族文化 D. 国别文化 3．下列表述中不属于广义文化的是（）2015-10 A．是与人类及人类的创造活动相联系的，是以人为中心的概念。 B．是一个历史概念，它涵盖人类历史的全过程，是一个传承发展的综合概念。 C．外延涵盖物质创造和精神创造的全部。 D．关注的不仅是全人类的普遍共性，而且更注重不同民族、阶层、集团人文精神的特点。4．下列选项中属于狭义文化产品的是（）2008-1 A ．生产工具 B ．生活器具 C ．运输工具 D ．典籍 5.注重人的心态部分，专指人类的精神创造（）2017-10 A.广义文化 B.狭义文化 C.民族文化 D.国别文化 6.狭义的文化又称（）2007-10 A. 国别文化 B.人文文化 C. 民族文化 D.历史文化 7.文化传统除了延续性的特点外,还具有( C )2012-10 A.规范性 B.调和性 C.稳定性 D.等级性 8．与英文Culture 对译的汉语是( ) 2008-10 2015-4 2016-4 A ．文学 B ．文章 C ．文化 D ．精神文明 9.“文化”一词中，“化”的本义是（）2006-10 A ．化学 B ．文学 C ．化解 D ．改易 10．“文化”一词中，“文”的本义是（）2007-1 A ．文学 B ．错画 C ．文章 D ．图画 11.以中国文化为源头、中国境内各民族共同创造的、长期历史发展所积淀的文化就是（）2015-4 A中国传统文化 B中国古代文化 C中国文化传统 D中国民族文化 12. 中国文化的鼎盛时代是在( ) 2002-10 A.先秦时期 B.秦汉时期 C.魏晋南北朝 D. 隋唐两宋 13.在中国文化的地理背景中，中国处于世界最大的欧亚大陆的东部，东临浩翰的( ) 2002-10 2012-10 A.大西洋 B. 印度洋 C.太平洋 D.北冰洋 14.地域文化形成的第一个条件是( )2002-10 A.人文环境 B.地理环境 C.生活环境 D. 自然环境 15.地域文化是正统文化的（）2011-1 A.归宿 B.过程 C.发展 D. 资源 16.重农主义是为保护小农而打击工商业的一种国家观念。我国重农主义观念起于
自学考试 中国文化概论 考前串讲--论述
1.地理条件对中国文化的三大影响？ 1. 广大地域决定中国文明的道路和文化方向。中国大陆的整体性，影响着中国文化的走向世界统一，地域广阔的大陆又一定是一个人群林立的世界；中国文明时代的开始，家国社会的建立，正以这样一来的一个基本情况为前提。中国文化的发祥地虽也是黄河流域，但不同于西亚文化的是，它所依赖的不是黄河干流本身，而是它众多支流河汊所形成河曲湿润地区。地理特征也决定着中国古代不可能走古希腊式的文明道路。中华祖先在创建它的古代文明时，首先面临着大地域上人口构成多族群的特点。如何将这众多的来源不同文化互异的人群抟和为文化整体？在中国，战争征服是有的，但最终古代文明的成功依靠的不是战争，而是联合与融会。独特的地理条件，制约着它独特的文明形态和文化方向。 2. 广大地域形成的“大一统”观念。分裂与统一是中国历史的两大现象，统一总是占主导倾向的追求。尽管中国历史上的分裂不在少数，时间也不算短，但追求统一始终是政治观念中的基调，也是历史的基本倾向。天下一家的大一统意识，是威力持久的中国理念，对中华民族的不断发展壮大，有重要作用。 3. 地缘特征与中国文化的历史命运。这里的地缘概念，它要说的是当中原文化中心形成后，与北方范围更加广阔的草原游牧文化之间的关系。从地理的角度观察中国文化历史发展，应特别注意与北方边地草原人群的地缘关系，在北方，中原文明必须长期面对一个由草场、山地、沙漠戈壁构成的辽阔的地域，和以游牧为基本特征的文明区域。这是一个巨大的扇面形地带，居住着很多古老的人群。这些民族除满族之外，基本都是在前一个民族迁徙，草原出现“真空”状态时，从原来的居住地大举跃进，充当新的高原主人。在中原政治兴旺时，他们逡巡于它的周围，学习着中原文化制度，有的人群还被强大的中原王朝击溃，或远徙或内迁；当中原朝政陷于混乱衰弱时，他们便大举进攻，进而入主中原，造成中原固有居民的向南迁移。而他们则成为中原文化的接受者和新的创造者，在短暂的迟滞后，文明沿着中原固有的文化方向升温、繁荣。隔一二百年或更长一点的时间，上述的情况再重复一次。这样的反复，有许多次。 2.论述我国的生产经济与文化特征 ⒈天时、地利、人勤的重农经验。大农业是按照季节变化周而复始地从事种植业劳作和相关生产的社会群体活动，相关的大农业观念，是通过多种经营，充分利用土地，讲勤抓早，争取丰收。这是一套由天时历法、土壤水文、动植物知识、岁时风俗和人文社会活动结合而成的系统经验知识，是中华民族经过世世代代的努力实践才形成的一种自我生存的文化观。最终使中国人们在自然资源乏匮的条件下，建设了农业文明，也保存了自己。 ⒉以工补农、以商求富的农人心理。中国传统的农耕经济并不是以农业生产为界限，而是包括了手工业和商业的多种经济成分的。以工补农，以商求富的观念，虽非主流，但仍有自己的文化价值，例如，第一，它促成了城市的出现；第二，它发展了市民文化；第三，它打破了小农经济的视野，引进了城市的信息；同时把地方或民族的文化带到全国各地和世界其他地方。 ⒊精打细算、知足节用的务农传统。精细而知足，也是中国生产文化的一个特点。这不是单指安排生产生活计划的周密，使用资源的节制，而且是包括长远规划的思想，选择优化增长的方案和限制人对自然的无限索取欲望的集体规约。这是中国人在长期的实践中磨练出来的
0321中国文化概论历年真题及答案
全国2007年10月高等教育自学考试 一、单项选择题（本大题共25小题，每小题1分，共25分） 1.狭义的文化又称（） A.国别文化 B.人文文化 C.民族文化 D.历史文化 2.下列选项中，属于文化学研究基础单位的是（） A.文化现象 B.文化产品 C.文化思潮 D.文化事象 3.被中国古人称为“表里山河”的地带是（） A.青藏高原地带 B.华北平原地带 C.江汉平原地带 D.黄土高原地带 4.古埃及文明发源于（） A.两河流域 B.尼罗河 C.底格里斯河 D.幼发拉底河 5.中国古代的林木乱砍滥伐，在北方造成灾难性的后果，其中一个重要原因是统治者太喜 A.大兴水 B.大兴武功 C.大兴土木 D.大兴文治 6.司马迁的《史记》是（） A.纪传体通史 B.纪传体断代史 C.国别史 D.典志史 7.从夏代起，中国开始了“家天下”的历史。从夏初一直到周人建国之前，历史的显著特征是（） A.部落的代兴 B.部族的代兴 C.族群的代兴 D.方国的代兴 8.“国之大事，唯祀与戎”一语反映的是（） A.三皇五帝时代的史 B.夏朝史实 C.商朝史实 D.西周史实 9.下列各项中，时代、作者、农书名相一致的是（） A.唐贾思勰《齐民要术》 B.宋陆龟蒙《耒耜经》 C.元王桢《农政全书 D.明宋应星《天工开物》 10.下列选项中，属于北方麦黍型农耕文化主要标志的是（） A.栽培高粱 B.整修田埂 C.使用水车 D.栽培水稻 11.我国古代，金銮殿、寺庙、官府等建筑物在选址时所取的朝向是（） A.正东 B.正南 C.东南 D.西南 12.我国西晋时期著名的医学著作《脉经》的作者是（） A.王叔和 B.皇甫谧 C.孙思邈 D.李时珍 13.宗法制度瓦解的时期是（） A.西周时期 B.春秋时期 C.秦朝 D.汉朝 14.在周代，与宗法制密切相关的制度是（） A.三公九卿制 B.井田制 C.察举制 D.分封制 15.秦朝，中央主管兵权的军事长官、协助皇帝处理军务的是（） A.太宰 B.丞相 C.太尉 D.御史大夫 16.举行观灯、舞龙、耍狮等礼俗活动的传统节日是（）
#《互联网数据库》串讲资料
《互联网数据库》串讲笔记 §1 1.数据库技术是随着数据管理地需要而产生地.数据处理地地核心是数据管理.数据管理指地是对数据地分类、组织、编码、储存、检索和维护. 2.数据管理技术共经历了三个阶段：人工管理阶段、文件系统阶段、数据库系统阶段 3. 人工管理阶段：数据不保存、数据需要由应用程序自己进行管理、基本上没有文件概念、数据不共享 4.文件系统阶段：数据可以长期保存、文件系统管理数据、文件已经多样化、数据地存取基本上以记录为单位. 缺点有：数据共享性差,数据冗余度大；数据和程序缺乏独立性 5.数据库管理阶段： <1）数据结构化. <2）数据共享性高、冗余度小、易扩充. <3）数据独立性高. <4）统一地数据管理和控制：数据地安全性保护、数据地完整性控制、数据库恢复和并发控制. <5）数据地最小存取单位是数据项. DB：数据库 如对您有帮助，请购买打赏，谢谢您！ 绪论 一、知识题 1、中国文化又称中华文化、华夏文化、炎黄文化。 2、中国文化分为四种：生产生活文化、制度文化、思想观念与精神文化、语言文字文化。 二、名词解释： 1、文化产品广义的文化产品指人类创造的一切提供给社会的可见成品，既包括物质产品，也包括精神产品。狭义的文化产品专指精神产品，纯粹实用的生产工具、生活器具、能源资材等，一般不称为文化产品。 2、文化内涵；把一些不属于狭义文化的事物中所具有的人文特性，称为事物的文化内涵。 3、文化现象：指人类文化发展过程中呈现妯的某种外部状态和联系。文化现象包括文化事象。 4、文化事象：当一种现象以同样的形式反复出现时，其中就含有规律性，成为某一历史时期、某一国家文化发展中带有典型和标志作用的事情，这些现象称为文化事象。 5、文化观念：一个时期某一阶层或某一行业的人群对文化问题所持的态度和看法，或在某一文化事象里所表现的意识形态，诸如价值观、审美观等等，称作文化观念。 6、文化思潮：某种文化观念及与之相关的文化事象，在某一特定时期，在一定的背景下，对社会产生广泛影响，为多数人所赞同和奉行，形成一种潮流，称作文化思潮。 7、文化政策：指一定时代、一定的社会条件下，行政机构对文化领域的问题所颁布的相关规定和对策原则。 8、两个文化层面：指上层文化与底层文化。上层文化是宫廷文化与上层文人所创造、拥有的文化。底层文化指民间文化，即不依赖于统治阶级的广大人民及其精英人物所创造、拥有的文化。 三、问答题 1、“文化”名称的来源？ 答：A“文”的本义是“错画”，也就是花纹。在人类认知领域里，“文”引申为后天形成的品德、修养，与表示先天素质的“质”相对。“文”在政治领域里，引申为文治教化，文治也就是礼治，与“武功”相对。B“化”的本义是改易。包括宇宙生成以后的“演化”和“分化”。 2、文化的古代意义、现代意义？ 答：1）中国经典的“文化”是指人的后天修养与精神、物质的创造。修养属改造主观世界的范畴，创造属改造客观世界的范畴。2）基于汉语“文化”概念的传统解释，学术界经常把它与英语的culture对译。culture的原义是指人类所创造的物质文明，由于物质创造包含人的智慧，与精神文明难以截然划分开。 3、广义文化与狭义文化的定义？ 答：1）广义的文化是人类在长期的历史发展中共同创造并赖以生存的物质与精神存在的总和。应把握三要点：A广义文化是与人类及人类的创造活动相联系的，是以人为中心的概念；B广义文化是一个历史概念，它涵盖人类历史的全过程，是一个传承发展的综合概念；C广义文化的外延涵盖物质创造和精神创造的全部。2）狭义的文化又称人文文化，是某一社会集体在长期历史发展中经传承累积而自然凝聚的共有的人 文精神及其物质体现总体体系。应把握三要点：A狭义文化不但以人为中心，而且以人的精神活动为中心，即使观察物化世界，也以其中的人文精神为内核；B狭义文化关注的不是个别人的精神活动，而是经历史传承累积凝聚的共有的、成体系的人文精神；C狭义文化关注的不仅是全人类的普遍共性，而且更注重不同民族、阶层、集团人文精神的特点。所以狭义文化的定义不但适用于人类文化学，且适用于民族文化学、国别文化学等较为具体的范围。 4、民族文化和国别文化及其特点？ 答：1）不同的民族有自己不同于其他民族的文化，文化的差异与特色是划分民族的标志之一。反之，在社会学领域里，民族也是文化划分的依据。以民族特点为标志的文化就是民族文化。其特点是每一个民族的文化都不会因此而丧失其鲜明的民族特色、地域特色。2）中国文化又称中华文化、华夏文化、炎黄文化，它属于国别文化。国别文化是以国家为划分文化的社会依据，多民族国家的文化即在统一的国家内民族共同体的文化。国别文化以某一国家特有的历史与国情为基础。其特点是中华文化具有多维性特点，是由中国境内56个民族构成的共同体文化。 5、传统文化和对传统文化的错误认识 答：1）中国传统文化，指的是以中华文化为源头、中国境内各民族共同创造的、长期历史发展所积淀的文化。2）错误认识：有人把传统文化等同于古代文化，从而认为讲究传统即是复古，甚至认为传统与现代化是不能并存的，或认为要实现现代化必须反传统。这种认识恰恰忽略了现代化进程仍然是传统文化发展的一个部分，一旦否定了传统，现代化与民族特点也就是中国特色就要脱节，与我们追求的目标是不一致的，也有人认为发扬传统就要拒绝引进和借鉴，或认为中国传统与西方文化是截然对立的。这种认识也是片面的。任何一种民族传统，在各个历史时期，都要受到其他民族文化的影响，引进和吸收其他文化一旦成为现实，就是说，这些被吸收的外来文化一旦与自身的文化相融合，它便也成为传统文化的一部分。 6、文化传统及其性质？ 答：每一个民族、每一个国家的文化，既因时因地而异，又有一定的稳固性和延续性，文化传统是贯穿于民族和国家各个历史阶段的各类文化的核心精神。这种核心精神，也是上层文化和底层文化所共有的，尽管彼此的表现形式不完全一致。其性质是文化传统具有一定的稳定性和延续性，传统不是一成不变的。 7、有关中国文化分科的知识？ 答：关于文化的分科，有两分法（物质文化和精神文化）、三分法（物质、制度、精神）、四分法（物质、制度、风俗、思想价值取向或物质、制度、精神、语言）。以及更多的分类法（例如，有物质、社会关系、精神、艺术、语言、风俗六分法等等）本课程采用四分法：生产生活文化、制度文化、思想观念与精神文化、语言文字文化。 8《中国文化概论》课程与中国文化史的区别？ 答：中国文化史是以中国文化历时演变为主要内容的。而中国文化概论虽然也有一定的篇幅来梳理中国文化的发展脉络，但其目的是为了使学习者对中国文化的发展具有一个总体的认识，从而树立传统文化的历史观念。 第一章、中国文化的地理背景 一、知识题 1、灾荒主要指旱、涝、蝗、风、雹等 2、司马迁把当时的天下划分为四大基本经济区：山西地区、山东地区、龙门—碣石以北农牧交错地带、江南地区。中国自然区域的现代地理学划分：东部季风区、西北干旱区、青藏高寒区。 3、在保护自然方面，古代有一重要观点，就是孟子提出的不违天时观念。 4、在保护西北地区环境方面起作用最大的，还是南北朝至唐朝中期牧马场地的广布。 5、古代改造利用自然的另一项重要举措是开凿运河。春秋战国时期，楚国、吴国、齐国、魏国都有运河的修建，如邗沟、鸿沟等；吴国的运河已经与黄河、济水相接。秦汉至南北朝，也多有运河的开凿。秦汉时有连接湘江、漓江的灵渠，加强长江漕运的漕渠、阳渠，纵贯河北平原的白沟、平虏渠、泉州渠、新河、利漕渠等等，还改造了先秦旧有的各种水运沟渠。魏晋南北朝连接江、淮、河、海的运河网已经形成。另外还疏凿了广济河、金水河、惠民河，与汴水共称通漕四渠。又有京杭大运河的开通，北起通州，南达杭州。 6、古代开发利用自然方面的主要失误，是土地的过当开垦及林木资源的过量开采。林木的滥砍滥伐，在北方造成的灾难性后果更加严重。长江、黄河以及淮河越来越大的危害，都与片面的重农思想有关。 二名词解释 1、三个大自然区：用现代地理学的观点观察中国地理的自然特征，可以将广大的中国领土划分为东部季风区、西北干旱地区和青藏高寒区。 2、古代的九州：即冀、兖、青、徐、扬、荆、豫、梁、雍九州。冀州（西河以东，东河以西）、兖州（古济水、黄河之间）、青州（渤海、泰山之间）、徐州（黄海、泰山、淮河之间）、扬州（淮河以南、大海以西）、荆州（荆山以南、衡山以北）、豫州（荆山以北、黄河以南）、梁州（华山以南、怒江以东的汉中、四川盆地）、雍州（西河以西、黑水以东）。[《尚书》之《禹贡》篇] 3、方志时期：因为明清两代我国多数地方都有了方志，对区域性的气候做了更为详细的记录，特别是对认识各种异常气候所引起的灾害很有帮助。所以，竺可桢把从公元1400到1900年的第三个大的气候时期称为“方志时期”。方志时期又称寒冷时期。 4、仪器观测期：因为自1900年以后直到现在，有了测量温度及气象观测的仪器，所以，竺可桢把此一时期称为“仪器观测期”。 5、地缘：此地缘概念不同于现代的领土观念。它指的是当中原文化中心形成后，与北方范围更加广阔的草原游牧文化之间的关系。 6、通漕四渠：指的是以宋都汴京为中心开凿的四条用于漕运的人工运河，即汴河（或称通济渠）、广济河、金水河、惠民河。 三、问答题 1、关中及晋北地区的地位及对中国文化的影响：关中及晋北地区的地理位置在中国显得十分重要。关中地区是四塞之地，黄河在它的西、北、东三面环绕，南面是秦岭山脉，西北有六盘山、贺兰山，北有阴山山脉、东有吕梁山脉及潼关之固，此地还有泾水、渭水流过，真可谓沃野千里，山河表里。而且此地有富裕的经济后方，有方便的交通，进可攻退可守，所以成为中华文化重要的发祥地之一。周、秦、汉、唐等王朝都在这里建都，创造了灿烂的中国文化。晋北地区坐落在山西高原上，也是中国文化重要的发祥地，据说尧舜时期就在谷地的偏南地区建立过都城。而晋北地区又与蒙古高原相连接，是内迁的北方民族进入中原地区的要路，再加上太行山脉的某些断裂处又可以直通华北地区，所以历来就有山西居“天下形势”之说。总之，正因为关中及晋北地区所处的地理位置的重要，不仅使大量的人群聚集在这里，而且又使便利的交通让各地域之间进行相互的文化交流，因此对中国文化的发展产生了重大的影响。 2、中国地形地势特点？ 答：中国处于世界最大的欧亚大陆东部，东临浩瀚的太平洋。在中国境内地势西高东低，地形呈阶梯状分布：第一个阶梯是西部的青藏高原，平均海拔在4000米以上，是我国大江大河的发源地。第二个阶梯是青藏高原往东往北，海拔都在2000米至1000米以下，这里分布着云贵高原、蒙古高原、黄土高原及四川盆地、汾河谷地等。第三个阶梯则是北起大兴安岭、中经太行山、南至巫山一线以东及云贵高原东缘以东的中国东部地区，其平均海拔低于500米，滨海地带更低于50米。 3、中国地理的整体性特征？ 答：作为欧亚大陆的一部分，中国地理面积差不多与整个欧洲一样大。 C029·00321（通卡） 绝密★启用前 2019年4月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试 中国文化概论 （课程代码00321） 注意事项： 1.本试卷分为两部分，第一部分为选择题，第二部分为非选择题。 2.应考者必须按试题顺序在答题卡（纸）指定位置上作答，答在试卷上无效。 3.涂写部分、画图部分必须使用2B铅笔，书写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔。 第一部分选择题 一、单项选择题：本大题共30小题，每小题1分，共30分。在每小题列出的备选项中只有一项是最符合题目要求的，请将其选出。 1.文化交流是一个 A.双向互动的过程 B.不平等的过程 C.反向逆动的过 D.单向反动的过程 2.司马迁：送宇宜，次民好稼稿，殖五谷，有先王之遗风”。说的是 A.山西地区 B.河东地区 C.关中地区 D.江南地区 3.在血缘家庭中，进行权力传递和财产继承的中心是 A.嫡庶 B.血统 C.男性 D.女性 4.明代大医学家李时珍的伟大著作是 A.《黄帝内经》 B.《本草纲目》 C.《千念药方》 D.（神农百草经》 5.惟见于中国的传统医学理论是 A.腑脏学说 B.针灸学说 C.经脉学说 D.本草学说 6.造纸术的发明者传说是东汉时期的 A.毕异 B.韩信 C.蒙恬 D.蔡伦 7.从夏朝初期一直到周人建国之前，历史的显著特征是 A.族群的代兴 B.家庭的代兴 C.诸候国的代兴 D.部格的代兴 8.早期法家的代表人物之一是 A.韩非子 B.惠施 C.管仲 D.公孙龙 9.人类存在和文化创造的先决条件是 A.气象环境 B.地理环境 C.社会环境 D.人文环境 10.隋唐以后，中央机构三省六部制中的六部求属于 A.尚书省 B.中书省 C.门下省 D.元外省 11.中国地势的主要特征是 A.东高西低 B.中高东低 C.西高东低 D.北高东低 12.《史记》记载，周武王伐纣时，“不期面会”的诸候有 A.二百诸候 B.三百诸候 C.五百诸候 D.八百诸候 13.宋代文学的代表样式是 A.赋 B.诗 C.词 D.戏剧 14.夏朝开始了族群相处的一种新的关系模式，那就是 A.和睦相处 B.战争征服 全国2011年4月高等教育自学考试 互联网数据库试题 课程代码：00911 一、单项选择题(本大题共15小题，每小题2分，共30分) 在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。错选、多选或未选均无分。 1.下列SQL语句中，属于数据控制的语句是（） 、DROP、DELETE、ALTER 、REVOKE 、UPDATE、DELETE、INSERT 、DROP、ALTER 2.在关系数据库中，规范化理论的引入是为了（） A.解决插入、删除、更新异常和数据冗余 B.提高查询速度 C.减少数据操作的复杂性 D.保证数据的安全性和完整性 JDBC异常类JDBC接口类 JDBC类JDBC控制类 4.设有关系W(工号，姓名，工种，定额)，将其规范化到第三范式，则下列选项 中 正 确 的 是 （ ）(工号，姓名)，W2(工种，定额) (工号，定额)，W2(姓名，工种) (工号，工种，定额)，W2(工号，姓名) (工号，姓名，工种)，W2(工种，定额) 5.下列关于ASP的描述中，正确的是（） 是一种动态网页编程语言是服务器端脚本环境 是跨平台的的源程序会传递到客户端执行 6.能真正实现平台无关性的Web数据库技术是（） 7.在数据库设计中，数据流图表达的是（） A.数据和数据结构的关系 B.数据和算法的关系 C.数据和处理过程的关系 D.数据和通信的关系 8.在CGI程序中，若使用POST方法，则用来确定参数长度的环境变量是 （） 9.构成Web超链网状结构的数据文件主要是（） A.以INDEX编码的二进制程序文档 B.以INDEX编码的HTML文本文档 C.以HTML编码的ASCI II文本文档 D.以HTML编码的二进制程序文档 10.面向对象程序设计的基本思想是（） A.屏蔽和可重用性 B.封装和可扩展性 C.封装和模块化特性 D.屏蔽和过程划分特性 11.下列关于关系数据库中型和值的叙述中，正确的是（） A.关系模式是值，关系是型 B.关系模式是型，关系的逻辑表达式是值 C.关系模式是型，关系是值 D.关系模式的逻辑表达式是型，关系是值 的体系结构是（） A.两层B／S结构 B.两层C／S结构 C.三层B／S结构 D.三层C／S结构 的是（） 13.下列对DDBMS的分类中，错误 ．． A.全局控制集中的DDBMS B.全局控制部分分散的DDBMS C.全局控制分散的DDBMS D.局部控制分散的DDBMS Sybase开发工具的是（） 14.下列不属于 ．．． ++ Designer 15.若事务T对数据R已加X锁，则其他事务对数据R（） A.只能加X锁 B.不能加任何锁 《欧洲文化概论》是由外语教学研究出版社出版的中国大学英语专业教材。书中介绍了欧洲各个历史时期和人物的典故、语录、成语、人名、地名等，并按时间顺序具体简洁地描述了欧洲从古至今的历史。本书通过对欧洲不同时期的思想、科技、政治、社会等方面的重要时代和人物进行英语教学，使学习英语的学生更好地了解欧洲历史文化，从而使英语学习更加顺利，更好地掌握英语语言和文化。 1相关概要编辑 《欧洲文化入门》是一本中国大学英语系的教科书，为了教学需要而编写的。学习英语的中国大学生在阅读英文书刊和同英语国家人士的交往中，往往感到由于缺乏欧洲文化知识而增加了许多困难。英语中有数不清的典故、名言、成语、人名、地名等等来自古希腊罗马的哲学、文学、历史著作，希伯莱的圣经，文艺复兴时期的艺术创作或者牵涉到各时期思想、科技、政治、社会方面的重要事件和人物。如果对这些所知无多，读书未必全懂，对谈也难顺利。而一旦对这些有了较多知识，则不仅了解程度会提高，而且由于通过文化来学习语言，语言也会学得更好[1] 2课程目的编辑 为学习英语的学生而设，因此用英语讲授，提到的地名，人名，书名，事件的名称等等也按英语惯例拼写，例如用Aristotle而不是Aristote （法）或Aristoteles（德）。 3课程内容编辑 欧洲文化的重要方面都讲到，但由于材料太多，又必须突出中心，为 此本书采用历史叙述法，将全部内容 分为10个大题按照时间顺序来讲，如下： 1 希腊，罗马文化； 2 基督教及其《圣经》； 3 中世纪； 4 文艺复兴与宗教改革； 5 17世纪； 6 启蒙运动； 7 浪漫主义； 8 马克思主义与达尔文学说； 9 现实主义； 10现代主义及其他。 在每题之内也已介绍最重要的基本事实为主，讲述力求具体扼要。以下是总目录（主干），其实每个目录下都包含还有很多内容（枝节），在本书中都有详细介绍Contents: Introduction https://www.wendangku.net/doc/d66778044.html,es of the Subject 2.Two Major Elements in European Culture DIVISION ONE GREEK CULTURE AND ROMAN CULTURE I. Greek Culture Questions for Revision 00321中国文化概论复习资料 一.单选题 1.文化是人类在长期的历史发展中共同创造并赖以生存的物质与精神存在的总和。这里的“文化”指的是?【】 A.广义的文化 B.狭义的文化 C.民族文化 D.国别文化 2.在中国历史上发生过重要作用的人群,如鲜卑、契丹、金人、满族,都起源于【】 A.华北平原 B.东北平原 C.太行山 D.长白山 3.我国的史学界,古史辨派出现于【】 A.19世纪中期 B.19世纪后期 C.20世纪早期 D.20世纪中期 4.儒家的创始人是孔子,儒学的文化背景是【】 A.郑国的礼乐文明 B.齐国的礼乐文明 C.晋国的礼乐文明 D.鲁国的礼乐文明 5.我国出现资本主义商品经济的萌芽是在【】 A.明代初期 B.明代中叶 C.明代晚期 D.清代初期 6.古算中的“韩信点兵”就是现代数学中的一次同余式组解法,西方人也称之为【】 A.“中国几何原理” B.“中国勾股定理” C.“中国剩余定理” D.“中国出入相补原理” 7.在中国传袭达两千年之久,成为影响中国历史进程的重要政治文化传统是【】 A.分封制 B.察举制 C.科举制 D.中央集权的君主专制制度 8.科举考试的主导思想是【】 A.儒家思想 B.法家思想 C.道家思想 D.墨家思想 9.传统社会,举行命字礼的人生仪礼是【】 A.诞生礼 B.成年礼 C.婚礼 D.丧礼 10.下列文献记载,体现中国传统整体思维模式的是【】 A.“方以类聚,物以群分,吉凶生矣” B.“天地与我并生,而万物与我为一” C.“有匪君子,如金如锡,如圭如璧” D.“关关睢鸠,在河之洲;窈窕淑女,君子好逑” 11.古代,巫祝将其垄断的天文知识用于前兆迷信上,进而发展成为【】 A.鸟占 B.竹卜 C.星占 D.梦占 12.“学而不思则罔,思而不学则殆”。这句名言总结的一条中国古代教学原则是【】 A.因材施教 B.启发引导 C.学思结合 D.教学相长 13.语言文字的文化特征表现为:语言文字既是重要的文化事象,又是文化的【】 A.载体 一、选择题 在关系数据库中，表与表之间的联系是通过如下哪项实现的（） A、实体完整性规则 B、参照完整性规则 C、用户自定义的完整性规则 D、值域 数据库技术人工管理阶段的时间段是（） A、60年代中期以前 B、50年代中期以前 C、从70年代至90年代 D、90年代以后 规范化理论是关系数据库进行逻辑设计的理论依据。根据这个理论，关系数据库中的关系必须满足：其每一属性都是（） A、互不相关的 B、互相关联的 C 、长度可变的D、不可分解的 事务的原子性是指（） A、事务中包括的所有操作要么都做，要么都不做 B、事务一旦提交，对数据库的改变是永久的 C、一个事务内部的操作及使用的数据对并发的其它事务是隔离的 D、事务必须是使数据库从一个一致性状态变到另一个一致性状态 URL正确的含义是（） A、网络协议 B、统一资源定位器 C、Internet节点 D、网络资源 在两段协议中，事务分为两个阶段，它们是（） A、第一阶段是获得封锁，也称为扩展阶段 B、第一阶段是获得封锁，也称为并行阶段 C、第一阶段是获得封锁，也称为收缩阶段 D、第二阶段是释放封锁，也称为扩展阶段在数据库系统的三级模式之间，提供两层映象的作用是提高（） A、数据的一致性 B、数据的独立性 C、数据的完整性 D、操作的可行性 实体完整性规则是指关系中（） A、元组值不允许空 B、属性值不允许空 C、主码值不允许空 D、外码值不允许空如果关系R中有3个属性4个元组，关系S中有5个属性3个元组，则R×S的属性个数和元组个数分别是（） A、8和7 B、8和12 C、15和7 D、15和12 ADO中可更新记录且能看到其他用户更新记录集的游标称为（） A、动态游标 B、关键集游标 C、静态游标 D、向前浏览游标 在数据库设计中，将E-R模型转换成关系数据模型的过程属于（） A、需要分析阶段 B、逻辑设计阶段 C、概念设计阶段 D、物理设计阶段 设有关系W（学号，姓名，课程名，成绩），将其规范化到第三范式正确的答案是（） A、W1（学号，姓名），W2（课程名，成绩） B、W1（学号，姓名，课程名），W2（姓名，成绩） C、W1（学号，姓名，成绩），W2（课程名，成绩） D、W1（学号，姓名），W2（学号，课程名，成绩） 实体和属性的关系是( ) A、一个属性对应于若干个实体 B、一个实体可以由若干个属性来刻画 C、一个属性包含若干个实体 D、一个实体仅可以由一个属性来刻画 以下关于外码和相应的主码之间的关系，正确的是( ) A、外码并不一定要与相应的主码同名 B、外码一定要与相应的主码相同 C、外码一定要与相应的主码同名而且唯一 D、外码一定要与相应的主码同名，但不一定唯一 用来记录对数据库中数据进行的每一次更新操作的是（） A、后援副本 B、日志文件 C、数据库 D、缓冲区自考中国文化概论复习资料
全国2019年04月自考(00321)中国文化概论试题及答案
互联网数据库试题及答案
欧洲文化入门
00321中国文化概论 复习资料
互联网数据库
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