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SMILE -- 基于Flash的可视化技术

决策分析和决策支持的原则，在GeNIe（图形网络接口）和SMILE（结构建模，推理和学习引擎）可以应用于实际决策支持系统（DSSS）的。GeNIe充当一个开发环境的角色，SMILE扮演一个推理引擎的角色。基于SMILE的决策支持系统可以配备一个定制的用户界面。GeNIe的名称和它的非一般的能力来自图形网络接口的名字，因为SMILE这是一个函数的图形概率和决策的理论模型库。GeNIe只运行在最流行的计算平台之一：在Windows操作系统，这使得它不容易携带。GeNIe是有限的，因此其在多个系统平台的图形表示。本文是由两部分组成。第一部分讨论了建设使用的新开发的图形引擎称为决策的理论模型，，第二部分探讨了一个网站使用Flash技术的SMILE决策理论模型。

介绍

决策分析是艺术和决策理论，一个公理化理论处方应作出怎样的决定的做法。决策分析是基于的前提是，人类是制定一个合理的决策问题的能力，列出可能的决定确定相关因素，以及量化的不确定性和喜好，但在整合成一个比较合理的决定这一信息薄弱。决策分析与实证检验的工具集来制定决策，结构化决策问题，量化的不确定性和偏好，发现在一个决策模型，这对于决策的关键，这些因素，计算出信息的价值，减少了不确定性。概率理论和决策理论提供意见和优化相结合的决策工具。虽然决策的分析是基于两个定量理论，概率论和决策理论为基础，其基础是质量和公理为基础的理性选择。在决策分析的目的是希望借洞察力和决定不作出决定，并提供建议。的SMILE [1]（结构建模，推理，学习和发动机）是一个全面的平台，如贝叶斯网络，决策图的图形执行概率和决策的理论模型功能，独立的图书馆，和结构方程模型。其个别功能，在SMILE中定义的应用编程接口（API），允许创建，编辑，保存和载入的图形模型，并利用概率推理和决策的不确定性使他们下。SMILE是在一个平台实现在C + +独立时尚。SMILE可以嵌入程序，使用图形引擎作为他们的推理概率模型。在发展模式的SMILE可以配备一个用户界面，最适合在生成的应用程序用户。GeNIe[2]（图形网络接口）和SMILE（结构建模，推理，学习和发动机）的设计和使用的工具为制定决策，结构化决策问题，量化的不确定性和偏好，发现在一个关键的决策模型是这些因素作出这项决定，并计算了信息的价值，减少了不确定性。使用GeNIe严重的限制是它的平台依赖性[3]和可视化能力有限，限制其在全球范围内使用。本文介绍在网页使用Flash技术，以克服以前所讨论的GeNIe限制网站上的可视化能力。标准的网络浏览器可以加载模式和用户或决定建模可以与模型试验和计算为决策信息的价值。强大的技术和工具在Flash应用程序可以创建一个动态模型，并提出了一个友好的用户界面模型。

2.基础

GeNIe是一个图形化建设决策的理论模型的发展环境[2]。GeNIe的名称和它的罕见的功能来自图形网络接口的名字，因为原来的比较简单的界面变成了SMILE这个函数的图形概率和决策的理论模型库。GeNIe是SMILE的附体。GeNIe只允许建立由它的上运行的计算机的内存容量有限的规模和复杂性，模型。GeNIe实现在Visual C + +和借鉴的MFC（Microsoft基础类重）。这使得它不容易携带，虽然它在一个最流行的计算平台：Windows操作系统上运行。GeNIe 是依赖于平台和只能在Windows计算机上运行。

2.1 贝叶斯网络

贝叶斯网络[4] [5]（也称为可信度网络，贝叶斯可信度网络，概率因果网络，或因果关系网络）是无环有向图中，节点代表随机变量和它们之间的弧线代表直接概率依赖关系。一个贝叶斯网络结构是一个图，它的模型[设为相互作用6]。有向图的结构可以模仿的因果结构，虽然这是没有必要的。当结构有因果关系，它提供了有用的，把这些变量之间的相互作用模块化的洞察力和预测的影响，允许外部操纵。一个贝叶斯网络节点通常为圆形或椭圆绘制。简单的贝叶斯网络，如图1所示代表两个变量，成功和预测，并表示事实，即他们直接互相依赖。

2.2 决策图

决策图[7]，也称为相关图，无环向图是代表决策问题。决策图的目标是选择一个替代方案，决定具有最高的预期收益（效用）。类似贝叶斯网络，决策图显示的是非常的域，即结构有用，对决策问题的结构。决策图包含四个节点类型（决策，机会，确定性和价值）和两名弧（弧的影响和信息类型）。决策图如图2所示的模型与投资有关的决定有风险的企业。

3.基于SMILE的Web可视化设计

SMILE API用于创建网页上，这将有助于用户和建模发展离不开机器上安装任何程序更容易的SMILE可视化模型。为了展示在网页上的决策理论模型，MILE.dll，是必需的。见图3。贝叶斯网络和解决概率决策图和决策理论问题。SMILE是释放一个动态链接库（DLL）实现图形概率和决策的理论模型。https://www.wendangku.net/doc/d110931898.html,用作包装的SMILE向。NET层。其实有几个的SMILE包，如https://www.wendangku.net/doc/d110931898.html,（.NET接口），SMILEX（Active X的）[1]，jSMILE（Java接口）[1]等作为本项目使用的封装，以https://www.wendangku.net/doc/d110931898.html,接口使用.NET层。在https://www.wendangku.net/doc/d110931898.html, 层分为两层，内层和外层。https://www.wendangku.net/doc/d110931898.html,的内层是使用Visual https://www.wendangku.net/doc/d110931898.html,开发接口与https://www.wendangku.net/doc/d110931898.html,并编译为ClassSmileNet.dll。外层的https://www.wendangku.net/doc/d110931898.html,开发使用Visual C ＃。Net和为ClassSmileNet.dll和Flash之间的接口层的行为。该FLASH的层是一个可视化表现层的SMILE。该FLASH的层包括两个主要部分。这是FLASH 的远程处理[8]和FLASH播放器。Flash Remoting提供了一个Flash应用程序之间和（https://www.wendangku.net/doc/d110931898.html,）远程服务，并在服务器上运行的网络通讯渠道。FLASH播放器是用于显示在网站上的互动模式负责。FLASH的Remoting提供了以下优点[9]：易用性，从本机FLASH提供远程服务代码，如自动数据类型转换，如Java

和C＃，和ActionScript。此外，Flash Remoting使用的MX自动执行日志，调试，集成和安全。性能：FLASHRemoting的Flash应用程序之间的序列化和使用操作消息格式（AMF）的[10]远程服务信息。AMF是一个二进制格式的简单对象访问协议（SOAP）格式为蓝本。可扩展性：Flash Remoting使用的设计与建立的应用程序设计模式和最佳实践结合起来，建立良好的设计Flash应用程序。

相比传统的基于HTML的浏览器应用程序，Flash应用提供了独特的能力来创建动态和复杂的用户交互，包括以下内容：Flash Player运行时执行的代码，传输数据，并调用远程服务客户端呈现逻辑分离的服务器端应用程序逻辑有效利用带宽，不需要刷新整个页面，并雇用基于向量的图形，轻松部署在多个平台和设备上的服务器端，因为Flash Remoting技术作为一项集会上运行。NET的服务器。根据不同的应用服务器平台，FLASH在服务器上远程处理包含过滤器，执行日志记录，错误处理系列，安全认证，以及自动绘图功能的服务请求到适当的服务器技术。下方的图片显示了在Flash Remoting的控制流的概述。

为了了解如何进行Flash Remoting的SMILE可视化工程，图5描述之间的网络浏览器和Web服务器通信的简化表示。

在第一和第二个步骤，客户端使请求从Web服务器上的网页。该网站的服务器返回一个Flash影片回客户端。在第三个，也是最后一步，Flash播放器将处理和处理一个ActionScript与Flash Remoting的沟通，以在Web服务器上嵌入。

4.执行

一个决策图作出投资决定的SMILE可视化是发达国家在以下使用上述技术。客户端的网站必须包含应用程序的FLASH播放器，以显示一个Flash影片。FLASHRemoting的需要被安装在Internet信息服务（IIS），以便在沟通。NET 环境多种功能。我们开始用Flash应用程序中的ActionScript 3.0开发。每一位投资决策决策图是通过定义每个元素的含义xsdl文件格式创建的[11]和单独制定的所有节点。有三种类型的节点决策图。第一个是一个决策节点。图6图9显示了截图的实施，为案件的决策图的网站用Flash技术的投资决策的用户界面。Flash应用程序，如图6所示，列出了一个危险的风险投资决策的决策图。这是一个无环有向图表示的决策问题。一个决策图的目标是选择一个决定选择具有最高预期收益（效用）。决策图包含四个节点类型（决定机会，确定性和价值）和两名弧（弧的影响和信息类型）。

决策节点，通常画成矩形，如节点，投资决策段代表变量，根据决策者的决策方案和模型提供给决策者的控制。决策节点包括一个规格可用的选项决定。节点，投资决策，上述两种选择，即投资和DoNotInvest。

机会节点，通常是圆形或椭圆形（画，如节点，专家预测和风险，以上）的成功，是随机变量，他们是代表有关的决策问题不确定的数量。它们是有条件的量化概率分布。确定性节点，通常是双圈或双椭圆形绘制，代表无论是固定值或从他们的父母代数的状态确定值。换言之，如果其父母的价值观是已知的，那么一个节点的值确定性也被称为肯定。确定性量化节点类似机会节点。唯一不同的是，他们的概率表包含的全部为零或（请注意，有没有关于一个节点一旦确定其父母所有已知结果的不确定性）。价值节点，通常画成钻石，如节点，财政增益

段），（代表实用，即一对决策过程的结果是否可取的措施。它们是由量化的结果的父节点的每个可能的组合工具。

通常，在一个决策图弧是指一个决策，即事实，即在价值（或概率分布弧尾节点的影响

在可能的值的节点）在圆弧头。图中的影响力显然是有一些弧线因果意义。特别是，从决策节点指示路径节点意味着机会的决定（即，在图形操作）将影响其概率分布，通过改变节点的机会。

5.结论和前景

在网站上的SMILE可视化的设计和介绍，以克服在GeNIe的图形表示的局限性。由Flash代表所有GeNIe类似的功能。熟悉的GeNIe介面的用户可以直接使用应用程序。Flash有能力提供良好的图形用户界面和互动应用能力，但它不支持.NET环境。我们仍然需要使用FLASH技术，称为remoting处理，作为在通信中间件与SMILE的核心和Flash应用程序。

文章讨论如何使用Flash技术的可伸缩性和扩展为全球用户或建模能力。在我们发展的下一阶段，我们将通过使用FLASH技术的更多一些，例如动态模型Adobe AIR的[12]和Flash媒体服务器[13]，这将有助于改善和提高了可视化的SMILEFlash应用程序。

原文

SMILE Visualization with Flash Technologies

The principles of decision-analytic decision support, implemented in GeNIe (Graphical Network Interface) and SMILE (Structural Modeling, Inference, and Learning Engine) can be applied in practical decision support systems (DSSs). GeNIe plays the role of a development environment and SMILE plays the role of a reasoning engine. A decision support system based

on SMILE can be equipped with a customized user interface. GeNIe's name and its uncommon capitalization originate from the name Graphical Network Interface, given to the original simple interface to SMILE which is a library of functions for graphical probabilistic and decision-theoretic models. GeNIe only runs under one of the most popular computing platform,: the Windows operating systems, which makes it not easily portable. GeNIe is therefore limited in its graphical representation across multiple system platforms. This paper is composed of two parts. The first part discusses a development environment for building graphical decision-theoretic models, an influence diagram, on a website by using an newly developed engine called MILE? The second part of the paper discusses the isualization of SMILE decision-theoretic models on a website using Flash technologies.

Introduction

Decision analysis is the art and practice of decision theory, an axiomatic theory prescribing how decisions should be made. Decision analysis is based on the premise that humans are reasonably capable of framing a decision problem, listing possible decision determining relevant factors, and quantifying uncertainty and preferences, but are rather weak in combining this information into a rational decision. Decision analysis comes with a set of empirically tested tools for framing decisions, structuring decision problems, quantifying uncertainty and preferences, discovering those factors in a decision model that are critical for the decision, and computing the value of information that reduces uncertainty. Probability theory and decision theory provide tools for combining observations and optimizing decisions. While decision analysis is based on two quantitative theories, probability theory and decision theory, its foundations are qualitative and based on axioms of rational choice. The purpose of decision analysis is to gain insight into a decision and not to make the decision and provide a recommendation. SMILE [1] (Structural Modeling, Inference, and Learning Engine) is a fully platform independent library of functions implementing graphical probabilistic and decision-theoretic models, such as Bayesian networks, influence diagrams, and structural equation models. Its individual functions, defined in the SMILE Applications Programmer Interface (API), allows for creating, editing, saving, and loading graphical models, and using them for probabilistic reasoning and decision making under uncertainty. SMILE is implemented in C++ in a platform independent fashion. SMILE can be embedded in programs that use graphical probabilistic models as their reasoning engines. Models developed in SMILE can be equipped with a user interface that best suits the user of the resulting application. GeNIe [2] (Graphical Network Interface) and SMILE (Structural Modeling,

Inference, and Learning Engine) are designed and used as tools for framing decisions, structuring decision problems, quantifying uncertainty and preferences, discovering those factors in a decision model that are critical for the decision, and computing the value of information that reduces uncertainty. One isadvantage and serious limitation of using GeNIe is its platform dependence [3] and its limited visualization capabilities which limit its use on a global basis. It only runs on computers. This paper presents the development of visualization capabilities for SMILE on a web site using Flash technologies in order to overcome the limitations of GeNIe discussed previously. The standard web browser can load the models and the user or decision modeler can experiment with the model and compute the values for decision information. The powerful technologies and tools in a Flash application can create a dynamic model and present a friendly user interface for a model.

2. Fundamentals

GeNIe is a development environment for building graphical decision-theoretic models [2]. GeNIe's name and its uncommon capitalization originate from the name Graphical Network Interface, given to the original rather simple interface to SMILE which is a library of functions for graphical probabilistic and decision-theoretic models. GeNIe is an outer shell to SMILE. GeNIe allows for building models of any size and complexity, limited only by the capacity of the operating memory of the computer on which it is run. GeNIe is implemented in Visual C++ and draws heavily on the MFC (Microsoft Foundation Classes). This makes it not easily portable, although it runs under one of the most popular computing platforms: the Windows operating systems. GeNIe is platform dependent and runs only on Windows computers.

2.1. Bayesian networks

Bayesian networks [4][5] (also called belief networks, Bayesian belief networks, causal probabilistic networks, or causal networks) are acyclic directed graphs in which nodes represent random variables and arcs represent direct probabilistic dependencies among them. The structure of a Bayesian network is a graphical, qualitative illustration of the

interactions among the set of variables that it models [6]. The structure of the directed graph can mimic the causal structure of the modeled domain, although this is not necessary. When the structure is causal, it gives a useful, modular insight into the interactions among the variables and allows for predicting the effects of external manipulation. Nodes of a Bayesian network are usually drawn as circles or ovals. The simple Bayesian network shown in Figure 1 represents two variables, Success and Forecast, and expresses the fact that they are directly dependent on each other.

2.2. Influence diagrams

Influence diagrams [7], also called relevance diagrams, are acyclic directed graphs representing decision problems. The goal of influence diagrams is to choose a decision alternative that has the highest expected gain (utility). Similar to Bayesian networks, influence diagrams are very useful in showing the structure of the domain, i.e., the structure of the decision problem.

Influence diagrams contain four types of nodes (Decision, Chance, Deterministic, and Value) and two types of arcs (influences and informational arcs). The influence diagram shown in Figure 2 models a decision related to an investment in

a risky venture.

3. Design of SMILE Visualization on Web

The SMILE API is used to create the SMILE visualization on a web page that will help the user and modeler develop models more easily without installing any programs on the machine. In order to display the decision-theoretic models on the web page, two outer shells and one core named MILE?orMILE.dll, are required. See Figure 3. Bayesian networks and influence diagrams for solving probabilistic and decision-theoretic problems. SMILE is released as a dynamic link library (DLL) that implements graphical probabilistic and decision-theoretic models. https://www.wendangku.net/doc/d110931898.html, is used as a SMILE wrapper to the .NET layer. Actually there are several SMILE wrappers, such as https://www.wendangku.net/doc/d110931898.html, (.NET interface), SMILEX (Active X) [1], jSMILE (Java interface) [1], etc. This project uses https://www.wendangku.net/doc/d110931898.html, as a wrapper in order to interface with the .NET layer. The https://www.wendangku.net/doc/d110931898.html, layer is grouped into 2 layers, the inner and the outer layer. The inner layer of https://www.wendangku.net/doc/d110931898.html, is developed using Visual https://www.wendangku.net/doc/d110931898.html, to interface with https://www.wendangku.net/doc/d110931898.html, and is compile as ClassSmileNet.dll. The outer layer of https://www.wendangku.net/doc/d110931898.html, is developed using Visual C#.Net and acts as the interface between the ClassSmileNet.dll and Flash layer. The FLASH layer is a presentation layer for SMILE visualization. The FLASH layer consists of two main sections. These are FLASH Remoting [8] and FLASH player. Flash Remoting provides a network communications channel between Flash applications and remote services (https://www.wendangku.net/doc/d110931898.html,) and runs at the server. FLASH player is responsible for displaying the interactive model on a website. FLASH Remoting provides the following advantages [9]: ? Ease of use: Flash Remoting offers automatic data type conversion from native remote service code, such

as Java, CFML, and C#, to ActionScript and back again. Also, Flash Remoting MX automatically performs logging, debugging, and security integration. ? Performance: Flash Remoting serializes messages between Flash applications and remote services using the Action Message Format (AMF) [10]. AMF is a binary format modeled on the Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) format. ?Extensibility: Flash Remoting is designed to integrate with established application design patterns and best practices to build well-designed Flash applications.

When compared to traditional HTML-based browser applications, Flash applications provide unique abilities to create dynamic and sophisticated user interactions, including the following: ?Flash Player runtime to execute code, transmit data, and invoke remote services

? Separation of client-side presentation logic from the server-side application logic

?Efficient use of bandwidth by removing the need to refresh the entire page and employing vector-based graphics ? Easy deployment on multiple platforms and devices on the server side because Flash Remoting runs as an assembly in .NET servers. Depending on the application server platform, Flash Remoting on the server contains a series of filters that perform logging,error handling, and security authentication, as well as automatically mapping the service function

requests to the appropriate server technology. The image below

shows an overview of the Flash Remoting control flow.

Figure 4. The overview of the flash remoting

control flow.

In order to understand how Flash Remoting works in SMILE visualization, figure 5 depicts a simplified representation of Communication between a web Browser and a Web Server.

In the first and second steps, the client makes

requests for a web page from the web server. The web server returns a flash movie back to client side. In the third and last step, Flash player will handle and process an actionScript to communicate with Flash Remoting embedded on the web server.

4. Implementation

The SMILE visualization of an Influence Diagram for making an investment decision is developed in the following by using the technologies mentioned above. The client site must contain the flash player application in order to display a flash movie. Flash Remoting need

to be installed in Internet Information Service (IIS) in order to communicate with several functions in the .NET environment. We start with the flash application that is developed in actionScript 3.0. An influence diagram for an investment decision is created by defining the meaning of each element of the xsdl file format [11] and drawing all nodes individually. There are three types of nodes in an influence diagram. The first one is a decision node. Figure 6 to Figure 9 shows screenshots of the user interface implemented by Flash technologies on a website for the case of an influence diagram for an investment decision.

The flash application, shown in Figure 6, presents an Influence Diagrams for an investment decision for a risky venture. It is an acyclic directed graph representing the decision problem. The goal of an influence diagram is to choose a decision alternative that has the highest expected gain (utility). Influence diagrams contain four types of nodes (Decision,

Chance, Deterministic, and Value) and two types of arcs (influences and informational arcs).

Decision nodes, usually drawn as rectangles (such as the node, Investment Decision, above), represents variables that are under control of the decision maker and model the decision alternatives available to the decision maker. Decision nodes include a pecification

of the available decision options. The Node, Investment Decision, above has two alternatives, namely, Invest and DoNotInvest.

Chance nodes, usually drawn as circles or ovals (such as the nodes, Expert Forecast and Success of the venture, above), are random variables and they represent uncertain quantities that are relevant to the decision problem. They are quantified by conditional

probability distributions. Deterministic nodes, usually drawn as double-circles or double-ovals, represent either constant values or values that are algebraically determined from the states of their parents. In other words, if the values of their parents are known, then

the value of a deterministic node is also known with certainty. Deterministic nodes are quantified similar to Chance nodes. The only difference is that their probability tables contain all zeros or

ones (note that there is no uncertainty about the outcome of a deterministic node once all its parents are known). Value nodes, usually drawn as diamonds (such as the node, Financial Gain, above), represent utility, i.e., a measure of desirability of the outcomes of the decision process. They are quantified by the utility of each of the possible combinations of outcomes of the parent nodes.

Normally, an arc in an influence diagram denotes an influence, i.e., the fact that the node at the tail of the arc influences the value (or the probability distribution

over the possible values) of the node at the head of the arc. Some arcs in influence diagrams have clearly a causal meaning. In particular, a directed path from a decision node to a chance node means that the decision (i.e., a manipulation of the graph) will impact that chance node by changing its probability distribution.

5. Conclusions and Future Work

The SMILE visualization on a website is designed and presented in order to overcome the limitations of the graphical representation in GeNIe. All functions in this application represented by Flash are similar to those in GeNIe. Users, who are familiar with the GeNIe interface, can simply use the application. Flash has the capability to generate good graphical user interfaces and interactive application capabilities but it does not support the .NET environment. We still need to use the flash technology called lash Remoting?as

middleware in communication with the core of SMILE and the Flash application.

This paper discussed how to use flash technology to extend the scalability and capability of SMILE and GeNIe for global users or modelers. In the next phase of our development, we will create more dynamic models by using several flash technologies such as

Adobe AIR [12] and Flash Media Server [13] that will help to improve and increase erformance for the flash application in SMILE visualizations.

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