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9月21日雅思阅读原题详解：abriefhistoryofchocolate

9月21日雅思阅读原题详解：A Brief History of Chocolate

9月21日的雅思阅读考试考到了教主刘洪波老师编著的《雅思阅读真经5》中的两篇原文！分别是《A Brief History of Chocolate》和《From Novices to Experts》。今天我们先来看第一篇《A Brief History of Chocolate》的详细解析

~AWhen most of us hear the word chocolate, we picture a bar, a box of bonbons, or a bunny. The verb that comes to mind is probably “eat,” not “drink,” and the most apt adjective would seem to be “sweet.” But for about 90 percent of chocolate’s long history, it was strictly a beverage, and sugar didn’t have anything to do with it. “I often call chocolate the best-known food that nobody knows anything about,” said Alexandra Leaf, a selfdescribed “chocolate educator” who runs a business called Chocolate Tours of New York City. B The terminology can be a little confusing, but most experts these days use the term “cacao” to refer to the plant or its beans before processing, while the term “chocolate” refers to anything made from the beans, she explained. “Cocoa” generally refers to chocolate in a powdered form, although it can also be a British form of “cacao.” Etymo logists trace

the origin of the word “chocolate” to the Aztec word “xocoatl,” which referred to a bitter drink brewed from cacao beans. The Latin name for the cacao tree, T h e o b r o m a c a c a o , means “food of the gods.”Word & Expression1. pictur e1) ① n.照片；图画；相片；描绘

② v. 想象；描述；描写；设想My visits enabled me to build up a broad picture of the culture.参观游览使我对这个文化

有了大致的了解。(build up a broad picture of对...有大致的了解)2)搭配：out of the picture不知道详情, 不熟悉一切2.

a bar of一条，一块He's holding a bar of chocolate in his right hand and a bottle of lemonade in his left hand.他右手

拿着一块巧克力左手拿着一瓶柠檬水。3. bonbon (认识即可)n. 夹心软糖；（法）小糖果；棒棒糖4. bunny (认识即可)n. 兔子5. come to mind想到，浮现在脑海中Surveillance is the first application that comes to mind.监控是我们想到的第一个应用。6. apt1) adj. 易于…的, 有…倾向的；恰当的, 适宜的；聪明的, 灵巧的She is apt at languages.她善于学习语言。2) 同义替换: appropriate, suitable, fitting, pertinent, right, proper, capable3) 搭配：be apt to倾向于7. beveragen. 饮料The sale of alcoholic beverages is restricted to those over 21.酒精饮料只能出售给21岁以上的成年人。8. have something to

do with1) 和…有关That might have something to do with how hunger heightens your sensitivity for saltiness

and sweetness.这也许和饥饿有关。饥饿使你对咸甜味更加敏感。2) have nothing to do with和…无关9.

best-knownadj. 众所周知的; 著名的It may not be the among the best-known of the city's museums, but this monument to sex education, history, and cultural significance isn't just for academics.它也许还称不上是纽约最知名的博物馆，但它在性的教育、历史、文化意义上所具有的纪念碑意义并不仅仅是对学者而言。10. run a business1)创业，经营一个企业2) runv.管理，运转11. terminologyn. 专门用语；术语；术语学; 术语用法The article uses rather specialized musical terminology.这篇文

章用了相当专业的音乐术语。(rather adv.相当地) 12.

refer tovt. 涉及, 指的是, 提作, 参考, 适用于Writers often refer to a dictionary.作家时常参考字典。13. bean1)

① n. 豆；豆荚② vt.击…的头部Jimmy hadn't a bean to his name.吉米什么值钱的东西都没有。2) 搭配：not have a bean没钱；不名一文14. process1) ① vt. 处理；加工② n. 过程，进行；方法，步骤；作用；程序；推移③ vi. 列队前进④ adj. 经过特殊加工（或处理）的How can we preserve our cultural urban legacies in the

process of development?在这发展的进程中我们怎样保护

我们的城市文化遗产?2) 同义替换：deal with, handle, treat, manage; procedure, course, development, progression, method, means3) 搭配：in process在进行中；过程中的15. make from（常用被动）1) 某物由.....构成的They were made from hard plastics and that's why they were very breakable.它们是由硬塑料制成的，所以非常的容易碎裂。2) make of与make from区别make of 的原材料是看的到的，即平常我们说的物理现象make from的原材料是看不到的16. etymologists(认识即可)n. 语源学17. trace1) ① vi. 追溯；沿路走② vt. 追踪，查探；描绘；回溯③ n. 痕迹，踪迹；微量；迹线；缰绳The book traces the history of the game back to an incident in 1863. 该书把这种运动的历史追溯至1863 年的一起事件。(trace back to追溯到…)2) 同义替换：find, locate, discover, draw, outline, mark out; suggestion, hint, sign, indication 18. brew① vt. 酿造；酝酿② vi. 酿酒；被冲泡；即将发生③ n. 啤酒；质地This wine is brewed from rice.这酒是用大米酿造的参考译文：A.大多数人听到巧克力这个词时，就会联想到一条巧克力棒、一盒奶油夹心巧克力糖，或一只巧克力兔子。进入脑海的动词则很可能是“吃”，而并非“喝”；而我们想到的最恰当的形容词大概是“甜”。然而

严格说来，在巧克力发展的漫长历史中，人们在绝大部分时间里都把它当做一种饮料，而且糖跟它一点关系也没有。“我常说，巧克力是人人都知道但却对它一无所知的食品。”亚历山德拉·利夫如是说。她自诩为“巧克力教师”，还经营着一家名为“纽约巧克力之旅”的商店。B.虽然有点儿让人无法理解，可如今的大多数专家都用“可可”这一术语指代可可树或尚未

加工的可可豆，而用“巧克力”这一术语指代任何经由可可豆

加工而成的食品。一般而言，“可可粉”是指粉末状的巧克力，虽然它在英国人眼里也是“可可”的一种形式。词源学家对“巧克力”一词追根溯源，认为它来自阿兹特克语中“xocoatl”一词，该词指的是一种由可可豆酿制而成的苦涩饮料。在拉丁语中，可可树被称作“Theobroma cacao”，意为“神灵的食物”。CMany modern historians have estimated that chocolate has been around for about 2000 years, but recent research suggests that it may be even older. In the book The True History of Chocolate, authors Sophie and Michael Coe make a case that the earliest linguistic evidence of chocolate consumption stretches back three or even four millennia, to pre-Columbian cultures of Mesoamerica such as the Olmec. Last November, anthropologists from the University of Pennsylvania announced the discovery of cacao residue on pottery excavated in Honduras that could

date back as far as 1400 B.C. It appears that the sweet pulp of the cacao fruit, which surrounds the beans, was fermented into an alcoholic beverage of the time. DIt’s hard to pin down exactly when chocolate was born, but it’s clear that it was cherished from the start. For several centuries in pre-modern Latin America, cacao beans were considered valuable enough to use as currency. One bean could be traded for a tamale, while 100 beans could purchase a good turkey hen, according to a 16th-century Aztec document.Word & Expression1. estimate1) ① vi. 估计，估价② n. 估计，估价；判断，看法③ vt. 估计，估量；判断，评价Some estimates put the figure at as high as 50%. 有些估计这一数字高达50%。2) 同义替换：approximation, guess, quote, price, valuation; assess, reckon, value, appraise3) 搭配：at an estimate据某种估计2. be around存在，生存I'm glad we're not going to be around when that happens.我很庆幸这种情况发生时我们已经不在了。3. make (out) a case (for) 证明……有理由，提出有利于……的理由The researchers did not make out a case for the phenomenon.研究人员们没有找到充分的理由解释那种现象发生的原因。4.

consumption1) n. 消费, 消耗; 消费[耗]量；肺病; 结核

病Doctors say that children need to increase their consumption of fruit and vegetables.医生们说儿童需要多吃水果和蔬菜。2) 同义替换：feeding, eating, drinking, intake, ingestion, use, expenditure, utilization, spending 5. stretch back追溯Warnings that curiosity can be destructive stretch back to the very beginning of civilization.对于好奇心具有破坏作用的警告可以追溯到教化之初。6. anthropologist (认识即可)1) n. 人类学者,人类学家2) -ist后缀，表示“…家”scientist 科学家artist艺术家pianist 钢琴家

7. announce1) ① vt. 宣布；述说；预示；播报

② vi. 宣布参加竞选；当播音员The company proudly announced the launch of its new range of cars. 该公司骄

傲地宣布其新一系列的轿车已投放市场。(launch n.产品的上市)2) 同义替换：proclaim, make known, publicize, broadcast, declare, say, pronounce, state3) 搭配: announce to通知某人；向…宣布8. residue1) n. 残渣；剩余；滤渣She had the gunshot residue on her hands.她手上还有枪药的残留物。2) 同义替换：remains, rest, scum, filtrate 9. excavate1) vt. 挖掘, 开凿; 挖出, 发掘Archaeologists excavated fossilized dinosaur tracks from the riverbed.考古学家从河床中挖掘出恐龙的足迹化石。

2) 同义替换：dig, mine, exhume, unearth, hollow out 10.

date back追溯到；回溯至They found that the snails dated back almost 46,000 years.他们发现这些蜗牛可追溯到约46000年前。11. pulpn. (水果的)果肉After the abstraction of the juice from the orange, only a tasteless pulp is left.柳橙里的汁去掉後，只剩下不可口的肉了。(abstraction n.提取，抽取) 12. ferment1) ① n. 酵素；发酵；动乱

② vi. 发酵；动乱③ vt. 使发酵；使动乱；酝酿The country was in ferment. 这个国家那时正处在动乱中。2)

同义替换：agitation, commotion, confusion, excitement, turbulence, turmoil, upheaval, uproar; agitate, incite, provoke 13. pin down确定，证实As with any evolving art form, trying to pin down the rules is impossible.如同任何不断发展的艺术形式，舞蹈没有一成不变的规则。14. cherish1) vt. 珍爱, 珍视, 爱护;怀有, 抱有We should learn how to cherish time and use it efficiently.我们该学习如何珍惜时间且有效率的利用它。2) 同义替换：treasure, value, appreciate3) 搭配：cherish the memory of怀念(某人) 15. currency1) n. 货币；通货They make money by speculating on the currency markets. 他们通过在货币市场投机赚钱。(make money赚钱speculate v.投机)2) 同义替换：money, coinage, exchange, cash, bills, paper money, prevalence, frequency 16. purchase1)

① n. 购买；紧握；起重装置② vt.购买；赢得

③ vi. 购买东西They purchased the house from an elderly couple.他们从一对老夫妇手中买了那套房子。2) 同义替换：buy, merchandise, grip, grasp, hold; pay for, acquire, obtain, win, gain 参考译文：C. 据许多现代历史学家估算，巧克力已有大约两千年的历史，但最新研究表明，它的历史可能还要更久。在《巧克力的真实历史》一书中，作者索菲和迈克尔·科以充分的证据证实，关于食用巧克力的最早文字记录可追溯至三千甚至四千年前，那是哥伦布发现新大陆之前的中美洲文明——如奥尔梅克文明——所在的年代。去年11月，宾夕法尼亚大学的人类学家宣布在从洪都拉斯出土的瓷器上发现了可可豆残渣的遗迹，其年代之久远可追溯至公元前1400年。看来，当时人们好像把包裹可可豆的甜美果

肉发酵酿制成了一种含酒精的饮料。D．我们很难确定巧克

力诞生的确切年代，但有一点是很明确的，那就是自诞生之初，巧克力就一直备受珍爱。在前现代的拉丁美洲，人们在几个世纪里一直把可可豆视若珍宝，甚至把它当做货币使用。根据一份16世纪的阿兹特克文件记载，用一颗可可豆可以

换来一个墨西哥玉米粉蒸肉卷，而用一百颗可可豆可以买到一只上好的母火鸡。EBoth the Mayans and Aztecs believed the cacao bean had magical, or even divine, properties, suitable for use in the most sacred rituals of birth, marriage

and death. According to the book The Chocolate Connoisseur, Aztec sacrifice victims who felt too melancholy to join in ritual dancing before their death were often given a gourd of chocolate (tinged with the blood of previous victims) to cheer them up. FSweetened chocolate didn’t appear until Europ eans discovered the Americas and sampled the native cuisine. Legend has it that the Aztec king Montezuma welcomed the Spanish explorer Hernando Cortes with a banquet that included drinking chocolate, having tragically mistaken him for a reincarnated deity instead of a conquering invader. Chocolate didn’t suit the foreigners’ taste buds at first—one described it in his writings as “a bitter drink for pigs”—but once mixed with honey or cane sugar, it quickly became popular throughout Spain.Word & Expression1. property1) n. 财产；性质，性能；所有权The property is set in a convenient location.这片房地产开发在一处交通便利的地方。2) 同义替换：belongings, goods, material goods, estate suitable 2. ritual1) ① n. 仪式；惯例；礼制② adj. 仪式的；礼节性的；例行的we still practice some of these rituals today.我们至今仍然遵循这些礼节。2) 同义替换：rite, ceremony, formality, custom,

habit, practice, routine; procedural, ceremonious, formal, customary, habitual, usual, normal 3. melancholy1)

① n. 忧郁, 悲哀② adj. 忧郁的, 悲伤的That image contributes to the strong feeling of melancholy that pervades this book.这样的画面渲染了书中弥漫着的强烈忧郁之感。2) 同义替换：sorrow, sad, miserable, gloomy, unhappy 4. a gourd of一瓢Native Americans would take a pouch of seeds and a gourd of water on their trips.美国的土著人在他们的旅程中会食用一袋这种种子和一瓢水。5. tingle1) ① vi. 感到刺痛；（耳朵等）鸣响② vt. 使激动；刺痛③ n. 刺痛感；激动；鸣响The crowd tingled with excitement.群众大为兴奋。2) 同义替换：prickle, sting, itch, prick 6. cheer up高兴起来, 振作起来He encouraged the family to cheer Up.他鼓励这个家庭振作起来。7. sample1) ① vt. 取样；抽样检查；尝试② n. 样品；样本；例子③ adj. 作为例子的；试样的，样品的A larger sample size yields more reliable data. 样本越大，得出的数据就越可靠。(yield v.产出)2) 同义替换：test, try, experiment, check out; example, model, trial 8. legend has it that传说，据传说Legend has it that there are lots of treasures on the treasure mountain.传说中的宝山上藏有很多财宝。9. banquet1) n. 宴

会, 盛宴A banquet was held in her honour. 为她设宴。(in one’s honor专门为了某人举办，为了纪念)2) 同义替换：feast, dinner, meal3) 搭配：banquet at public expenses 公款吃喝10. mistake1) ①n.错误；误解；误会；失误

② adj.错误；不正确；判断错误的；被误解的③ v. 弄错；误解；误会；误认I think you’re mistaken about the time.我想你弄错时间了。2) 同义替换：wrong, incorrect, false, erroneous, misguided, faulty, flawed, fallacious, inaccurate3) 搭配：① by mistake错误地；由于差错

② make a mistake犯错误11. reincarnate (认识即可)vt. 赋予新形体,使转世化身adj. 转世化身的Some people believe they may reincarnate in the form of an animal.有些人相信他们死後可能转生为动物。12. deity (认识即可)1) n. 神；神性Many animals were seen as the manifestation of a deity.许多动物被看作神的化身。2) diet n.饮食(注意拼写的区别) 13. invader1) n. 入侵者,侵略者;侵入

物The invaders sacked the city.侵略者把这座城市洗劫一空。(sack v.破坏)2) 同义替换: attacker, aggressor, trespasser, intruder, interloper suit 14. taste bud味蕾You need your taste bud to taste food.你需要味觉去品尝食物。参考译文：E. 玛雅人和阿兹特克人都认为可可豆具有神秘的甚至是神圣的特性，适合在诸如出生、结婚和死亡这些最神

圣的仪式上使用。根据克洛艾·杜特-鲁塞尔的《巧克力鉴赏家》一书所述，阿兹特克的被献祭者因极度抑郁而无法参加祭祀之舞时，人们就在他们被献祭之前给他们喝下一瓢巧克力(含有少许已故祭祀品的血)，使他们振奋起来。F. 后来，欧洲人发现了美洲大陆，并品尝了当地的菜肴，至此加糖的巧克力才出现。据传说，阿兹特克国王蒙提祖马准备了一桌以巧克力为饮料的盛宴，为西班牙探险者埃尔南多·科尔特斯接风洗尘——国王不但没有把他当做前来征战的入侵者，反而可悲地误以为他是转世神灵。起初，外国人并不能接受巧克力的味道——有人在著作中把巧克力描述为“一种给猪喝的苦涩饮品”——不过，在添加了蜂蜜或蔗糖以后，巧克力饮料立刻红遍西班牙各地。GBy the 17th century, chocolate was a fashionable drink throughout Europe, believed to have nutritious, medicinal and even aphrodisiac properties. But it remained largely a privilege of the rich until the invention of the steam engine made mass production possible in the late 1700s. HIn 1828, a Dutch chemist found a way to make powdered chocolate by removing about half the natural fat (cacao butter) from chocolate liquor, pulverizing what remained and treating the mixture with alkaline salts to cut the bitter taste. His product became known as “Dutch cocoa,” and it soon led to the

creation of solid chocolate. The creation of the first modern chocolate bar is credited to Joseph Fry, who in 1847 discovered that he could make a moldable chocolate paste by adding melted cacao butter back into Dutch cocoa. By 1868, a little company called Cadbury was marketing boxes of chocolate candies in England. Milk chocolate hit the market a few years later, pioneered by another name that may ring a bell—Nestle.Word & Expression1. aphrodisiac (认识即可)adj. 引起性欲的n. 壮阳剂,春药2. privilege① n.荣幸；荣耀；特殊利益；优惠待遇② v. 给予特权；特别优待It is a great privilege to be attending this conference.参加这次会议是莫大的荣幸。3. mass production大量生产Scientists say if everything goes smoothly, the glass will be in mass production within a year.科学家称如果该项目进展顺利，一年内这种玻璃就可以投入大规模生产。4. liquor1) ① n. 酒，含酒精饮料；液体；烈酒；溶液② vi. 喝酒，灌酒③ vt. 使喝醉He keeps away from liquor and tobacco.他不喝酒, 不抽烟。2) 搭配：be in liquor喝醉5. pulverize1) vt. 将…弄碎,将…弄成粉末或尘埃;摧毁,粉碎He had a winning car and pulverized the opposition.他有一辆战无不胜的好车，从而击败所有对手。2) 同义替换：grind, crush,

mash, chop up, pound, thrash 6. alkaline(认识即

可)adj. [化]碱性的，碱的This plant prefers alkaline soil, though it will readily tolerate some acidity.这种植物在酸性土壤中也能生存，但硷性土壤更加适宜。7. lead to导致He said he was worried that jumping to conclusions would lead to widespread panic.他说，他担心直接下定论会引起全面恐慌。8. be credited to相信；把…归功于Your success should be credited to me.你的成功应该归功于我。9. moldableadj. 可模压的;适于模压的;可塑造的Manufacturers were starving for a better insulator that was easily moldable and inexpensive.厂商当时正在寻求一种易模塑、廉价的绝缘体。(starve for 渴望) 10. hit1) ① vt. 袭击；碰撞；打击；偶然发现；伤…的感情② vi. 打击；打；碰撞；偶然碰上③n. 打击；打；（演出等）成功；讽刺He hit the ball with authority.他熟练地击球。

2) 搭配：① hit the market上市, 冲击市场, 打入市场

② make a hit获得成功11. pioneer① n. 拓荒者; 开发者;先驱者; 创始者; 先锋② vt. 开拓, 开发, 创始He is a pioneer in modern medical practice.他是现代医学实践的先驱。12. ring a bell引起反应[共鸣]；使人想起某事I can't remember anyone of that name; and yet somehow it seems to ring a bell.我记不得叫这个名字的人了，可又好像

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雅思阅读模拟试题及答案解析(2)

雅思阅读模拟试题及答案解析（2）

Next Year Marks the EU's 50th Anniversary of the Treaty A. After a period of introversion and stunned self-disbelief，continental European governments will recover their enthusiasm for pan-European institution-building in . Whether the European public will welcome a return to what voters in two countries had rejected so short a time before is another matter. B. There are several reasons for Europe’s recovering self-confidence. For years European economies had been lagging dismally behind America (to say nothing of Asia)， but in the large continental economies had one of their best years for a decade， briefly outstripping America in terms of growth. Since politics often reacts to economic change with a lag，’s improvement in economic growth will have its impact in ， though the recovery may be ebbing by then. C. The coming year also marks a particular point in a political cycle so regular that it almost seems to amount to a natural law. Every four or five years， European countries take a large stride towards further integration by signing a new treaty： the Maastricht treaty in 1992， the Treaty of Amsterdam in 1997， the Treaty of Nice in . And in they were supposed to ratify a European constitution， laying the ground for yet more integration—until the calm rhythm was rudely shattered by French and Dutch voters. But the political impetus to sign something every four or five years has only been interrupted，not immobilised， by this setback. D. In the European Union marks the 50th anniversary of another treaty—the Treaty of Rome， its founding charter. Government leaders have already agreed to celebrate it ceremoniously， restating their commitment to “ever closer union” and the basic ideals of European unity. By itself， and in normal circumstances， the EU’s 50th-birthday greeting to itself would be fairly meaningless， a routine expression of European good fellowship. But it does not take a Machiavelli to spot that once governments have signed the declaration (and it seems unlikely anyone would be so uncollegiate as to veto

2017年雅思考试阅读练习试题附答案

2017年雅思考试阅读练习试题附答案人的知识和人的力量这两件东西是结合为一体的;工作的失败都起于对因果关系的无知。以下是小编为大家搜索整理2017年雅思考试阅读练习试题附答案，希望能给大家带来帮助!更多精彩内容请及时关注我们应届毕业生考试网! Volatility Kills You should spend about 20 minutes on Question 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage below. A Despite gun battles in the capital of Chad, rioting in Kenya and galloping inflation in Zimbabwe, the economics of sub-Saharan Africa arc, as a whole, in better shape than they were a few years ago. The World Bank has reported recently that this part of the continent experienced a respectable growth rate of 5.6 percent in 2006 and a higher rate from 1995 to 2005 than in previous decades. The bank has given a cautious assessment that the region may have reached a turning point. An overriding question for developmental economists remains whether the upswing will continue so Africans can grow their way out of a poverty that relegates some 40 percent of the nearly 744 million in that region to living on less than a dollar a day. The optimism, when inspected more closely, may be short-lived because of the persistence of a devastating pattern of economic volatility that has lingered for decades. B “In reality, African countries grow as fast as Asian countries and other developing countries during the good times, but afterward they see growth collapses,” comments Jorge Arbache, a senior World Bank economist. “How to prevent collapses may be as important as promoting growth.” If these collapses had not occurred, he observes, the level of gross domestic product for each citizen of the 48 nations of sub-Saharan Africa would have been a third higher. C The prerequisite to prevent the next crash are not in place, according to a World Bank study issued in January. Is Africa's Recent Growth Robust? The growth period that began in 1995, driven by a commodities boom spurred in particular by demand from China, may not be sustainable, because the economic fundamentals—new investment and the ability to stave off inflation, among other factors—are absent. The region lacks the necessary infrastructure that would encourage investors to look to Africa to find the next Bengaluru (Bangalore) or Shenzhen, a November report from the bank concludes. For sub-Saharan countries rich in oil and other resources, a boom period may even undermine efforts to institute sound economic practices. From 1996 to 2005, with growth accelerating, measures of governance—factors such as political stability, rule of law, and control of corruption—actually worsened, especially for countries endowed with abundant mineral resources, the January report notes. D Perhaps the most incisive analysis of the volatility question comes from Paul Collier, a longtime specialist in African economics at the University of Oxford and author of the recent book The Bottom Billion. He advocates a range of options that the U.S. and other nations could adopt when formulating policy toward African countries. They include revamped trade measures, better-apportioned aid and sustained military intervention in certain instances, to avert what he sees as a rapidly accelerating divergence of the world’s poorest, primarily in Africa, from the rest