写作考试 Summary Writing
SUMMARY WRITING
?Definition and characteristics
?Steps in writing a summary
?How to write a summary
?Writing Practice
1. What Is Summary?
? A summary is a shortened passage, which retains the essential information of the
original. It is a fairly brief restatement --- in your own words --- of the contents of a passage.
?Note: You simply report back what the writer has said, without making value
judgments.
2. Characteristics of a good summary
?Briefness
Omit unnecessary details like examples, explanations and other unimportant information. (length: 1/4-1/3 of original text)
?Completeness
to include all the main and supporting points delivered in your own words in a condensed manner
?Coherence
rather than an outline listed as key words and phrase, a summary is a paragraph with necessary transitions and function structures to make it flow.
?Objectivity
to contain only the ideas or information of the original. Do not include your own ideas or emotions on the topic.
Some Useful Expressions of Transition
On one hand,…….On the other hand,……
One reason is ……Another reason is ……Still another reason is ……The final reason is ……
To begin with, ……What?s more,……In addition,……Finally,……
In short,
From what is mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that ….
3. Steps in Writing a Summary
?Read the article
1). Divide the article into sections of ideas. Each section deals with one aspect of the
central theme.
2). Label (classify) each section with a general phrase that captures the subject
matter of the section.
3). Highlight or underline the main idea and key points
Topic: _________
Outlines: 1. ________a….. b….. c. ….
2. ________
3. ________
?Begin with a proper citation of the title, author, source, date of publication
and the main idea of the article summarized.
?Write according to your outlines.
?Use transitions for a smooth and logical flow of ideas.
?Compress supporting details
1). Omit the details
2). Reduce the examples
3). Simplify the descriptions
4). Eliminate all repetitions
5). Compress wordy sentences and change clauses or sentences to phrases and
phrases to words.
6). Use general words instead of specific words
7). Use the shortest possible transitions
8). Avoid figurative (比喻的) language
9). Put the main points of a dialogue in indirect speech
Beginning a Summary
?Begin your summary with
1.The author?s name
2.The article?s or chapter?s name
3.The author?s thesis statement--a general overview (survey概述) of the article
The Opening Sentence: e.g. In the feature (特写；专题) article "Four Kinds of Reading," the author, Donald Hall, explains his opinion about different types of reading.
The Body：
First of all, the author describes…………
He then points out that……
In addition, the author talks about …..
Finally, the author suggests…………….
Some other introductory phrases
1. (The author) states in (this article) that...
2. (The author, in (this article) shows that...
3. In (this article), (the author) writes that...
4. As (the author) says in (this article), ...
5. The main idea of (the author's article) is
6. The author believes (holds; maintains; claims; argues; points out; suggests;
proposes)that + clause
7. The author talks about (explains; describes; reveals; discusses; focuses on)+ n.
写作提示How to use transitional words or phrases correctly In order to organize a good paragraph or composition, you should learn to use transitions （转换词）properly. When a runner in a relay race passes his wand（接力棒）to another team member, his team keeps moving ahead. When a writer uses transitions, he keeps his ideas moving ahead.
Transitions are words or phrases that join one idea to another. They add coherence(连贯性)to writing by joining ideas together. You can write good paragraphs by using transitions correctly.
Transitions placed in sentences within a paragraph make it easier for a reader to follow the movement of an idea from one sentence to the next.
1. 次序：First and foremost, First, Firstly, Second, Secondly, third, thirdly,
then=next=after that=afterwards.
例: Then you come to a traffic light and turn right.
2. 强调：Certainly=Surely=really=truly=indeed, above all=most important
As a matter of fact=in reality=to tell the truth.
例: Above all, do not build an open fire in a forest.
Indeed a dessert is always enjoyable.
I am going there tomorrow, as a matter of fact.
3. 说明：For example, for instance, such, so=thus=in this / that way=like this,
in fact=in truth=really
例: Thus the trip finally began.
Such an earthquake happened last year in China.
So it was that he had his first sight of snow.
For eight years she was in fact spying for the enemy.
4. 对照：whereas=but in contrast=while, On the contrary, instead of, on the other hand.
instead=as an alternative
例: The husband wanted a boy, whereas the wife wanted a girl.
We?ve no coffee. Would you like tea instead?
Let?s play cards instead of watching TV.
5. 比较：like, unlike, as…as, Similarly, Equally important, In the same way,
At the same time=Meanwhile, Compared with…
例: Equally important the car drives thirty miles on a gallon of gas.
I went to college. Meanwhile, all my friends got well-paid jobs.
6. 并列/补充：Besides, Furthermore, Moreover, also, On top of…=In addition=Additionally,
too, as well, What is more, both…and, not only…but also.
例: I did not like the house; moreover, it was too high-priced.
7. 转折(make a statement less general or extreme)：As a matter of fact, However=though,
Nevertheless(fml)=in spite of this=still, Unfortunately, Conversely, Yet, but.
例: We hope, though, that she could change her mind.
Yet there was still a chance that he would win.
8. 让步：although= though, after all, Nevertheless(fml)=in spite of this=still
例: After all, you learn to cook many foods in this job.
Though very intelligent, she is nevertheless rather modest.
Still, a winter vacation can be pleasant / fun.
9. 结果/后果：Hence=for this reason, as a result=Therefore=For that reason=Consequently,
Thus=As a result of this=Accordingly, so…that, otherwise, then=in that case=therefore 例: Consequently, we opened an account at the bank.
Nothing more was heard from him so that we began to wonder if he was dead. 10. 目的：to, in order to (fml)= so as to, so that=in order that
例︰He left early in order that he should/would/might arrive on time.
She works hard so that her husband suspects nothing.
11. 结论/总结: As you can see, As I have said, Obviously, Apparently, To sum / end up,
To conclude, In brief / short / summary / conclusion / a word, By and large=All in all 例: In summary, recreation is big business.
By and large, the company?s been pretty good to me.
Passage One
There are a great many careers in which the increasing emphasis is on specialization. You find these careers in engineering, in production, in statistical work, and in teaching. But there is an increasing demand for people who are able to take in a great area at a glance, people who perhaps do not know too much about any one field. There is, in other words, a demand for people who are capable of seeing the forest rather than the trees, of making general judgments. We can call these people “generalists”. And these “generalists” are particularly needed for positions in administration, where it is their job to see that other people do the work, where they have to plan for other people, to organize othe r people?s work, to begin it and judge it. The specialist understands one field; his educational background is properly technical or professional. The generalist―-and especially the administrator—-deals with people; his concern is with leadership, with planning, and with direction giving. He is an “educated” man; and humanities are his strongest foundation. Very rarely is a specialist capable of being an administrator. And very rarely is a good generalist also a good specialist in a particular field. Any organization needs both kinds of people, though different organizations need them in different proportions. It is your task to find out, during your training period, into which of the two kinds of jobs you fit, and to plan your career accordingly.
Your first job may turn out to be the right job for you ―― but this is pure accident. Certainly you should not change jobs constantly or people will become suspicious of your ability to hold any job. At the same time you must not look upon the first job as the final job; it is primarily a training job, an opportunity to understand your-self and your fitness for being an employee.
1. There is an increasing demand for ______ .
A. all-round people in their own field
B. people whose job is to organize other people?s work
C. generalists whose educational background is either technical or professional
D. specialists whose chief concern is to provide administrative guidance to others
2. The specialist is ________ .
A. a man whose job is to train other people
B. a man who has been trained in more than one field
C. a man who can see the forest rather than the trees
D. a man whose concern is mainly with technical or professional matters
3. The administrator is _______ .
A. a “trained” man who is more a specialist than a generalist
B. a man who sees the trees as well as the forest
C. a man who is very strong in the humanities
D. a man who is an “educated” specialist
4. During your training period, it is important ______ .
A. to try to be a generalist
B. to choose a profitable job
C. to find an organization which fits you
D. to decide whether you are fit to be a specialist or a generalist
5. A man?s first job __________.
A. is never the right job for him
B. should not be regarded as his final job
C. should not be changed or people will become suspicious of his ability to hold any job
D. is primarily an opportunity to fit himself for his final job BDCDB
Passage Two
Successful international marketing doesn?t stop with good translations—other aspects of culture must be researched and understood if marketers are to avoid blunders. When marketers do not understand and appreciate the values, tastes, geography, climate, superstitions, level of literacy, religion, or economic development of a culture, they fail to capture their target market. For example, when a popular American designer tried to introduce a new perfume in the Latin American market, the product aroused little interest and the company lost a lot of money. Ads for the new fragrance highlighted its fresh camellia scent. What marketers had failed to realize was that camellias are traditionally used for funeral in many South American countries.
Procter and Gamble has been successful in marketing its products internationally for many years. Today, overseas markets accounts for over one third of its sales. However, the company?s success in this area didn?t happen overnight. Procter and Gamble initially experienced huge losses because marketing managers did not recognize important cultural differences. For instance, when P& G first entered the Japanese market with its popular Cheer laundry detergent, most Japanese housewives weren?t interested. The promotional campaign that emphasized Cheer as an effective “all temperature” detergent was lost on the Japanese who usually wash clothes in cold water. Although the ad had been quite successful in the United States where clothes are washed in all temperatures, it fell flat in Japan. All of this could have been avoided if P&G marketers had done more preliminary research before launching the campaign. Once P&G changed its strategy and promised superior cleaning in cold water, sales for Cheer picked up dramatically.
The use of numbers can also be a source of problems for international marketers. Since every culture has its own set of lucky and unlucky numbers, companies need to do their homework if they want to avoid marketing blunders. A. U. S. manufacturer of golf balls learned this lesson the hard way when it packaged its product in groups of four for export to Japan. The company couldn?t figure out why the golf balls weren?t selling well until it realized
that in Japanese the word for the number four also means death. In Japan four and nine are very unlucky numbers which should be avoided by marketers.
Even illustrations need to be carefully examined. A picture that is culturally offensive can ruin an advertisement even if the written message is properly translated. McDonnell Douglas Corporation made an unfortunate error in an aircraft brochure for potential customers in India. It included a picture of men wearing turbans, which was not appreciated by the Indians.
A company spokesman reported, “It was politely pointed out to us that turbans were distinctly Pakistani Moslem.” The artist for the ad had used an old National Geographic magazine to copy the picture.
29. Why is the new fragrance not popular in Latin countries?
People are not interested in this fragrance
B. The fragrance suggests funeral in Latin countries
C. People refuse to accept products made in the USA
D. A terrible mistake was made in translation
30. What does the phrase “pick up” mean here?
to take hold of B. to choose C. to become better D. to become worse 31. Which of the following is not true according to the passage?
The word for number four is unlucky in Japan
B. One third of P&G sale is in overseas markets
C. Cheer is not so effective in cold water
D. The picture McDonnell Douglas Corp. used is culturally offensive
32. What is the main topic of the passage?
Cultural oversights can be disastrous B. The lesson Procter and Gamble learned
C. The superstition about number
D. What illustrations show
Passage Three
An Asian engineer is assigned to U.S laboratory and almost suffers a nervous breakdown.
A U. S executive tells his staff he?s going to treat them fairly, and creates dissension. A Japanese manager is promoted by his British president, but within six months asks for a transfer.
Each of these real-life cases involved people who were regarded as superior employees, but were ill-equipped to cope with the complexities and dangers of intercultural management.
“Multinational companies have studied everything else, now they?re finally looking at culture,” says Clifford Clarke, founder and president of th e California-based IRI International Inc. one of a small but growing number of consulting firms that specialize in teaching business people from differing cultures how to communicate and work with each other.
“Never show the sole of your shoe to an Arab, n ever arrive on time for a party in Brazil, and in Japan, don?t think …yes means yes,” advise U. S. consultants Lennie Copland and Lewis Browh Griggs, who have produced a series of films and a book to help managers improve their international business skill s. But simply learning the social “dos” and “don?ts” is not the
answer, according to the new culture specialists. The penalties for ignoring different thinking patterns, they point out, can be disastrous.
For example, the American manager who promised to be fair thought he was telling his Japanese staff that their hard work would be rewarded, but when some workers received higher salary increases than others, there were complaints. “You told us you?d be fair, and you lied to us,” accused one salesman, “It took me a year and half” sighed the American, “to realize that …fair? to my staff, meant being treated equally”.
The Asian engineer who suffered in America was the victim of another mistaken expectation. He was accustomed to the warm group environment so typical in Japan, said his U. S manager. But in our company, we?re all expected to be self-starters, who thrive on working alone. For him, it was emotional starvation. He?s made the adjustment now, but he?d be humiliated if I told you his name. That?s anothe r cultural difference.
The Japanese manager who failed to respond to his promotion couldn?t bring himself to use the more direct language needed to communicate with his London-based superiors. “I used to think all this talk about cultural communication was a lot of baloney,” says Eugene J. Flath, president of Intel Japan Ltd, a subsidiary of the American semiconductor maker. “Now, I can see it?s a real problem.” Miscommunication has slowed our ability to coordinate action with our home office.
That?s why In tel, with the help of consultant Clarke, began an intercultural training program this spring, which Flath expects will dramatically reduce decision-making time now lost in making sure the Americans and the Japanese understand each other.
23. The best title for the passage would be .
Building Bridges Over the Cultural Rivers B. Multinational training for Businessmen C. Learning Different Thinking Patterns. D. Communication Problems and Complaints
24. From the context, the word …baloney? is close in meaning to .
A.balcony
B. feat
C. nonsense
D. simplicity
25. Why did the Japanese staff complain to the American manager?
The American manager had lied to them
B. The salary increases were insufficient
C. Most staff had not received salary increases
D. There was a misunderstanding of the word …fair?
26. The cultural communication problems are becoming especially urgent for . American managers B. multinational companies
C. Japanese employees
D. consulting firms
27. From the passage, the Japanese people seem to be accustomed to .
being frank and direct B. thriving on working alone
C. the warm team environment
D. higher salary than others
28. Why did the promoted Japanese manager ask for a transfer?
He was not competent for the higher position
B. He was not accustomed to working by himself
C. He could not make the adjustment to his new job
D. He lacked adequate communication with his superiors
Passage One
With our nation?s economic competitiveness slackening and our productivity levels not keeping pace with our international competitors, employers and policy makers have called for changes and improvements in how our schools prepare students. In multiple surveys, employers point to inadequacies in academic skills and work readiness among workers, including the lack of integrity and of willingness to assume responsibility and work cooperatively. They also point to the increasing need for workers to be lifelong learners—a need generated by the increasing speed with which skills become obsolete and by the frequent changes in jobs that are typically made by workers during their lifetimes (one in five workers leave their jobs once every five years and younger workers even more often). According to the Committee for Economic Development, “Employers in both large and small businesses decry the lack of preparation for work among the nation?s high school graduates. Too many students lack reading, writing, and appropriate behavior on the job. Nor have they learned how to learn, how to solve problems, make decisions, or set priorities”. This view of young workers contributes to their poor prospects in the labor market as employers seek to hire older, more experienced workers, even for entry-level positions.
Yet students have correctly ascertained that there is little, if any, relationship between how well they do in school and how likely they are to get a high-skill, high-pay job, or even a job that pays good students more than their counterparts who do less well in school. Employers rarely bother to check the academic credentials of young job applicants, nor does the US have an externally graded competency assessment system, which is key to the secondary school curriculum, as do most other industrialized nations. The US Department of Labor Secretary?s Commission on Achieving Necessary Skills (SCANS) recently made a start on developing such a system by identifying the five competencies that effective workers can productively use and the three-part foundation of skills and personal qualities that competence requires.
1. Employers and policy makers call for improvements in education because ____________.
A. international competition demands capable and responsible workers
B. economic competitiveness demands students with advanced technology
C. productivity can not be further raised with the present educational level
D. schools overemphasize working skills at the expense of academic skills
2. Lifelong learning is made a necessity by the ____________.
A. failure of schools to produce qualified students
B. need of the workers to constantly renew their skills
C. lack of preparation for work on the part of the students
D. threat impending unemployment imposes on skilled workers
3. Which of the following is mentioned as a result of the employers? disappointment with school graduates?
A.The nation lacks economic competitiveness.
B.Productivity levels cannot be raid substantially.
C.Many job positions are left unfilled.
D.Employers are reluctant to hire school graduates.
4. In face of accusation, school graduates defend themselves by saying ___________.
A. examination results can never reflect the true capability of students
B. good academic achievement is no guarantee for high-pay jobs
C. job performance has nothing to do with how well they do in school
D. high schools never attach much importance to training their hi-tech skills
5. We can speculate that, after the SCANS has developed the assessment system, it is likely that _______.
A. improvements will be made in how schools prepare students
B. workers will certainly increase their competitiveness and productivity
C. the academic foundation of skills will be made more solid
D. more job opportunities will be opened for school graduates
Passage Two
The growth strategy is a corporate-level strategy that seeks to increase the level of the organization?s operations. This includes increasing such popular quantitative measures as sales revenues, number of employees, and market share. Growth can be achieved through direct expansion, vertical integration, horizontal integration, or diversification.
Growth through direct expansion is achieved by internally increasing a firm?s sales, production capacity, or workforce. No other firms are acquired or merged with; instead, the company chooses to grow by itself through its own business operations. For instance, McDonald?s has pursued a growth strategy by way of direct expansion. The company has grown by awarding franchises(经营许可) to people who are willing to be trained in the McDonald?s way and by opening company-owned outlets.
A company might also choose to grow by vertical integration, which is an attempt to gain control of input (backward vertical integration), output (forward vertical integration), or both. In backward vertical integration, the organization attempts to gain control of its inputs by becoming its own supplier. For instance, United Airlines has created its own in-flight food service business. In forward vertical integration, the organization gains control of its outputs (products or services) by becoming its own distributor. For example, Gateway Computer?s retail stores are an example of an organization controlling its distribution.
In horizontal integration, a company grows by combining with other organizations in the same industry ― that is, combining operations with competitors. For instance, H,J, Heinz, Inc., the food-processing company, combined operations with an organic baby food company, Earth?s Best, to help its own Heinz baby foods division become more competitive. Because combining with competitors might decrease the amount of competition in an industry, the U.S. Federal Trade Commission assesses the impact of such proposed growth action and must approve any proposed horizontal integration strategy. Other countries have similar restrictions.
Finally, an organization can grow through diversification, either related or unrelated. Related diversification is when a company grows by merging with or acquiring firms in different but related industries. For example, American Standard Cos. is in a variety of businesses including bathroom fixtures, air-conditioning and heating units, plumbing parts, and brakes for trucks. Unrelated diversification is when a company grows by merging with or acquiring firms in different and unrelated industries. For example, Lancaster Colony
Corporation makes salad dressing, car mats and candles. These industries are different and unrelated.
6.What is this passage mainly about?
A. Ho w McDonald?s has become successful.
B. How companies have become successful.
C. How companies can develop their businesses.
D. How companies compete with each other.
7.What is “direct expansion”?
A. A company develops its own business into a bigger scale.
B. A company acquires another company.
C. A company merges with another company.
D. A company grows without increasing its workforce.
8.Which of the following is not true of “vertical integration”?
A. A company attempts to supply its own inputs.
B. A company attempts to sell its own products.
C. A company attempts to provide service.
D. A company attempts to enter another industry.
9.If a company adopts the method of “horizontal integration”, it attempts to __________ .
A. acquire a very different company
B. acquire a similar company
C. acquire a sales company
D. acquire a distribution company
10.Which of the following phrases is closest in meaning to the word “diversification”?
A. merging with or acquiring firms
B. either related or unrelated
C. a variety of businesses
D. a company grows
雅思阅读题：
Search begins for 'Earth' beyond solar system
1. A European spacecraft took off today to spearhead the search for another "Earth" among the stars.
2. The Corot space telescope blasted off aboard a Russian Soyuz rocket from the Baikonur cosmodrome in Kazakhstan shortly after 2.20pm.
3. Corot, short for convection rotation and planetary transits, is the first instrument capable of finding small rocky planets beyond the solar system. Any such planet situated in the right orbit stands a good chance of having liquid water on its surface, and quite possibly life, although a leading scientist involved in the project said it was unlikely to find "any little green men".
4. Developed by the French space agency, CNES, and partnered by the European Space Agency (ESA), Austria, Belgium, Germany, Brazil and Spain, Corot will monitor around 120,000 stars with its 27cm telescope from a polar orbit 514 miles above the Earth. Over two and a half years, it will focus on five to six different areas of the sky, measuring the brightness of about 10,000 stars every 512 seconds.
5. "At the present moment we are hoping to find out more about the nature of planets around stars which are potential habitats. We are looking at habitable planets, not inhabited
planets. We are not going to find any little green men," Professor Ian Roxburgh, an ESA scientist who has been involved with Corot since its inception, told the BBC Radio 4 Today programme.
6. Prof Roxburgh said it was hoped Corot would find "rocky planets that could develop an atmosphere and, if they are the right distance from their parent star, they could have water".
7. To search for planets, the telescope will look for the dimming of starlight caused when an object passes in front of a star, known as a "transit". Although it will take more sophisticated space telescopes planned in the next 10 years to confirm the presence of an Earth-like planet with oxygen and liquid water, Corot will let scientists know where to point their lenses.
8. Measurements of minute changes in brightness will enable scientists to detect giant Jupiter-like gas planets as well as small rocky ones. It is the rocky planets - that could be no bigger than about twice the size of the Earth - which will cause the most excitement. Scientists expect to find between 10 and 40 of these smaller planets.
9. Corot will also probe into stellar interiors （星球内部）by studying the acoustic waves （声波）that ripple（形成波痕）across the surface of stars, a technique called "asteroseismology"（星震学）.
10. The nature of the ripples allows astronomers to calculate a star's precise mass, age and chemical composition.
11. "A planet passing in front of a star can be detected by the fall in light from that star. Small oscillations （震动振幅）of the star also produce changes in the light emitted, which reveal what the star is made of and how they are structured internally. This data will provide
a major boost to our understanding of how stars form and evolve," Prof Roxburgh said.
12. Since the discovery in 1995 of the first "exoplanet" - a planet orbiting a star other than the Sun - more than 200 others have been found by ground-based observatories.
13. Until now the usual method of finding exoplanets has been to detect the "wobble" （摆动摇晃）their gravity imparts on parent stars. But only giant gaseous planets bigger than Jupiter can be found this way, and they are unlikely to harbour life.
14. In the 2010s, ESA plans to launch Darwin, a fleet of four or five interlinked space telescopes that will not only spot small rocky planets, but analyse their atmospheres for signs of biological activity.
15. At around the same time, the US space agency, Nasa, will launch Terrestrial Planet Finder, another space telescope designed to locate Earth-like planets. (615 words) Choose the appropriate letter from A-D for question 1.
1. Corot is an instrument which
(A) can help to search for certain planets
(B) is used to find planets in the orbit
(C) can locate planets with human beings
(D) can spot any planets with water.
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage? For questions 2-5 write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage
2. Scientists are trying to find out about the planets that can be inhabited.
3. BBC Radio 4 recently focuses on the broadcasting of Corot.
4. Passing objects might cause a fall in light.
5. Corot can tell whether there is another Earth-like planet.
Based on your reading of the passage, complete the sentences below with words taken from the passage. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
With measurements, scientists will be able to search for some gaseous and rocky planets. They will be extremely excited if they can discover some small 6. __________, the expected number of which could be up to 7. __________ .
Corot will enable scientists to study the 8. __________ of stars. In this way, a star?s mass, age and chemical composition can be calculated.
According to Prof Roxburgh, changes in light can be caused by passing planets or star 9. __________. The related statistics can gain us a better 10. __________ of the star formation and evolvement.
Observatories have found many exoplanets, which are 11. __________ other stars than the Sun. The common way used in finding exoplanets can only detect huge gas planets, which do not 12. ___________ .
With the launching of Darwin, astronomers will be able to analyse whether those rocky planets have 13. __________ for life.
公关策划文案格式
公关策划文案 又称"公共关系专题活动策划书"，是开展公关实务活动前必须做的一项工作。一个策划文案，表明了为了取得预期结果而必须采取什么行动的工作理论。理论决定着战术的选择，指导着具体的工作实践过程，是进行公关实务活动的指南。公关策划文案，是公关实务操作中最常用的文案之一，也是公关人员国家职业资格统一鉴定"中级技能"部分重点考核的内容。学会撰写公关策划文案，是一名合格的公关人员必须具备的基本功。 公关策划文案的内容主要包括以下十个方面： 一.标题 一份完整的公关策划文案，必须有一个标题，使人一读就明白这是一份活动策划书而不是一份工作小结或评估报告。 标题可以直接写成"xx公司xx活动策划书"，也可以采用点明某一活动主题的词语作为主标题，而将"xx公司xx活动策划书"作为副标题列在其下。 标题撰写要明白易懂。 二.前言 也称背景介绍。即简略地介绍组织策划这份文案的背景情况。因为，社会组织的任何一项公关专题活动的策划、组织和实施，都不是无缘无故的，均有其特定的背景和需要。只有阐明了这一背景和需要，才能引出后面的具体策划内容（方案），也才能说明举办这一活动的迫切性和意义所在。脱离了一定的活动背景，会使策划内容（方案）使人看了不得要领。 前言撰写要简明扼要。 三.调查分析 公关策划是建立在调查分析的基础上的，调查分析是公关活动策划的先期工作。调查分析主要是对组织形象做出具体分析，可以从当前组织形象存在的优势点，问题点和机会点三个方面进行分析，从而明确下步公关工作的重点和方向。 调查分析要注重调查对象的代表性，调查手段的适用性，调查方法的科学性，资料收集的真实性和全面性，分析结论的可靠性。 四.目标战略 为了提高公关活动的效果，必须确立公关目标。应根据组织的具体情况选择目标分类，如将目标分成总目标与分目标，长远目标、阶段目标、具体目标等。（参见教材188页）。 目标战略主要考虑所设目标是否符合社会组织的发展战略，是否符合组织形象的定位要求，是否符合公众需要，是否符合社会文化及其发展需要，是否针对组织存在的问题等。 五.创意说明 创意是公关活动成败的关键。创意是公关人员根据调查结论、社会组织形象特性和公众需求所进行的一种创造性思维活动，它是整个公关活动策划中的画龙点睛之笔。一个富有创意性的公关策划，能吸引和感染公众，使公关传播受到良好的效果。 创意的内容包括： 1.活动主题。 2.活动名称和项目。 3.标语。 4.宣传作品等。
公文写作常用专用词语(经典)
公文常使用的专用词语（超全） 1．称谓语。即公文中对不同的行文对象的特定称谓用语。常见的有“贵”、“该”、“各”、“本”、“我”、“你”、“他”等。写作时，应当根据不同的行文方向和隶属关系，恰当选用，不可随意为之。 2．起首语。即公文的开篇语，它在文中的位置，关系重大。公文写作不可不重视起首语的运用，因为它是行文先锋(开头)的“尖兵”，直接关系到全篇公文的命运。公文中常用的起首语大体上可分为四类：其一，表目的的，如“为”、“为了”等；其二，表根据的，如“根据”、“遵照”、“按照”、“依照”等；其三，表原因的，如“鉴于”、由于”、“随着”等；其四，表态度、方式的，如“兹定于”、“兹有”、“兹派”、“兹将”、“兹介绍”、“欣闻”、“欣悉”等。 3．经办语。常用的有“拟”、“拟定”、“拟于”、“拟子”、“草拟”；“布置”、“部署”、“计划”、“决定”、“安排”、“审定”、“审核”、“审批”、“审签”、“批阅”、“批复”；“出示”、“出具”、“赋予”、“付诸”、“会同”、“会签”、“会审”、“会晤”；“实施”、“施行”、“公布”、”颁布”、“发布”、“颁发”、“颁行”；“报请”、“报告”、“报批”、“报呈”、“呈请”、“呈阅”、“旱签”；“递交”、“申报”、“递送”、“送审”、“传阅”、“提请”；“准予”、“签发”、“签署”、“签证”、“签字”；“业
已”、“业经”、“报经”、“业于”，等等。这类专业术语数量颇多，不胜枚举。 4．时间语。常用的有“最近”、“目前”、“不久前”、“迅即”、“时限”、“时效”、“时宜”、“顷刻”、”过去”、“现在”等等。这些时间语，多系表量模糊而表意准确的模糊语言。 5.期清浯。常用的有“请”、“务请”、“恳请”、“即请”、“请子”、“请示”；“希”、“希望”、“务希”、“即希”、“尚希”、”尚祈”、“尚盼”、“尚望”；“接洽”、“商洽”、“商定”、“商议”、“商酌”；“须即”、“须经”、“务须”、“应子”、“应当”、“悉力”、“悉心”等。 6．向问浯。常用的有“当否”、“妥否”、“可否”、“是否可行”、“是否同意”、“是否妥当”、“意见如何”等。 7．表意语。常用的有“应”、“拟”、“责成”、“批准”、“同意”、“欠妥”、“不妥”、“照办”、“禁止”、“取消”、“力戒”、“力避”、“切勿”、“切记”、“严惩”、“严厉”、“查询”、“查勘”、“查证”、“酌定”、“酌办”等。 8．谦敬语。常用的有“承”、“承蒙”、“不胜”、“大力”、“通力”等。 9．过渡语。即公文层次或段落以及语句前后之间的连缀语。常用的有“为 此”、“现将”、“特作”、“基于”、“对此”、“据此”、“总之”、“由此观之”等。 10．结尾语。即位于公文结尾部分的固定性语句，具有使行文显得简洁凝炼、典雅庄重的功用。常用的有“此令”、
学术写作中常用高级用词替换
常用词的学术替换 动词替换： 1.Improve 提高： Promote: 促进AC之间的贸易promote the trade between A and C; He was promoted to senior manager in this company. Advance: our understanding of human genetics has considerably(非常的，可换做vastly) advanced. Enhance: the publi city has enhanced his reputation.这次宣传提高了他的名望 2.change 改变： Transform:多指改头换面，完全改变，不能用于形容slight change。说到人口变化：the increasing population has transformed the landscape and structure of local industry structure.人口剧增改变了小镇的景色以及当地的工业结构 3.Emphasize 强调： Highlight：the report highlight the decline in the numbers of native(可以换作local) plants and insects. Stress: He stresses the need for parents to listen to their children. Accentuate: the crisis accentuates the gap between rich and poor. (highlight and emphasize 的区别：highlight是告诉人们重点，因而能够让别人注意，类似于老师勾重点；而emphasize则是使重点清晰，不管别人是否能注意得到。而stress则和emphasize差不多) 4.Develop培养： Cultivate: cultivate the ability of … ；培养情操；cultivate a more relaxed and positive way towards life. Nurture: 养育，同样可以指培养人才（talents）the sea nutures ample marine animals. 5.Break 破坏： Impair：impair ability; 主要是破坏能力，莫乱用。 Undermine这个词也是指的是抽象意义上的破坏，有逐渐削弱之意，重点是循序渐进的过程。Undermine one’s ability/confidence/authority/position/credibility Jeopardize: 不能乱用，破坏的东西要上一定的等级才能配上此词。比如Jeopardize the process of peace.破坏和平进程 Devastate特指毁灭、蹂躏the earthquake devastated the whole city. 6.Keep 保存 Preserve、Conserve 保护资源用的就是这个词，不要用protect，protect这个词用在保护具体的东西。 7.deal With解决 Tackle: tackle the problem. Resolve: resolve dispute争论/conflict冲突/problem/issue/crisis危机；来自拉丁语，比较正式。 8.need 需要 Require：xxx requires courage and confidence. Necessitate: 用法不简单，没有摸透。 call for（这也是个很高级的用法，奥巴马就用这个【我不晓得奥巴马咋个用的，原帖是这样
公文写作常用词语
公文写作常用词语 结尾和平行文的结尾。常见的征询用语有“当否、可否、妥否、是否可行、是否妥当、是否同意、如有不当、如无不当、如有不妥、如果不行、如果可行、意见如何”等。 引叙用语 公文中表示引述来文的词语。主要用于批复、复函、指示、决定等文种。常用的引叙用语有“收、接、悉、前收、前接、现收、现接、近收、近接、惊悉、欣悉、收悉、闻、近闻、惊闻、欣闻、喜闻”等。 结尾用语 公文中表示全文结束的词语。不同的文种对结尾用语有不同的要求。如请示的结尾用语可用“以上请示当否，请批复”，“妥否，请批示”，“上述意见如果可行，请批准”等；报告的结尾用语可用“以上报告如有不当，请指示”，“以上报告如无不当，请批转各地执行”等；通告的结尾用语可用“特此通告”，“此告”等。 公文常用特定用语的解释 1.兹因：开端用语，主要用于文章开头，其解释是现在因为。 2. 承蒙：谦敬用语，用于表示谦敬，具体解释为“多亏受到”。 3. 届期：就是到时候的意思。 4. 谢忱：表示“感谢的心意”。如：谨致谢忱；聊表谢忱等。 5. 谨悉：引叙用语，多用于复文引据，表示知道的意思。 6. 以资：把...用来作为...。如：以资鼓励。 7. 鉴于：过渡用语，公文中承上启下的用语，表示因为，考虑到。 8. 顷接：也是用语复文引据，如：倾接慰问电，至感温馨；倾接校友会通报，感非言馨。字面解释为：不久以前。 9. 业经：经办用语，表明进程，经过....（帮助）。 10.责成：拟办用语，用于审批拟办，指定某人或某机构办成某件事。 11.拟请：期请用语，用于表示期望请求。拟：计划，请：请求。 12.如蒙：期请用语，用于表示期望请求。意思是：如果能够得到.... 13.此复：用于复文结尾，表示特此作为回复。 5 公文常用特定用语 类别 用语名称 作用 常用特定用语 1 开端用语 主要用于文章开头，表 示发语、引据 为、为了、为着、查、接、顷接、根据、据、遵照、依照、按照、按、鉴于、关于、兹、兹
公关策划书的格式参考
公关策划书的格式参考 p> 公关策划是建立在调查分析的基础上的，调查分析是公关活动策划的先期工作。调查分析主要是对组织形象做出具体分析，可以从当前组织形象存在的优势点，问题点和机会点三个方面进行分析，从而明确下步公关工作的重点和方向。 调查分析要注重调查对象的代表性，调查手段的适用性，调查方法的科学性，资料收集的真实性和全面性，分析结论的可靠性。 四、目标战略 为了提高公关活动的效果，必须确立公关目标。应根据组织的具体情况选择目标分类，如将目标分成总目标与分目标，长远目标、阶段目标、具体目标等。 目标战略主要考虑所设目标是否符合社会组织的发展战略，是否符合组织形象的定位要求，是否符合公众需要，是否符合社会文化及其发展需要，是否针对组织存在的问题等。 五、创意说明 创意是公关活动成败的关键。创意是公关人员根据调查结论、社会组织形象特性和公众需求所进行的一种创造性思维活动，它是整个公关活动策划中的画龙点睛之笔。一个富有创意性的公关策划，能吸引和感染公众，使公关传播受到良好的效果。 创意的内容包括： 1、活动主题。
2、活动名称和项目。 3、标语。 4、宣传作品等。 活动主题要新颖，富有独特性和个性，有意境感和吸引力。 六、媒介策略 公共关系活动过程也就是组织向公众的信息传播、双向沟通过程，因此，正确选择传播媒介是使活动取得成功的重要一环。 媒介的选择要有针对性、可行性、有效性。 七、活动计划 活动计划是对具体活动的指导。应根据各个活动项目分别制定各项活动计划。 活动计划要有周密性、可操作性和具体性。 八、经费预算 正确的经费预算是实施活动的保证。 经费预算要合理、全面、留有余地。 九、效果评估 正确的评估本次活动的效果，有助于组织了解公关方案的实现程度，衡量公关活动的实际效果，调动公关人员的积极性，并为下一轮公关工作提供新的信息。 效果评估要依据目标，实事求是，并给出评估的效果的方法。 十、署名 文案最后需写明：
公文写作常用词汇
写作常用词汇 常用短语 立足当前着眼长远抓住机遇应对挑战量力而行 尽力而为全面推进统筹兼顾综合治理切实抓好/减轻扎实推进加快发展持续增收从严控制注重强化 严格执行坚决制止明确职责坚定不移牢牢把握 积极争取深入开展规范改进积极发展努力建设 良性互动优势互补率先发展互惠互利积极稳妥 依法实行全面分析全面贯彻持续推进全面落实/实施逐步扭转基本形成普遍增加基本建立更加完备/完善明显提高/好转不断加强/增效/深化显著改善/增强 大幅提高日趋完善比较充分 做深做细做实 有重点分步骤 不动摇不放弃不改变不妥协 融入全过程、贯穿各方面 进一步形成 积极稳妥落实 自觉按规律办事 常用动词 积累推进推动健全统领协调统筹转变提高
推进实现适应改革创新扩大加强促进巩固保障方向完善加快振兴崛起分工扶持改善调整优化解决宣传教育发挥支持带动帮助深化规范强化统筹指导服务健全确保维护优先贯彻实施深化保证鼓励引导坚持深化强化监督管理开展规划整合理顺推行纠正严格满足推广遏制整治保护健全丰富夯实树立尊重制约适应发扬拓宽拓展规范改进形成调整规范坚持调节取缔调控指导把握弘扬借鉴倡导培育打牢武装凝聚激发说服感召尊重包容树立培育发扬提倡营造促进唱响主张弘扬通达引导疏导着眼吸引塑造搞好履行倾斜惠及简化衔接调处关切汇集分析排查协商化解动员联动激发增进汲取检验保护鼓励完善宽容增强融洽凝聚筑牢考验进取凝聚设置吸纳造就逐步实现 常用名词 关系力度速度反映诉求形势任务体制机制理念意识秩序要务核心主体水平方针结构力度增量比重规模标准办法特色差距渠道纽带主体载体制度需求能力负担体系重点资源职能倾向秩序途径活力项目工程政策
2019年英语写作中高级同义词替换
2017年英语写作中高级同义词替换 连词篇：（介词，副词） Firstly: previously, beforehand, foremost, initially, originally, formerly, principally, mainly, essentially, basically, generally, commonly, universally, on the whole, fundamentally, to begin with, to start with, first of all, at the outset… Then: subsequently, afterward, thereafter, after that, secondarily, what is more, furthermore (further more)… Lastly:ultimately, eventually, in conclusion, to conclude, as a final point, last of all, last but not least, finally… Too: as well (句末)也, in addition, besides, moreover, additionally, to boot, excessively, also… And: plus, as well as, along with, in addition, bonus, with… Or: otherwise, if not, before, or else… So (adv): therefore, thus, consequently, accordingly, as a result, for that reason, hence, that’s why Because: as, due to, since, as to, in that, for the reason that, for, now that…
公共关系策划文案范文
公共关系策划文案范文 公关策划即“公共关系策划”，公关策划的目标是指组织通过公共关系策划和实施达到理想的形象状态和标准。本文是学习啦小编整理的公共关系策划文案范文，欢迎参阅。 公共关系策划文案范文1 主题：为了丰富同学们的业余文化生活，同时为了增强同学们的环保意识，建设和谐西安，创建全国卫生城市贡献自己的一份力量，在正值元旦放假期间举办一起以”爱我家园，你我共同参与“为主体的大型宣传活动。 活动背景：在社会高速发展的今天，尤其是我们国家在追求经济高速发展的同时，部分地区往往以牺牲环境为代价，民众环保意识缺失，必然导致民族形象的受损，从长远来看，将会阻碍经济和社会发展的速度。近年来，国家意识到可持续发展的重要意义，相继提出：建立和谐社会，创建卫生城市等举措来激发全体公民的环保意识，在这种背景下，进行适当的宣传和实践活动是十分必要的。 目标：通过大学生自身的宣传和实践活动，以签名的方式，唤起全体西安公民的环保意识，将”从我做起，从自身做起”的环保理念传播给民众，同时，让同学们通过自己的劳动亲身经历感受一下环保的重要意义，培养一种社会责任感和责任心，并在活动中体现同学们团结一致，和谐相处的精神品质。
活动时间：2007年一月一日，上午8：00-12：00 活动地点：西安钟楼及附近地区 主办方：陕西科技大学资源与环境学院轻化055 协办方：陕西科技大学学生会宣传部 负责人：孙晓龙，潘召 联系方式：xxxx 要求：1、陕西科技大学资源与环境学院轻化055全体同学参与并同一着装，其他学院或班级有意想加入此次活动，可通过电话或其它方式与活动负责人取得联系。 、在活动过程中，凡参加的同学必须严格遵守班级纪律，不得有违规操作的事情发生，一经发现，按纪律要求给予处分。 、全体同学积极参与，听从班长的统一安排，各小组有组长负责。 活动步骤： 前期准备 1、班委与学生会取得联系，征得校方同意并取得一定经费支持。 、班委与西安市环保局取得联系，征的同意并请西安市电视台进行媒替宣传。 、班级内部进行商议，制定相关规则，分组{具体分组情况见下表}，并征的所有同学的同意。
公文写作常用词语
机关公文写作常用词语 "新"系列 新形势新任务新挑战新机遇新情况新问题新困难新对策新办法新局面新气象 "者"系列 守护者保护者守望者践行者组织者协调者旁观者教育者监督者管理者设计者引导者实施者指导者协助者决策者参与者 "外号"系列 (个人)先行官火车头老黄牛活地图辖区通减压阀助推器 （集体）大熔炉主旋律接力赛 "性"系列 自觉性时效性可操作性复杂性积极性实效性机制性特殊性主动性有效性体制性多变性创造性坚定性保障性危险性准确性阶段性流动性盲目性目的性层次性稳定性实用性预见性启发性全局性科学性前瞻性警示性局部性局限性针对性苗头性根本性约束性普遍性倾向性长期性理论性典型性经常性精确性系统性示范性思想性果敢性完整性必要性知识性坚韧性多样性重要性趣味性敏感性服务性先进性随意性警惕性指导性优越性反复性技术性思想性全局性前瞻
性战略性创新性指导性可操作性目标性 "感"系列 使命感责任感危机感紧迫感荣誉感成就感自豪感归属感认同感幸福感满足感忧郁感孤独感失落感"化"系列 信息化、科学化、数字化、标准化、集约化、精细化、机制系统化、办案法制化、打击专业化、防范网络化、警务信息化向心力凝聚力洞察力执行力推动力战斗力保障力驾驭力自控力亲和力号召力感召力语言表达能力文字写作能力组织协调能力团队协作能力 "意识"系列 全局意识整体意识奉献意识谋划意识机遇意识任务意识形象意识责任意识学习意识创新意识进取意识危机意识自我保护意识忧患意识 "三字经"创一流树标杆当标兵树形象展风采显特色出实招做实事攻难点查隐患堵漏洞正警风聚警心明职责聚合力建堡垒强管控强基础求实效求突破求改进求规范谋长效谋发展谋打赢 "一" 一股绳一盘棋一颗钉一班人一条心一股劲一面旗一座山一堵墙一支笔一条枪一块砖一条龙一把手 "一种" （这个类别稍微解释一下，可以用来起排比递进式
英语六级写作中常用词的替换词
英语六级写作中常用词的替换词 1) 大多数人most people→ the majority of the population 2) 经常often→frequently 3) 我相信I believe→ from my standpoint, from my perspective 4) 必须must→ it is a must for us to… 5) 知道know→ be aware of 6) 因为because→in that 7) 最后at last→eventually 8) 然而but→however 9) 如果if→provided that 10) 各行各业的人all kinds of people→people from all walks of life 11) 引起，导致lead to→contribute to 12) 人people→individuals 13) 好的good→desirable, beneficial 14) 怀的bad→undesirable 15) 很多many→ numerous 16) 越来越more and more→ a(n) increasing/mounting number of 17) 很very→extremely 18) 方面side→aspects 19) 表明show→demonstrate, indicate 20) 利用use→utilize 21) 因此/结果so→therefore 22) 部分part→proportion 23) 提高improve→enhance 24) 改变change→transform 25) 强调/重视emphasize→ attach great importance to 26) 培养develop→cultivate 27) 破坏destroy→undermine 28) 解决deal with →tackle /figure out 29) 普遍的everywhere→universal 30) 明显的obvious→apparent 31) 在当今社会in the modern society→in the current society 32) 使make→enable 5）to begin with, then, furthermore, finally（强烈推荐）6）to start with, next, in addition, finally（强烈推荐）
公文写作常用词汇
1、常用排比 最常用的三字词：可概括为性、感、多、点，不、化、新、力。 A、XX性：重要性、紧迫性、自觉性、主动性、坚定性、民族性、时代性、实践性、针对性、全局性、前瞻性、战略性、积极性、创造性、长期性、复杂性、艰巨性、可讲性、鼓动性、计划性、敏 锐性、有效性； B、XX感：责任感、紧迫感、压力感、危机感、认同感、荣誉感、成就感； C、多XX：多层次、多方面、多途径、多渠道、多措施、多力量、多元素。 D、XX点：出发点、切入点、突破点、落脚点、着眼点、结合点、关键点、着重点、着力点、根本点、支撑点； E、不XX：不松劲、不懈怠、不折腾、不退缩、不畏难、不罢手、不动摇、不放弃、不改变、不妥协、不收兵； E、XX化：法制化、规范化、制度化、程序化、集约化、军事化、正常化、有序化、智能化、优质化、常态化、科学化、年轻化、知识化、专业化、现代化、规模化、标准化、品牌化、产业化、信 息化、城镇化； F、新XX：新水平、新境界、新举措、新发展、新突破、新成绩、新成效、新方法、新成果、新形势、新要求、新期待、新关系、新体制、新机制、新知识、新本领、新进展、新实践、新风貌、新 事物、新高度； G、XX力：活动力、控制力、影响力、创造力、凝聚力、战斗力、感染力、亲活力； 意识：政治意识、组织意识、大局意识、忧患意识、责任意识、法律意识、廉洁意识、学习意识、上进意识、管理意识； 点：找准出发点、把握切入点、明确落脚点、找准落脚点、抓住切入点、把握着重点、找准切入点、把握着力点、抓好落脚点； 新：当前工作要有新水平、队伍建设要有新面貌、廉政建设要有新举措、自身建设要有新发展、内 部管理要有新突破。 政治认同、理论认同、感情认同； 历史的必然、现实的选择、未来的方向。 激发巨大热情，凝聚无穷力量，催生丰硕成果，展现全新魅力。 2、常用短语 立足当前，着眼长远，自觉按规律办事 抓住机遇，应对挑战，勇敢顺潮流而为 突出重点，分步实施，找准切入点实施 全面推进，统筹兼顾，综合治理，融入其中，贯穿始终，切实抓好，扎实推进，加快发展，持续增收，积极稳妥，狠抓落实，从严控制，严格执行，坚决制止，明确职责，高举旗帜，坚定不移，牢 牢把握，积极争取，深入开展，注重强化，规范程序，改进作风，积极发展，努力建设，依法实行，良性互动，优势互补，率先发展，互惠互利，做深、做细、做实、全面分析，全面贯彻，持续推进，全面落实、全面实施，逐步扭转，基本形成，普遍增加，基本建立，更加完备，逐步完善，明显提
英语写作中高级同义词替换 2教学内容
英语写作中高级同义 词替换2
英语写作中高级同义词替换 连词篇：（介词，副词） Firstly: previously, beforehand, foremost, initially, originally, formerly, principally, mainly, essentially, basically, generally, commonly, universally, on the whole, fundamentally, to begin with, to start with Then: subsequently, afterward, thereafter, after that, secondarily, what is more, furthermore (further more)…Lastly:ultimately, eventually, in conclusion, to conclude, as a final point, last of all, last but not least, finally… Too: as well (句末), in addition, besides, moreover, additionally, to boot, excessively, also… And: plus, as well as, along with, in addition, bonus, with… Or: otherwise, if not, before, or else… So(adv): therefore, thus, consequently, accordingly, as a result, for that reason, he nce, that’s why Because: as, due to, since, as to, in that, for the reason that, for, now that…
【上海高考概要写作】summary writing1(有解析)
Exercise 1 With only two weeks to go before Christmas, buying presents is a high priority for a lot of people. However, this year not so many people are leaving their homes to go shopping. These days lots of people can do their shopping in the comfort of their own home with the help of the Internet. Online shopping is becoming more and more popular for a number of reasons: prices are often lower online; you don’t have to queue up in busy shops and you can buy almost any product imaginable with just a few clicks of your mouse. Both male and female are buying into the trend, but women are expected to do more shopping on the Internet than men. It seems women are now more attracted to the convenience of online shopping than they used to be. Average spending online this Christmas by women will rise to ￡ 240 (3.360 yuan) compared to the slightly lower average of ￡ 233 (3,262 yuan) for men. In the past a lot of people were reluctant to shop online. Many were worried about the security of entering their card details on the Internet and the reliability of the Internet but as shopping online has become more widespread, these worries have begun to disappear. 45% of Internet users still do have security worries but it hasn’t slowed down the ever-increasing numbers of online shoppers. One victim of the online shopping boom is the UK high street. The average spending per person on the high street is only ￡197. 70% of Internet users who are now buying their Christmas gifts online. 参考范文： This year, people are doing Christmas shopping online at home rather than leave their homes for cheaper goods and more convenience.(要点1) With increasing popularity of online shopping, women spend more than men.(要点2) Although safety is a major concern for shopping online,still more and more people choose to shop online.(要点3) With the pressure from widespread online shopping, traditional shops in the UK high street began their sales promotion earlier this Christmas.(要点4) 分析过程： 一、试题详解
公关策划报告写作格式及范文
公关策划报告写作格式及范文 企业名称：中国项目咨询在线 联系人：任经理 经营范围：工程投资、项目申报、文案创意、商标专利、技术贸易、 公关专题活动策划 实训目标 1、帮助学生了解和掌握开展公关策划的程序和要求。 2、训练学生掌握公关策划所需的市场调研能力、公关创意能力、活动方案设计能力、媒体沟通能力、费用预算能力、活动安排能力等。 3、锻炼学生撰写策划报告的写作能力与技巧。 本章实训任务是为某一社会组织机构做有关的公关活动策划。通过这一策划训练帮助学生了解、掌握公关策划的程序、方法和技巧；并要求学生能够运用“公关”有关原理，完成一份实训作业——为这一社会组织机构撰写一份“市场公关策划报告”。 第一节《公关策划报告》撰写的步骤 公关策划要求策划人员在对企业内外公关环境予以准确、详细地调查和分析，并有效地运用公关策略，对特定时间内某项公关活动的行动目标、活动主题、实施方案及具体措施进行设计和规划。可见，一项完善的公关策划必须按一定的程序进行，一般可有如下步骤： 一、收集公关信息 开展公关调查，收集公关信息，这是策划的初始阶段，也是公关策划的基础。公关调查的内容有： （一）社会组织机构自身调查 （二）社会组织机构自身的问题和机遇调查 （三）社会组织机构的目标公众调查 公众调查旨在确定企业面临的公众对企业的意见，态度及反映；消费者或用户对产品，服务的评价；特定公众对象的基本情况等。公众调查一般需要掌握五种资料：公众的类型和背景材料，认知资料，需求资料，态度资料和行为资料。 二、分析公关信息 对于收集到的各种市场资料，要进行系统整理，予以仔细分析。策划一个成功的市场公关活动要考虑许多因素，只有在全面了解企业有关“产品市场”、“竞争者”和“社会公众”情况基础上,才能够有效地组织策划和实施市场公关活动.公关信息的分析是整个公关策划的依据。 三、策划公关目标 公关活动应该是有针对性的，所以，在开展公关活动时，首先应该明确它的目标，就是说，应确定通过此项活动的开展最后应取得什么效果。如果没有市场公关的具体目标，公关活动就变得盲目，常常花费了时间、财力和人力，最后达不到任何效果。 四、设计公关活动方案 公关目标一经确定,就要围绕目标拟定可供实施的公关活动方案， 这是公关策划的关键环节。公关活动的设计方案应包括以下这些问题: 1.设计公关活动主题 2.确定活动的时机和地点 3.策划公关活动项目 4.设计活动具体安排 5.选择恰当的媒体宣传 五、编制公关预算
公文写作常用词汇短语等
【行政材料用词积累】 1、“以...为XX”：为基础（基点）、为核心（中心）、为根本、为重点、为举措（手段）、为载体（平台）、为保障（保证\后盾）、为契机、为总揽、为抓手、为目标、为动力、为依托、为突破、为目的 、为关键、为先导、为宗旨、为支撑、为指导、为导向、为方向、为驱动、为主体、为补充、为标准、为主线、为主题。 2、三字“为”：为立足点、为出发点、为切入点、突破口、为落脚点、闪光点、结合点、根本点、增长点、着力点、动力点、关键点。 3、三字“于”：立足于、着眼于、贯穿于、 4、“渐进类”词语：日益、日趋、日惭、日臻、不断、逐步、稳步、深化、深入、推进、推动、促进、 5、“建立类及程度类”词语：探索、实行、建立、健全、构建、打造、争创、创建、规范、完善、创新、强化、加大、加强、加快、加速、加紧、严格、突出。 6、“四导”：宣传倡导、服务指导、示范引导、监管督导。 7、“新XXX”：新机制、新路子、新模式、新环境、新载体、新途径、新突破、新优势、新方向、新跨越、新发展、新趋势、新期待、新局面、新格局、新成就、新变化、新面貌、 8、吹响集结号、齐奏交响乐、共谱和谐曲。 9、念好联字经、架起连心桥、铺就致富路、奏响和谐曲。 10、组合类：探索新路子、创新新模式、实现新突破、推动新跨越、促进新发展、 11、建立工作新机制、明确发展新方向、拓展增收新途径、积聚建设新优势、探索试点新路子。 12、启示类：两字类：是前提、是基础、是关键、是核心、是保证。四字类：前提条件、基础保证、关键环节、核心所在、有效举措、重要手段、有效载体、 13、时期类：关键时期、重要时期、攻坚时期、 14、重要类：重要源泉、重要支撑、重要因素、重要阶段、重要力量、重点途径 15、战略机遇期、发展加速期、结构转型期、攻坚爬坡期 【机关公文常用词句大全】 本[大全]旨在使"爬格子"的微友在遣词造句时可少搜肠刮肚，在写作公
【上海高考概要写作】summary writing4(10篇,有解析)
Exercise 1 College pays off financially. A wide range of statistics shows the economic advantage of a four-year college education. Over a lifetime, students who graduate from college can expect to make about 60% more than those who do not, well over a million dollars more than they would otherwise. But what about the benefits of college that are more difficult to measure? They are equally significant and add up to a lot of value over the course of a lifetime： College takes students to places they’ve never been to before. College is a passport to different places, different times, and different ways of thinking —from learning new languages to considering the development of human history to diving deep into the building blocks of matter. It gives students a chance to understand themselves differently, seeing how their lives are both like and unlike those who populated other eras(时代)）and other lands. College introduces students to people they've never met before. One of the most important ways in which students learn, at colleges and universities everywhere, is by interacting with people who are different from themselves both inside and outside the classroom. Students learn more at a place full of engaging people with a wide range of viewpoints. In these ways and in so many others, college helps students see themselves differently, giving them the room and the license to imagine new possibilities. Yes, it opens opportunities reflected in earning and employment statistics. But, perhaps even more valuable, it opens minds and worlds in ways that are beyond measurement. The value of higher education is symbolized by people who dream bigger and achieve more, who create their own futures and shape their own futures. 参考答案： According to statistics，college makes a great difference to students’ earning power,(要1) while it also contributes to other valuable aspects beyond assessment in life.(要点2) Firstly, college motivates students’ self-realization through various learning activities.(要点3) Secondly, it shapes students’ diverse perspectives by encouraging them to communicate with different
英语写作中高级同义词替换 2分析
英语写作中高级同义词替换 连词篇：（介词，副词） Firstly: previously, beforehand, foremost, initially, originally, formerly, principally, mainly, essentially, basically, generally, commonly, universally, on the whole, fundamentally, to begin with, to start with Then: subsequently, afterward, thereafter, after that, secondarily, what is more, furthermore (further more)…Lastly:ultimately,eventually, in conclusion, to conclude, as a final point, last of all, last but not least, finally… Too: as well (句末), in addition, besides, moreover, additionally, to boot, excessively, also… And: plus, as well as, along with, in addition, bonus, with… Or: otherwise, if not, before, or else… So(adv): therefore, thus, consequently, accordingly, as a result, for that reason, hence, that’s why Because: as, due to, since, as to, in that, for the reason that, for, now that… But:however, moreover, nevertheless, nonetheless, on the contrary, on the other hand, 让步although, even thought, though, even if, while, as, despite the fact that…