美国历届总统就职演说全集

美国历届总统就职演说全集

篇一：美国历届总统就职演讲(中英文对照)

第44任总统奥巴马发表就职演说

myfellowcitizens:

我的同胞们：istandheretodayhumbledbythetaskbeforeus,gratefulforthetrustyouhavebest owed,mindfulofthesacrificesbornebyourancestors.ithankPresidentBushfor hisservicetoournation,aswellasthegenerosityandcooperationhehasshownth roughoutthistransition.

今天我站在这里，看到眼前面临的重大任务，深感卑微。我感谢你们对我的信任，也知道先辈们为了这个国家所作的牺牲。我要感谢布什总统为国家做出的贡献，以及感谢他在两届政府过渡期间给与的慷慨协作。

Forty-fouramericanshavenowtakenthepresidentialoath.Thewordshavebeen spokenduringrisingtidesofprosperityandthestillwatersofpeace.Yet,everyso oftentheoathistakenamidstgatheringcloudsandragingstorms.atthesemomen ts,americahascarriedonnotsimplybecauseoftheskillorvisionofthoseinhigho ffice,butbecausewethePeoplehaveremainedfaithfultotheidealsofourforbear ers,andtruetoourfoundingdocuments.

迄今为止，已经有44个美国总统宣誓就职。总统的宣誓有时面对的

是国家的和平繁荣，但通常面临的是乌云密布的紧张形势。在紧张的形势中，支持美国前进的不仅仅是领导人的能力和远见，也在于美国人民对国家先驱者理想的信仰，以及对美国立国文件的忠诚。Soithasbeen.Soitmustbewiththisgenerationofamericans.

前辈们如此，我们这一代美国人也要如此。Thatweareinthemidstofcrisisisnowwellunderstood.ournationisatwar,again stafar-reachingnetworkofviolenceandhatred.oureconomyisbadlyweakened ,aconsequenceofgreedandirresponsibilityonthepartofsome,butalsoourcolle ctivefailuretomakehardchoicesandpreparethenationforanewage.Homeshav ebeenlost;jobsshed;businessesshuttered.ourhealthcareistoocostly;ourscho olsfailtoomany;andeachdaybringsfurtherevidencethatthewaysweuseenerg ystrengthenouradversariesandthreatenourplanet.

现在我们都深知，我们身处危机之中。我们的国家在战斗，对手是影响深远的暴力和憎恨；国家的经济也受到严重的削弱，原因虽有一些人的贪婪和不负责任，但更为重要的是我们作为一个整体在一些重大问题上决策失误，同时也未能做好应对新时代的准备。我们的人民正在失去家园，失去工作，很多企业倒闭。社会的医疗过于昂贵、学校教育让许多人失望，而且每天都会有新的证据显示，我们利用能源的方式助长了我们的敌对势力，同时也威胁着我们的星球。Thesearetheindicatorsofcrisis,subjecttodataandstatistics.Lessmeasurableb utnolessprofoundisasappingofconfidenceacrossourland-anaggingfearthata merica'sdeclineisinevitable,andthatthenextgenerationmustloweritssi

ghts.

统计数据的指标传达着危机的消息。危机难以测量，但更难以测量的是其对美国人国家自信的侵蚀--现在一种认为美国衰落不可避免，我们的下一代必须低调的言论正在吞噬着人们的自信。Todayisaytoyouthatthechallengeswefacearereal.Theyareseriousandtheyare many.Theywillnotbemeteasilyorinashortspanoftime.Butknowthis,america -theywillbemet.

今天我要说，我们的确面临着很多严峻的挑战，而且在短期内不大可能轻易解决。但是我们要相信，我们一定会度过难关。onthisday,wegatherbecausewehavechosenhopeoverfear,unityofpurposeov erconflictanddiscord.

今天，我们在这里齐聚一堂，因为我们战胜恐惧选择了希望，摒弃了冲突和矛盾而选择了团结。

onthisday,wecometoproclaimanendtothepettygrievancesandfalsepromises, therecriminationsandwornoutdogmas,thatforfartoolonghavestrangledourp olitics.

今天，我们宣布要为无谓的摩擦、不实的承诺和指责画上句号，我们要打破牵制美国政治发展的若干陈旧教条。weremainayoungnation,butinthewordsofScripture,thetimehascometosetasi dechildishthings.Thetimehascometoreaffirmourenduringspirit;tochooseou rbetterhistory;tocarryforwardthatpreciousgift,thatnobleidea,passedonfrom generationtogeneration:theGod-givenpromisethatallareequal,allarefree,an

dalldeserveachancetopursuetheirfullmeasureofhappiness.

美国仍是一个年轻的国家，借用《圣经》的话说，放弃幼稚的时代已经到来了。重拾坚韧精神的时代已经到来，我们要为历史作出更好的选择，我们要秉承历史赋予的宝贵权利，秉承那种代代相传的高贵理念：上帝赋予我们每个人以平等和自由，以及每个人尽全力去追求幸福的机会。

inreaffirmingthegreatnessofournation,weunderstandthatgreatnessisnevera given.itmustbeearned.ourjourneyhasneverbeenoneofshort-cutsorsettlingfo rless.ithasnotbeenthepathforthefaint-hearted-forthosewhopreferleisureove rwork,orseekonlythepleasuresofrichesandfame.Rather,ithasbeentherisk-ta kers,thedoers,themakersofthings-somecelebratedbutmoreoftenmenandwo menobscureintheirlabour,whohavecarriedusupthelong,ruggedpathtowards prosperityandfreedom.

在重申我们国家伟大之处的同时，我们深知伟大从来不是上天赐予的，伟大需要努力赢得。（我们的民族一路走来），这旅途之中从未有过捷径或者妥协，这旅途也不适合胆怯之人、或者爱安逸胜过爱工作之人、或者单单追求名利之人。这条路是勇于承担风险者之路，是实干家、创造者之路。这其中有一些人名留青史，但是更多的人却在默默无闻地工作着。正是这些人带领我们走过了漫长崎岖的旅行，带领我们走向富强和自由。

Forus,theypackeduptheirfewworldlypossessionsandtraveledacrossoceansi nsearchofanewlife.

Forus,theytoiledinsweatshopsandsettledthewest;enduredthelashofthewhip andplowedthehardearth.

Forus,theyfoughtanddied,inplaceslikeconcordandGettysburg;normandyan dKheSahn.

为了我们，先辈们带着微薄的细软，横渡大洋，寻找新生活；为了我们，先辈们忍辱负重，用血汗浇铸工厂；为了我们，先辈们在荒芜的西部大地辛勤耕作，定居他乡；为了我们，先辈们奔赴（独立战争中的）康科德城和葛底斯堡、（二战中的）诺曼底、（越战中的）KheSahn，他们征战、死去。Timeandagainthesemenandwomenstruggledandsacrificedandworkedtillth eirhandswererawsothatwemightliveabetterlife.Theysawamericaasbiggerth anthesumofourindividualambitions;greaterthanallthedifferencesofbirthor wealthorfaction.

一次又一次，我们的先辈们战斗着、牺牲着、操劳着，只为了我们可以生活得更好。在他们看来，美国的

强盛与伟大超越了个人雄心，也超越了个人的出身、贫富和派别差异。Thisisthejourneywecontinuetoday.weremainthemostprosperous,powerfuln ationonEarth.ourworkersarenolessproductivethanwhenthiscrisisbegan.our mindsarenolessinventive,ourgoodsandservicesnolessneededthantheywerel astweekorlastmonthorlastyear.ourcapacityremainsundiminished.Butourti meofstandingpat,ofprotectingnarrowinterestsandputtingoffunpleasantdeci sions-thattimehassurelypassed.Startingtoday,wemustpickourselvesup,dust

ourselvesoff,andbeginagaintheworkofremakingamerica.

今天我们继续先辈们的旅途。美国依然是地球上最富裕、最强大的国家。同危机初露端倪之时相比，美国人民的生产力依然旺盛；与上周、上个月或者去年相比，我们的头脑依然富于创造力，我们的商品和服务依然很有市场，我们的实力不曾削弱。但是，可以肯定的是，轻歌曼舞的时代、保护狭隘利益的时代以及对艰难决定犹豫不决的时代已经过去了。从今天开始，我们必须跌倒后爬起来，拍拍身上的泥土，重新开始工作，重塑美国。

Foreverywherewelook,thereisworktobedone.Thestateoftheeconomycallsfo raction,boldandswift,andwewillact-notonlytocreatenewjobs,buttolayanew foundationforgrowth.wewillbuildtheroadsandbridges,theelectricgridsandd igitallinesthatfeedourcommerceandbindustogether.wewillrestorescienceto itsrightfulplace,andwieldtechnology'swonderstoraisehealthcare 9;squalityandloweritscost.wewillharnessthesunandthewindsandthesoiltofu elourcarsandrunourfactories.andwewilltransformourschoolsandcollegesan duniversitiestomeetthedemandsofanewage.allthiswecando.andallthiswewi lldo.

我目之所及，都有工作有待完成。国家的经济情况要求我们采取大胆且快速的行动，我们的确是要行动，不仅是要创造就业，更要为（下一轮经济）增长打下新的基础。我们将造桥铺路，为企业铺设电网和数字线路，将我们联系在一起。我们将回归科学，运用科技的奇迹提高医疗质量，降低医疗费用。我们将利用风能、太阳能和土壤驱动车

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摘要：就职演说作为一种特殊的演讲形势，很好的诠释了演说词的深远意义和广泛影响力。本文以美国历届总统就职演说辞为研究对象，对排比的大量使用进行分析，旨在揭示排比修辞法在演讲文体中的巨大作用。排比的使用能给演讲者带来恢弘的气势，使演说的逻辑更加清晰，同时也增强了演说者的感召力，增强了读者和听众对演说词的深刻理解。 关键词：就职演说词；演讲；排比 公众演讲作为一种极为特殊的问题，既不同于日常谈话，也不同于小说、戏剧、诗歌等文学体裁。由于其都是在非常正式的场合，由特定的演讲者直接面向广大听众进行的旨在激起群众的热情，获得听众的支持和认可的一种社会活动，因此使其兼备口语和书面语俩种文体的语言特点同时，有着显著地差异。它扬口语浅显易懂之长，弃口语松散杂乱之短；既保留了书面语庄重文雅之风，又不失口语生动感人之韵，使人听来感到铿锵悦耳，感情充沛，极富感染力和号召力。 美国总统的就职演说是一种在特定场合下的演说。现场听众可达百万之众，并且向国内外进行现场直播。美国民众及世界各国总是对新总统有着无限期待，总统治国理想，对国家所面临的困难和挑战的分析，施政纲领的宣布以及如何实现民众的希望都通过这一就职演讲传达出来。据各大媒体的调查表明，大多数美国民众对美国新当选的总统奥巴马于2009年1月20日做出的就职演说感到满意和非常满意。由此可见，一次演讲所承担的使命以及其所能达到的效果非同凡响。本文以美国历届总统就职演说辞为语料，以排比修辞法的使用为基点进行简要的分析，揭示排比在演讲词中的巨大作用以及其所带来的恢弘气势、清晰地说理与强大的感召力，以增强读者对排比法的深刻理解。 排比（parallelism）是一种修辞手法，它是利用三个或三个以上意义相关或相近，结构相同或相似和语气相同的词组（主谓/动宾）或句子并排，达到一种加强语势的效果。Parallelism:Similarity of construction of adjacent word groups equivalent,complementary,or antithetic in sense esp.for rhetorical effect or rhythm;reiteration in similar phrases （Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of The English Language Unabridged1986）.这种结构的大量运用，使得演讲在句法结构上更加工整，在语篇上更具气势，在感情上更具有感染力。在诸多的美国总统中，每一位总统的就职演说词，都依据各自不同的政治目的，而或多或少的使用到了排比的修辞方法，以下则是笔者从美国历任总统的演说中例选出的经典排比句式。 例1.托马斯.杰斐逊在建国之初，国家建设时期的就职演讲中，排比句的使用感召了国民对进国家建设的热衷，鼓舞了民众士气。 Let us,then,fellow-citizens,unite with one heart and one mind.Let us restore to social intercourse that harmony and affection without which liberty and even life itself are but dreary things.And let us reflect that,having banished from our land that religious intolerance under which mankind so long bled and suffered,we have yet gained little if we countenance a political intolerance as despotic,as wicked,and capable of as bitter and bloody persecutions……Let us,then,with courage and confidence pursue our own Federal and Republican principles, our attachment to union and representative government. 公民们，让我们同心同德地团结起来。让我们在社会交往中和睦如初、恢复友爱，如果没有这些，自由，甚至生活本身都会索然寡味，让我们再想一想，我们已经将长期以来造成人类流血、受苦的宗教信仰上的不宽容现象逐出国上，如果我们鼓励某种政治上的不宽容，其专演、邪恶和可能造成的残酷、血腥迫害均与此相仿，那么我们必将无所收获。……因此，让我们以勇气和信心，迫求我们自己的联邦与共和原则，拥戴联邦与代议制政府。 四个Let us…平行排列，从团结到和睦如初，到想一想，最后到以勇气和欣欣追求共和原则，把团结置于首位，加强了感情联络，产生了强烈的感召力。 例2.在维护祖国统一的美国内战时期，林肯于1861年三月四日就职演说中通过排比的句式使用表现其坚定的反对国家分裂、维护国家统一的立场和信念，给我们留下了极其深刻的影响。 It was formed,in fact,by the Articles of Association in 1774.It was matured and continued by the Declaration of Independence in1776.It was further matured,and the faith of all the then thirteen States…… 在三个平行结构的被动句式排比中，强调了联邦条款之于美国联邦的重要性，突出了国家宪法高于一切，人民的利益是以宪法为保障，一切组织和团体行为都要以宪法为依据，因而突出团结高于一切。 例3.在经济大危机施虐全球的30年代，富兰克林·罗斯福于新政改革时期所做的就职演说中，排比的使用加强了人们复苏经济的信心；他在就职演说中大量的使用排比以呼吁美国人摆脱恐惧心理，迅速行动起来应付危机。 The task can be helped by definite efforts to raise…It can be helped by preventing realistically the…It can be helped by 从历届美国总统就职演说辞中探讨 排比在演说词中的使用 贲延青 147

【精华版】历任总统名单、大事记

美国历届总统名单、大事记 任英文名中文名任期时间党派备注 1 George Washington乔治·华盛顿1789-1797 无党派“美国国父”，未上过大学（7位），领导独立战争，《告别演说》：孤立主义传统 2 John Adams约翰·亚当斯（老）1797-1801 美国联邦党华盛顿的副总统，总统父子，费城迁都，首任白宫主人，联邦党人（vs杰裴逊等共和党人），与好友汉密尔顿闹僵→杰裴逊当选总统，XYZ事件（塔列兰索贿，美法敌对），此时英法交战（拿破仑） 3 Thomas Jefferson托马斯·杰斐逊1801-1809 民主共和党亚当斯政敌，门徒众多，建民主共和党（反对联邦党建中央银行），起草《独立宣言》（拥有奴隶→言行不一），众议院裁决上台（得票相同），从法国购路易斯安那（领土扩一倍），死于贫困（全国募捐，政敌亚当斯也不好过） 4 James Madison詹姆斯·麦迪逊1809-1817 联邦党→ 民主共和党杰裴逊的国务卿，“宪法之父”，前期：《联邦党人文集》，《权利法案》，后期：放弃联邦党→与杰裴逊创民主共和党（中央银行只对北方有利），第二次独立战争火烧白宫（英法交战，英国扣押美船）（1815新奥尔良战役） 5 James Monroe詹姆斯·门罗1817-1825 民主共和党杰裴逊门徒（反对批准宪法），1823年门罗主义（孤立主义），弗吉尼亚三杰：杰斐逊、麦迪逊、门罗，三位得票率超高（华盛顿、罗斯福），穷困而死（六位穷死：杰斐逊、门罗、杰克逊、波尔克、菲尔莫尔、威尔逊） 6 John Adams约翰·亚当斯（小）1825-1829 国民共和党门罗的国务卿，第二任总统之子，从西班牙取得弗罗里达，总统难产→众议院裁决（vs杰克逊），国立大学 7 Andrew Jackson安德鲁·杰克逊1829-1837 民主党第一位民主党总统【国民共和党解体→民主党（杰克逊）vs国民共和党（亚当斯）→后者改为辉格党→共和党】，平民出身,军人总统（1815新奥尔良战役英雄），川普以他自比，与神枪手决斗（侮辱其妻），创民主党→杰克逊民主，杰克逊主义，《印第安人迁移法》，政治分肥（分赃制度），非常强势：“皇帝总统”“安德鲁王”“老胡桃木” （Old Hickory），维护统一，以农立国，抵制中央银行，驴象之争（被讽为“驴蛋”） 8 Martin van Buren马丁·范布伦1837-1841 民主党杰克逊副总统，“拍马屁”（50岁学骑马跟随杰克逊），击败辉格党（刚成立），第一位建国后出生，反联邦党人，支持麦迪逊，杰裴逊民主继承人：政府权力受到严格限制，《独立国库法》、十小时工作制，首次经济危机未连任 9 William Harrison威廉·哈里森1841 辉格党击败范布伦，任期最短（1个月，迷恋演讲且拒绝戴帽，肺炎去世），孙子是23任总统（本杰明·哈里森），首位死于“特科抹人诅咒”（Curse of Tippecanoe），打击印第安人

肯尼迪《就职演说》中的语域分析

肯尼迪《就职演说》中的语域分析

摘要：肯尼迪一九六一年的就职演说被称作是二十世纪最令人难忘的两次美国 总统就职演说之一，引起了国际上的广泛关注。然而当前对政论性演说的研究主要集中于文体学、修辞学领域，从系统功能语言学角度进行的研究显得相对匮乏。本文从语场、语旨、语式三个方面分析了被奉为政治演说词经典的肯尼迪《就职演说》中的语域，进而发掘了该演说词的语言特征，加深了对演说者演说意图的理解。文章不仅丰富了政治演说词已经取得的研究成果，而且验证了语域理论用于政治演说词分析的有效性。 关键词：就职演说；语域特征；语域分析 一．引言 历届美国总统的就职演说的特点较其他形式的公开演说更为突出，表现在其时间的固定性（一月二十日）、地点的固定性（白宫）、演说者身份的固定性（当选为美国总统的人）、听众的固定性（美国民众和世界各国）、内容的相似性（施政纲领、国内国际形势等）。此类演说均是历任总统先生经过深思熟虑、字斟句酌的成果，因此往往成为学者和研究者们科学研究的语料。美国第35届总统约翰??菲茨杰拉德?肯尼迪于1961年1月20日发表的就职演说无论是在内容上还是形式上，均堪称政论性演说中的经典。对该就职演说的研究集中于文体学和修辞学领域，鲜有从语域角度进行的分析。本文将语域理论运用于对肯尼迪就职演说词的分析，从一个全新的角度探索政治演说词的特点，一方面可以丰富政治演说词已有的研究成果，另一方面可以验证语域理论用于演说词分析的有效性。 二．文献回顾 语域是语言学中的一个重要概念，它初是Reid在1956年研究双语现象时提出来的。英国籍波兰人类学家马林诺夫斯基（Malinowski）把语境分为三类：话语语境（context of utterance）、文化语境（context of culture）和情景语境（context of situation）。此后韩礼德等人将文化语境与情景语境的概念与语言系统相结合，并在其著作中进行阐释从而形成了语域理论。他将语域（register）定义为“语言的功能变体”（functional variety of language）,即因情景语境的变化和产生的语言变化形式。支配语域的情景因素包括三个部分：语场（field）、语旨（tenor）和语式（mode）。 国外对于语域的研究以系统功能语言学派主要人物韩礼德为代表，而人类学家马林诺夫斯基对于语域理论的发展研究也功不可没。以上研究者均对语域理论的形成和发展起到了极大的促进作用。随着系统功能语言学在国内的发展与盛行，对语域理论的应用研究也取得了一定的成果。最先把语域理论引进国内的学者是张德禄，其后，一些学者开始探讨语域理论在语言教学、语篇分析、翻译、诗歌、文体等领域的用途。张德禄分析了语域理论对于教学的意义，认为根据语域变异理论进行外语教学就是根据情景的变化决定语言的变异的教学法，强调意义决定形式这一基本语言学原理。陈丽江等认为语域理论对英语写作的语篇连贯有莫大帮助，在英语写作中我们不能一概而论，单纯教学生模仿或套用，或者教词汇和语法，改错句，而要把写作和语域分析结合起来。程晓堂认为从语场、语旨和语式三个方面分析英语诗歌的语义和语用特征，能够帮助我们深入领会诗歌的意义，

美国历届总统简介：第28任总统 托马斯-伍德罗-威尔逊

美国历届总统简介：第28任总统托马斯?伍德罗?威尔逊 Thomas Woodrow Wilson was the 28th President of the United States. He served two terms in office from 1913to 1921. He was born in Virginia in 1856. Wilson suffered from dyslexia and didn’t learn to read until hewas ten years old. He graduated from Princeton in 1879. He also studied law at the University of Virginia and in 1883 gained a PhD in history and political science from John Hopkins University. 托马斯·伍德罗·威尔逊是美国第28任总统。任职两届，任期为1913-1921.1856年，威尔逊出生于弗吉尼亚。小时，威尔逊患有阅读障碍症，十岁时才开始学习阅读。1879年，他毕业于普林斯顿大学。并在弗吉尼亚大学学习法律，1883年，在约翰霍普金斯大学获得历史学和政治科学博士学位。 Wilson advanced rapidly as a conservative young professor of political science and became president of Princeton in 1902. His growing national reputation led some Democrats to consider him Presidential material. He was nominated for President at the 1912 Democratic Convention. He won only 42 percent of the popular vote but got an overwhelming electoral vote to become President. 威尔逊迅速成为了政治科学专业的一名年轻教授，并在1902年成为普林斯顿校长。威尔逊在国内的声望愈来愈高，这使得民主党考虑让他成为总统。在1912年的民主大会上，他成为了总统候选人。虽然他仅仅获得了42%的选票，但是在总统选举中，他以压倒性的优势获胜。 Wilson passed bills for lower tariffs, a graduated income tax, the prohibition of child labor, 8-hour days for railroad workers, and more.

1933年美国总统罗斯福就职演说

First Inaugural Address of Franklin D. Roosevelt SATURDAY, MARCH 4, 1933 I am certain that my fellow Americans expect that on my induction into the Presidency I will address them with a candor and a decision which the present situation of our Nation impels. This is preeminently the time to speak the truth, the whole truth, frankly and boldly. Nor need we shrink from honestly facing conditions in our country today. This great Nation will endure as it has endured, will revive and will prosper. So, first of all, let me assert my firm belief that the only thing we have to fear is fear itself--nameless, unreasoning, unjustified terror which paralyzes needed efforts to convert retreat into advance. In every dark hour of our national life a leadership of frankness and vigor has met with that understanding and support of the people themselves which is essential to victory. I am convinced that you will again give that support to leadership in these critical days. In such a spirit on my part and on yours we face our common difficulties. They concern, thank God, only material things. Values have shrunken to fantastic levels; taxes have risen; our ability to pay has fallen; government of all kinds is faced by serious curtailment of income; the means of exchange are frozen in the currents of trade; the withered leaves of industrial enterprise lie on every side; farmers find no markets for their produce; the savings of many years in thousands of families are gone. More important, a host of unemployed citizens face the grim problem of existence, and an equally great number toil with little return. Only a foolish optimist can deny the dark realities of the moment. Yet our distress comes from no failure of substance. We are stricken by no plague of locusts. Compared with the perils which our forefathers conquered because they believed and were not afraid, we have still much to be thankful for. Nature still offers her bounty and human efforts have multiplied it. Plenty is at our doorstep, but a generous use of it languishes in the very sight of the supply. Primarily this is because the rulers of the exchange of mankind's goods have failed, through their own stubbornness and their own incompetence, have admitted their failure, and abdicated. Practices of the unscrupulous money changers stand indicted in the court of public opinion, rejected by the hearts and minds of men. True they have tried, but their efforts have been cast in the pattern of an outworn tradition. Faced by failure of credit they have proposed only the lending of more money. Stripped of the lure of profit by which to induce our people to follow their false leadership, they have resorted to exhortations, pleading tearfully for restored confidence. They know only the rules of a generation of self-seekers. They have no vision, and when there is no vision the people perish. The money changers have fled from their high seats in the temple of our civilization. We may now restore that temple to the ancient truths. The measure of the restoration lies in the extent to which we apply social values more noble than mere monetary profit. Happiness lies not in the mere possession of money; it lies in the joy of achievement, in the thrill of creative effort. The joy and moral stimulation of work no longer must be forgotten in the mad chase of evanescent profits. These dark days will be worth all they cost us if they teach us that our true destiny is not to be ministered unto but to minister to ourselves and to our fellow men. Recognition of the falsity of material wealth as the standard of success goes hand in hand with the abandonment of the false belief that public office and high political position are to be valued only by the standards of pride of place and personal profit; and there must be an end to a conduct in banking and in business which too often has given to a sacred trust the likeness of callous and selfish wrongdoing. Small wonder that confidence languishes, for it thrives only on honesty, on honor, on the sacredness of obligations, on faithful protection, on unselfish performance; without them it cannot live. Restoration calls, however, not for changes in ethics alone. This Nation asks for action, and action now. Our greatest primary task is to put people to work. This is no unsolvable problem if we face it wisely and courageously. It can be accomplished in part by direct recruiting by the Government itself, treating the task as we would treat the emergency of a war, but at the same time, through this employment, accomplishing greatly needed projects to stimulate and reorganize the use of our natural resources. Hand in hand with this we must frankly recognize the overbalance of population in our industrial centers and, by engaging on a national scale in a redistribution, endeavor to provide a better use of the land for those best fitted for the land. The task can be helped by definite efforts to raise the values of agricultural products and with this the power to purchase the output of our cities. It can be helped by preventing realistically the tragedy of the growing loss through foreclosure