Francis Bacon

Francis Bacon

弗兰西斯·培根（Francis Bacon，1561-1626）是与莎士比亚同时代的人，生于伦敦一个贵族家庭，父亲曾先后在亨利八世、伊丽莎白一世宫廷供职。培根天赋极高，12岁便进入剑桥大学三一学院读书，23岁当上了下议院议员。1620年培根晋封子爵，57岁时任大法官，三年后因受贿被捕入狱，褫夺一切公职，晚年致力于哲学著述和科学研究。培根是现代科学的奠基人，马克思称他为“英国唯物主义及现代实验科学之父”。《学术的推进》（Advancement of Learning, 1605）总结了前人的一切知识，并进行归类。拉丁文著作《新工具》（New Instrument , 1620）阐述了归纳法。培根学识渊博，阅历丰富，对社会人生和周围事物悉心观察，周密思考，写了很多短小隽永的随笔，题材涉及政治、人情、处世、经营、修身。1597年他将10篇文章结集出版《论说文集》（Essays），1612年扩展为38篇，1625年增至58篇。培根论说文中许多言简意赅、充满哲理的精辟语句已成为格言名句。

培根1561年出生于伦敦，是伊丽莎白女王手下一位高级政府官员的次子。他十二岁进入剑桥大学三一学院，但是三年后中途辍学，未获得学位。他从十六岁开始给英国驻巴黎大使当一个时期的官员。但是当培根十八岁时，他的父亲猝死，未能给他留下什么钱财。因此他开始攻读法律，二十一岁时找到一个律师的职业。

他的政治生涯就是在此后不久开始的。二十三岁时他被选为下议院议员。虽然他有高朋贵亲和显赫的才华，但是伊丽莎白女王拒绝委任他任何要职，或有利可图之职。其理由之一是他在议会中果敢地反对女王坚决支持的某项税务法案。他生活奢侈，挥霍无度，“借”债累累，无所顾忌。（实际上他曾一次因欠债而被捕）。

伊丽莎白女王于1603年去世，培根成为她的继承人詹姆斯一世国王的顾问。虽然詹姆斯拒不采纳培根的劝告，但是他却赏识培根，在詹姆斯统治期间，培根在政府步步高升。1607年培根成为法务次长，1618年被任为英国大法官，一个与美国法院院长大体相等的职务；同年被封为男爵；1621年被封为子爵。

但是乐极生悲，培根随后便大难临头。作为一个法官，培根当面接受诉讼当事人的“礼物”，虽然此事非常普遍，但是却显然违反法律。他在议会中的政敌正想抓住这个机会把他赶下台去。培根招供了，被判了徒刑，关押在伦敦塔，终身不得担任任何公职，同时，还被罚了一笔巨款。国王不久就将培根从狱中释放出来，免除了对他的罚款，但是他的政治生涯已告终结。

●读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞使人

善辩，凡有所学，皆成性格。

●青年人更适之发明而非为判断，更适之实干而非为商议，更适之创新之举而非为既定之业……老

年人否定之多，磋商之久，冒险之少……若青老两结合，必将受益匪浅，……因为彼此可以取长补短……

●爱情的报偿要么是回报，要么是内心秘而不宣的轻蔑。

●知识就是力量

《论读书》详细讨论了读书的目的和功用，分析了世人对读书的不同态度，介绍了读书的各种方法。文章写于17世纪，行文简约，略带古风而又明白畅达。培根采用排比修辞手法，文中警句叠出，如“读书足以怡情，足以博采，足以长才，”“读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩，凡有所学，皆成性格，”已成为家喻户晓的名言。作为一名熟谙世故、饶有见识、讲究实用的哲人和政治家，培根强调读书方法要得当，不能死读书。他告戒我们：“用书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭观察得之。”文章充分体现了培根的风格，有一种正襟危坐、谈经论道之势。他文笔简练，说理准确，不论以小喻大或以大喻小，都能鞭辟入里，字里行间闪烁着智慧的光芒。《论读书》文风古雅，紧凑庄重，不失为英语精品之作，值得读者仔细玩味。

Francis Bacon (1561-1626), the founder of English materialist philosophy and the pioneer of modern science, was the younger son of Sir Nicholas Bacon, Lord Keeper of the Seal, and of the learned Ann Cook, sister-in-law to Lord Burleigh, greatest of Queen Elizabeth’s statesmen. From these connections, as well as from native gifts, he was attracted to the court, and as a child was called by Elizabeth her “Little Lord Keeper”. At twelve he went to Cambridge, but left the university after two years, declaring the whole plan of education to be radically wrong, and the system of Aristotle to be a childish delusion, since in the course of centuries it had “produced no fruit, but only a jungle of dry and useless branches.” Next year, he accompanied the English ambassador to France, where he is said to have busied himself chiefly with the practical studies of statistics and diplomacy. Two years later he was recalled to London by the death of his father. Bacon then took up the study of law and was admitted to the bar in 1582. As a lawyer he became immediately successful, and his knowledge

and power of pleading became widely known. But Bacon was not content and his head was buzzing with a huge scheme –the establishment of a new philosophy. Meanwhile, he played the game of politics for his personal advantage. During Elizabeth’s reign Bacon had sought repeatedly for high office, but had been blocked by Burleigh, who misjudged him as a dreamer, and perhaps also by the qu een’s shrewdness in judging men. He made the acquaintance of the earl of Essex, who treated him with generosity and endeavored to advance him in his career. Nevertheless, having been appointed to investigate the causes of Essex’s revolt in 1601, he was largely responsible for the earl’s conviction. With the advent of James I. Bacon devoted himself to the new ruler and rose rapidly in favour. He was knighted and obtained one important office after another until he became Lord Chancellor. But Bacon did not long enjoy his political honours. In 1621 he was charged with bribery and was deprived of his office, fined and banished from London. The remaining years of his life were spent in literary and philosophical work. One day in the spring of 1626, he did an experiment in a snowstorm, which chilled him, and died soon after from the effects of his exposure. As Macaulay wrote, “the great apostle of experimental philosophy was destined to be its martyr.”

Bacon’s works may be divided into three classes, the philosophi cal, the literary and the professional works. The best known philosophical works are: the Advancement of Learning, a summary of all human knowledge, and the New Instrument, a statement of what is called the Inductive Method of reasoning. Of Bacon’s literary works, the most important ate the Essays, which covers a wide variety of subjects suggested by the life of men. The largest and most important of his professional works are the treatises entitled Maxims of the Law and Reading on the Statute of Use. Bacon wrote much in Latin but he was capable of varied and beautiful style in English. There is a peculiar magnificence and picturesqueness in much of his writing and his English is terse, pithy, packed with thought, but he is sometimes obscure.

?Francis Bacon, a representative of the English renaissance, is a well-known philosopher, scientist and essayist.

?He began his professional life as a lawyer, but he has become best known as a philosophical advocate and defender of the scientific revolution.

?Ba con’s works establish and popularize an inductive methodology for scientific inquiry, often called the Baconian method. Induction implies drawing knowledge from the natural world through experimentation, observation, and testing of hypotheses. In the context of his time, such methods were connected with the occult trends of hermeticism and alchemy

?Bacon’s Importance to Literature

?

?1st, he was the first English writer to pay attention to the audience to whom he was writing.

?2nd, he wrote the greatest tracts on education in the English language, Advancement of Learning.

?3rd, he and Newton represent the advancement of science during the 17th century. In fact, Bacon devised the inductive method of doing research.

?4th, he introduced the essay as a literary form into the English language.

培根“Of studies”(附王佐良中译文)

Francis Bacon Of Studies? STUDIES serve for delight,for ornament,and for ability.Their chief use for delight,is in privateness and retiring;for ornament,is in discourse;and for ability,is in the judgment,and disposition of business.For expert men can execute,and perhaps judge of particulars,one by one;but the general counsels,and the plots and marshalling of affairs,come best,from those that are learned.To spend too much time in studies is sloth;to use them too much for ornament,is affectation;to make judgment wholly by their rules,is the humor of a scholar.They perfect nature,and are perfected by experience:for natural abilities are like natural plants,that need proyning,by study;and studies themselves,do give forth directions too much at large,except they be bounded in by experience.Crafty men contemn studies,simple men admire them,and wise men use them;for they teach not their own use;but that is a wisdom without them,and above them,won by observation.Read not to contradict and confute;nor to believe and take for granted;nor to find talk and discourse;but to weigh and consider.Some books are to be tasted,others to be swallowed,and some few to be chewed and digested;that is,some books are to be read only in parts;others to be read,but not curiously;and some few to be read wholly,and with diligence and attention.Some books also may be read by deputy,and extracts made of them by others;but that would be only in the less important arguments,and the meaner sort of books,else distilled books are like common distilled waters,flashy things. Reading maketh a full man;conference a ready man;and writing an exact man. And therefore,if a man write little,he had need have a great memory;if he confer little, he had need have a present wit:and if he read little,he had need have much cunning,to seem to know,that he doth not.Histories make men wise;poets witty;the mathematics subtile;natural philosophy deep;moral grave;logic and rhetoric able to contend.Abeunt studia in mores.1Nay,there is no stond or impediment in the wit,but may be wrought out by fit studies;like as diseases of the body,may have appropriate exercises.Bowling is good for the stone and reins;shooting for the lungs and breast;gentle walking for the ?THE ESSAYS OR COUNSELS,CIVIL AND MORAL,OF FRANCIS Ld.VERULAM VISCOUNT ST.ALBANS 1Studies pass into the character.

Francis Bacon

Francis Bacon(1561-1626) a representative of the English Renaissance, a well-known philosopher, scientist and essayist. Points of View ?As a philosopher and scientist, he lays the foundation for modern science with his insistence on scientific way of thinking and fresh observation rather than authority as a basis for obtaining knowledge. ?He contributed to logics by founding the inductive method of reasoning, i.e. proceeding from the particular to the general, in place of Aristotelian method, deductive reasoning, i.e. proceeding from the general to the particular. Bacon’s works ?Bacon’s works may be divided into three classes, the philosophical, the literary, and the professional works. ?The principal philosophical work is The Advancement of Learning(1605) (论科学的价值和发展), written in English; Novum Organum (1620) (新工具), is an enlarged Latin version of The Advancement of Learning. ?His literary works are in the second group, among which the most famous is Essays. His Essays is the first example of that genre in English literature in the development of English prose. ?The most important professional works include Maxims of the Law (法律原理) and The Learned Reading upon the Statute of Uses (1642) (法令使用读本). The Advancement of Learning ?It is a great tract on education. ?In Book I, Bacon highly praises knowledge, refusing the objections to learning and outlining the problems with which his plan is to deal. Also he answers the charge that learning is against religion. ?The second book is a survey of learning, which explains its importance in scholarship. According to Bacon, man's understanding consists of three parts: history to man's memory, poetry to man's imagination and creation, and philosophy to man's reason Novum Organum ?It is a successful treatise written in Latin on methodology. It is the most impressive display of Bacon's intellect. The argument is for the use of inductive method of reasoning in scientific study. But Bacon first expounds the four great false conceivings that beset men's mind and prevent them from seeking the truth. Then in his second book, Bacon suggests the inductive reasoning, i.e. proceeding from the particular to the general, in place of the Aristotelian method, the deductive reasoning, i.e. proceeding from the general to the particular. By putting forward this theory, Bacon, as a humanist intellect, shows the new empirical attitudes toward truth about nature and bravely challenges the medieval scholasticists. Bacon’s Essays ?Bacon’s Essays, first published in 1597 and issued in its final form in 1625, have generally been considered as important landmarks in the development of English prose, and the first collection of essays in the English language. These essays, totaled 58, are all short pieces of the author’s reflections and comments covering a wide-ranging subjects, such as philosophy, religion and political system as well as ethics, self-cultivation, almost always showing the practical wisdom of the author and written for successful conduct of life. The characteristics ?Bacon’s essays vary in theme, including his personal opinions on friendship, love, old age, truth, beauty, etc. and are famous for their brevity, compactness and powerfulness. ?His essays are well-arranged and enriched by Biblical allusions, metaphors and cadence. Of Studies

手术分级

肝胆胰外科 一级手术 1. 简单开放性胆囊切除、胆囊造口术 2. 简单胆总管切开探查及造口术 3. 肝囊肿开窗及肝脓肿切开引流术 4. 急性胰腺炎引流手术及胰腺囊肿外引流术 二级手术 1. 较复杂的开放性胆囊切除术 2. 较复杂的胆总管切开探查及造口术 3. 一般胆囊、胆总管—十二指肠、空肠吻合术 4. 肝破裂修补、肝活检及肝边缘病灶切除术 5. 边缘肝切除、肝左外叶切除术 6. 肝囊肿内引流、胰腺假性囊肿内引流术 7. 胰尾切除、胰体尾裂伤手术及胰腺坏死组织清除及引流术 8. 腹腔镜胆囊切除及肝囊肿开窗 9. 脾切除术10. 肝动脉结扎、栓塞及肝动脉、门静脉插管、化疗盒植入术11. Oddi括约肌成形术12. 经皮肝穿胆管造影及引流术（PTC、PTCD）13. 简单门体断流术 三级手术 1. 半肝切除术 2. 肝门部肝胆管成形及高位肝胆管空肠吻合术 3. 复杂或改进的胆总管空肠吻合术 4. 胆总管囊肿手术 5. 再次胆道手术 6. 腹腔镜胆道手术 7. 内镜、X光或超声引导下胆石、胆道狭窄支架手术 8. 胰十二指肠切除、全胰、胰头切除术 9. 胰头部复杂裂伤及胰十二指肠联合伤手术10. 门腔静脉分流及复杂门体断流手术11. 腹腔镜下肝边缘切除及脾切除术 四级手术 1. 肝移植受体手术 2. 半肝以上肝切除、肝中叶切除、肝尾状叶切除 3. 活体供肝切取术 4. 胰腺移植 5. 布—加综合征手术 6. 新技术新项目手术 胃肠外科 一级手术 1. 一般腹外疝修补术 2. 阑尾切除术 3. 胃十二指肠溃疡单纯修补术 4. 简单胃肠道破裂修补及造口术 5. 一般痔、肛瘘手术 6. 小肠吻合及其他腹腔、胃肠道简单手术二级手术 1．良性病变的胃、结肠切除及重建2．迷走神经切断手术3．简单门体静脉断流术4．十二指肠手术及广泛小肠切除术5．复杂疝修补术及人工补片疝修补术6．复杂痔、肛瘘手术7．弥漫性腹膜炎的剖腹探查术8．胃肠道瘘修补及造口闭合术9．一般消化道异物取出术 三级手术 1. 全胃、全（次全）结肠切除术 2. 胃癌、结肠癌、直肠癌根治术 3. 贲门部手术 4. 肛门、肛管成形手术 5. 腹部外伤休克状态下的探查术 6. 消化道出血休克状态下的探查术 7. 腹腔镜下胃肠穿孔修补及阑尾切除术 8. 复杂胃肠内镜治疗 9. 良性病变的一般腹腔镜胃肠道手术10. 复杂及高危险消化道异物取出术11. 巨大息肉摘除术 四级手术 1. 恶性肿瘤的腹腔镜胃、结直肠切除及消化道重建手术 2. 同种异体小肠移植 3. 腹腔镜下结直肠癌根治 4. 新技术新项目手术 甲状腺外科 一级手术 1. 甲状腺腺瘤或囊肿切除 2. 甲状舌管囊肿切除 3. 甲状腺部分切除 4. 颈部淋巴管囊肿切除 5. 颈部肿块切除活检 二级手术 1. 甲状腺腺叶切除 2. 甲状腺大部或次全切除 三级手术

常见手术分级

胃肠外科 一级手术 1. 一般腹外疝修补术 2. 阑尾切除术 3. 胃十二指肠溃疡单纯修补术 4. 简单胃肠道破裂修补及造口术 5. 一般痔、肛瘘手术 6. 小肠吻合及其他腹腔、胃肠道简单手术二级手术 1．良性病变的胃、结肠切除及重建2．迷走神经切断手术3．简单门体静脉断流术4．十二指肠手术及广泛小肠切除术5．复杂疝修补术及人工补片疝修补术6．复杂痔、肛瘘手术7．弥漫性腹膜炎的剖腹探查术8．胃肠道瘘修补及造口闭合术9．一般消化道异物取出术 三级手术 1. 全胃、全（次全）结肠切除术 2. 胃癌、结肠癌、直肠癌根治术 3. 贲门部手术 4. 肛门、肛管成形手术 5. 腹部外伤休克状态下的探查术 6. 消化道出血休克状态下的探查术 7. 腹腔镜下胃肠穿孔修补及阑尾切除术 8. 复杂胃肠内镜治疗 9. 良性病变的一般腹腔镜胃肠道手术10. 复杂及高危险消化道异物取出术11. 巨大息肉摘除术 四级手术 1. 恶性肿瘤的腹腔镜胃、结直肠切除及消化道重建手术 2. 同种异体小肠移植 3. 腹腔镜下结直肠癌根治 4. 新技术新项目手术 甲状腺外科 一级手术 1. 甲状腺腺瘤或囊肿切除 2. 甲状舌管囊肿切除 3. 甲状腺部分切除 4. 颈部淋巴管囊肿切除 5. 颈部肿块切除活检 二级手术 1. 甲状腺腺叶切除 2. 甲状腺大部或次全切除 三级手术 1. 甲状腺癌根治性切除术 2. 颈淋巴结清扫 3. 甲状腺全切除术 4. 胸骨后甲状腺切除 5. 甲状旁腺手术 四级手术 1. 腹腔镜甲状腺手术 2. 新技术新项目手术 肛肠外科 一级手术 1. 肛周皮下脓肿切开引流及一期根治术 2. 简单肛瘘切开，切除术或挂线疗法 3. 肛裂切除术 4. 肛乳头肥大切除术 5. 单纯内痔及血栓外痔切除术 6. 结肠造口术二级手术 1. 结肠部分切除术 2. 经肛门直肠良性息肉切除术 3. 混合痔外剥内扎术 4. 乙状结肠扭转复位术 5. 吻合器痔上黏膜环切钉合术（PPH） 6. 藏毛窦囊肿和窦道切除术 7. 肛周Paget 病手术 8. 造口旁疝修补术 9. 造口还纳术 三级手术 1. 右半，左半，横及乙状结肠癌根治术 2. 经腹或会阴直肠癌根治术 3. 直肠脱垂固定术 4. 直肠骶骨悬吊术 5. 直肠脱垂直肠周围硬化剂注射疗法 6. 肛门圈缩小术 7. Ripstein, Goldberg, Aitemeir, Nigro手术 8. 复杂肛瘘切开或挂线术 9. 肛提肌上脓肿切开引流术10. 经肛门或阴道直肠前突修补术11. 结肠次全切除盲肠直肠吻合术12. Hartmann手术13. 全结肠直肠节除，永久性回肠造口术 四级手术 1. 直肠癌扩大根治术 2. 改变Bacon手术 3. 后盆腔切除术 4. 全盆腔清扫术 5. 合结肠

Francis Bacon

Francis Bacon, 1st Viscount Saint Alban, KC (22 January 1561 – 9 April 1626) was an English philosopher, statesman, scientist, lawyer, jurist and author. He is known as the Father of Empiricism and famously died of pneumonia contracted while studying the effects of freezing on the preservation of meat. He served both as Attorney General and Lord Chancellor of England. Although his political career ended in disgrace, he remained extremely influential through his works, especially as philosophical advocate and practitioner of the scientific method and pioneer in the scientific revolution. His works established and popularized deductive methodologies for scientific inquiry, often called the Baconian method or simply, the scientific method. His demand for a planned procedure of investigating all things natural marked a new turn in the rhetorical and theoretical framework for science, much of which still surrounds conceptions of proper methodology today. His dedication probably led to his death so bringing him into a rare historical group of scientists who were killed by their own experiments. Bacon was knighted in 1603, created Baron Verulam in 1618, and Viscount St Alban in 1621; as he died without heirs both peerages became extinct upon his death. List of published works Many of Bacon's writings were only published after his death in 1626. Essays (1597) The Elements of the Common Law of England (1597) A Declaration of the Practises & Treasons Attempted and Committed by Robert, late Earl of Essex and his Complices (1601) Francis Bacon His Apology, in Certain Imputations Concerning the late Earl of Essex (1604) Certain Considerations Touching the Better Pacification and Edification of the Church of England (1604) The Proficience and Advancement of Learning (1605) Cogitata et Visa (Thoughts and Conclusions; 1607) Redargutio Philosphiarum (The Refutation of Philosophies; 1608, published posthumously) Inquisitio Legitima de Motu (1608?, published 1653) De sapientia veterum liber (1609) Descriptio Globi Intellectus (1612) Thema Coeli (1612, published 1653) The Charge of Sir Francis Bacon, Knight, the King's Attorney-General, Touching Duels (1614) The Wisdom of the Ancients (1619) De Principiis atque Originibus (1620, published 1653) Novum Organum (1620) The History of the Reign of King Henry the Seventh (1622) Historia Naturalis et Experimentalis (1623)[33] Apophthegms, New and Old (1625) The Translation of Certain Psalms (1625) New Atlantis (1626) De Augmentis Scientiarium (1623) Sylva Sylvarum (1623, published 1627) Scripta in naturali et universli philisophia (pub. 1653) Baconiana, Or Certain Genuine Remains Of Sr. Francis Bacon (pub. 1679)

Of Study-Francis Bacon

培根《论读书》（Of Study） STUDIES serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment, and disposition of business. For expert men can exe-cute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs, come best, from those that are learned. To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humor of a scholar. They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need proyning, by study; and studies themselves, do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience. Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation. Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them bothers; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books, else distilled books are like common distilled waters, flashy things. Reading make a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit: and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know, that he doth not. Histories make men

Of Studies Francis Bacon

Of Studies 王佐良先生译文（英汉对照） STUDIES serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. 读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才。 Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; (a retiring room 休息室) 其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时； for ornament, is in discourse; 其傅彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中； and for ability, is in the judgment, and disposition部署of business. 其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。 For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; 练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节， but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs, come best, from those that are learned. 然纵观统筹、全局策划，则舍好学深思者莫属。 To spend too much time in studies is sloth; 读书费时过多易惰， to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; 文采藻饰太盛则矫， to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humor怪僻的行为of a scholar. 全凭条文断事乃学究故态。 They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: 读书补天然之不足，经验又补读书之不足， for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning, by study; 盖天生才干犹如自然花草，读书然后知如何修剪移接； and studies themselves, do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience. 而书中所示，如不以经验范之，则又大而无当。 Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; 有一技之长者鄙读书，无知者羡读书，唯明智之士用读书， for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above th em, won by observation. 然书并不以用处告人，用书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭观察得之。

Francis Bacon

一．Francis Bacon & Ben Johnson 1．Francis Bacon的简介 ①Francis Bacon（1561－1626）was the founder of English materialist philosophy（唯物主义哲学）。He was born into the family of Sir Nicholas Bacon，keeper of the Privy Seal （御玺）to Queen Elizabeth. The boy early won the favor of the Queen. He went to Cambridge at twelve and after graduating at sixteen，took up law. He soon became one of the most successful lawyers of the time. At twenty-three he became a member of the House of Commons（下议院）and his judgment and eloquence（口才）made him famous. When James I came to England，Bacon obtained one important office after another until he became lord Chancellor（大法官）and was made a peer （nobleman）in 1618. He was an admirable judge，but in the course of rising he had made enemies who charged him with bribery （受贿）。He was convicted （判罪）deprived （免去）of his office，fined and banished （流放）from London in 1621. Five years later，he died in disgrace （耻辱）。 Francis Bacon，lawyer，statesman，philosopher and master of English tongue，is famous not only for his philosophical works，but also for his essays.In 1597 he published a collection of ten essays，which were afterwards increased to fifty-eight，including the well-known one “On Reading”，whose title is actually “Of Studies”。These essays cover a wide variety of subjects，such as love，truth，friendship，parents and children，beauty，studies，youth and age and many others. They have won popularity for his clearness，brevity （简短）and force of expression. Many of his sentences have become wise old sayings—“Men fear death as children fear to go in the dark，” “Reading makes a full man；conference a ready（敏捷的）man，and writing an exact man”。 “Some books are to be tasted，others to be swallowed，and some few to be chewed and digested.” This is a very famous saying from “Of Studies”。No advice is better than this. It tells us how to read different kinds of books.

Essays of Francis Bacon(of studies)

Essays of Francis Bacon Of Studies STUDIES serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment, and disposition of business. For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs, come best, from those that are learned. To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humor of a scholar. They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning, by study; and studies themselves, do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience. Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation. Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books, else distilled books are like common distilled waters, flashy things. Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit: and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know, that he doth not. Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. Abeunt studia in mores. Nay, there is no stond or impediment in the wit, but may be wrought out by fit studies; like as diseases of the body, may have appropriate exercises. Bowling is good for the stone and reins; shooting for the lungs and breast; gentle walking for the stomach; riding for the head; and the like. So if a man's wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his wit be called away never so little, he must begin again. If his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences, let him study the Schoolmen; for they are cymini sectores. If he be not apt to beat over matters, and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyers' cases. So every defect of the mind, may have a special receipt.