当前位置：文档库 › 新标准大学英语三1-10单元课后答案

新标准大学英语三1-10单元课后答案

Unit 1 Discovering yourself

Active reading (1)

3 Choose the best summary of what happened in the crab cage.

3 The cage was full of crabs. One of them was trying to escape, but each time it reached the top the other crabs pulled it back. In the end it gave up trying and started to prevent other crabs from escaping.

4 Choose the best answer to the questions.

1 What happened to the students in the fall of the final year?

(a) They became more relaxed.

(b) They became more serious.

(d) They stopped going to lessons.

2 Why did some people have bags under their eyes in the morning?

(a) They’d been to an all-night party.

(b) They’d started worrying about their future.

(d) They wanted to impress their teachers.

3 Which students had already planned their future?

(a) The ones who had the best grades.

(b) The ones who came from wealthy families.

(d) The ones who wanted to get married and start a family.

4 Why did the writer go home?

(a) He wanted to speak to his father.

(b) He could study better at home than at college.

(d) It was a national holiday.

5 Why did his father take him out to catch crabs?

(a) They needed to get something to eat for dinner.

(b) He wanted to show him how to catch crabs.

(d) They both wanted to enjoy the coastline and the sea.

6 What advice did his father give him?

(a) Get to know yourself better.

(b) Watch what others do carefully.

(d) You can’t always do what you want.

Dealing with unfamiliar words

5 Match the words in the box with their definitions.

1 achieving good results (productive)

2 the fact of being present at an event, or of going regularly to school, church etc (attendance)

3 the refusal to accept something new, such as a plan, idea, or change (resistance)

4 determined to be successful, rich, famous etc (ambitious)

5 agreement to a plan, offer, or suggestion (acceptance)

6 the written words of a play, film, television programme, speech etc (script)

7 very good, large, or showing great skill (impressive)

6 Complete the paragraph with the correct form of the words in Activity 5.

To be a successful film scriptwriter takes more than training although (1) attendance on a screenwriting course will definitely help you learn the skills. You also need to be very (2) ambitious –the film business is very competitive. You have to be prepared to work hard and be very (3) productive because it takes more than just one good idea to make it big. No matter how (4) impressive your idea is, there will always be (5) resistance from producers because it’s too expensive. So make sure you have plenty of others to show them. What are you waiting for? Get on with writing that brilliant (6) script and plan your (7) acceptance speech for when you win your first Oscar!

7 Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the words in the box.

1 We’ve seen a place we like and we’re applying for a loan to buy a house. (mortgage)

2 We stood on the top floor of the boat and watched the coast disappear into the horizon. (deck)

3 I love to walk along the beach and watch the waves breaking, and the white water hitting the shore. (surf)

4 In seaside areas in the north-east of the country, life is hard and fishermen have to go against the forces of nature every time they go to work. (coastal; defy)

5 Agreement was finally reached after a long and heated discussion. (lengthy)

8 Answer the questions about the words and expressions.

1 If you watch an impromptu performance of something, has it (a) been prepared, or (b) not been prepared?

2 When you map out your future, do you (a) plan it carefully, or (b) draw a sketch of it on paper?

3 If you brace yourself for something unpleasant, do you (a) try not to think about it, or (b) prepare yourself for it mentally and physically?

4 Do you moor a boat by (a) turning the steering wheel, or (b) tying it to a post with a rope?

5 Is a rusty piece of metal something that (a) is bright and shiny, or (b) might have been left out in the rain and is covered with brown substance?

6 If a bowl is brimming with soup, is it (a) very full, or (b) half empty?

7 If someone is being held captive, are they (a) free to do as they please, or (b) being kept as a prisoner?

8 If you have figured out something, have you (a) added numbers together, or (b) understood it?

Active reading (2)

Reading and understanding

3 Choose the best summary of the passage.

3 Life is short. So there’s no point in planning for a future which may never come. Now is the time to do what we want to do. There’s no time to lose.

Dealing with unfamiliar words

4 Match the words in the box with their definitions.

1 involving three things of the same kind (triple)

2 an area of ground where dead people are buried (cemetery)

3 the part of a place or thing that is at the back (rear)

4 a book that someone writes about someone else’s life (biography)

5 to put people or things into a space that is too small (cram)

6 at the very beginning of a career and likely to be successful at it (budding)

7 continuing only for a limited time or distance (finite)

8 to pass (elapse)

5 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in Activity 4.

1 About two hours elapsed before we reached the cemetery where the war dead were buried.

2 I sat in the rear seat behind the driver. My three sisters were all crammed in the front.

3 The entrance to the car park was blocked, so the road was full of cars which had been triple-parked one against another, making it almost impossible to get past.

4 We have a number of budding authors in our class this year, one of whom has written a fascinating biography of his grandmother.

5 The time we have on this earth may be finite, but there are no limits to the human imagination.

6 Answer the questions about the words.

1 If you substantiate a claim, do you (a) prove it is true, or (b) persuade someone that it is true?

2 If someone tramples over something, do they (a) pour water over it, or (b) walk all over it?

3 If someone’s arrival is untimely, is it (a) at the wrong moment, or (b) late?

4 If events are described chronologically, do they occur (a) in the order in which they happened, or (b) in no particular order?

5 Is ingeniously likely to mean (a) artistically, or (b) cleverly?

6 Is knackered an informal British word meaning (a) very relaxed, or (b) extremely tired?

7 Is patently likely to mean (a) obviously, or (b) usually?

8 When something is allotted to you, is it (a) given to you, or (b) taken from you?

7 Answer the questions about the phrases.

1 If you check something out, do you (a) find out, or (b) not think about it?

2 If you see something from the sidelines, do you (a) take part in the action, or (b) stay away from it?

3 If something is down to you, is it your (a) bad luck, or (b) responsibility?

4 If you have something on the back burner, (a) will you look at it later, or (b) are you interested in it now?

5 If you are in a position to do something, are you (a) able, or (b) unable to do it?

6 If time is ticking away, does it seem (a) as if it will last forever, or (b) to be passing quickly?

7 If you can have one shot at something, (a) are you allowed to shoot it, or (b) do you have only one chance to do it?

8 If you make the best of something, do you (a) enjoy it while you can, or (b) work hard to make it a success?

9 If a girl stands you up, does she (a) fail to turn up for a date, or (b) refuse to sit down when you ask her to?

Language in use

word formation: compound words

2 Rewrite the phrases using compound adjectives.

1 a party which is held late at night (a late-night party)

2 a library which is well stocked (a well-stocked library)

3 a professor who is world famous (a world-famous professor)

4 some advice which is well timed (some well-timed advice)

5 a population which is growing rapidly (a rapidly-growing population)

6 an economy which is based on free market (a free-market economy)

7 a boat trip which lasts for half an hour (a half-hour boat trip)

It’s what / how … that …

3 Rewrite the sentences using It’s what / how … that …

1 What other people think of us is determined by how we behave.

It’s how we behave that determines what other people think of us.

2 What sort of job we are going to end up doing is usually determined by our character.

It’s what our character is that usually determines what sort of job we are going to end up doing.

3 What we do as a career isn’t always determined by the marks we get at university.

It isn’t always what marks we get at univers ity that determine what we do as a career.

4 How we react to life’s problems is often determined by our childhood experiences.

It is often what we experienced in our childhood that determines how we react to life’s problems.

5 When we die is determined by our genetic clock, and the changes we make to it.

It’s what our genetic clock is and what changes we make to it that determine when we die.

It is / was not just that … but …

4 Rewrite the sentences using It is / was not just that … but …

1 Not only were the shops all closed for Thanksgiving, there was also no one in the streets.

It wasn’t just that the shops were all closed for Thanksgiving, but there was no one in the streets.

2 Not only did she spend all her time at college going to parties, she also took the time to gain a

first-class degree.

It wasn’t just that she spent all her time at college going to parties, but she took the time to gain a firstclass degree.

3 Not only were they not listening to what he said, it also seemed as if they weren’t at all interested.

It wasn’t just that they weren’t listening to what he said, but it seemed as if they weren’t at all interested.

4 Not only was I upset, I also felt as if I was going to burst out crying.

It wasn’t just that I was upset, but I felt as if I was going to burst out crying.

5 Not only was the Grim Reaper intended to frighten people, it was also a figure of fun.

It wasn’t just that the Grim Reaper was intended to frighten people, but it was also a figure of fun.

6 Translate the paragraphs into Chinese.

1 We all sensed we were coming to the end of our stay here, that we would never get a chance like this again, and we became determined not to waste it. Most important of course were the final exams in

April and May in the following year. No one wanted the humiliation of finishing last in class, so the peer group pressure to work hard was strong. Libraries which were once empty after five o’clock in the afternoon were standing room only until the early hours of the morning, and guys wore the bags under their eyes and their pale, sleepy faces with pride, like medals proving their diligence.

我们都觉得在校时间不多了，以后再也不会有这样的学习机会了，所以都下定决心不再虚度光阴。当然，下一年四五月份的期末考试最为重要。我们谁都不想考全班倒数第一，那也太丢人了，因此同学们之间的竞争压力特别大。以前每天下午五点以后，图书馆就空无一人了，现在却要等到天快亮时才会有空座，小伙子们熬夜熬出了眼袋，他们脸色苍白，睡眼惺忪，却很自豪，好像这些都是表彰他们勤奋好学的奖章。

2 Tomorrow? It’s all a lie; there isn’t a tomorrow. There’s only a promissory note that we are often not

in a position to cash. It doesn’t even exist. When you wake up in the morning it’ll be today again and all the same rules will apply. Tomorrow is just another version of now, an empty field that will remain so unless we start planting some seeds. Your time, which is ticking away as we speak (at about 60 seconds a minute chronologically; a bit faster if you don’t invest your time wisely),will be gone and you’ll have nothing to show for it but regret and a rear-view mirror full of ―could haves‖, ―should haves‖ and

―would haves‖.

明天行吗？明天只是个谎言；根本就没有什么明天，只有一张我们常常无法兑现的期票。明天甚至压根儿就不存在。你早上醒来时又是另一个今天了，同样的规则又可以全部套用。明天只是现在的另一种说法，是一块空地，除非我们开始在那里播种，否则它永远都是空地。你的时间会流逝（时间就在我们说话的当下嘀嗒嘀塔地走着，每分钟顺时针走60 秒，如果你不能很好地利用它，它会走得更快些），而你没有取得任何成就来证明它的存在，唯独留下遗憾，留下一面后视镜，上面写满了―本可以做‖、―本应该做‖、―本来会做‖的事情。

7 Translate the paragraphs into English.

1 对于是否应该在大学期间详细规划自己的未来，学生们意见不一。有的人认为对未来应该有一个明确的目标和详细的计划，为日后可能遇到的挑战做好充分的准备；有的人则认为不用过多考虑未来，因为未来难以预料。(map out; brace oneself for; uncertainty)

Students differ about whether they should have their future mapped out when they are still at university. Some think they should have a definite goal and detailed plan, so as to brace themselves for any challenges, whereas some others think they don’t have to think much about the future, because future is full of uncertainties.

2 经过仔细检查，这位科学家得知自己患了绝症。虽然知道自己将不久于人世，他并没有抱怨命运的不公，而是准备好好利用剩下的日子，争取加速推进由他和同事们共同发起的那个研究项目，以提前结项。(tick away; make the best of; have a shot at)

After a very careful check-up, the scientist was told he had got a fatal disease. Although he knew that his life was ticking away, instead of complaining about the fate, the scientist decided to make the best of the remaining days, and speed up the research project he and his colleagues initiated, and have a shot at completing it ahead of schedule.

Reading across cultures

Rites of passage

1 Read the passage and answer the questions.

1 How did Elbert Hubbard describe life?

He said it was ―one damned thing after another‖.

2 How many ages are there in a person’s existence according to Shakespeare?

Seven ages.

3 What is a rite of passage?

It’s a formal recognition of change, a move from one stage of life to another.

4 What does the Bar Mitzvah mean to Jewish children?

It is a rite of passage which means that children become responsible for their own actions.

5 What do American high school students wear at a prom?

They wear formal clothes.

6 What is the purpose of walkabout for young Australian aborigines?

They spend about six months walking alone through the wilderness and follow the paths of their ancestors along the ―songlines‖.

7 What do they have to do during their walkabout?

They penetrate the heart of aboriginal culture and also discover themselves.

8 What is particularly interesting about Australian aboriginal culture?

It is the oldest continuous culture in the world.

2 Work in pairs and discuss the questions.

1 Which are the most interesting rites of passage in China?

One of them takes place a full month after a baby has been born. There is a banquet when people give gifts and celebrate the birth. People used to place some objects in front of the baby and would tell the baby’s fortune according to which object the baby picked up.

2 What are their origins?

The origins are generally a mixture of traditional folk customs and religion. Some traditional rites of passage may be regarded as superstitions now but others are still common practice.

3 What traditional rites accompany births, marriages and deaths?

For example:

? In traditional marriages in the past in some areas of China, after a decision to get married, the groom’s family was exp ected to give gifts of food and money to the bride’s family.

? On the wedding day, the bride performed ceremonies for her ancestors and was supposed to cry to show her appreciation of her parents’ care and to show that she did not want to leave her parents’ home. She wore red and was carried in a sedan chair with a procession of musicians to go to the groom’s house, bringing her dowry, bedding, and clothes. The groom would welcome her and lift the red veil covering her head with a steelyard. He might give money to the bridesmaids to release the bride. The groom’s family started the ceremony by showing respect to the bride’s family and their ancestors. Later, there was a banquet held by the groom’s family.

? Some days after the wedding, the bride would visit her parents, dressed in red to show her new status; the groom would send gifts to his parents-in-law.

4 What rites of passage are there at school or university?

For leaving school and university in China, there are normally parties to celebrate the conclusion of successful studies and to say goodbye to classmates. Graduation ceremonies, when students wear special caps and gowns, are also common.

5 Are they formal or informal?

The parties are usually informal and organized by students themselves. Whereas graduation ceremonies are very formal and serious.

6 Are traditional rites of passage surviving or dying out?

Some traditional customs for marriages and funerals continue and are an important part of Chinese culture. Some others are discontinued or greatly modified, eg the traditional rites in the examination halls of ancient times have disappeared.

Unit 2 Childhood Memories

Active reading (1)

Reading and understanding

3 Answer the questions.

1 What were Sylvia Plath’s most important memories?

She remembere d winning a prize, Paula Brown’s new suit and the view from her window.

2 Where did she live and what could she see from her bedroom window?

She lived on the bay side of town, on Johnson Avenue, and she could see the lights of Boston and Logan Airport from her bedroom window.

3 What did the view make her want to do?

It made her want to fly in her dreams.

4 Why did she have such vivid dreams?

Because she was rarely tired when she went to bed.

5 Who appeared in her dreams?

Superman appeared and taught her to fly.

6 Why did she enjoy the radio adventures of Superman?

Because she loved the sheer poetry of flight.

7 Where did her friend and she play Superman?

At the dingy back entrance to the school, an alcove in a long passageway.

8 Why do you think they chose Sheldon to be the villain?

Because he was a mamma’s boy and was left out of the other boys’ games.

9 How did she feel about her Uncle Frank?

She admired him as she thought he bore an extraodinary resemblance to Superman incognito.

4 Choose the best summary of the passage.

3 Sylvia Plath wrote about her real and imaginary life as a child.

Dealing with unfamiliar words

5 Match the words in the box with their definitions.

1 accurate and true (definite)

2 continuing all the time (perpetual)

3 to spin quickly in circles (whirl)

4 to shine very brightly (blaze)

5 to laugh in a nervous, excited or silly way that is difficult to control (giggle)

6 to encourage someone to speak or continue speaking (prompt)

7 to fall to the ground (tumble)

6 Complete the paragraph with the correct form of the words in Activity 5.

Plath never needed to be (1) prompted to talk about her childhood memories. They were very (2) definite and still real to her as an adult. She imagined she could fly and (3) whirl through the air like Superman. Coming from the highways around Boston was the (4) perpetual sound of traffic. In the distance a plane was taking off, its lights (5) blazing into the night sky. She remembered the sound of (6) giggling which came from the group of girls. Sadly in her later life it seemed as if Superman had (7) tumbled to earth.

7 Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the words in the box.

1 The lights at the airport went on and off all day and night. (blinked)

2 The playground was like a desert. It was without any interesting or positive features and unfriendly. (barren)

3 The boys were playing a children’s game in which the players chase and try to touch each other and the girls were gossiping and giggling. (tag)

4 Pulling the legs off insects is a form of action causing extreme physical pain by someone as a punishment, and is extremely cruel. (torture)

5 The similarity in appearance between the twins was striking. (resemblance)

6 He would cover candy with a piece of cloth used for cleaning lips and hands, and make it disappear. (napkin)

8 Answer the questions about the words and expressions.

1 If you look through a kaleidoscope, are you likely to see (a) changing coloured patterns, or (b) a single coloured pattern?

2 If you flaunt something, do you (a) deliberately try to make people notice, or (b) try to hide it?

3 If you marvel at something, do you find it (a) boring, or (b) surprising and fascinating?

4 Are shooting stars likely to (a) move brightly through the night sky, or (b) stand still?

5 Is the twilight likely to be (a) at the end of, or (b) in the middle of the day?

6 If you drift off to sleep, are you likely to fall asleep (a) quickly, or (b) slowly?

7 If someone is bookish, are they likely to be (a) more, or (b) less interested in reading books than doing other activities?

8 If you make up something, do you (a) invent it, or (b) borrow it from someone else?

9 If you come into your own, are you likely to show (a) how effective and useful, or (b) ineffective and useless you can be?

10 Is a villain likely to be a (a) good, or (b) bad person?

11 If you are left out of something, are you likely to be (a) included, or (b) excluded?

Active reading (2)

Reading and understanding

4 Choose the best way to complete the sentences.

1 The characteristics of childhood a hundred years ago (d) .

(a) would have interfered in their education

(b) are similar to those of today

(d) meant that children were treated more like adults

2 The idea that childhood is a social construction suggests that (a) .

(a) children experience childhood in different ways according to the society in which they live

(b) enormous transformations have taken place within a relatively short time

(d) all children are different from adults

3 Both Inuit and Tongan parents understand that (b) .

(a) their children need to be treated in a way which would be considered harsh by outsiders

(b) their children don’t yet possess certain prized qualities, such as reasoning and social compet ence

(d) bringing up their children requires tolerance and discipline

4 Parents of Beng children treat them with great care because they (d) .

(a) think children know all human languages and understand all cultures

(b) think life in the earthly world is unpleasant

(d) fear the children may choose to return to the spirit world where they lived before they were born

5 Western childcare practices (c) .

(a) include allowing eight-year-old girls to work and 12-year-old girls to marry

(b) treat the child in a bizarre and possibly harmful way

(d) are only similar to Yanamam? childcare practices in that girls help out at home, and boys are allowed

to play well into their teens

6 The main idea of the passage is that (c) .

(a) history shows us how our perception of childhood has changed

(b) childhood is viewed in different ways according to the child’s cultural and social upbringing

(d) Western notions of childhood are outdated and not informed

Dealing with unfamiliar words

5 Read the passage again and find the words in the box. Choose the best definition in the context of the passage.

1 consumption

(a) the process of buying or using goods

(b) the process of eating, drinking, or smoking something

2 colonial

(a) relating to a system or period in which one country rules another

(b) made in a style that was common in North America in the 18th century

3 knit

(a) to make something such as a piece of clothing using wool and sticks called knitting needles

(b) to join together or work together as one group or unit

4 harsh

(a) unpleasant and difficult to live in

(b) strict, unkind, and often unfair

5 contact

(a) communication between people, countries, or organizations either by talking or writing

(b) a situation in which people or things touch each other

6 impose

(a) to force someone to have the same opinion, belief as you

(b) to cause extra work for someone by asking them to do something that may not be convenient for them

7 perspective

(a) a way of thinking about something

(b) a sensible way of judging how good, bad, important etc something is in comparison with other things

6 Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the words and expressions in the box.

Our (1) knowledge and understanding of childhood is undergoing a process of (2) nonstop change. In the West we see children as being (3) in need of adult control. However, among other (4) socio-cultural groups with similar traditions children are (5) mainly considered to be capable of

assuming greater responsibilities. So there is a (6) strong desire for (7) someone who does not belong to this group to think that such practices might be odd or even harmful. But while most ethnic groups may at first show (8) hesitation about integrating other traditions and customs with their own, (9) outside pressures usually make them change their traditional view of childhood.

Key: (1) notion (2) continual (3) dependent on (4) ethnic (5) largely

(6) temptation (7) an outsider (8) reluctance (9) external

7 Answer the questions about the words and expressions.

1 Is prosecution likely to be (a) the act of accusing someone of a crime, or (b) the process of supervision by the social services?

2 Is intricate likely to be (a) very basic, or (b) very detailed in design?

3 Is leniency likely to involve (a) kindness and understanding, or (b) strict discipline?

4 If someone tells you off, are they (a) criticizing, or (b) praising you?

5 Is a mischievous child likely to (a) be well behaved, or (b) enjoy having fun by causing trouble?

6 If a child is wilful, are they likely to cause damage or harm (a) deliberately, or (b) by mistake?

7 When a child is unsupervised, are they likely to be (a) looked after by adults, or (b) without an adult looking after them?

8 Is something bizarre likely to be (a) strange and difficult to explain, or (b) very usual?

Language in use

unpacking complex sentences

1 Look at the sentences from the passage Superman and answer the questions.

(a) What were believable?

Her dreams about flying were believable.

(b) How real were they?

They were very real.

The writer, Sylvia Plath.

(d) Why would she wake up with a breathless sense?

Because she felt she was really flying.

(e) What did the breathless sense feel like?

It felt like a sudden shock.

(f) Why did she catch herself on the soft bed just in time?

Because she felt she was falling.

2 We even found a stand-in for a villain in Sheldon Fein, the sallow mamma?s boy on our block who was left out of the boys? games because he cried whenever anybody tagged him and always ma naged to fall down and skin his fat knees.

(a) What did we find?

We found someone who could be a villain.

(b) Who was the stand-in for a villain?

Sheldon Fein.

He was sallow and a mamma’s boy.

(d) Where did he come from?

He came from their block.

(e) Why was he left out of the boys’ games?

Because he always cried and fell over.

(f) What happened when he always managed to fall down?

He skinned his knees.

2 Rewrite the sentence from the passage Cultural childhoods in a diagram below.

He has written how a Yanamam? girl is expected to help her mother from a young age and by the age of ten will be running a house.

3 Complete the sentences with the correct form of suitable expressions from the collocation box. Sometimes more than one collocation is possible.

1 The Australian bush fires blazed for several days before they were brought under control.

2 As a child Ruth’s long dark hair tumbled down her back.

3 He comes from a very close-knit / tight-knit family with three brothers and two sisters.

4 I remember my father used to knit his brows / eyebrows together when he was thinking hard about something.

5 It was extremely hot and the sun was blazing.

6 Did you knit that jumper / hat yourself? It’s really beautiful!

7 I’m watching the financial markets – I think the prices of stocks will tumble quite soon.

4 Translate the paragraphs into Chinese.

1 My flying dreams were believable as a landscape by Dali, so real that I would awake with a sudden shock, a breathless sense of having tumbled like Icarus from the sky and caught myself on the soft bed just in time. These nightly adventures in space began when Superman started invading my dreams and teaching me how to fly. He used to come roaring by in his shining blue suit with his cape whistling in the wind, looking remarkably like my Uncle Frank who was living with mother and me. In the magic whirling of his cape I could hear the wings of a hundred seagulls, the motors of a thousand planes.

我的飞行梦像达利的风景画那么真实可信，以致于自己常常会在一阵惊吓中醒来，好像伊卡罗斯那样从空中摔下来，虽然収现自己刚好掉到软软的床上，但也被吓得喘不过气来。当超人开始侵入我的梦乡，幵教给我飞行的技巧乊后，我每夜的太空冒险便开始了。超人身着耀眼的蓝色衣服，肩披随风飕飕作响的斗篷，经常从我身边呼啸而过。他长得太像我的舅舅弗兰兊了，舅舅那会儿

正跟妈妈和我住在一起。当超人的斗篷神奇地旋转时，我好像能听见上百只海鸥的振翅声，上千架飞机的马达轰鸣声。

2 In contrast, children on the Pacific island of Tonga, studied by Helen Morton, are regularly beaten by their parents and older siblings. They are seen as being closer to mad people than adults because they lack the highly prized quality of social competence (or poto as the Tongans call it). They are regularly told off for being clumsy and a child who falls over may be laughed at, shouted at, or beaten. Children are thought of as mischievous; they cry or want to feed simply because they are naughty, and beatings are at their most severe between the ages of three and five when children are seen as particularly wilful. Parents believe that social competence can only be achieved through discipline and physical punishment, and treat their children in ways that have seemed very harsh to outsiders.

相反，根据海伦·莫顿的研究，太平洋岛国汤加的儿童经常挨父母和哥哥姐姐的打。人们认为儿童和成年人相比更像疯子，因为他们缺乏被大家看重的社会能力（汤加人称乊为poto）。小孩子经常因为笨手笨脚而挨骂，他们连摔跤都会被嘲笑、呵斥，甚至被打。人们认为儿童很顽皮，都是因为淘气他们才哭闹，或者要东西吃。在大人看来，三至五岁的儿童尤其仸性，因此他们打这个年龄段的孩子也打得最狠。父母们相信，只有靠训导和体罚才能使孩子获得社会能力，所以他们用一种在外人看来非常严厇的方式对待孩子。

5 Translate the paragraphs into English.

1 在火车站上，有一位老人给我讲述了他参加解放战争的经历，那些战斗敀亊对我有着极大的吸引力。后来他上了车，列车从我身边隆隆地开走了。可那些敀亊仍然是那么清晰可见，对于英雄们的壮举，我钦佩不已。(fascination; roar; marvel at)

At the railway station, an old man told me his experience in the Liberation War, the fighting stories of which were of great fascination to me. Then he got up on the train and it roared past me. But the stories were so real and definite that I greatly marvelled at the courageous deeds of those war heroes.

2 行乊有敁的环保政策不仅能创造良好的生态环境，还能大大降低能源消耗。回顾这个地区近年来的収展情冴，我们惊喜地収现地区政府强制实行的环保政策不但没有受到仸何批评，还促使居民增强了环保意识，尽其所能节约能源。(consumption; impose; take exception to; prompt)

Effective environmental policy might bring about a good environment, as well as reducing energy consumption. Looking back on the recent development of this region, we find, to our pleasant surprise, that little exception has been taken to the environmental policy of the local government,__and the policy has also raised the environmental awareness of the local residents and prompted them to save

energy as possible as they could.

Reading across cultures

Childhood around the world

1 Read the passage and answer the questions.

1 What childhood memories does each one describe?

Deborah used to help her grandmother cook for Jewish festivals. Myeong Ok Lee once tried his g randmother’s rolled cigarettes. Olga played with stray cats and dogs. Yildiz played in a Russian plane which landed in their playground.

2 Why did Deborah feel proud when she helped her grandmother?

Because she felt that cooking was important.

3 Why do you think Myeong Ok Lee was so embarrassed?

Because he didn’t know how to smoke properly and made a fool of himself.

4 Why was Olga’s mother shocked with her?

Because Olga brought stray cats and dogs home.

5 Why do you think the Russian pilot was arrested?

Be cause he wasn’t supposed to land there, or perhaps he wasn’t supposed to land at all in Turkey.

6 Which ones did you most enjoy reading? Can you say why?

I enjoyed Olga’s and Yildiz’s childhood memories the most, because I thought they are unusual and I could imagine how the events happened.

Unit 3 Art for Art’s Sake

Active reading (1)

Reading and understanding

2 Choose the best answer to the questions.

1 Why does the writer divide listening to music into three types of experience?

(a) It is important to keep the different types of experience separate.

(b) It makes it easier to understand what is happening when we listen to music.

(d) Different people listen on different planes, according to the type of person they are.

2 What is the main characteristic of the sensuous plane?

(a) It is the sort of feeling we get when listening to music on the radio.

(b) It can only be experienced by people who aren’t musicians.

(d) It does not give us any real sense of pleasure. (It does give us pleasure.)

3 What is the main characteristic of the expressive plane?

(a) It can only be experienced by intelligent people.

(b) It is when we believe the composer is communicating something to us.

(d) It is most obviously apparent in the music of Stravinsky.

4 What is the main characteristic of the musical plane?

(a) It can only be experienced by people who have studied to read music.

(b) It is the ability to experience different musical elements.

(d) It is the easiest of the three planes to appreciate.

5 How do most people usually listen to music?

(a) On only one plane at any given moment.

(b) On all three planes at the same time.

(d) Without understanding what they are doing.

6 Why does the writer end the passage by referring to the theatre?

(a) The theatre also offers three types of experience.

(b) Composers are like the characters in a play.

(d) The audience in a theatre are like musicians in an orchestra.

3 Match the listeners’ activities with the planes they are on.

1 They understand the way the composer is thinking.

2 They are doing something else at the same time.

(a) sensuous plane

3 They recognize different elements in the music.

4 They just want to escape from everyday reality.

(a) sensuous plane

5 They feel sad or happy because of the music.

(b) expressive plane

6 They think the music they are listening to has a meaning.

(b) expressive plane

Dealing with unfamiliar words

4 Match the words in the box with their definitions.

1 to make up or form something (constitute)

2 happening or done at the same time (simultaneously)

3 able to do something because you have the knowledge, skill, or experience that is needed (qualified)

4 a regular pattern of sounds in music that you can show by moving, hitting your hands together, or hitting a drum or other surface (rhythm)

5 to receive or obtain something from something else (derive)

6 someone who writes music, especially classical music (composer)

7 as much as is needed (sufficiently)

5 Complete the paragraph with the correct form of the words in Activity 4.

Johann Sebastian Bach is possibly the greatest (1) composer the world has ever known. His Well- Tempered Clavichord (2) constitutes one of the most complete works for keyboard ever written. It is (3) simultaneously both a series of technical exercises which explore the possibilities of the keyboard, and a masterpiece of expressive feeling. Although he was a highly (4) qualified musician (as an organist and a choirmaster), he was not considered to be (5) sufficiently ―modern‖ by the generation which followed him, and he was soon forgotten. But his music was rediscovered in the 19th century, for its perfect sense of (6) rhythm and harmony. Indeed, many of the great composers of the 20th century, such as Stravinsky, (7) derived a lot of their musical ideas from him.

6 Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the words and expressions in the box. You may need to make other changes.

1 Shh! They’re about to announce the winner of this year’s International Piano Competition. (proclaim)

2 It’s quite easy to make a comparison between poetry and music. (analogy)

It’s quite easy to make an analogy between poetry and music.

3 We are amazed by her ability to express herself with great clearness and simplicity. (clarity)

4 How many artists have given up everything for the cause of their art? (for the sake of)

5 Internet emerges as a powerful and effective force in advertising new products. (potent)

6 I enjoyed the performance, but I thought the clothes the actors were wearing were a bit silly. (costumes)

7 Answer the questions about the words and expressions.

1 If you split something up, do you (a) divide it into parts, or (b) put the parts together?

2 If you do something absent-mindedly, are you (a) thinking about what you are doing, or (b) thinking about something else?

3 Do you look for consolation (a) after a piece of bad news, or (b) after a piece of good news?

4 If you are treading on controversial ground, are you (a) taking a risk, or (b) making everybody happy?

5 If you shy away from something, do you (a) keep close to it, or (b) keep your distance from it?

6 If you pin something down, are you (a) able to examine it carefully, or (b) unable to examine it carefully?

7 If you know the melody of a piece of music, are you familiar with (a) the tune, or (b) the meaning of the music?

8 Is an instinctive reaction to something (a) automatic, or (b) one which follows a lot of thought?

Reading and interpreting

8 Work in pairs and choose the best answer to the questions.

1 Which is the writer’s main purpose?

(a) To show how complex listening to music is.

(b) To get people to listen to music more.

(d) To get people to think about how they listen to music.

2 Who does the writer address as you?

(a) Musicians.

(b) Theatregoers.

(d) Intelligent music lovers.

Active reading (2)

Reading and understanding

3 Answer the questions.

1 What type of painting is Girl with a Pearl Earring?

It’s a world-famous portrait painted by Vermeer around 1665.

2 Who was the model for the painting?

Griet, a young girl who is thought to work in Vermeer’s house.

3 How much of the novel is based on fact?

The setting and some of the main ideas are factual but the details of the story are speculation and fiction.

4 What was the relationship between Griet and Vermeer?

Griet was a maid in Vermeer’s household and she became his mode l. Vermeer thought she had some artistic talent.

5 Why did Griet leave the Vermeer household?

Vermeer’s daughter and wife found out that Griet was modeling for Vermeer. Griet got embarrassed when the wife stormed into the studio, so she left.

6 What differences are there between the book and the film?

According to the film, the earrings are finally delivered to Griet and the audience is left wondering if she marries Pieter. The novel does not talk about it.

4 Match the events with their sources.

1 Griet gets a job with the Vermeer family.