三步搞定英语长难句,阅读理解必备_中考英语

三步搞定英语长难句，阅读理解必备_中考

英语

01

什么是

我们先来看两句话：

①我是李辉。(I am Li Hui.)

②我爱你。(I love you. )

这两句话中只有"主干成分"而没有"修饰成分"。像这样的句子，中文和英文的"语序"(单词排列顺序)基本是一致的，都是"主-系-表"或者"主-谓-宾"，理解起来非常容易。

然而，加上修饰成分后，中文与英文句子之间的语序就会发生变化。来看两个例子：

①我是中国的李辉。(I am Li Hui from China.)

②我全心全意地爱你。(I love you with all my heart.)

从例子中可以看出，修饰成分在中英文中出现的位置是不一样的。而当一个句子中有很多个修饰成分时，该句子就会变得很长，不易理解。

例如：

After chatting with Laura on this matter for two hours from 2:00 to 4:00 in the afternoon, I returned to my office.

这个句子中含有大量的"介词短语"这种修饰成分。我们给这个句子中的全部介词短语加上括号，该句就会变成：

(After chatting) (with Laura) (on this matter) (for two hours) (from 2:00) (to 4:00) (in the afternoon), I returned (to my office).

此时大家便可发现，这个句子虽然很长，但是真正的主干其实只有I returned两个单词而已。可见，介词短语正是让英语句子变得又长又难的原因之一！

当然，以上几个句子还比较简单（少量介词短语对句意理解的影响不大），但是，当句子中出现更多类似介词短语的修饰成分时，可想而知，由于中英文语序的不同，英文句子会变得"面目全非"，令人难以理解。由此看来，英语中灵活多变的修饰成分正是造成英语句子又长又难的头号罪犯，只要搞定这些修饰部分，就能搞定英语长难句。

幸运的是，尽管这些修饰成分数量很多、位置也不好把握，但是，它们的种类却是非常固定的。小编将这些修饰成分总结为"三长两短"。所谓"三长"，就是构成长难句的三种较长修饰成分(即介词短语、从句、非谓语动词短语)；所谓"两短"，指的是镶嵌于句子之中的、会稍稍提高句子复杂度的两种较短修饰成分(即形容词、副词)。而除了"三长两短"之外，另外一个使句子变得复杂的结构就是"平行并列结构"。"平行并列结构"是由一些并列关系的连词(and、or、as well as等)将句子变长的重要手段。

事实上，再长的句子都是由非常简单的主干成分（主干成分的基本语序和中文语序一致，此外还有若干与中文语

序不一致的"特殊句型"，如there be句型、It is adj. for sb. to do 句型、倒装句型、强调句型等等）再加上这"三长两短一并列"而组成的。

02

含义，结构及标记方法

如果把句子的主干比作树干，那么修饰成分就可以比作繁茂的枝叶。若能把这些枝叶都标记出来，主干自然就清晰了。标记时，只需按照句子顺序，一个挨一个做出标记即可。不过在此之前，我们要先学会每一种成分该从何处标起，又从何处结束。下面小编分别对"三长两短一并列"进行具体介绍，并给出的每一种成分的标记方法。

03

1.介词短语

【定义】从介词开始到名词结束、表达一个独立的完

整的含义的结构。

【起止标识】标记介词短语时，要从介词开始到介词之后的第一个名词终止。如：at home、in the school、in the beautiful park、during my happy childhood、over the last few years、for three weeks

【例句】(After chatting) (with Laura) (on this matter) (for two hours) (from 2:00 to 4:00) (in the afternoon), I returned (to my office).

2.从句

【定义】从句是复合句中不能独立成句，但具有主语部分和谓语部分，由that、who、whom、when、why、where、how、which、if、although等关系词引导的非主句部分。

【起止标识】标记从句时，一定从关系词开始，到以下四种终止。

①到句尾终止，如：Li Hui is a teacher (who teaches English).

②到句中的逗号终止，如：(When I was young), I listened to the radio.

③到下一个修饰成分终止，如：I will invite Yao Ming (who was a top basketball player) to Beijing. (to Beijing是介词短语，属于另一个修饰成分，故从句的标记在此处终止)

④到下一个谓语动词终止，如Yao Ming (who was a top basketball player) is studying in Shanghai.

3.非谓语动词短语

【定义】非谓语动词是指动词在句子中"不是谓语"时的几种变化形式，主要包括动词不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分词)三类。非谓语动词不能独立作谓语，而是充当句子的其他成分。由非谓语动词开头的、表示一个独立、完整的含义的结构叫做非谓语动词短语。

【起止标识】标记非谓语动词短语时，一定是从动词

不定式(to do)、动名词(doing)或分词(现在分词doing或过去分词done)开头，到以下四种情况终止。

①到句尾终止，如：Li Hui is a teacher (teaching English).

②到句中的逗号终止，如：(To improve my English),

I often listen to the English radio.

③到下一个修饰成分终止，如：Jack walked into the hall, (waving) to the audience. (to the audience是介词短语，属于另一修饰成分。)

④到下一个谓语动词终止，如：We, (singing a happy song), rode to school.

04

两短

1.形容词

【定义】形容词是指用来修饰名词的单词，往往带有-ous、-y、-ful、-able等后缀。

【常见位置】

①一般置于名词之前，如a beautiful park。

②修饰不定代词(something、anything、nothing、somebody、anybody、nobody)时置于不定代词之后，如"一些有趣的事"应译为something interesting。

2.副词

【定义】副词用来修饰形容词、动词等词，往往带有-ly等后缀。

【常见位置】

英语中，副词的用法比形容词灵活得多。

①可置于整句之前，如：Unfortunately, he failed to make it.

②可置于整句之后，如：The teacher greets his students individually.

③可置于"助动词、系动词、情态动词之后，实义动词之前"，如：

The princess looks extremely beautiful today.

He immediately saw the black cat. (实义动词之前)

He has undoubtedly fallen in love with the princess. (助动词之后，实义动词之前)

He can hardly speak anything. (情态动词之后，实义动词之前)

④可置于形容词或副词之前，如：There is an extremely beautiful garden in our campus.

从上面的分析可以看出，虽然英文中形容词和副词的在句中的位置和中文略有不同，但一般情况下，它们较短且

易于辨识，对句意理解影响不大，因此在给修饰成分做标记时，形容词和副词可不标记。

05

平行并列结构

1.定义

并行并列结构是指由并列词将两个或两个以上含义相似、结构相同的并列项连接起来构成的结构。

2.标记方法

给平行并列结构做标记的要求是：给并列词加方框，给并列项加下划线。标记时要先找到并列词，然后再找并列项。在标注形如A and B的平行并列结构时，应先找B (即右并列项)后找A (即左并列项)。由于英语中的修饰成分往往置于中心词之后，所以A和B两个并列项后面可能各自带有很长的尾巴，形成"A ... and B ..."的形式，导致A离and相对较

远，不易辨认，而B通常离and很近，容易识别。找到B之后，利用A和B结构相同、含义相似的原则，很容易将A 确定出来。

3.常见并列关系

英语中可以并列的成分有很多，读句子时要注意识别到底是谁跟谁并列。

①名词并列：I like the box placed on the desk and the flowers in your hand.

②形容词并列：Mr. Smith is a kind, patient and knowledgeable English teacher.

③副词并列：You are supposed to answer the following questions quickly and accurately.

④谓语动词并列：With the Internet, people can not only play computer games but also do online shopping.

⑤介词短语并列：And that government of the people,

by the people and for the people shall not perish from the earth.

⑥从句并列：I've finished reading the book (which is written by Mo Yan) and (which you lent me last month).

⑦非谓语动词并列：Singing and laughing, we headed to the park.

⑧整句并列：The children can go with us or they can stay at home.

助你迎接2020年中考！

中考英语阅读理解专项讲解

阅读理解整体分析 选材 ①阅读材料通常在150~250词之间 ②选材广泛,具有浓厚的时代气息 ③阅读语段生动活泼,语句富子变化 命题原则 ①要求考生既能理解具体的事实,也能理解抽象的概念; ②要求考生既能理解文章的表层意思,也能理解文章的深层含义; ③要求考生既能理解某句、某段的意思,也能理解全篇的逻辑关系; 中考阅读理解的应试策略 在解答阅读理解题时,要根据如下步骤进行解题。 1.浏览问题明确要求 先了解文章后面所要解决的问题再去看文章,能使思路更加清晰,做到心中有数。 2.略读全文,了解梗概 略读就是在尽可能短的时间内把握文章或段落的内容,略读时要特别注意主题。 3.通读寻读猎取信息 寻读时可把与答题无关的内容一扫而过,而与答题有关的重要信息要认真读。 4逐条分析,对号入座 即把寻读时所获得的信息与答题要求结合起来,逐条进行分析,对号人座。 5.复读全文,验证答案 再次仔细阅读全文,进一步加深对文章的理解,核实所选内容是否正确。 阅读理解不同题型解题技巧 基于不同的考查目的,阅读理解题通常可分类为“细节理解题”“主且大意题”“词义猜测题”与“推理判断题”,不同的考查目的,会有不同的设题特点可使用不同的解题技巧。 一、细节理解题解题技巧 细节理解题主要是考查who, what, which, when, where等文章细节些细节理解题比较简单,只需浏览文中所叙述的事实或细节,就可以作答。 但一些细节理解题则需要通过语句的同义或反义转换来考查学生对英语的理解能力,对文中个别难词、关键词、词组或句子作出解释或需要对有关的上下文提供的语境和信息、甚至对整篇文章的内容建立准确、立体的理解和判断。这些题的难度较大解答细节理解题时,要先看题于,然后带着问题读文章。同学们做这类题时可以边读边做记号,加强阅读的针对性提高做题的准确率, 1.语义转换题一跳读查找法。语义转换题通常考查对某句话或某几包话的理解，可根据题干内容从原文中找到相关句子,然后进行比较和分析,并确定最佳答案运用跳读查找法时,要特别注意试题及其选项与原文之间的语义变换,如同义变换、概念解析、归纳事实等 2.生活应用题一常识理解法。生活应用题要求学生在读懂文章的基础上结合定的生活常识进行判断。但有些时候,一些常识性判断题,甚至只看题干,就可选出最佳答案。 3.细节排序题一首尾定位法。这种试题要求学生根据动作发生的先后顺序和句子之间的逻辑关系,找出事件发生的正确顺序,做此类题时可采用“首尾定位第一个动作和最后一个动作,迅速缩小选择范围,从而快速选出正确答案 4.寻找值息题一干定位法。快速寻找信息题一般为功能阅读题,主要形式有广告、公告、演出信息、航班时间表、购物就餐等,做这类题时没有必要阅读全文,直采用“题干定位法,根据题干要求,直接从表格中查找相关信息

中考英语阅读理解难题及答案(word)1

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高考英语阅读长难句

高考英语阅读长难句 1 Researchers analyzing word-of-mouth communication —e-mails, Web posts and reviews, face-to-face conversations — found that it tended to be more positive than negative, but that didn't necessarily mean people preferred positive news 2 Those given night milk, which contained 10 times the amount of melatonin, were less active and less anxious than those fed with the milk collected during daytime, according to the study published in The Journal of Medicinal Food. 3.While the effect of cows milk harvested at different time has not been tested on humans up to now, taking melatonin drugs has been suggested to those who are struggling to fall asleep at night. 4 CCM organizes a variety of events, including performances by the well-known LaSalle Quartet, CCM's Philharmonic Orchestra, and various groups of musicians presenting Baroque through modern music. 5 To people who are used to the limited choice of apples such as Golden Delicious and Royal Gala in supermarkets, it can be quite an eye opener to see the range of classical apples still in existence, such as Decio which was grown by the Romans. 6 For many older people, particularly those living alone or in the country, driving is important for preserving their independence, giving them the freedom to get out and about without having to rely on others. 7.But we all have to accept that as we get older our reactions slow down and this often results in people avoiding any potentially challenging driving conditions and losing confidence in their driving skills. 8 The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the “death valley”of autonomous vehicles: the grey area between semi-autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future. 9 The friendship that grew out of the experience of making that film and The Sting four years later had its root in the fact that although there was an age difference, we both came from a tradition of theater and live TV. 10.We shared the belief that if you’re fortunate enough to have success, you should put something back - he with his Newman’s Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill, and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival. 11 TOKNOW makes complex ideas attractive and accessible to children, who can become involved in advanced concepts and even philosophy—and they will soon discover that TOKNOW feels more like a club than just a magazine.

中考英语阅读理解练习题 (word)1

中考英语阅读理解练习题（word）1 一、初三英语阅读理解（含答案详细解析） 1．阅读理解 Science fiction is a popular kind of writing, and many people think of Jules Verne（凡尔纳） as the father of science fiction. He was born in France in 1828. His father wanted him to become a lawyer, but from his early 20s Verne decided to become a writer. At first he wrote plays for the theater. Then, in 1863, he wrote a story called Five Weeks in a Balloon. The success of this book encouraged him to write more stories such as A Journey to the Center of the Earth（1864） and From the Earth to the Moon（1865）. In the 19th century, many people were interested in science and inventions. Jules Verne wrote about scientific subjects in his stories and, as a result, they were very popular. Verne's writing included many predictions（预言）for the 20th century and many of them came true. He described space flight, movies, and air conditioning, a long time before they appeared. These books were very successful and they made Verne rich. Jules Verne's books have been the subjects for many movies. 20, 000 Leagues under the Sea was a successful movie for Walt Disney. It was the first time that Disney movie had used real actors instead of cartoon drawings. Around the World in Eighty Days is another famous movie based on one of Verne's books. The main character is an Englishman called Phileas Fogg. For him, the most important thing is to be always on time! （1）What does the phrase "the father of science fiction" mean? A. The father who has several children. B. The man who loves science and inventions. C. The writer whose father wrote science fiction. D. The man who first started writing science fiction successfully. （2）What encouraged Jules Verne to write more stories? A. The plays he wrote for the theater. B. The encouragement from his father. C. The success of Five Weeks in a Balloon. D. The scientific subjects in his stories. （3）Why were Jules Verne's books very popular in the 19th century? A. Because his books made him rich and famous. B. Because he wrote many plays for the theater at that time. C. Because his books were the subjects for many movies. D. Because many people were interested in science and inventions. （4）Which of the following has the main character called Phileas Fogg? A. Five Weeks in a Balloon. B. Around the World in Eighty Days. C. A Journey to the Center of the Earth. D. From the Earth to the Moon. （5）According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE? A. The space flight Verne described was different from others. B. The main characters in Verne's books are always on time. C. Jules Verne only wrote in the 19th century. D. Many of the predictions in Verne's stories came true.

英语阅读长难句

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