中学英语基础知识分类总复习
中学英语基础知识分类总复习（一）
情景交际45题
从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
1. — Jimmy came close to being killed in a traffic accident the other day.
— ______? He was driving carefully all the time.
A. When
B. What
C. Pardon
D. How
2. — Do you think I can pass the test?
—______, I’m afraid.
A. Not a chance
B. Of course
C. You can
D. A little bit
3. — Next Monday is my birthday.
— Is that so? ______
— Thank you.
A. I don’t believe so.
B. I’m so glad.
C. What presents do you need?
D. Many happy returns of the day!
4. — Oh, must you? Stay a bit longer. ______.
—Thanks anyway. I’ve got an early start tomorrow morning.
A. It’s been such fun having you
B. Maybe you can have supper here
C. It’s so pleasant to meet you
D. Let’s have another chat
5. — May I ask a favour of you?
— ______.
A. It’s my pleasure
B. I’ve no time
C. Ask please
D. Sure, go ahead
6. — How would you like your tea?
— ______.
A. Very quickly
B. As it comes, please
C. Very much
D. I don’t like tea
7. —How’s it going, Joyce?
— ______.
A. Oh, okay, I guess
B. Not doing wrong
C. Sorry, I’m not so good
D. Nothing, thanks
8. — Ken telephoned you while you were out. He seemed worried about something. — ______?
—No, he’ll call you later.
A. Will he call again
B. What’s it about
C. Should I call him back
D. Do you know for sure
9. — Can I help you, sir?
— ______.
A. Yes, you can help me
B. No, I don’t need any help
C. Of course, if you like
D. No, thanks, I’m being served
10. — I think you should take more exercise every day if you want to keep fit.
— ______.
A. Yes, OK
B. That’s all right
C. Thank you for your advice
D. It’s very kind of you to say so
11. — Long time no see! You look well.
— ______. You look fine, too.
A. Thanks
B. Great
C. Oh, no
D. Not at all
12. —I’m going to Beijing tomorrow. My plane leaves at 8:30 tomorrow morning.
— ______
A. Is that so—
B. How wonderful!
C. Have a good trip.
D. Well, goodbye.
13. —Don’t forget to post the letter for me, will you?
— ______.
A. Maybe I will
B. No, I won’t
C. Sorry, I don’t
D. I suppose not
14. —I hope you don’t mind my turning on the heater.
— ______.
A. Never mind
B. Yes, I won’t
C. That’s right
D. Not in the least
15. — Whose advice do you think I should take?
— ______.
A. It’s up to you
B. You speak
C. That’s it
D. You got it
16. — Did you go Dutch after that meal, I mean, with the other five friends?
— ______.
A. Yes, they did
B. Yes, they paid for the meal
C. No, they didn’t
D. No, because it was my treat that day
17. — Thank you for your CD-ROM. I’ll return it as soon as possible.
—______. I’ve got another one to spare.
A. No problem
B. No hurry
C. Nothing much
D. Be careful
18. —I’m sorry I can’t go wit h you.
—______? Haven’t you agreed?
A. How’s that
B. What is it
C. Why don’t you
D. What do you think
19. — Good afternoon, ______? The name is David Parks.
— Two letters, sir, and a postcard.
A. is there any mail for me
B. could you post these letters for me
C. what can I do for you
D. is that John speaking
20. —David, it’s Frank. Do you have a few minutes?I need to see you.
—______. But I hope “a few minutes” doesn’t turn into an hour.
A. I’m afraid not
B. It doesn’t matter
C. I don’t think so
D. I guess so
21. —Have a good Women’s Day, mom.
— Thanks. ______.
A. You’re welcome
B. That’s all right
C. It’s kind of you to say so
D. The same to you
22. — Excuse me, ______?
—That’s $35.76 altogether, madam.
A. how much is the meal we’ve had
B. but can I take your order
C. could I have the bill, please
D. would you please take the money
23. — How is Tom?
— ______.
A. He is a teacher
B. He is much better
C. He is like his father
D. He is twenty
24. —I’d like to take a week’s holiday.
— ______; we are too busy.
A. Don’t worry
B. Don’t mention it
C. Forget it
D. Pardon me
25. — Excuse me.
— ______?
— Could you tell me how I can get to the First Department?
A. Pardon
B. Why
C. Yes
D. Please
26. — Do you mind if I smoke here—
— ______.
A. No, please don’t
B. I’d rather you didn’t
C. I don’t want you to
D. I’m afraid I don’t
27. —I’m sorry, but I can’t follow you. ______
—OK, it’s B-L-A-C-K.
A. Would you please walk slowly?
B. I don’t und erstand you.
C. Would you please repeat it more slowly?
D. What’s the meaning of this word?
28. — Wish you every success in the future.
— ______.
A. Sure, I will
B. Thanks
C. It’s not easy to do so
D. I’ll do my best
29. — How did you find your visit to the museum, John?
— ______
A. By taking a No. 3 bus.
B. Oh, wonderful, indeed.
C. I went there alone.
D. A classmate of mine showed me the way.
30. —Let’s go ou t for a drive tomorrow. We can take a picnic.
— ______.
A. Yes, do please
B. That’s OK
C. Good idea
D. Many thanks
31. —I’m going to join them in the game.
— ______
A. Have fun.
B. I’m sure of it.
C. What a pity!
D. Maybe you like it.
32. — My daughter has passed the college entrance exam.
— Congratulations! She is really intelligent.
— ______.
A. No, no. She is nothing
B. Oh, thank you
C. Sometimes she is
D. The same to your daughter
33. — Tom, it is careless of you to have left your key in the lock hole of your car.
— ______ So I did. I might have my car stolen.
A. Thank you.
B. I’m sorry.
C. My God!
D. It doesn’t matter.
34. — Could I use your bathroom?
— Why, of course. Just ______.
A. be careful
B. make yourself at home
C. keep in mind
D. go upstairs
35. —Thank God. It’s Friday again. A nice weekend.
— ______.
A. The same to you
B. Me too
C. That’s all right
D. Yes, I’ll be free then
36. — Excuse me, Miss, but may I share your table?
— Of course. ______.
A. Not at all
B. Be my guest
C. As you wish
D. I don’t mind
37. — Have a sweet dream.
— ______.
A. Yes, I will
B. Thank you all the same
C. All right
D. You too
38. —I’m too busy to go to the cinema with you, John.
— ______ The film is said to be a very good one.
A. That’s all right.
B. I’m so sorry.
C. What a shame!
D. It’s too disappointing.
39. — Do you still smoke?
—______. It’s two years since I smoked.
A. No, I don’t
B. Yes, I do
C. Not too much
D. Oh, yes, bu t I wish I didn’t
40. —Let’s go shopping first and then go fishing tomorrow.
—______. I’ll pick you up at 9.
A. Well, I don’t know
B. You go yourself
C. That’s a good point
D. I’m afraid I don’t agree
41. — Do you want to go out tonight?
—______; it’s up to you.
A. Yes, I want to
B. That’s all right
C. I’m easy
D. No problem
42. — May I look at the menu for a little while?
— Of course, ______, sir.
A. don’t worry
B. it doesn’t mat ter
C. enjoy yourself
D. take your time
43. —Let’s go skating after school.
— ______ Call for me at any time.
A. Wait a moment.
B. Sounds good.
C. That depends.
D. What for?
44. — Lucy, my good friend died in an accident yesterday.
— ______.
A. That’s all right
B. Oh, well, that’s life
C. You’re lucky
D. Don’t worry
45. — Go for hiking this Saturday, OK?
— ______. I like getting close to nature.
A. I couldn’t agree more
B. I believe not
C. I’m afraid not
D. I don’t think so
中学英语基础知识分类总复习（二）
名词和冠词50题
从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
1. At first ______, the bag seems made of real leather. But actually it is just an imitation.
A. sight
B. look
C. appearance
D. view
2. — What do you think of the headmaster of your school?
—Oh, she is _____ headmaster who is kind-hearted and helpful. And it’s _____ pleasure to work with her.
A. the; the
B. a; a
C. a; the
D. the; a
3. During a successful business career he gained a great amount of ______.
A. force
B. wealth
C. health
D. power
4. My mother asked me to repeat ______ telephone number ______ second time so that she could write it down.
A. the; a
B. an; the
C. an; a
D. the; the
5. Niagara Falls is a great tourist ______ drawing millions of visitors from all parts of the world every year.
A. interest
B. view
C. scene
D. attraction
6. Jack couldn’t rem ember the exact date of the earthquake, but he knew it was ______ Saturday because everybody was at ______ church.
A. 不填; the
B. a; 不填
C. 不填; a
D. the; 不填
7. You must get there within an hour. There should be no ______ in sending this information to him.
A. point
B. problem
C. quarrel
D. delay
8. I go to work very early. I do n’t usually have ______ breakfast, but I always eat ______ good supper.
A. 不填; a
B. 不填; 不填
C. the; 不填
D. 不填; the
9. — Where is the new dictionary?
—It’s on the top shelf, out of ______.
A. reach
B. sight
C. touch
D. order
10. — What new subject are you going to have in ______ second grade？
—I’m going to learn ______ second foreign language.
A. a; the
B. the; a
C. the; 不填
D. 不填; a
11. —Mum, I’m going to visit my aunt. What ab out a week?
— A week is too long. Try to be back in a ______ of days.
A. number
B. dozen
C. few
D. couple
12. We are ready to start at short ______.
A. information
B. advice
C. message
D. notice
13. — Hey, Mr. Smith, you are wanted on ______ phone.
— Who is calling?
—______Mr. Green. I don’t know who he is.
A. 不填; A
B. the; 不填
C. the; A
D. 不填；不填
14. Have a ______ of these apples. They are sweet and delicious.
A. look
B. taste
C. smell
D. feel
15. If you drive from the airport, go on the motorway and follow the ______.
A. designs
B. signs
C. ways
D. points
16. Money plays an important role in ______ material world. But expecting ______ money to give happiness may be missing the meaning of life.
A. a; the
B. the; 不填
C. 不填; 不填
D. the; the
17. One of the advantages of living on the top floor of a high rise is that you can get a good ______.
A. sight
B. spare
C. view
D. look
18. He can speak English, German, French and Japanese. He is really a man with a（n）______ for language.
A. gift
B. present
C. ability
D. skill
19. Since he has no sense of ______ humor, I’m sure he didn’t catch ______ humor in your remarks.
A. 不填; the
B. a; the
C. a; 不填
D. the; a
20. The ______ a teacher has on children is usually greater than that of their parents.
A. use
B. effort
C. effect
D. energy
21. It doesn’t make ______ to buy that expensive coat when these cheaper ones are just as good.
A. decision
B. promise
C. sense
D. peace
22. Mr. Smith told us that ______ gold medal his son had got was considered ______ great honor to the whole family.
A. the; 不填
B. the; a
C. a; a
D. a; the
23. I should like to try that coat on，for I want to know if it is my ______.
A. shape
B. model
C. design
D. size
24. They sold their house for only 12,000 dollars, so the buyer got a wonderful ______.
A. cost
B. bargain
C. amount
D. value
25. — Did you happen to see ______ black and ______ white cat?
— Are they missing? I told you to take care of them.
A. the; the
B. the; 不填
C. a; 不填
D. a; the
26. Shelly prepared carefully for her English examination so that she could be sure of passing it at her first ______.
A. term
B. purpose
C. attempt
D. time
27. It’s hard to imagine a large city without poli cemen, but such was the ______ in London in the early 18th century.
A. situation
B. condition
C. affair
D. matter
28. —Look! I’ve bought ______ new pen.
— What ______ beautiful pen! It in particular seems nice.
A. the; a
B. 不填; a
C. a; a
D. a; the
29. The need for an operation，especially an immediate operation，almost always comes as a ______ to the patient and his family.
A. result
B. happiness
C. disappointment
D. shock
30. He left ______ with my secretary that he would call again in the afternoon. He said he would keep ______.
A. words; his words
B. word; his word
C. word; word
D. the word; his words
31. — My son is lost. Did you see a boy pass by here?
— I saw ______ boy hidden behind ______ tree over there. You may go and have a look.
A. a; the
B. 不填；the
C. a; 不填
D. a; a
32. Greenhouse phenomena would cause ______ rise in sea levels worldwide and change ______ weather on the earth.
A. a; the
B. the; 不填
C. a; 不填
D. 不填; the
33. These young people are now making an active ______ to beautify our city.
A. part
B. effort
C. decision
D. plan
34. Susan, ______ university student from Europe, teaches me ______ art in her spare time.
A. an; 不填
B. a; the
C. a; 不填
D. an; the
35. Apples are usually sold by ______weight, and eggs are sometimes sold by ______ dozen.
A. the; the
B. 不填; a
C. 不填; the
D. the; a
36. He is always full of ______ as though he never knew tiredness.
A. strength
B. energy
C. force
D. power
37. From the top of ______ Empire State Building, you could see up to ______ distance of 130 kilometers on a clear day.
A. the; the
B. 不填; a
C. an; the
D. the; a
38. I got ______ bad toothache yesterday, which kept me awake ______ whole night.
A. a; the
B. 不填; a
C. the; a
D. a; 不填
39. See what you have done! Don’t you have a ______ of right or wrong?
A. thought
B. feeling
C. sense
D. knowledge
40. Miss Smith is a friend of ______.
A. Mar y’s mother’s
B. the mother of Mary
C. mother of Mary’s
D. Mary’s of mother
41. — Who did you spend last weekend with?
—______.
A. Palmer’s
B. The Palmers’
C. The Palmers
D. The Palmer’s
42. ______ are very popular with people all over the world, but do you know who was it that invented ______ telephone?
A. The telephone; 不填
B. Telephone; a
C. The telephones; the
D. Telephones; the
43. — Where did you two have your ______ examined?
— At the ______.
A. stomaches; doctor’s
B. stomachs; doctor
C. stomachs; doctor’s
D. stomaches; doctors’
44. — ______ news?
— No. No news is ______ good news.
A. Some; a
B. No; the
C. Any; 不填
D. What; 不填
45. Don’t you think it ______ surprise that a German cannot speak ______ German language?
A. 不填; the
B. a; the
C. a; 不填
D. 不填; the
46. Many drivers were praised for their excellent work at the meeting, including two ______ drivers, who had ______.
A. woman; a few white hairs
B. women’s; white hair
C. women; some white hairs
D. woman’s; many white hairs
47. — What would you like, sir?
— ______.
A. Two cups coffee
B. Two cups of coffees
C. Two coffees
D. Two cup of coffees
48. — John is very bright and studies very hard.
—It’s no ______ he always gets the first place in any examination.
A. doubt
B. problem
C. surprise
D. wonder
49. He wrote ______ song, which turned out to be rather popular with ______ young.
A. the; the
B. a; 不填
C. a; the
D. the; 不填
50. For the sake of her daughter’s health, she decided to move to a warm ______.
A. weather
B. temperature
C. season
D. climate
中学英语基础知识分类总复习（三）
时态和语态50题
从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
1. — Oh, dear. I forgot the air tickets.
— You ______ something.
A. have left
B. are always leaving
C. are leaving
D. always left
2. — I ______ so busily recently that I ______ no time to help you with your math. —That’s OK. I can manage it by myself.
A. have been working; have
B. have worked; had
C. am working; will have
D. had been working; had had
3. Remember to send me a photo of us next time you ______ to me.
A. are writing
B. will write
C. has written
D. write
4. He ______ at the meeting, but his heart attack prevented him.
A. will speak
B. is going to speak
C. had to speak
D. was going to speak
5. —I beg your pardon, but I didn’t quite catch you.
— Oh, I ______ myself.
A. am talking to
B. talked about
C. have talked to
D. was talking to
6. I ______ ping-pong quite well, but I haven’t had time to play since the New Year.
A. will play
B. have played
C. played
D. play
7. I first met Tom 10 years ago. He ______ in a radio factory at that time.
A. had worked
B. has worked
C. was working
D. has been working
8. — What ______ when I phoned you?
— I ______ my work, and I wanted to go out.
A. have you done; finished
B. were you doing; have finished
C. did you do; had just finished
D. were you doing; had just finished
9. — Have you finished the report?
— No. I ______ it all this week.
A. will do
B. had done
C. have done
D. have been doing
10. I can guess you were in a hurry. You ______ your sweater inside out.
A. had worn
B. wore
C. were wearing
D. are wearing
11. — We ______ that you would fix the TV set this week.
—I’m sorry. I ______ to fix it this week, but I’ve been too busy.
A. had expected; had intended
B. are expecting; had intended
C. expect; intend
D. expected; intend
12. — Why? Tom, your shirt is so dirty!
— Mum, I ______ my storeroom downstairs.
A. cleaned
B. have cleaned
C. was cleaning
D. have been cleaning
13. They won’t buy new clothes because they ______ money to buy a new house.
A. save
B. are saving
C. have saved
D. were saving
14. The traffic in our city is already good and it ______ even better.
A. gets
B. got
C. has got
D. is getting
15. — I will come to attend your lecture at 10:00 tomorrow.
—I’m sorry, by then my lecture will have ended and I ______ my guests in my office.
A. is being met
B. will meet
C. will be meeting
D. will have met
16. — Alice came back home the day before yesterday.
— Really? Where ______?
A. has she been
B. had she been
C. has she gone
D. had she gone
17. I know Mr. Brown; we ______ to each other at an international conference.
A. are introduced
B. are been introduced
C. were introduced
D. had been introduced
18. — Where do you think ______ he ______ the computer?
— Sorry. I have no idea.
A. has; bought
B. 不填; bought
C. did; buy
D. 不填; buys
19. Don’t bother to look for my dictionary— it ______ some day.
A. turns up
B. has turned up
C. will turn up
D. is going to turn up
20. — What do you think of this kind of TV set, which ______ in Shanghai?
—Well, I don’t care about such things.
A. was made
B. is made
C. has been made
D. had been made
21. — Did he notice you enter the room?
—I don’t think so. He ______ to the radio with his eyes shut.
A. listened
B. was listening
C. has listened
D. had listened
22. The plane ______ at 7:00 pm, so I have to be at the airport by 6:40 at the latest.
A. has left
B. would leave
C. will have left
D. leaves
23. The train ______ at the present speed until it reaches the foot of the mountain at about nine o’clock tonight.
A. went
B. is going
C. goes
D. will be going
24. I used to drink a lot of tea but these days I ______ coffee.
A. prefer
B. preferred
C. had preferred
D. am preferring
25. The vegetables didn’t taste very good. They ______ too long.
A. had been cooked
B. were cooked
C. have cooked
D. cooked
26. — Remember the first time we met, Jim?
— Of course I do. You ______ in the library.
A. were reading
B. had read
C. have read
D. read
27. I want to buy that kind of cloth because I ______ the cloth ______ well.
A. have told; washes
B. have been told; washes
C. was told; washed
D. have been told; is washed
28. — Is Tom still smoking?
— No. By next Saturday he ______ for a whole month without smoking a single cigarette.
A. will be
B. will have gone
C. will have been
D. has been going
29. — ______ Betty this morning?
— Not yet, but she is sure to be here before noon.
A. Have you seen
B. Will you see
C. Do you see
D. Did you see?
30. Jim talked for about half an hour yesterday. Never ______ him talk so much.
A. I heard
B. did I hear
C. I had heard
D. had I heard
31. — Look at the black clouds. It ______ soon.
— Sure. If only we ______ out.
A. is raining; didn’t come
B. is to rain; won’t start
C. will rain; haven’t started
D. is going to rain; hadn’t come
32. He ______ articles for our wall-newspaper these three years, and he ______ about forty articles.
A. has been writing; has written
B. has been writing; wrote
C. is writing; has been writing
D. has written; has written
33. She ______ to the office than she got down to writing the report.
A. has no sooner got
B. had hardly got
C. no sooner got
D. had no sooner got
34. When he was alive, the old scientist used to say that knowledge ______ from practice and he gained his experience by doing a lot of practical work.
A. was coming
B. had come
C. comes
D. would come
35. —Don’t fo rget to bring my new books tomorrow afternoon.
— No, I ______.
A. don’t
B. do
C. won’t
D. will
36. I decided to go to the library as soon as I ______.
A. finished what I was doing
B. finished what I did
C. would finish what I was doing
D. finish what I did
37. You won’t know whether the coat fits you until you ______ it on.
A. will try
B. have tried
C. tried
D. are trying
38. My dictionary ______. I have looked for it everywhere but still ______it.
A. has lost; don’t find
B. is missing; don’t find
C. has lost; haven’t found
D. is missing; haven’t found
39. ______ it with me and I’ll see what I can do.
A. When left
B. Leaving
C. If you leave
D. Leave
40. — How are you planning to travel to Shanghai?
— I ______ yet, but I ______ taking a train.
A. didn’t decide; am considering
B. haven’t decided; consider
C. haven’t decided; am considering
D. hadn’t decided; have considered
41. — Excuse me, sir. Would you do me a favour?
— Of course. What is it?
— I ______ if you could take me to the station.
A. would wonder
B. did wonder
C. was wondering
D. had wondered
42. — Got your driving license?
—No. I ______ too busy to have enough practice, so I didn’t take the driving test last week. I’m going to next week.
A. was
B. have been
C. am
D. had been
43. With the development of science, more new technology ______ to the field of IT.
A. has introduced
B. is being introduced
C. is introduced
D. was introduced
44. —Who’s the man over there?
—It’s Jack.
— Oh? ______ in Italy.
A. I think he’s
B. I’ve thought he’s been
C. I thought he was
D. I’d thought he’d been
45. —I dropped in at your house at about ten last night, but you weren’t in.
— I ______ regular exercises at the club.
A. did
B. was doing
C. had done
D. have been doing
46. — Each of the students, working hard at their lessons, ______ the book.
— So have I.
A. is reading
B. has read
C. reading
D. reads
47. The baby is generally healthy, but every now and then he ______ a cold.
A. has caught
B. is catching
C. will catch
D. does catch
48. It is when the plane ______ that you’d better find out at the booking office.
A. would take off
B. had taken off
C. was taking off
D. is taking off
49. —I’m sorry, but there’s no smoking on this flight.
—Oh, I ______ that. Sorry, I won’t again.
A. don’t know
B. didn’t know
C. won’t know
D. haven’t known
50. I thought Jim would say something about his school report, but he ______ it.
A. doesn’t mention
B. hadn’t mentioned
C. didn’t mention
D. hasn’t mentioned
中学英语基础知识分类总复习（四）
形容词和副词45题
从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
1. — How can I get to New York in three hours?
—You can’t get there ______ by air.
A. more than
B. other than
C. rather than
D. less than
2. I didn’t even speak to him, ______ discuss your problems with him.
A. much more
B. less
C. more
D. much less
3. — How large is your city?
—It’s ______ yours.
A. larger three times than
B. larger than three times
C. as three times large as
D. three times as large as
4. — Is Mr. White out of danger?
—No, ______ than before, I’m afraid.
A. no better
B. a little better
C. not worse
D. no worse
5. Mary’s biology is ______ than ______ in the class.
A. a lot of better; anyone else’s
B. far better; anyone’s else’s
C. much better; anyone else
D. a lot better; anyone else’s
6. — The disease he suffers is not easy to cure.
— I know, but is he ______ better?
A. much
B. rather
C. any
D. little
7. He is more diligent than ______ in his class.
A. all the students
B. anyone
C. any other student
D. everyone
8. There was a ______ change in the weather, and the rain came pouring down.
A. quick
B. slow
C. fast
D. sudden
9. You can speak ______ in f ront of him, but you can’t eat ______ in his restaurant.
A. freely; freely
B. free; freely
C. freely; free
D. free; free
10. Tom will not be at the picnic, ______ to the family’s disappointment.
A. much
B. more
C. too much
D. much more
11. — I have seen so little of Mike ______. Is he away on business?
— Oh, no. He just leaves for his office early and comes back very ______.
A. later; lately
B. later; later
C. lately; late
D. late; lately
12. From his ______ voice on the phone I know everything is well under way.
A. satisfactory
B. satisfying
C. satisfied
D. satisfaction
13. — He is ______ a brave man.
—We can’t admire his courage ______.
A. actually; very much
B. indeed; too a lot
C. really; too much
D. truly; a bit
14. The Education Ministry suggests teachers should receive ______ education to catch up with the ______ development.
A. farther; late
B. farther; later
C. further; lately
D. further; latest
15. — Why did she spend so much time searching shop after shop only for a blouse?
— Oh, she was very ______ about her clothes.
A. pleased
B. particular
C. worried
D. curious
16. I might fail, but ______ I insist on doing it. I don’t mind.
A. however
B. anyhow
C. yet
D. meanwhile
17. — Could you tell Lucy about the meeting when you see her?
— Sure, I will ______ I see her .
A. certainly
B. fortunately
C. probably
D. immediately
18. There is a train at 11:30 and another one at 12:05; ______ train will take you to London in time for the meeting.
A. none
B. every
C. both
D. either
19. His voice was quite ordinary, and not ______ angry.
A. a little
B. very much
C. a bit
D. plenty of
20. Oh, boy, why are you killing your time this way? Can’t you find something else ______ doing at all?
A. useful
B. valuable
C. worth
D. good
21. —Hi, I hear you’re going to World Park this weekend.
— ______, I was going to, but I have changed my plans.
A. Usually
B. Finally
C. Actually
D. Normally
22. —Mum, we’ve got to be ______ and buy only what we need.
—Oh, I’m glad to hear that.
A. practical
B. content
C. familiar
D. actual
23. Mr. Smith was ______ with the boys who had picked flowers in his garden without his permission.
A. strict
B. gentle
C. delighted
D. cross
24. —If you’re free tonight, I’d like to invite you to a football match.
—That’s nice of you, but are you ______?
A. rich
B. careful
C. serious
D. true
25. Attention please, everybody! Please keep ______ for a moment. And let me take a photo.
A. calm
B. still
C. silent
D. quiet
26. Good ways of doing things mean saving time, and ______ it is important for us to find them.
A. otherwise
B. however
C. besides
D. therefore
27. Fred is second to none in maths in our class, but believe it or not, he ______ passed the last exam.
A. easily
B. hardly
C. actually
D. successfully
28. — How is your sister now?
— She is not very ______ after her illness.
A. strong
B. tough
C. powerful
D. healthy
29. It’s true that the old road is less direct and a bit longer. We won’t take the new one, ______, because we don’t feel as safe on it.
A. somehow
B. though
C. therefore
D. otherwise
30. ______，more than 200 houses and buildings are heated by solar energy, not to mention the big cities.
A. Alone in the small town
B. In the small alone town
C. In the alone small town
D. In the small town alone
31. That night I felt especially tired and went to bed ______ earlier than usual.
A. quite
B. rather
C. fairly
D. so
32. — Doctor, have I got a bad cold?
— Oh, there is not ______ with you.
A. anything wrong much
B. anything much wrong
C. much wrong anything
D. wrong much anything
33. — She seems a ______ waitress.
— Yes, each of us always feels ______ with her good manners and service.
A. pleased; pleased
B. pleasant; pleasant
C. pleased; pleasant
D. pleasant; pleased
34. Sending short messages by mobile phones has become a ______ way to send festival greetings in recent years in China.
A. welcome
B. popular
C. general
D. simple
35. I think whoever makes ______ contributions to the company than others should get
______ income.
A. greater; the higher
B. more greater; a higher
C. greater; a higher
D. more greater; the highest
36. While tidying the room, Jim found the ______ toy bought for him as a birthday present.
A. fine plastic small
B. plastic fine small
C. small fine plastic
D. fine small plastic
37. People are encouraged to speak openly, but careless remarks are ______ to hurt others’feelings.
A. possible
B. probable
C. likely
D. sure
38. —The young man is good at a lot of things but you can’t say he is ______.
— I agree with you. Actually no one is.
A. wonderful
B. splendid
C. perfect
D. complete
39. It is ______ any wonder that his friend doesn’t like watching television much.
A. no
B. such
C. nearly
D. hardly
40. The number of people present at the concert was ______ than expected. There were many tickets left.
A. much smaller
B. much more
C. much larger
D. many more
41. In ______ Chinese culture, marriage decisions were often made by parents for their children.
A. traditional
B. historic
C. peaceful
D. civil
42. If the doctor had not been here yesterday, ______ babies would have died.
A. the all poor little
B. all the poor little
C. the poor all little
D. all the little poor
43. The traffic in the city was ______ today, so I got home earlier than usual.
A. hard
B. weak
C. heavy
D. light
44. The houses in the village are ______ built of wood and hay.
A. most
B. almost
C. nearly
D. mostly
45. — What do people wear when they go to the theatre?
—Well, it isn’t very ______. People can wear anything they like.
A. normal
B. certain
C. modern
D. simple
中学英语基础知识分类总复习（五）
非谓语动词(一)50题
从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
1. When he was a boy, he used to go there and watch _____.
A. to repair bicycles
B. bicycles to be repaired
C. bicycles being repaired
D. repairing bicycles
2. — Have you considered _____ your job as a teacher?
— Yes. I like the job because a teacher is often considered _____ a gardener.
A. to change; to be
B. to change; being
C. changing; being
D. changing; to be
3. The dog, _____, will be made a good watchdog.
A. to train properly
B. being trained properly
C. properly to train
D. trained properly
4. _____ the diamond, he had to look for a place to hide it.
A. Having stolen
B. Having been stolen
C. Stolen
D. Stealing
5. _____ the front door _____, he had to enter the room through the back door.
A. Seen; painted
B. Seeing; painted
C. Being seen; being painted
D. Seeing; being painted
6. And there, almost _____ in the big chair, sat her little brother, who never had to be told to keep quiet.
A. having lost
B. losing
C. to be lost
D. lost
7. He looked around and caught a man _____ his hand into the pocket of a passenger.
A. put
B. to be putting
C. to put
D. putting
8. To answer correctly is more important than _____.
A. that you finish quickly
B. finishing quickly
C. to finish quickly
D. finish quickly
9. The old farmer, _____ the badly injured and burnt soldier, came out of the burning farmhouse, calling continuously for help.
A. supporting
B. having supported
C. being supported by
D. being supported
10. In January , 2004, the United States successfully launched “Spirit”, a Mars Exploration Rover, _____ a new milestone in the history of mankind.
A. it marked
B. marking
C. marked
D. to mark
11. It was getting dark; I found a car _____ in a pool by the side of the road.
A. to be stuck
B. stuck
C. sticking
D. stick
12. You can’t imagine what great troubl e they have _____ the problem _____.
A. to solve; being talked about
B. solving; discussing
C. to solve; to talk about
D. solving; being discussed
13. The monument was built in honor of the explorer who was believed _____ the river.
A. to have discovered
B. to have been discovered
C. to discover
D. having been discovered
14. The thief fell to the ground, his left foot _____ and blood _____ down from his mouth.
A. breaking; running
B. broken; running
C. breaking; run
D. broken; run
15. The program was so exciting that the children kept their eyes _____ on the screen.
A. to fix
B. to be fixed
C. fixed
D. fixing
16. As I will be away for at least a year, I’d appreciate _____ from you now and then so that I can know how everyone is getting along.
A. having heard
B. to hear
C. hearing
D. being heard
17. _____, the subject was always in my mind.
A. Walking or sleeping
B. Walking or slept
C. Having walked or slept
D. To walk and sleep
18. — Did you get a dictionary?
— No, I _____, but there were not any _____.
A. tried; to be left
B. had tried to; leaving
C. tried to; left
D. had tried; have left
19. When he came to, he found himself _____ on a chair, with his hands _____ back.
A. to sit; tying
B. sitting; tying
C. seating; tied
D. seated; tied
20. The joke told by Tom made us _____, so the teacher couldn’t make himself _____.
A. to laugh; hearing
B. laughing; heard
C. laughing; hear
D. laughed; heard
21. All of the flowers now _____ here have developed from those once _____ in the forest.
A. raised; grown
B. rising; growing
C. raised; growing
D. rising; grown
22. Henry can’t attend the party _____ at Tom’s house at present because he is preparing the speech at the party _____ at Marie’s house tomorrow.
A. held; being held
B. to be held; to be held
C. to be held; held
D. being held; to be held
23. Seeing the soldiers well _____ for the flood-fight, the general nodded with satisfaction.
A. prepare
B. preparing
C. prepared
D. having prepared
24. Don’t worry. I’ll have it _____ and get someone _____ it to you tomorrow.
A. typed; send
B. to type; to send
C. type; send
D. typed; to send
25. The sun was shining brightly, _____ everything there _____ more beautiful.
A. making; look
B. to make; looked
C. and made; looking
D. and making; be looked
26. How could he get the plan _____ without any one to support him?
A. to carry out
B. carry out
C. carrying out
D. carried out
27. New ideas sometimes have to wait for years before _____.
A. being fully accepting
B. fully accepting
C. having fully accepted
D. fully accepted
28. Having passed all the tests, she felt a great weight _____ off her mind.
A. taking
B. taken
C. take
D. to be taken
29. I’m examining the article he has just finished _____ the possible mistakes in it.
A. being corrected
B. to correct
C. corrected
D. having corrected
30. _____ full preparations, we decided to put off the meeting till next week.
A. We did not make
B. Having not made
C. We had not made
D. Not having made
31. We should prevent such a silly mistake _____ again.
A. occurring
B. to occur
C. to be occurred
D. from being occurred
32. I regret _____ hard at school, or I would have succeeded in passing the exam.
A. not to work
B. having not worked
C. to have not worked
D. not having worked
33. They looked forward with hope _____ a chance to receive further education.
A. for getting
B. of getting
C. to get
D. to getting
34. “Well, I’ll tell you a secret ...” said the bo y, with his mouth almost _____ my ear.
A. touched
B. touching
C. touch
D. to touch
35. Towards evening, the patient opened his mouth as if _____ something to his son.
A. said
B. say
C. to say
D. to have said
36. — Would you be _____ lend me your bicycle?
— Sure.
A. so kind as to
B. kind enough as to
C. very kind to
D. so kind to
37. The beach is so beautiful that it is worthwhile, I think, _____ for a short holiday.
A. of going
B. to be going
C. your going
D. you to go
38. The teacher asked more _____ to prevent the students’ eyes from being injured.
A. to do
B. done
C. to be done
D. being done
39. Some of the schools in Shanghai have moved one step closer to _____ with the global education community.
A. being connected
B. connect
C. having connected
D. be connected
40. The performance of the host, _____ to please the audience and draw their attention, was greeted with a cold silence, however.
A. had intended
B. intended
C. being intended
D. to intend
41. _____ and out of breath, we reached the top of the mountain and stopped _____ the beautiful scenery.
A. Tiring; to admire
B. Being tired; admiring
C. Tired; to admire
D. Tired; admiring
42. The 18-storeyed building, when _____, will shut out the sun _____ up the rooms in my house.
A. completed; lighted
B. completing; lighting
C. completing; lighted
D. completed; lighting
43. — I hear Warren _____ in a middle school.
—What? I can’t imagine him _____ as a teacher.
A. teaches; working
B. teaches; work
C. teach; to work
D. teach; working
44. _____ he’s only been learning English for a year, he speaks it very well.
A. Considered
B. Considering
C. Having considered
D. To consider
45. It was _____ computer games that cost the boy a lot of time that he ought to have spent on his lessons.
A. to have played
B. playing
C. played
D. having played
46. At no time does the salesgirl get up late in the morning, for she is always too busy _____ a good rest.
A. to take
B. taking
C. took
D. taken
47. _____ as the most excellent student in her university, as most classmates had expected, made her parents very happy.
A. Mary was chosen
B. Mary chosen
C. Mary being chosen
D. Mary’s being chosen
48. _____ the big snake, the little girl stood under the tree _____ to death.
A. Seeing; frightened
B. Seeing; frightening
C. Seen; frighten
D. To see; frightening
49. You will see this product made in this factory _____ wherever you go.
A. to be advertised
B. advertised
C. advertise
D. advertising
50. Mr. Green is said _____ an experiment to prove the new method of solving the problem when young.
A. to do
B. to have done
C. to be doing
D. to have been doing
中学英语基础知识分类总复习（六）
介词、代词和数词40题
从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
1. Heilongjiang Province is _____ north of Liaoning. Harbin, its capital city, lies _____ the Songhuajiang River.
A. to; on
B. in the; in
C. 不填; on
D. to the; in
2. To fully understand the writer, we must read not only between the lines,
but sometimes _____ the lines.
A. within
B. beyond
C. beside
D. among
3. He got to the station early, _____ missing his train.
A. in the case of
B. instead of
C. for fear of
D. in search of
4. Although Tom agreed with her on most points, here was one _____ which he was unwilling to give in.
A. on
B. in
C. to
D. with
5. For holidays, many people visit the Great Barrier Reef _____ the northeast coast of Australia, which has 700 islands.
A. on
B. in
C. to
D. off
6. As we all know, several primary schools and factories were named _____ the hero.
A. from
B. at
C. after
D. to
7. _____ the weather, the athletic meeting will be held on time.
A. In contrast with
B. In relation to
C. On behalf of
D. Regardless of
8. Mr. Johnson starts to work very early in the morning and goes on working until late in the afternoon _____ a break at midday.
A. with
B. for
C. as
D. through
9. — Tang Gonghong is indeed too large, I think.
— But _____ that she is an excellent weight-lifting athlete.
A. in addition to
B. in spite of
C. thanks to
D. owing to
10. I certainly agree _____ your suggestion. But I wonder if all the members of the board will agree _____ the steps for the coming year.
A. to; with
B. to; on
C. on; with
D. on; on
11. Though this has been written _____ the agreement, it is not protected _____ law.
A. by; in
B. in; with
C. in; by
D. by; with
12. The better use you can make _____ time, the greater contributions you will make _____ society.
A. in；to
B. of；to
C. on；for
D. up；for
13. The child was lost in the forest, where he was _____ the mercy of wild beasts.
A. in
B. on
C. for
D. at
14. ____ the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.
A. Instead of
B. Because of
C. But for
D. As for
15. _____ Mr. Brown’s anger, it was his own son who didn’t agree with him.
A. To
B. From
C. With
D. For
16. The customer didn’t choose _____ of the ties and went away without looking at a third one.
A. both
B. any
C. all
D. either
17. — It was my daughter Linda and his daughter Jane who did it.
— That was why I blamed you as much as _____.
A. he
B. him
C. his
D. she
18. — There must be a dozen pens in this house but I can never find one when I need one.
— Keep looking. _____ is sure to turn up.
A. One
B. It
C. That
D. This
19. — Where can we have supper tonight?
—Oh, if you don’t mind,we can do it at _____ of the restaurants.
A. all
B. every
C. any
D. each
20. — Which one can I take?
— You can take _____ of them; I’ll keep none.
A. both
B. any
C. either
D. all
21. To some life is pleasure, while to _____ it is suffering. But I don’t know what it is to me.
A. ones
B. others
C. the others
D. those
22. I would appreciate _____ very much if you could give me some suggestions.
A. this
B. that
C. it
D. you
23. I’ve just seen no more than one copy of “The Piano Teacher” in the bookshop opposite. Tom, go and buy _____ back.
A. one
B. any
C. it
D. some
24. Use your head. Nothing taught by others can have the same effect on you as _____ is learned by yourself.
A. what
B. those
C. that
D. the one
25. You mustn’t always do _____ as he asks you to do. You should have your own way of life.
A. anything
B. something
C. nothing
D. everything
26. The fellow was said to be _____ of a scholar. As _____ turned out, he was a cheat.
A. something; he
B. much; he
C. something; it
D. nothing; it
27. Many people in the west make _____ a rule to buy Christmas presents for their relatives and friends.
A. this
B. it
C. that
D. them
28. — How about the price of these washing machines?
— They are at least equal in price to, if not cheaper than, _____ at other stores .
A. others B．ones C．that D．those
29. — Your tea looks nice.
—It’s Longjing from Hangzhou. Would you like _____?
A．any B．little C．it D．some
30. — What date is it?
—It’s _____.
A. the June seven
B. the seventh of June
C. seventh June
D. the June seventh
31. Please wait here. I’ll be back in _____ hours.
A. two and half an
B. two and a half
C. half and two
D. two a half
32. Two _____ died of cold in that country last winter.
A. hundreds old people
B. hundreds of old people
C. hundred old people
D. hundred old peoples
33. Our teacher told us to write a _____ composition.
A. two-thousand-word
B. two-thousand-words
C. two thousands words
D. two-thousands-word
34. — Would you like to try _____ time?
— Sure.
A. two
B. second
C. a two
D. a second
35. Tom began to learn Russian by himself in _____.
A. the fifty
B. the fifties
C. his fifties
D. his fifty
36. Most English people have ______ names: _____ name, a middle name and the family name.
A. three; first
B. three; a first
C. the three; the first
D. the third; one first
37. The library in the school isn’t large. There are only _____ books in it.
A. six thousand, five hundred and forty-one
B. six thousands and five hundreds and forty-one
C. six thousands, five hundred forty and one
D. six thousand, five hundreds and fourth-one
38. _____ of the world’s books and newspapers are written in English.
A. Three quarter
B. Three of quarters
C. Third fourths
D. Three fourths
39. Parks are _____ of the few places where people in cities may have sports.
A. one
B. first
C. none
D. those
40. There are not enough seats for the guests. We need _____ chairs.
A. three other
B. another three
C. more three
D. other three
中学英语基础知识分类总复习（七）
定语从句、名词性从句和状语从句55题
从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
1. _____ is known to the world, China’s Liu Xiang became the first Asian in history to win the men’s 110m hurdles at the Olympic Games.
A. That
B. Which
C. As
D. It
2. Living in the Central American desert has its problems, _____ obtaining water is not the least.
A. of which
B. for what
C. as
D. whose
土力学与基础工程复习重点
土力学与基础工程复习重点 第一章绪论 （1）地基：支承基础的土体或岩体。 （2）天然地基：未经人工处理就可以满足设计要求的地基。 （3）人工地基：若地基软弱、承载力不能满足设计要求，则需对地基进行加固处理。（4）基础：将结构承受的各重作用传递到地基上的结构组成部分。 第二章土的性质及工程分类 （1）土体的三相体系：土体一般由固相（固体颗粒）、液相（土中水）和气相（气体）三部分组成。 （2）粒度：土粒的大小。 （3）界限粒径：划分粒组的分界尺寸。 （4）颗粒级配：土中所含各粒组的相对量，以土粒总重的百分数表示。 （5）土的颗粒级配曲线。 （6）土中的水和气（p9）
（7）工程中常用不均匀系数u C 和曲率系数c C 来反映土颗粒级配的不均匀程度。 1060d d C u = 60 102 30d d d C c ?=） （ 的粒径，称中值粒径。 占总质量小于某粒径的土粒质量—的粒径，称有效粒径；占总质量小于某粒径的土粒质量—的粒径，称限定粒径；占总质量小于某粒径的土粒质量—%30%10%60301060d d d 不均匀系数u C 反映了大小不同粒组的分布情况，曲率系数c C 描述了级配曲线分布整体形态。 工程上对土的级配是否良好可按如下规定判断： 1.对于级配连续的土：5>u C ，级配良好：5u C 和3~1=c C 两个条件时，才为级配良好，反之则级配不良。 颗粒分析实验：确定土中各个粒组相对含量的方法称为土的颗粒分析实验。对于粒径大于0.075mm 的粗粒土，可用筛分法。对于粒径小于0.075mm 的细粒土，则可用沉降分析法（水分法）。 （7）土的物理性质指标 三个基本实验指标 1.土的天然密度ρ 土单位体积的质量称为土的密度（单位为3 3 //m t cm g 或），即V m = ρ。 （2.10）
英语语音基础知识
第一章英语语音基础知识 音素是语音的最小单位，有区分语言意义的作用。英语有20个元音音素和28个辅音音素。 元音：发元音时，气流从肺中压出，经过气管进入口腔，在口腔中受到发音气管如舌，唇等的调节，但不受阻碍。舌的前后，高低，唇的圆扁，都会影响从肺中流出的气流，使之发出不同的元音来。根据发音时舌活动的范围，英语元音可分成前元音，中元音，后元音。发音时元音声带振动，叫浊音。英语共有22个元音，其中单元音12个，双元音8个。 辅音：发辅音时，气流从肺中压出后受各部门的发音器官如唇，齿，舌，咽喉的阻碍。发辅音时声带振动的是浊辅音，声带不振动的是清辅音。英语的辅音共有28个。 (1)音标的含义:音标就是记录音素的符号，是音素的标写符号。它的制定原则是:一个音素只用一个音标表示，一个音标只表示一个音素。如汉语拼音字母、英语的韦氏音标和国际音标等。狭义上的”音标“意思就是指英语音标。 (2)国际音标（The International Phonetic Alphabet，简称 IPA）是一组语言学者用来个别标示各种人类所能发出来的声音（指单音或音素）的语音符号系统，作为统一标示所有语言中语音的标准符号，其中大多数的符号都取自或衍伸自罗马字母，其它的有些是从希腊字母，有些则明显地与其它任何的字母标准毫无关系。 国际音标最早是在1886年，由语言学家保尔巴西所带领的一群英国和法国语言教师基于教学与研究上的需要，在国际语音学学会的赞助下开发出来的，于 1888年公布。最早的国际音标是根据斯威特制订的的罗马字母，但之后它又经过数次修正，其最后一次的版本是在1993年，并于1996年又更新一次。国际音标主要的原则是一个符号代表一个音，因此不会有像英语中 sh 和 th 这样，两个子音组合代表一个音的情况发生。目前国际音标符号共计有48个。 (3)音标有几类？音标的种类繁多，美国有美国的音标 (KK音标)，英国有英国的音标(DJ音标)，在英国还有牛津、剑桥自己出的音标，加上近期访间出版的韦氏音标、新国际音标…，因此就出现了张三音标、李四音标，版本非常的多。在众多版本中，使用较普遍的有英英的 DJ音标和IPA 音标, 以及美英的 KK音标。 (4)音标的书写格式 1. 音标必须写在括号里，常用的音标括号有斜头和平头两种，其上端不顶第一线，大致与大写字母相齐，下端在第三格的中间。 2. 音标没有书写体，也没有大小写，因此书写时必须和印刷体一样，直上直下，没有斜度。(5) 音标歌 国际音标48，元音20、辅28， 元音又分单和双 单元音12、双元音8， 7个短元音音标：/Z / e / I / F /V / H / E / 5个长元音音标：/i：/C：/A：/u：/B：/ 8个双元音音标：/AI / AH / eI / E H / IE /HE /CI /eE/ 辅音十对清浊对：/p / t / k / s / f / S / O / tS / tr / ts/ / b /d / G / z / v / W / D /dW / dr / dz/ 五个是一组：/w / j / l / h / r / 鼻音三个不能忘：/ m //n /Y /
小学1-6年级英语基础知识汇总
【第一部分】 基础知识 1.字母：26 个字母的大小写 ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 2.音标：48 个音标 3.词汇：词汇量，近反义词 4.句子：大小写，标点符号 【第二部分】 语法知识 一.名词：名词单复数，名词的格 (一)名词单复数 1.一般情况，直接加-s，如：book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats,bed-beds 2.以s. x. sh. ch 结尾，加-es，如：bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes,watch-watches
3.以“辅音字母+y”结尾，变y 为i, 再加-es，如：family-families, strawberry-strawberries 4.以“f或fe”结尾，变f 或fe 为v, 再加-es，如：knife-knives 5.不规则名词复数： man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen, mouse-mice child-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, fish-fish, people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese 不可数名词的复数就是原型：paper, juice, water, milk, rice, tea shirt (二)名词的格 (1)有生命的东西的名词所有格： a)单数后加’s如: Lucy’s ruler my father’s b)以s 结尾的复数名词后加’如: his friends’ bags c)不以s 结尾的复数后加’s children’s shoes l 并列名词中，如果把’s加在最后一个名词后，表示共有, 如:
基础工程复习资料
基础工程复习资料 1. 一多排桩基础，实际资料如下：地基类型，密实细砂类砾 石，4/10000 m kN m =，承台宽5m ，桩的入土m h 20=桩设计直径m d 2.1=，桩间净距m L 5.21=，采用 20＃混凝土，抗压模量 Mpa E h 4106.2?=，通过计算判断该 桩为弹性桩还是刚性桩？ )1(1+??=d K K b f （5分） 9.00=K 833.12.111=+=f K ())(96.312.136.06.01m h =+??= 116.0h L < ()()816.06.65.26.05.015.06.01,5.0,311=?-+=?'-+ '=='=h L b b K b n （5分） m b 615.11= 377.064 2.114.3106.28.0615.110000547=?????=α（m -1) （5分） 5.254.720377.0>=?=h α 弹性桩 （5分） 2、地面以下为粘土层，厚 5.74m ， []kpa f I e m KN a L 360,4.0,6.0,/200031====γ，5.2,021==k k ；紧接着
为亚粘土层，8.0,9.0,/3.18032===L I e m KN γ，[]kpa f a 1600=， 5.1,021==k k ，亚粘土层顶面的附加应力系数为47.0=α；建筑 物为刚性扩大基础,埋置深度为2.5m ，基础顶面距离天然地面 为0.5m ，底面积为m m 5.73?，作用于基底的荷载为 ,3620KN N =∑KN H 540=∑，m KN M ?=∑1700，是验算地基持 力层及下卧层强度是否满足要求？ 解：[][]()()kpa h k b k f f a a 360003603222110=++=-+-+=γγ（5分） kpa kpa W M A N 78.9,31235.76 117005.7336202 m ax m in =??±?=±=σ （5分） 持力层满足要求 kpa h z h Z h 96.159)24.3202 78.9312(47.074.520)()(21=?-+?+?=-++=+γσαγσ（5分） [][]()()kpa h K b K f f a z h a 2.242)374.5(205.101603222110=-??++=-+-+=+γγ （5分） 满足要求 1. 一旱桥桥台，尺寸如图，基底面积5*8m 2，作用荷载（恒 载）H=1200kN, N=800KN ，G=2100KN ，Q=750KN ，地质资 料如图，试对其进行地基强度验算及基础偏心距、稳定性验算，
英语基础知识总结
. 冠词知识点总结一、概念不定冠词和限定名词的意义。冠词可分为定冠词，冠词是虚词，它置于名词之前,零冠词三类。二、不定冠词的用法 a certain表示“一个”，意为1)one;指某人或某物，意为。 A Mr. Ling is waiting for you. 2) 代表一类人或物。A knife is a tool for cutting with. 3) 词组或成语。 a little / a few / a lot / a great many / many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try / keep aneye on / all of a sudden三、定冠词的用法 1)特指双方都明白的人或物： Take the medicine. 2)上文提到过的人或事： . . 've been to the house. He bought a house. I 3)指世上独一无二的事物： the sun， the earth the sky， the moon，或与形容词或分词单数名词连用表示一类事物，如：the dollar ; the fox ; 4)连用，表示一类人：。the rich; the living 等前面： very， same 5)用在序数词和形容词的最高级形式及形容词only，I live on the second floor. Where do you live? 与复数名词连用，指整个群体：6) They are the teachers of this school.(指全体教师) They are teachers of this school. (指部分教师) 7)表示所有，相当于物主代词，用在表示身体部位的名词前： She caught me by the arm.8) 用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级等专有名词前：s Republic of China The People' She plays the piano.用在表示乐器的名词之前： 9)用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人(或夫妇俩)：10) the Greens . . 用在惯用语中： 11) the day after tomorrowin the day, in the morning (afternoon，evening), the day before yesterday, the next morning,field，country) in the sky (water，in the dark, in the rain, in the distance, in the middle (of), in the end, by the way, go to the theatreon the whole, 四、零冠词的用法 ，Mary; 1)国名，人名前通常不用定冠词：England
小学英语基本知识点汇总
个性化教学辅导教案 学员姓名：任课教师：所授科目：英语
一般疑问句：Be 主语其它。 如：-Are you a student -Yes. I am. / No, I'm not. 非凡疑问句：疑问词一般疑问句。如：Where is my bike 2.行为动词的变化。 否定句：主语don't( doesn't ) 动词原形( 其它)。如： I don't like bread. 当主语为第三人称单数时，要用doesn't构成否定句。如： He doesn't often play. 一般疑问句：Do( Does ) 主语动词原形其它。如： - Do you often play football - Yes, I do. / No, I don't. 当主语为第三人称单数时，要用does构成一般疑问句。如： - Does she go to work by bike - Yes, she does. / No, she doesn't. 动词s的变化规则 1．一般情况下，直接加-s，如：cook-cooks, milk-milks 2．以s. x. sh. ch. o结尾，加-es，如：guess-guesses, wash-washes, watch-watches, go-goes 3．以“辅音字母y”结尾，变y为i, 再加-es，如：study-studies 用括号内动词的适当形式填空。 1. He often ________(have) dinner at home. 2. Daniel and Tommy _______(be) in Class One. 3. We _______(not watch) TV on Monday. 4. Nick _______(not go) to the zoo on Sunday. 5. ______ they ________(like) the World Cup 6. What _______they often _______(do) on Saturdays 7. _______ your parents _______(read) newspapers every day 8. The girl _______(teach) us English on Sundays. 9. She and I ________(take) a walk together every evening. 10. There ________(be) some water in the bottle. 11. Mike _______(like) cooking. 12. They _______(have) the same hobby. 13. My aunt _______(look) after her baby carefully. 14. You always _______(do) your homework well. 15. I _______(be) ill. I’m staying in bed. 16. She _______(go) to school from Monday to Friday. 17. Liu Tao _______(do) not like PE. 18. The child often _______(watch) TV in the evening. 19. Su Hai and Su Yang _______(have) eight lessons this term. 20. －What day _______(be) it today －It’s Saturday 三、现在进行时 1.现在进行时表示现在正在进行或发生的动作，也可表示当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。 2.现在进行时的肯定句基本结构为be+动词ing. 3.现在进行时的否定句在be后加not。 4.现在进行时的一般疑问句把be动词调到句首。 5．现在进行时的非凡疑问的基本结构为： 疑问词不达意be 主语动词ing 但疑问词当主语时其结构为： 疑问词不达意be 动词ing 动词加ing的变化规则
《基础工程》复习重点
《基础工程》复习要点 题型：填空20分，选择30分，名词解释9分，简单18分，计算23分 人工地基 摩擦桩 群桩效应 地基 负摩阻力 换土垫层法 常用的基坑围护结构形式 基础设计的两种方法 基础稳定性验算包括哪两方面 连续基础类型 重力式挡土墙的倾斜形式 基础设计必须满足的三个基本要求 地基变形按其特征可分为四种 确定浅基础地基承载力特征值的方法 文克勒提出的弹性地基模型表达式 桩基分类 单桩竖向承载力的确定取决于哪两方面 挡土墙分类 荷载效应组合取值 桩距 群桩效应系数 桩基承载力极限状态验算内容 排水固结法中砂井的作用 无筋扩展基础台阶宽高比允许值 扩展基础混凝土的强度等级 基础埋深 地基净反力 两基础间距 桩周摩阻力方向 简述地基基础设计的一般步骤 影响基础埋深的因素 围护结构的主要作用 桩基设计步骤 决定单桩竖向承载力的因素？
如图所示的墙下条形基础处于318kN/m γ=的均匀的粉质粘土中，地基承载力 a 180kPa f =。已知基础的埋深为1.5m ，所受荷载如图中所示。试验算地基承载力（并计算偏心矩e ）。 210kN/m 已知柱基础荷载标准值m KN M KN F K K ?==120,1000；若基础底面尺寸m m b l 8.26.3?=?，地下水位距离地表为1.2m ，下卧层为淤泥质土，地基承载力只考虑深度修正且深度修正系数为1.0。试根据图中资料验算基底面积是否满 足地基承载力要求。 有一建筑物的地质剖面如图所示。相应于荷载效应标准组合时作用于柱底的荷载为：P ＝2040kN ，M （长边方向）=320kN?m ，T ＝56kN 。根据择优比较选择了钢筋混凝土打入桩基础。采用300mm×300mm 的预制钢筋混凝土方桩。根据地质条件，确定第四层硬塑黏土为桩尖持力层。桩尖进入持力层 1.55m 。桩数n ＝5根，桩顶伸入承台50mm ，钢筋保护层取85mm 。建筑场地地层条件： 1)粉质黏土层：I L ＝0.6，取q sk ＝60kPa ； 2)饱和软黏土层：因e ＝1.10，属于淤泥质土，取q sk ＝26kPa ； 3)硬塑黏土层：I L ＝0.25，取qsk ＝80kPa ，端土极限承载力标准值2500kPa 。 请进行群桩中单桩的竖向承载力验算。 MPa E KPa f s ak 5.2852==淤泥质土 /5.16m KN =γ
英语语言学-框架知识-中文版
一、绪论 语言学的定义 语言学的研究范畴 几对基本概念 语言的定义 语言的甄别特征 What is linguistics? 什么是语言学？ Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. It studies not any particular language, but languages in general. 语言学是对语言科学地进行研究的学科。语言学所要研究的不是某一种特定的语言，而是人类所有语言的特性。 The scope of linguistics 语言学研究的范畴 Phonetics语音学\Phonology音系学\Morphology形态学\Syntax句法学\Semantics语义学 \Pragmatics语用学\Sociolinguistics社会语言学\Psycholinguistics心理语言学\Applied linguistics应用语言学 Prescriptive vs. descriptive 规定性与描述性 Descriptive：a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use. Prescriptive: it aims lay down rules for "correct" behavior. Modern linguistics is descriptive; its investigations are based on authentic, and mainly spoken data. Traditional grammar is prescriptive; it is based on "high" written language Synchronic vs. diachronic 共时性与历史性 The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study In modern linguistics, synchronic study seems to enjoy priority over diachronic study. Speech and writing 口头语与书面语 Speech enjoys priority over writing in modern linguistics study for the following reasons: （1） speech precedes writing in terms of evolution （2） a large amount of communication is carried out in speech tan in writing （3） speech is the form in which infants acquire their native language Language and parole 语言与言语 Language refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community Parole refers to the realization of language in actual use Competence and performance 能力与运用 Chomsky defines competence as the ideal users' knowledge of the rules of his language Performance: the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication What is language? 什么是语言？ Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication Characteristics of language: 语言的特性 Language is a rule-governed system Language is basically vocal Language is arbitrary （the fact different languages have different words for the same
小学英语必备基础知识
小学英语必备基础知识 基础知识 1.字母：26个字母的大小写 ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 2.音标：48个音标 3.词汇：词汇量，近反义词 4.句子：大小写，标点符号 语法知识 一、名词：名词单复数，名词的格 (一)名词单复数 1.一般情况，直接加-s，如：book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds 2.以s. x. sh. ch结尾，加-es，如：bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches 3.以“辅音字母+y”结尾，变y为i, 再加-es，如：family-families, strawberry-strawberries 4.以“f或fe”结尾，变f或fe为v, 再加-es，如：knife-knives 5.不规则名词复数： man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen, mouse-mice，child-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, fish-fish, people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese 不可数名词的复数就是原型：paper, juice, water, milk, rice, tea (二)名词的格 (1) 有生命的东西的名词所有格： a) 单数后加’s 如: Lucy’s ruler my father’s shirt b) 以s 结尾的复数名词后加’如: his friends’ bags c) 不以s 结尾的复数后加’s children’s shoes l并列名词中，如果把’s加在最后一个名词后，表示共有, 如: Tom and Mike’s car 汤姆和迈克共有的小汽车 l要表示所有物不是共有的，应分别在并列名词后加’s Tom’s and Mike’s cars 汤姆和麦克各自的小汽车 (2)表示无生命东西的名词通常用“ of +名词”来表示所有关系：如: a picture of the classroom a map of China 二、冠词：不定冠词，定冠词种类： (1)不定冠词：a / an 元音开头的可数名词前用an : an egg / an apple / an orange / an eraser / an answer / an ID card / an alarm clock / an actor / an actress / an e-mail / an address / an event / an example / an opera / an houran old man / an interesting book / an exciting sport / an action movie / an art lesson / (2)定冠词：the 定冠词的用法：
建筑基础类型
建筑基础的类型 2.3.1 按材料及受力特点分类 一、刚性基础 由刚性材料制作的基础称为刚性基础。一般指抗压强度高，而抗拉、抗剪强度较低的材料就称为刚性材料。常用的有砖、灰土、混凝土、三合土、毛石等。为满足地基容许承载力的要求，基底宽B一般大于上部墙宽，为了保证基础不被拉力、剪力而破坏，基础必须具有相应的高度。通常按刚性材料的受力状况，基础在传力时只能在材料的允许范围内控制，这个控制范围的夹角称为刚性角，用α表示。砖、石基础的刚性角控制在(1：1.25)~(1：1. 50) (26o~33o) 以内，混凝土基础刚性角控制在1：1（45o）以内。
二、非刚性基础 当建筑物的荷载较大而地基承载能力较小时，基础底面B必须加宽，如果仍采用混凝土材料做基础，势必加大基础的深度，这样很不经济。如果在混凝土基础的底部配以钢筋，利用钢筋来承受拉应力，使基础底部能够承受较大的弯矩，这时，基础宽度不受刚性角的限制，故称钢筋混凝土基础为非刚性基础或柔性基础。 2.3.2 按构造型式分类 一、条形基础 当建筑物上部结构采用墙承重时，基础沿墙身设置，多做成长条形，这类基础称为条形基础或带形基础，是墙承式建筑基础的基本形式。 二、独立式基础 当建筑物上部结构采用框架结构或单层排架结构承重时，基
础常采用方形或矩形的独立式基础，这类基础称为独立式基础或柱式基础。独立式基础是柱下基础的基本形式。 当柱采用预制构件时，则基础做成杯口形，然后将柱子插人并嵌固在杯口内，故称杯形基础。 三、井格式基础 当地基条件较差，为了提高建筑物的整体性，．防止柱子之间产生不均匀沉降，常将柱下基础沿纵横两个方向扩展连接起来，做成十字交叉的井格基础。 四、片筏式基础 当建筑物上部荷载大，而地基又较弱，这时采用简单的条形基础或井格基础已不能适应地基变形的需要，通常将墙或柱下基础连成一片，使建筑物的荷载承受在一块整板上成为片筏基础。片筏基础有平板式和梁板式两种。 五、箱形基础 当板式基础做得很深时，常将基础改做成箱形基础。箱形基
《基础工程》总复习
第二章天然地基上浅基础的设计 1.选择地基基础类型时，主要考虑两方面的因素：①建筑物性质②地基的工程地质和水文地质情况。 2.天然地基：地基内是良好的土层或者上部有较厚的良好的土层时，一般将基础直接做在天然土层上的地基。 3.人工地基：加固上部土层，提高土层的承载能力，再把基础做在这种经过人工加固后的土层上。这种地基就叫人工地基。 4.桩基础：在地基中打桩，把建筑物支撑在桩台上，建筑物的荷载由桩传到地基深处较为密实的土层。这种基础叫做桩基础。 5.深基础：埋置深度大于5m或大于基础宽度，且把基础直接做在地基深处承载力较高的土层上。这种基础叫做深基础。 6.浅基础：埋置深度小于5m的一般基础以及埋置深度虽超过5m，但小于基础宽度的大尺寸基础，不必考虑侧面摩擦力的基础。 7.浅基础的分类：①单独基础或称独立基础：柱的一般情况下的基础②条形基础：墙下基础通常是连续设置成长条形，称为条形基础③筏形基础和箱形基础：当柱子或墙传来的荷载较大，但地基土较软弱，用单独基础或条形基础都不能满足地基承载力的要求时，或者地下水位常年在地下室的地坪以上，为了防止地下水渗入室内，往往需要把整个房屋底面做成一片连续的钢筋混凝土板，作为房屋的基础，称为筏形基础。为了增加基础板的刚度，以减小不均匀沉降，高层建筑物往往把地下室的地板、顶板、侧墙及一定数量的内隔墙连在一起构成一个整体刚度很强的钢筋混凝土箱形结构，称为箱形基础④壳形基础 8.刚性基础或称为无筋扩展基础：由砖、砌石、素混凝土、灰土和三合土等材料做成满足刚性角要求的基础。 9.扩展基础：当基础的高度不能满足刚性角要求时，可以做成钢筋混凝土基础，用钢筋承受基础底部的拉应力，以保证基础不发生断裂的基础 10.基础的埋置深度：设计地面到基础底面的垂直距离。基础埋置深度不宜浅于0.5m，基础顶面应低于设计地面100mm以上。 11.影响基础埋置深度的主要因素有三方面：①建筑物地用途、结构类型和荷载性质与大小②地基的地质和水文地质条件③寒冷地区土的冻胀性和地基的冻结深度 12.土冻结后，水分转移含水量增加，体积膨胀，这种现象称为土的冻胀现象。 13.地基计算主要包括三项内容：地基承载力验算、地基变形验算、地基稳定验算。 14.验算地基承载力所用的荷载组合是正常使用极限状态下荷载效应的标准组合。 15.地基承载力有三种确定方法：f a①现场载荷试验或其他原位测试方法：f a = f ak + ηbγ( b – 3 ) + ηdγm ( d – 0.5 )②规范建议的地基承载力公式法：f a = M bγb + M dγm d + M c c k③工程实践经验法：f a = ψr f rk。 16.直接支承基础的地基土层称为持力层。 17.持力层以下，若存在承载力明显低于持力层的土层，称为软弱下卧层。 18.地基变形引起基础沉降可以分为沉降量、沉降差、倾斜和局部倾斜四类。沉降量——独立基础中心点的沉降值或整幢建筑物基础的平均沉降值；沉降差——相邻两个柱基的沉降量之差；倾斜——基础倾斜方向两端点的沉降差与其距离的比值；局部倾斜——砌体承重结构沿纵向6～10m内基础两点的沉降差与其距离的比值。 19.地基变形验算所用的荷载组合为准永久组合，且不计入风荷载和地震作用。 20.地基稳定验算所用的荷载组合为承载能力极限状态下的基本组合。 21.在水平和竖向荷载共同作用下，地基失稳破坏的形式有两种：①沿基底产生表层滑动破坏：F s= f F/H =1.2~1.4；②深层整体滑动破坏：F s = M R/M S≥1.2 。 22.基础构造要求：（无筋扩展基础）①砖基础：台阶的宽高比b t / h = 1/1.5或b t / h = 1/2 ②砌石基础：每台阶至少有两层砌石，每个台阶的高度不小于300mm ③素混凝土基础：基础高度h≤350mm作一层台阶；350mm
小学英语基础知识总结
小学英语基础知识总结 小学英语基础知识总结大全 一、名词所有格语法 1、变法：在人名后面加's记住：'s要译成"的"eg:Lucy(名词所有格)Lucy's 2、如果是2个或2个以上人的名词所有格要在最后一个人名加's Eg:LilyandLucy(名词所有格)LilyandLucy'S LilyLucyandJulia(名词所有格)LilyLucyandJulia's 3、以s结尾的名词复数所有格在后面加'，eg:students' 二、一般疑问句 1、一般疑问句最基本的变法：be提前用问号读升调 2、my变成yourour变成yourIam/Weare变AreyouIcan变Canyou 4、一般疑问句翻译成汉语都有"吗"? 1)ThisismyEnglishteather.IsthisyourEnglishteather?2)Itis ourschool.Isityourschool? 3)Wearestudents.Areyoustudents?4)Icansing.Canyousing? 表示地点位置的介词 (1)at,in,on,to at表示在小地方;表示“在……附近，旁边”
in表示在大地方;表示“在…范围之内”。 on表示毗邻，接壤，“在……上面”。 to表示在……范围外，不强调是否接壤;或“到……” (2)above,over,on在……上 above指在……上方;over指垂直的上方,与under相对,但over 与物体有一定的空间，不直接接触;on表示某物体上面并与之接触。 Thebirdisflyingabovemyhead. Heputhiswatchonthedesk. (3)below,under在……下面;under表示在…正下方;below表示在……下，不一定在正下方 Thereisacatunderthetable.Pleasewriteyournamebelowtheline (横线). (4)infrontof,inthefrontof在……前面 infrontof…意思是“在……前面”，指甲物在乙物之前，两者 互不包括;Therearesomeflowersinfrontofthehouse.(房子前面有些 花卉。) inthefrontof意思是“在…..的`前部”，即甲物在乙物的内 部.Thereisablackboardinthefrontofourclassroom. (5)beside，behind beside表示在……旁边 behind表示在……后面 情态动词用于肯定猜测 1.must用于肯定句，表示较有把握的推测，意为“准是，一定”。后面接动词原形，表示对现在的推测。如： -I'vehadnosleepfor48hours.我已经48小时没睡觉了。
建筑基础类型分类
建筑基础类型分类 基础类型分类扫盲(建筑物、构筑物) 453 地基、基础的定义，《建筑地基基础设计规范》 GB50007-2002 基础foundation:将结构所承受的各种作用传递到地基上的结构组成部分。 地基subgrade foundation soils:为支承基础的土体或岩体。 按照不同条件的简单分类 按基础使用的材料划分 灰土基础、砖基础、毛石基础、混凝土基础、钢筋混凝土基础。 按基础埋置深度划分 浅基础、深基础。埋置深度不超过5M者称为浅基础，大于5M者称为深基础。基础埋深是指从室外设计地坪至基础底面的垂直距离。埋深大于等于5米的基础称为深基础;埋深在0.5米~5米之间的基础称为浅基础。基础埋深不得浅于0.5米。实际工程施工角度来讲，基础埋深的原则是这样的:要在冰冻线以下，同时尽可能在最高地下水位以上，考虑腐殖土层具备承载力，基础埋深要考虑与地基整体、协同承载建筑物的压力。 按基础受力性能划分 (一) 刚性基础:是指抗压强度较高，而抗弯和抗拉强度较低的材料建造的基础。所用材料有混凝土、砖、毛石、灰土、三合土等，一般可用于六层及其以下的民用建筑和墙承重的轻型厂房。 (二) 柔性基础:用抗拉和抗弯强度都很高的材料建造的基础称为柔性基础。 一般用钢筋混凝土制作。这种基础适用于上部结构荷载比较大、地基比较柔软、用刚性基础不能满足要求的情况。
按基础构造形式划分 条形基础、独立基础、满堂基础(筏板基础、箱型基础)和桩基础。 (一) 条形基础:当建筑物采用砖墙承重时，墙下基础常连续设置，形成通长的条形基础。当柱下独立基础不能满足承载力，或地基变性要求时，也可以做成柱下混凝土条形基础。 (二) 独立基础:当建筑物上部为框架结构或单独柱子时，常采用独立基础;若柱子为预制时，则采用杯形基础形式。 (三) 满堂基础:当上部结构传下的荷载很大、地基承载力很低、独立基础不能满足地基要求时，常将这个建筑物的下部做成整块钢筋混凝土基础，成为满堂基础。按构造又分为筏板基础和箱形基础两种。 筏板基础:是埋在地下的连片基础，适用于有地下室或地基承载力较低、上部传来的荷载较大的情况。 箱型基础:当伐形基础埋深较大，并设有地下室时，为了增加基础的刚度，将地下室的底板、顶板和墙浇制成整体箱形基础。箱形的内部空间构成地下室，具有较大的强度和刚度，多用于高层建筑。 (四) 桩基础:当建造比较大的工业与民用建筑时，若地基的软弱土层较厚，采用浅埋基础不能满足地基强度和变形要求，常采用桩基。桩基的作用是将荷载通过桩传给埋藏较深的坚硬土层，或通过桩周围的摩擦力传给地基。 按照施工方法可分为钢筋混凝土预制桩和灌注桩。 钢筋混凝土预制桩:这种桩在施工现场或构件场预制，用打桩机打入土中，然后再在桩顶浇注钢筋混凝土承台。优点是材料省、强度高、承载力大、耐久性好，不受地下水位变化的影响，适用于较高要求的建筑。但自重大，运输和吊装比较困难，打桩时震动较大，对周围房屋有一定影响。施工难度高，受机械数量限制施工时间长。
基础工程考试复习重点
基础工程复习要点 一、地基 1、场地与地基的概念 答：①场地：指工程建筑所处的和直接使用的土地。 ②地基：指场地范围内直接承托建筑物基础的岩土。 二、浅基础 1、地基（天然地基与人工地基）与基础（浅基础与深基础）的概念。 答：①天然地基：地基内是良好的土层或者上部有较厚的良好土层，一般 将基础直接做在天然土层上。 人工地基：加固上部土层，提高土层的承载能力，再将基础做在这种 经人工加固后的图层上。 ②浅基础：置于天然地基上、埋置深度小于5m的一般基础（柱基或墙基）以及埋置深度超过5m，但小于基础宽度的大尺寸基础（箱形、筏型基础），不考虑侧面摩阻力。 深基础：直接做在地基深处承载力较高的土层上，埋置深度超过m或 大于基础宽度，计算时考虑摩阻力的基础。 2、地基基础设计必须满足三个基本条件。 答：（1）承载力要求：作用于地基上的荷载效应（基底压应力）不得超过 地基容许承载力或地基承载力特征值。 （2）沉降和稳定性要求：基础沉降不得超过地基变形容许值；挡土墙、边坡以及地基基础应保证具有足够防止失稳破坏的安全储备。 （3）基础作为结构物，应满足结构的强度、刚度和耐久性要求 3、地基基础设计等级划分，应符合的规定；
答：①等级划分：甲乙丙三级高到低 最根本规定： a.所有等级建筑物的地基设计都要满足承载力的要求 b.设计等级甲级和乙级的建筑物均应该按地基变形设计。 c.丙级建筑物除规定的情况外，可以不做变形验算。 d.对经常收到水平荷载作用的高层建筑、高耸结构、水工结构和挡土结构，除 了进行承载力验算和变形验算，还应该进行地基稳定性验算。 e.在确定基础或桩台的高度、支撑结构的截面、计算基础或支挡结构的内力， 确定配筋和验算材料强度时，作用组合应按承载能力极限状态下的作用的基本 组合，并采用相应的分项系数。 f.基础设计安全等级、结构设计使用年限、结构重要性系数应按有关规定采用，但结构的重要性系数不应小于1.0. 4、浅基础的设计步骤； 答：①阅读和分析建筑物场地的地质勘查资料和建筑物的设计资料，进行相应 的现场勘察和调查。 ②选择基础的结构类型和建筑材料。 ③选择持力层，决定合适的基础埋置深度。 ④确定地基基础设计的承载力和作用在基础上的荷载组合，计算基础的初步尺寸。 ⑤根据地基基础设计等级进行必要的地基计算，包括持力层和软弱下卧层以及 承载力的验算，地基变形验算和地基稳定验算。 ⑥进行基础的结构和构造设计、 ⑦当有深基坑开挖时，应考虑基坑开挖的支护和排水、降水问题。