科技英语翻译
Executive summary
执行大纲
5G offers enormous potential for both consumers and industry
5G为其消费者以及业界提供巨大的发展潜力
As well as the prospect of being considerably faster than existing technologies, 5G holds the promise of applications with high social and economic value, leading to a ?hyper-connected society‘ in which mobile will play an ever more important role in people‘s lives.
5G除了拥有比现有技术更快的发展前景，还可能有较高的社会和经济价值的应用前景，使未来能够形成“超连接社会”，那时移动性将在人们的生活中发挥前所未有的越来越重要的作用。
The GSMA will work for its members and with its partners to shape 5G
GSM协会效力其成员并与其伙伴合作去构建5G系统
As the association representing the mobile industry, the GSMA will play a significant role in shaping the strategic, commercial and regulatory development of the 5G ecosystem.This will include areas such as the definition of roaming and interconnect in 5G, and the identification and alignment of suitable spectrum bands. Once a stable definition of 5G is reached, the GSMA will work with its members to identify and develop commercially viable 5G applications. This paper focuses on 5G as it has developed so far, and the areas of technological innovation needed to deliver the 5G vision.
由于GSMA代表了移动通信行业，GSMA将在塑造5G生态系统的战略、商业和监管发展方面发挥着重要的作用。这个系统将包括如5G的漫游、互连定义和识别并校准5G合适的频段等方面。一旦5G清晰度稳定了，GSMA会和其成员合作确认开发商业上可行的5g应用工作。本文将重点介绍至今为止5G的发展情况，和实现5G愿景所需的技术创新领域。There are currently two definitions of 5G
5G目前有两种定义
Discussion around 5G falls broadly into two schools of thought: a service-led view which sees 5G as a consolidation of 2G, 3G, 4G, Wi-fi and other innovations providing far greater coverage and always-on reliability; and a second view driven by a step change in data speed and order of magnitude reduction in end-to-end latency. However, these definitions are often discussed together, resulting in sometimes contradictory requirements.
对5G的讨论大致有两种学派：第一种以服务为主导的观点认为，5G兼容并加强了2G、3G、4G、Wi-Fi等创新技术，提供更大的覆盖范围和可靠的稳定性；第二种看法是5G会产生数据传播速度的阶跃变化和端到端的网络延迟时间的减少。然而，这些定义经常被一起讨论，所以有时会出现矛盾的条件。
Sub-1ms latency and >1 Gbps bandwidth require a true generational shift
延迟小于1毫秒、下行速度大于1吉比特/秒需要真正的跨代性网络转变
Some of the requirements identified for 5G can be enabled by 4G or other networks. The technical requirements that necessitate a true generational shift are sub-1ms latency and >1 Gbps downlink speed, and only services that demand at least one of these would be considered 5G use cases under both definitions.
5G的一些要求可以通过4G或其他网络实现。一个真正的通信技术的更新换代需要5G的技术要求达到延迟小于1毫秒和下行速度大于1吉比特/秒的跨代性的转变。无论是哪个定义，
只有至少需要这其中之一条件的服务才能看作是5G运用的实例。
Achieving sub-1ms latency is a hugely exciting challenge that will define 5G
使延迟时间小于1毫秒是个能够定义5G的非常令人兴奋的大挑战
Delivering 1ms latency over a large scale network will be challenging, and we may see this condition relaxed. If this were to happen, some of the potential 5G services identified may no longer be possible and the second view of 5G would become less clear. This paper looks at some of the challenges that must be overcome to deliver 1ms latency.
让一个大型网络只有1毫秒延迟十分具有挑战性，我们可以放宽这个条件。如果考虑这种情况的话，一些可能被看作是5G服务的就不再能称的上了，第二种对5G的看法也将变得不那么清楚。本文着眼于一些要实现延迟只有一毫秒的必须克服的挑战。
At the same time 4G will continue to grow and evolve
同时4G将继续增长和发展
Technologies such as NFV/SDN and HetNets are already being deployed by operators and will continue to enable the move towards the hyper-connected society alongside developments in 5G. Considerable potential also remains for increasing 4G adoption in many countries, and we expect 4G network infrastructure to account for much of the $1.7 trillion the world’s mobile operators will invest between now and 2020. Operators will continue to focus on generating a return on investment from their 4G (and 3G) networks by developing new services and tariffing models that make most efficient use of them.
运营商已经投入使用如NFV（网络功能虚拟化）/SDN（软件定义网络）的技术并将继续促进超连接社会形成与5G的发展。越来越多的4G运用在许多国家仍旧保持相当大的发展潜力，我们预计从现在到2020全球移动运营商会投资1.7万亿美元用于4G网络基础设施。运营商将继续把重点放在如何从4G和3G投资中取得回报，通过发展新的服务和收费的模式，最有效地利用4G和3G网络。
Introduction
Objectives of this report
The purpose of this report is to take a step toward clarifying what ?5G‘really means in the technological sense, by: reducing 5G to its fundamental core (including acknowledging what it is arguably not); expanding on some of the use case scenarios that 5G might enable; and discussing conceivable implications for operators in terms of network infrastructure and commercial opportunities. This can only be achieved by framing the discussion around 5G in a broader context alongside existing network technologies and those currently in development.
本报告的目的是进一步阐明在技术层面上，5g真正意味着什么，通过：归纳5G基本核心（包括说明5G不是什么）；扩大一些5G可能实现的实例场景的运用；并探讨可能影响运营商的网络基础设施和商机的问题。这只能通过在更广泛的背景，现有的网络技术和目前正在开发的网络技术围绕5G整体进行讨论。
In summary, there are three key questions that this report will ask:
1. What is (and what isn‘t) 5G?
2. What are the real 5G use cases?
3. What are the implications of 5G for mobile operators?
总之，这个报告有三个关键问题要问：
1.什么是（什么不是）5G？
2.什么是真正的5G用例？
3.5G对移动运营商的影响是什么？
Notes on terminology
5G专业术语注释
GSMA Intelligence’s definition of 4G includes the following network technologies: LTE,TD-LTE, AXGP, WiMAX, LTE-A, TD-LTE-A, LTE with VoLTE and WiMAX 2.Due to the commonality of operator definitions classifying LTE and TD-LTE as 4G technologies, we follow this convention. This differs from the ITU’s strict definition of transitional versus true 4G. Also, where we use the term ‘LTE’in this document it incorporates all LTE variants (LTE, TD-LTE, AXGP, LTE-A and TD-LTE-A). Finally, for simplicity we do not consider WiMAX in this analysis, so where the term ‘4G’is used it incorporates all LTE variants but not WiMAX (a transitional 4G technology) or WiMAX 2(a true 4G technology). Therefore for the purpose of this report the terms ‘4G’and ‘LTE’are interchangeable.
4G的GSMA 智能的定义包括以下网络技术：LTE，TD-LTE，axgp，WiMAX，LTE和LTE-A，TD-LTE-A，VoLTE和WiMAX 2。由于运行定义分类LTE和TD-LTE 4G技术的通用性，我们遵循本规定。这与国际电联对过渡真正的4G的严格定义不同。同时，我们在本文件中使用的术语“LTE”包含了所有LTE变种（LTE，TD-LTE，axgp，LTE-A和TD-LTE-A）。最后，为了简单起见，我们在这种分析中不考虑WiMAX，所以使用术语“4G”时，采用了所有LTE的变种，但不是WiMAX（过渡4G技术）或WiMAX 2（一个真正的4G技术。因此，本报告中术语' 4G '和' LTE '目的是可互换的。
What is 5G?
什么是5G？
Evolution beyond mobile internet
移动网络的发展
From analogue through to LTE, each generation of mobile technology has been motivated by the need to meet a requirement identified between that technology and its predecessor (see Table 1). For example, the transition from 2G to 3G was expected to enable mobile internet on consumer devices, but whilst it did add data connectivity, it was not until 3.5G that a giant leap in terms of consumer experience occurred, as the combination of mobile broadband networks and smartphones brought about a significantly enhanced mobile internet experience which has eventually led to the app-centric interface we see today.
From email and social media through music and video streaming to controlling your home appliances from anywhere in the world, mobile broadband has brought enormous benefits and has fundamentally changed the lives of many people through services provided both by operators and third party players.
通过LTE模拟，由于要满足技术及其技术前身的需要，这激发了每一代的移动技术革新（见表1）。例如，从2G到3G的转变就是要能够在消费者设备上实现移动互联网，但它没有添加数据连接，直到3.5G才使消费者的体验又一个巨大飞跃，因为移动宽带网络和智能手机相结合带来了显着增强的移动互联网体验，最终形成了我们今天看到的以应用为中心的界面。
通过音乐和视频流从电子邮件和社会媒体在世界任何地方来控制你的家电，移动宽带带来了巨大的好处，并通过运营商和第三方用户提供的服务，从根本上改变了许多人的生活。
More recently, the transition from 3.5G to 4G services has offered users access to considerably faster data speeds and lower latency rates, and therefore the way that people access and use the internet on mobile devices continues to change dramatically.
Across the world operators are typically reporting that 4G customers consume around double the monthly amount of data of non-4G users, and in some cases three times as much. An increased level of video streaming by customers on 4G networks is often cited by operators as a major contributing factor to this.
最近，从3.5G过渡到4G的服务使用户享有更快的数据传输和更低的延迟率，因此，人们在移动设备上访问和使用互联网的方式不断发生巨大变化。世界各地的运营商都有报道，4G 客户每月要比非4G用户使用的数据多一倍，某些情况下4G用户的数据使用达到非4G用户的三倍。运营商通常认为使用4G网络客户的视频流水平的提高是造成这个结果的主要因素。
The Internet of Things (IoT) has also been discussed as a key differentiator for 4G, but in reality ||the challenge of providing low power, low frequency networks||to meet the demand for widespread M2M deployment is not specific to 4G or indeed 5G. As Table 1 suggests,it is currently unclear what the opportunity or ?weakness‘ that 5G should address is.
物联网（IOT）也被看作是4G的关键因素讨论，但实际上不只是4G或者5G才要解决低功耗，低频网络问题来满足广泛的M2M部署需求的挑战。如表1所显示，目前5G应该解决的机遇和弱点是什么还不清楚。
Two views of 5G exist today:
View 1–
The hyper-connected vision: In this view of 5G, mobile operators would create a blend of pre-existing technologies covering 2G, 3G, 4G, Wi-fi and others to allow higher coverage and availability, and higher network density in terms of cells and devices, with the key differentiator being greater connectivity as an enabler for Machine-to-Machine (M2M) services and the Internet of Things (IoT). This vision may include a new radio technology to enable low power, low throughput field devices with long duty cycles of ten years or more.
超连接的愿景：从这个观点看5G，移动运营商将创造出覆盖2G，3G，4G，Wi-Fi等已有的
技术的融会贯通的技术，以提高技术覆盖率和可用性，另外还提高电池和设备等的网络密集度，用关键微分器使机器对机器（M2M）服务和物联网更容易连接。这一愿景可能要运用一种新的无线电技术，使低功耗，低吞吐量的现场设备能延续循环工作10年以上。
View 2 –
Next-generation radio access technology: This is more of the traditional‘generation-defining’view, with specific targets for data rates and latency being identified,such that new radio interfaces can be assessed against such criteria. This in turn makes for a clear demarcation between a technology that meets the criteria for 5G, and another which does not.
下一代无线接入技术：这更像是是传统的“生成定义”观点，具有数据速率的具体目标和确定的延迟时间，以便新的无线接口可以对这些标准进行评估。这反过来确定了一个划定了符合5G标准的技术，另一种符合标准的技术没有明确界定。
Both of these approaches are important for the progression of the industry, but they are distinct sets of requirements associated with specific new services. However, the two views described are regularly taken as a single set and hence requirements from both the hyper-connected view and the next-generation radio access technology view are grouped together. This problem is compounded when additional requirements are also included that are broader and independent of technology generation.
这两种方法对行业的发展都很重要，但他们关于特定的新服务有不同的要求。然而，这两种观点通常被整体看待，因此超连接社会和下一代无线接入技术两种观点的要求被归类考虑。当考虑到额外要求还包括更广泛和独立的技术换代方面，这个问题就显得更加复杂。5G technology requirements
As a result of this blending of requirements, many of the industry initiatives that have progressed with work on 5G (see Appendix A) identify a set of eight requirements:
?1-10Gbps connections to end points in the field (i.e. not theoretical maximum)
? 1 millisecond end-to-end round trip delay (latency)
?1000x bandwidth per unit area
?10-100x number of connected devices
?(Perception of) 99.999% availability
?(Perception of) 100% coverage
?90% reduction in network energy usage
?Up to ten year battery life for low power, machine-type devices
Because these requirements are specified from different perspectives, they do not make an entirely coherent list –it is difficult to conceive of a new technology that could meet all of these conditions simultaneously.
由于这种混合的要求，许多发展与5G相关的工作（见附录A）行业的举措，确定了八个要求：
?1-10吉比特/秒领域内的连接端点（即不是理论的最大值）
?1毫秒终端到终端的往返延迟（延迟反应时间）
?1000倍的带宽的单位面积
?10-100X连接设备的数量
?（感知）99.999%可用性
?（感知）100%覆盖率
?网络能耗降低90%
?高达十年的电池寿命低功耗，机器型设备
因为这些要求是从不同的角度来确定的，所以它们没有形成一个完全一致的列表--很难设想有一种可以同时满足所有这些条件的新技术。
Equally, whilst these eight requirements are often presented as a single list, no use case,service or application has been identified that requires all eight performance attributes across an entire network simultaneously. Indeed some of the requirements are not linked to use cases or services, but are instead aspirational statements of how networks should be built, independent of service or technology –no use case needs a network to be significantly cheaper, but every operator would like to pay less to build and run their network. It is more likely that various combinations of a subset of the overall list of requirements will be supported ‘when and where it matters’.
同样，当这八个要求通常以一个单一列表形式呈现，在没有使用的情况下，服务或应用程序已明确要求所有八个绩效属性在整个网络同步。事实上一些要求与用例或服务无关，而是期望陈述如何建立独立的服务或技术网络–没有一个用例需要一个更便宜的网络，但每一个运营商还是想降低建立和运行他们网络的成本。更有可能的情况是，以“何时何地它才重要”的标准来支持整体要求清单中的一部分，以实现多种组合方式。
Finally, while important in their own right, six of these requirements are not generation-defining attributes. These are considered below:
Perceived 99.999% availability and 100% geographical coverage:
These are not use case drivers, nor technical issues, but economic and business case decisions.
99.999% availability and 100% coverage are achievable using any existing technology, and could be achieved by any network operator. Operators decide where to place cells based on the cost to prepare the site to establish a cell to cover a specific area balanced against the benefit of the cell providing coverage for a specific geographic area. This in turn makes certain cell sites and coverage areas - such as rural areas and indoor coverage - the subject of difficult business decisions.
最后，虽然重要的是自己的权利，这些要求中的六个不是生成定义属性。这些是：
感知99.999%的可用性和100%的地理覆盖：
这些不是用例驱动程序，也不是技术问题，而是由经济和商业案例决定。99.999%可用性和100%的覆盖范围是使用任何现有的技术可以实现的，并且可以由任何网络运营商实现。运营商根据成本来决定放置单元的位置，以准备站点建立一个单元格，以覆盖与针对提供覆盖的小区利益平衡的特定区域。这反过来又使某些小区和覆盖区域（如农村和室内覆盖）成为艰难的商业决策的主体。
Whilst a new generation of mobile network technology may shift the values that go in to
the business model that determines cell viability, achieving 100% coverage and 99.999% availability will remain a business decision rather than a technical objective. Conversely, if
100% coverage and 99.999% availability were to be a 5G ‘qualifying criteria’, no network would achieve 5G status until such time as 100% coverage and 99.999% availability were achieved.
虽然新一代移动网络技术可能会转移到商业模式，决定移动区域活力，但实现100％的覆盖率和99.999％的可用性将仍然是商业决策而不是技术目标。相反，如果100%的覆盖范围和99.999%的可用性是评判5G的合格标准，那么除非能达到100%覆盖率和99.999%可用性，否则没有网络将达到5G的状态，
Connection density (1000x bandwidth per unit area, 10-100x number of connections):
These essentially amount to ‘cumulative’requirements i.e. requirements to be met by networks that include 5G as an incremental technology, but also require continued support of pre-existing
generations of network technology. The support of 10-100 times the number of connections is dependent upon a range of technologies working together, including 2G, 3G, 4G, Wi-fi, Bluetooth and other complementary technologies. The addition of 5G on top of this ecosystem should not be seen as an end solution, but just one additional piece of a wider evolution to enable connectivity of machines. The Internet of Things (IoT) has already begun to gain significant momentum, independent of the arrival of 5G.
这些等同于“累积要求”即包括5G在内的作为渐进技术的要求，还需要先代网络技术的持续支持。连接数量的10-100倍的支持取决于包括2G、3G、4G、Wi-Fi、蓝牙等配套技术的一系列技术，添加5G在这个生态系统的顶部不应该被看作是一个最终的解决方案，而只是增加一个更广泛的进化来实现机器的连接。物联网在独立于5G到来之前已经开始获得显著的动力。
Similarly, the requirement for 1,000 times bandwidth per unit area is not dependent upon 5G, but is the cumulative effect of more devices connecting with higher bandwidths for longer durations. Whilst a 5G network may well add a new impetus to progression in this area, the rollout of LTE is already having a transformational effect on the amount of bandwidth being consumed within any specific area, and this will increase over the period until the advent of 5G. The expansion of Wi-fi and integration of Wi-fi networks with cellular will also be key in supporting greater data density rates.
同样，每单位面积的1000倍带宽的要求不是依赖5G，而是更多的设备连接的更高的带宽持续时间较长的累积效应。虽然5G网络可能为这一领域的发展提供了新的动力，但长期演进技术的的推出已经对任何特定领域的带宽量带来转型效应，而且在5G真正到来之前将会持续增加。蜂窝Wi-Fi和Wi-Fi网络一体化的发展还将重点支持发展更高的数据密度率。Meeting both of these requirements will have significant implications for OPEX on backhaul
and power, since each cell or hotspot must be powered and all of the additional traffic
being generated must be backhauled.
满足这些要求对回程和电力的运营费用意义重大，因为每个单元或热点都必须通电，并且所有要生成的额外流量都必须进行回程。
Reduction in network energy usage and improving battery life:The reduction of power consumption by networks and devices is fundamentally important to the economic and ecological sustainability of the industry. A general industry principle for minimising power usage in network and terminal equipment should pervade all generations of technology, and is recognised as an ecological goal as well as having a significant positive impact on the OPEX associated with running a network. At present it is not clear how a new generation of technology with higher bandwidths being deployed as an overlay (rather than a replacement) on top of all pre-existing network equipment could result in a net reduction in power consumption.
减少网络能源使用和提高电池寿命：减少网络和设备的能源消耗对产业经济和生态可持续性十分重要。为减少网络和终端设备的电力使用，各代技术都应采用一个总体产业通用原则，应被看作是一个生态目标，它对运营网络费用有重要影响。目前还不清楚如何将有更高带宽的新一代的技术，部署为覆盖（而不是更换）所有先代网络设备，促使净功耗降低。Some use cases for M2M require the connected device in the field to lie dormant for extended periods of time. It is important that innovation in how these devices are powered and the leanness of the signaling they use when becoming active and connected is pursued. However, this requirement is juxtaposed with 5G headline requirements on data rate – what is required for mass sensor networks is very occasional connectivity with minimal throughput and signaling load.
Work to develop such technology predates the current 5G requirements and is already being pursued in Standards bodies.
一些M2M的应用实例要求现场连接的设备能够更长时间地处于休眠状态。在设备的供电方式和精简其启动及连接所用信号等方面，我们仍要追求创新，这是至关重要的。另外，这个要求与5G对数据传输速率的要求是同样重要的——大规模传感器网络所需要的是非常偶尔性的连接以及最少的吞吐量和信令负荷。在5G要求出台之前，这类技术的开发工作早已开展，并且已经被标准机构采纳使用。
These six requirements should be and are being pursued by the industry today using a range of techniques (some of which are covered later in the paper) but these amount to evolutions of existing network technology and topology or opportunities enabled by changing hardware characteristics and capabilities. These will in turn open business opportunities for operators and third parties. However, none of these business opportunities exist today – they are constrained by limitations greatly governed by economics, and much of these six requirements are motivated by improving the economic viability of those opportunities, rather than filling technological gaps that explicitly prohibit these opportunities, regardless of the amount they might cost to enable.
当下行业应当满足这六项要求，并且业内已经开始利用一系列技术来实现这六项要求（其中一些会在本文后面的部分进行介绍），但这些都是通过改变硬件特性和硬件功能，来促进现有网络技术和拓扑或其他元素的发展进化。这些反过来会为运营商和第三方打开商机。然而，这些商机中没有一个现如今能够存活延续- 它们受到很多主要由经济支配的限制条件的制约，并且这六项要求中的大部分都要靠提高这些商机的经济可行性来推动，而不是不顾成本地靠填补技术差距来推动，这无疑会制约商机。
Thus in the strictest terms of measurable network deliverables which could enable revolutionary new use case scenarios, the potential attributes that would be unique to 5G are limited to sub-1ms latency and >1 Gbps downlink speed.
因此，严格来说，对实现革新性应用实例场景的可测量型网络产出而言，5G将独有一个潜在属性，延迟时间限于1ms以下和下行数据传输速度大于1 Gbps。
Potential 5G use cases
潜在可能的5G应用实例
Imagining the mobile services of the next decade
设想未来十年的移动服务
As with each preceding generation, the rate of adoption of 5G and the ability of operators to monetise it will be a direct function of the new and unique use cases it unlocks. Thus the key questions around 5G for operators are essentially:
与过去的每一代通信技术一样，5G的应用速度和运营商将其货币化的能力将直接作用于开启崭新独特的应用案例。因此，本质上，对运营商而言围绕5G的关键问题是：
a.What could users do on a network which meets the 5G requirements listed above that is not currently possible on an already existing network?
b.How could these potential services be profitable?
有哪些事情是目前用户在现有网络上不可实现，却能够在满足上述5G要求的网络上实现的？
b. 这些潜在服务应当如何盈利？
Figure 1 illustrates the latency and bandwidth/data rate requirements of the various use cases
which have been discussed in the context of 5G to date. These potential 5G use cases and their associated network requirements are described below.
图1说明了在目前为止所讨论的5G前提下，不同应用实例对延迟时间和带宽/数据速率的要求。这些潜在的5G应用实例及其相关的网络要求如下所述。
Virtual Reality/Augmented Reality/Immersive or Tactile Internet
虚拟现实/扩增实境/沉浸式互联网或触觉互联网
（―扩增实境‖见维基词条）
These technologies have a number of potential use cases in both entertainment (e.g. gaming) and also more practical scenarios such as manufacturing or medicine, and could extend to many wearable technologies. For example, an operation could be performed by a robot that is remotely controlled by a surgeon on the other side of the world. This type of application would require both high bandwidth and low latency beyond the capabilities of LTE, and therefore has the potential to be a key business model for 5G networks.
LTE这些技术不仅在娱乐行业（例如游戏）有许多潜在可能的实例，还可能应用于诸如制造业或医药行业之类的更加实际的场景中，并且可以扩展延伸到可穿戴技术领域。举例来说，远在世界另一端的外科医生可以远程控制机器人来实施手术。这种类型的应用需要比LTE 性能更加强大的高带宽和低延迟时间，因此有可能成为5G网络的一种重要的商业模式。However, it should be pointed out that VR/AR systems are very much in their infancy and their development will be largely dependent on advances in a host of other technologies such as motion sensors and heads up display (HUD). It remains to be seen whether these applications could become profitable businesses for operators in the future.
然而，应当指出的是，VR / AR系统还处于刚刚起步的阶段，其发展在很大程度上取决于诸如运动传感器和平视显示器（HUD）等许多其他技术的发展。对未来运营商而言，这些应用能否成为盈利业务尚待分晓。
Autonomous driving/Connected cars
自主驾驶/联网汽车
Enabling vehicles to communicate with the outside world could result in considerably more efficient and safer use of existing road infrastructure. If all of the vehicles on a road were connected to a network incorporating a traffic management system, they could potentially travel at much higher speeds and within greater proximity of each other without risk of accident - with fully-autonomous cars further reducing the potential for human error.
交通工具能够与外部世界进行通讯后，可以大大提高现有道路基础设施的使用效率和安全性。如果道路上的所有车辆都连接到包含交通管理系统的网络中，车辆就可以毫无风险地以更快速度和彼此更小间距行驶——全自动车会进一步降低人为失误出现的可能性。
While such systems would not require high bandwidth, providing data with a command-response time close to zero would be crucial for their safe operation, and thus such applications clearly require the 1 millisecond delay time provided in the 5G specification. In addition a fully ?driverless‘ car would need to be driverless in all geographies, and hence would require full road network coverage with 100% reliability to be a viable proposition.
虽然这样的系统不需要高带宽，但是在接近于零的命令响应时间内提供数据，对于系统的安
全运行而言是至关重要的，因此这样的应用明确要求在5G通信技术参数中保证1毫秒的延迟时间。此外，完全―无人驾驶‖型汽车要在所有地区都可以实现无人驾驶，因此需要有100％可靠性的道路网络完全覆盖，才能让这一主张具有可行性。
Wireless cloud-based office/Multi-person videoconferencing
无线云办公/多人视频会议
High bandwidth data networks have the potential to make the concept of a wireless cloud office a reality, with vast amounts of data storage capacity sufficient to make such systems ubiquitous. However, these applications are already in existence and their requirements are being met by existing 4G networks. While demand for cloud services will only increase, as now they will not require particularly low latencies and therefore can continue to be provided by current technologies or those already in development. While multi-person video calling - another potential business application - has a requirement for lower latency, this can likely be met by existing 4G technology.
高带宽数据网络有可能使无线云办公的概念成为现实，其具有巨大的数据存储容量，足以使这种系统无处不在。然而，这些应用程序早已存在，并且现有的4G网络已经满足其需求。尽管这些应用程序对云服务的需求只增不减，但目前并不要求超低延迟时间，因此可以继续由现有的或研发中的技术来支持。多人视频通话作为另一种潜在的商业应用，虽然有低延迟时间的要求，但这或许也可以由现有的4G技术来实现。
Machine-to-machine connectivity (M2M)
机对机连接（M2M）
M2M is already used in a vast range of applications but the possibilities for its usage are almost endless, and our forecasts predict that the number of cellular M2M connections worldwide will grow from 250 million this year to between 1 billion and 2 billion by 2020, dependent on the extent to which the industry and its regulators are able to establish the necessary frameworks to fully take advantage of the cellular M2M opportunity.
M2M已在广泛的应用之中运行，但其可使用的范围几乎是无止境的。我们的各项预测都预言，全球的蜂窝式M2M连接的数量，从今年的2.5亿到2020年将增长至10亿到20亿之间，而这具体取决于行业及其监管机构多大程度能建立充分利用蜂巢式M2M这一商机的必要框架
Typical M2M applications can be found in ?connected home‘ systems (e.g. smart meters, smart thermostats, smoke detectors), vehicle telemetric systems (a field which overlaps with Connected cars above), consumer electronics and healthcare monitoring. Yet the vast majority of M2M systems transmit very low levels of data and the data transmitted is seldom time-critical. Many currently operate on 2G networks or can be integrated with the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) –so at present the business case for M2M that can be attached to 5G is not immediately obvious.
然而，绝大多数M2M系统传输的数据级别非常低，而且所传输的数据几乎都不是时间关键型数据。目前的许多M2M应用都在2G网络上运行，或者可以与IP多媒体子系统（IMS）进行集成- 所以目前可以连接到5G的M2M商业案例并不明显易见。
A true requirement for a generational shift?
通信技术更新换代的真正需求？
Thus many of the services that have been put forward as potential ?killer apps‘ for 5G do not require a generational shift in technology, and could be provided via existing network technologies. Only applications that require at least one of the key 5G technical requirements – sub-1ms latency and >1 Gbps downlink speed – can be considered true next generational business cases.
因此，许多被认为是5G通讯技术中―杀手级应用程序‖的服务并不需要通讯技术层面上的更新换代，它们也可以由现有的网络技术支持。真正能成为新一代通讯技术商业案例的，只有那些至少需要5G关键技术要求之一的应用，比如1ms以下的延迟时间或大于1 Gbps的下行传输速率。
Of these two requirements, reducing latency to sub-1ms levels may provide the greatest technical challenge (see page 12). Meanwhile, as discussed in more detail in Appendix B, operators are already making a considerable amount of progress in increasing the data speeds of their existing networks by adopting LTE-A technologies (see Figure 2). While it is important to note that although many of the use cases and services discussed in this section do not strictly require 5G, they could offer an enhanced user experience on a 5G network. However this amounts to an incremental benefit that is more difficult to market than a genuine new service, and not a core component of any 5G business case.
在这两个要求中，将延迟时间降至1ms以下的技术挑战可能会是最大的（见第12页）。同时，正如附录B中更加详细的讨论所述，在提高现有网络的数据传输速度方面，运营商已经通过采用LTE-A技术取得了相当大的进展（见图2）。然而我们需要注意，尽管本节讨论的许多应用实例和服务并不严格要求5G，但它们可以在5G网络上提供更加强大的用户体验。然而，这属于增量效益，比全新的服务更难做市场营销，同时它也不是任何5G商业案例的核心组成部分。
The implications of 5G for mobile operators
5G对移动运营商的影响
The progress from initial 3G networks to mobile broadband technology has transformed industry and society by enabling an unprecedented level of innovation. If 5G becomes a true generational shift in network technology, we can expect an even greater level of transformation. There are varying implications of providing an increased level of connectivity or developing a new radio access network (RAN) to deliver a step change in per connection performance, or a combination of the two. This means that the final design of a 5G network could be any one of a range of options with differing radio interfaces, network topologies and business capabilities.
从最初的3G网络到移动宽带技术的进步，使创新能力增强到前所未有的水平，从而改变了工业和社会。如果5G成为网络技术中真正的时代转折点，我们就可以期待更高层次的变革。提供更高水平的连接或开发新的无线接入网络（RAN），有着多样的作用，这可以使每一个连接性能呈现阶跃变化，或者使其两个连接性能相结合。这意味着5G网络的最终设计可以是一系列具有不同无线接口、网络拓扑和业务能力的选项中的任意一种。
While a shift to 5G would be hugely impactful, the industry will need to overcome a series of challenges if these benefits are to be realised, particularly in terms of spectrum and network topology.
移动网络转变成5G，将具有很大的影响力。如果想在其中获益，这个行业还需要克服一系列的挑战，特别是在频谱和网络拓扑结构方面。
5G spectrum and coverage implications 5G频谱及其覆盖的影响
While there are a number of spectrum bands which could potentially be used in meeting some of the 5G requirements identified to date, there is currently a substantial focus on higher frequency radio spectrum. As discussed in Appendix A, operators, vendors and academia are combining efforts to explore technical solutions for 5G that could use frequencies above 6GHz and reportedly as high as 300 GHz. However, higher frequency bands offer smaller cell radiuses and so achieving widespread coverage using a traditional network topology model would be challenging.
虽然有大量的频谱频带可以用于满足一些迄今确定的5G需求，但目前出现了一个实质上注重更高频率的无线电频谱。正如在附录A中所讨论的，运营商、厂商和学术界正合力努力探索5G的技术解决方案，让5G可以使用超过6GHz甚至据说高达300 GHz的频率。然而，越高的频段只能传播更小得范围，因此，想要使用传统网络拓扑模型达到普遍覆盖将具有挑战性。
It is widely accepted that ‘beam-forming’- the focussing of the radio interface into a beam which will be usable over greater distances –is an important part of any radio interface definition that would use 6GHz or higher spectrum bands. This however means that the beam must be directed at the end user device that is being connected. Since the service being offered is still differentiated from fixed line connections on the basis of ‘mobility’, the beam itself will have to track the device. This is innovation that could make 5G an expensive technology to deploy on large scale, since each cell may have to support several hundred individual beams at any one time and track the end users that are connected via these beams in three dimensional space. 众所周知，“波束形成”是由无线接口聚焦成束以覆盖更远距离。对任何使用6GHz或更高频段的无线电接口而言，它都是一个重要的组成部分。然而，这意味着光束必须指向正在连接的终端用户设备。由于所提供的服务仍然区别于“流动性”基础上的固定线路连接，光束本身将不得不跟踪设备。这项创新能使5G成为大规模部署的昂贵技术，因为在任一时间，每个单位可能要支持几百道个人光束，同时跟踪在三维空间通过这些光束连接的终端用户。High-order MIMO (Multi-Input, Multi-Output) is another method for increasing bandwidth that is often discussed. This is where an array of antennae is installed in a device and multiple radio connections are established between a device and a cell. However, high- order MIMO can have issues with radio interference, so technology is required to help mitigate this problem. This tends to focus on a need for the radio network to adjust its beam to take into account the specific orientation of the antenna at any given time.
高阶MIMO（多输入，多输出）是经常讨论的增加带宽的另一种方法。这是天线阵列安装在设备中的方式，也是在设备和单位之间建立多个无线电连接的方式。然而，高阶MIMO 可能会带来无线电干扰的问题，因此需要技术来帮助缓解这个问题。这往往侧重于对无线电网络调整其波束的需要，从而在任何给定时间考虑天线的具体方向。
All of this is incremental research and development over and above that currently being conducted for 4G. The use of bands higher than 6GHz will likely require operators to invest in an entirely new RAN since it will have fundamentally different masthead requirements. Given the level of infrastructure required to achieve the desired network topology, operators may be forced to rethink their existing business models. New technology is rarely a cheap option, and the nature of the new technology that is required in the radio network makes it very power-intensive, hence counter to the stated requirement for significant reduction in overall network power consumption.
所有这一切都是目前正在为4G进行的增量研究和开发。使用高于6GHz的频段，可能需要
运营商投资一个全新的RAN，因为它将有本质上不同的标头要求。鉴于要实现理想网络拓扑所需的基础设施水平，运营商可能迫不得已要重新考虑其现有的业务模式。新技术很少会是廉价的选择，而且无线电网络所需的新技术的性质使其功耗非常大，因此与显著降低总体网络功耗的要求相反。
That said, vendors are researching ways to include beam forming and MIMO technology in mobile devices. As a result, the process of identifying and aligning internationally around common bands for 5G will have a clear dependency on the technology that can be identified to overcome band usage in high frequencies for wide area coverage.
也就是说，供应商正在研究将波束形成和MIMO技术纳入移动设备的方法。因此，在5G 的公共频段内，国际识别和对齐的过程将明确地依赖于可识别的技术，以避免在高频范围内的频带使用，从而覆盖更广范围。
Can 1 millisecond latency be achieved? 1毫秒的延迟可以实现吗？
Achieving the sub-1ms latency rate identified as a technical requirement for 5G necessitates a new way of thinking about how networks are structured, and will likely prove to be a significant undertaking in terms of technological development and investment in infrastructure.
1ms以下的延迟时间被认为是5G的技术要求，它的实现需要一种思考网络结构的新思路，并且这很可能是在技术开发和基础设施投资方面的重要任务。
Despite the inevitable advances in processor speeds and network latency between now and 2020, the speeds at which signals can travel through the air and light can travel along a fibre are governed by fundamental laws of physics. Subsequently services requiring a delay time of less than 1 millisecond must have all of their content served from a physical position very close to the user’s device. Industry estimates suggest that this distance may be less than 1 kilometre, which means that any service requiring such a low latency will have to be served using content located very close to the customer, possibly at the base of every cell, including the many small cells that are predicted to be fundamental to meeting densification requirements. This will likely require a substantial uplift in CAPEX spent on infrastructure for content distribution and servers.
尽管从现在到2020年，处理器速度和网络延迟不可避免地会有所进步，信号通过空气行进的速度，以及光沿着光纤行进的速度，都是由物理学的基本定律决定的。随后那些需要延迟时间小于1毫秒的服务，必须使其所有服务项目的物理位置与用户设备非常接近。业内估计表明，这个距离可能不到1公里，这意味着任何像这样需要低延迟的服务，都必须使用非常接近客户的项目。这可能基于每个单元格，包括许多被认为是满足密度要求基础的小单元格。这可能需要资本支出在内容分发和服务器的基础设施上大量提升。
If any service requiring 1 millisecond delay also has a need for interconnection between one operator and another, this interconnectivity must also occur within 1 kilometre of the customers. This could well be the case in a service such as social networking content pushed into augmented reality. Today, inter-operator interconnect points are relatively sparse, but to support a 5G service with 1 millisecond delay, there would likely need to be interconnection at every base station, thus impacting the topological structure of the core network. Roaming customers would need to have visited network contextual roaming capabilities, and have content relevant to their applications available directly from the visited network, posing challenges for the existing roaming model.
如果任何需要1毫秒延迟的服务，也需要两个运营商之间的互连，那么这种互连性也必须在用户的1公里内进行。在诸如社交网络内容推送到增强现实中的服务中，情况也可能如此。
如今，运营商间互连点相对较少，但是为了让5G服务实现1毫秒延迟，每个基站可能都需要互连，从而影响核心网络的拓扑结构。漫游客户需要已经访问过关于网络背景的漫游功能，并且可以直接从访问过的网络获得与其应用有关的内容，这对现有漫游模式构成了挑战。In the most extreme case, it would make sense for a single network infrastructure to be implemented, which would be utilised by all operators. This would mean all customers could be served by a single content source, with all interaction and interconnect with localised context also being served from that point at the base station. This would also imply that only one radio network would be built, and then shared by all operators.
在最极端的情况下，实现单个网络基础设施是有意义的，这将为所有运营商所利用。这将意味着所有客户都可以由单一的内容源服务，所有的交互和与本地化环境互连也会由基站的这一点提供。这也意味着只建立一个无线电网络，然后为所有运营商共享。
Such a model would considerably reduce CAPEX in the network build (since rather than say four operators building four parallel networks, only a single network would be built) but would require unprecedented levels of co-operation between operators. It would also impact the nature of
inter-operator competition, shifting focus to services rather than data rate and coverage differentiation. It would also make spectrum auctions somewhat irrelevant, since only one radio network being built would mean there would only be one bidder and one license per market.
这样的模式将大大降低网络建设中的CAPEX（因为不是说四个运营商构建四个并行网络，而是只能构建一个网络），但是也需要运营商之间前所未有的合作水平。这也会影响运营商之间竞争的性质，将重点转移到服务上，而不是数据速率和覆盖率差异化。它也会使频率拍卖不那么重要，因为只会建造一个无线电网，这意味着每个市场只能有一个投标人和一个许可证。
Once this is all realised, it is likely that requirements for sub-1ms delay will be relaxed or possibly removed entirely from 5G, rather than industry committing to the massive upheaval and resource acquisition that would be implied. If this were to happen, it may draw into question the viability of coupling services such as augmented and virtual reality, immersive internet and autonomous driving with mobility. However, if those services were removed from the expected service set, the justification for the technological view of 5G would also become questionable.
一旦这一切都实现了，可能会降低对于低于1ms延迟的要求，或者可能会从5G 中完全删除，而不是行业忠于这种被暗示的大规模动荡和资源获取。如果发生这种情况，可能会引起耦合服务的可行性，例如增强和虚拟现实、沉浸式互联网和具有移动性的自主驾驶。但是，如果这些服务从预期的服务中移除，5G技术观点的正当性也会引人质疑。
西南交大科技英语翻译期末考试复习题答案
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科技英语翻译答案
科技英语翻译 1.1 翻译的标准 第1节翻译练习1 The power plant is the heart of a ship. The power unit for driving the machines is a 50-hp induction motor. 动力装置是船舶的心脏。 驱动这些机器的动力装置是一台50马力的感应电动机。 第1节翻译练习2 Semiconductor devices, called transistors, are replacing tubes in many applications. Cramped conditions means that passengers’ legs cannot move around freely. All bodies are known to possess weight and occupy space. 半导体装置也称为晶体管，在许多场合替代电子管。 我们知道，所有的物体都有重量并占据空间。 空间狭窄，旅客的两腿就不能自由活动。 第1节翻译练习3 The removal of minerals from water is called softening. A typical foliage leaf of a plant belonging to the dicotyledons is composed of two principal parts: blade and petiole. 去除水中的矿物质叫做软化。 双子叶植物典型的营养叶由两个主要部分组成：叶片和叶柄。 1.2 对译者的要求 第4节翻译练习1 Einstein’s relativity theory is the only one which can explain such phenomena. All four (outer planets) probably have cores of metals, silicates, and water. 爱因斯坦的相对论是能解释这种现象的唯一理论。（直译） 这四颗外层行星的内核可能都由金属、硅酸盐和水构成。（意译） The designer must have access to stock lists of the materials he employs. Part adjustment and repair must be performed on regular basis if an acceptable printed product is to be the end product. 设计师必须备有所使用材料的储备表。（意译） 要使印刷品的质量达到要求，部件调试及修理就必须定期进行。（意译） 第4节翻译练习2 The most important of the factors affecting plant growth is that it requires the supply of water. The doctor analyzed the blood sample for anemia. The apparent change in size of the sun is caused by dust in the air near the horizon.植物生长的各因素中最重要的是水的供应。（合译） 太阳的大小看起来有变化，这是由于靠近地平线的空气中有尘粒而引起的。（分译） 医生对血样作了分析，看是不是贫血症。（分译） These fragments of rock and iron range from thousand kilometers in diameter to less than one. Manufacturing processes may be classified as unit production with small quantities being made and mass production with large numbers of identical parts being produced.这些石块和铁块的碎片大小不等，大的直径有1000公里，小的不到1公里。（分译） 制造过程可以分为单件生产和大量生产。前者指的是生产少量的零件，后者则是指生产大量相同的零件。（分译） 第4节翻译练习3 Cartography is the science of making maps. Many elements in nature are found to be mixtures of different isotopes. 制图学是研究绘制地图的科学。（增译） 人们发现，自然界里许多元素，都是各种不同的同位素的混合物。（增译） The two units used most frequently in electricity are ampere and volt: this is the unit of voltage and that of current. That like charges repel but opposite charges attract is one of the fundamental laws of electricity. 电学上最常用的两个单位是安培和伏特：后者是电压的单位，前者是电流的单位。（增译） 同性电荷相斥，异性电荷相吸是电学的一个基本规律。（省译） 第4节翻译练习4 Almost any insulated body processes to some extent the ability to retain for a time an electric charge. The angular contact bearing provides a greater thrust capacity. The properties of the weld can be altered by varying the grain orientation. 几乎任何一种绝缘体都多少具有保留电荷一段时间的能力。 向心推力轴承有较大的轴向承载能力。 通过改变晶粒的方向可以改变焊缝的性能。 2.1 词义的选择 第1节翻译练习1 The spindle rotates simultaneously round two axes at right angles to each other. The earth isn’t completely round; it is slightly flattene d at the poles. In each round of operation the particle picks up energy from the oscillating electric field. 锭子同时绕两个互相垂直的轴旋转。（介词） 粒子每运转一周都从振荡电场获取新的能量。（名词） 地球并非完全是圆的，它的两极略扁平。（形容词） An electron is an extremely small corpuscle with negative charge which rounds about the nucleus of an atom. Her waist measures forty inches round. 电子是绕原子核转动且带有负电荷的极其微小的粒子。（动词） 她腰围40英寸。（副词） 第1节翻译练习2 Rate of penetration was found to be proportional to the net pressure applied by the tool. Scientists are constantly striving to find fast and convenient way of obtaining quantitative data. To find the area of a square or oblong, you merely multiply its length by its width. Certain isotopes are not found in nature. 人们发现钻孔速度与工具所受的净压力成正比。 求一正方形或长方形的面积，你只需将其长度乘以宽度。 科学家们总是力求找到快速而简便的方法获得定量数据。 有些同位素在自然界中并不存在。 New fibers find expanding applications in engineering and industry. Kangaroos are found in Australia. This plant is found in the sea near the mouth of rivers. Microcomputers have found their application in the production of genius sensors. Plastics find wide application in our daily life. 大袋鼠产于澳大利亚。 这种植物生长在近河口的海中。 新发明的纤维在工程和工业领域得到越来越广泛的应用。 微型计算机已经应用于智能传感器的生产中。 塑料在我们的日常生活中得到广泛应用。 第2节翻译练习1 The cause of rolling resistance is the deformation of mating surfaces of the rolling element and the raceway on which it rolls. Traditionally, NC programming has been performed offline with the machine commands The occurrence of large mats of floating algae may result in the death of many fish from lack of oxygen. 滚动阻力的起因在于滚动体的配合面和它滚动的滚道的变形。（技术性引申） 通常，数控机床的编程是脱机完成的，指令载于穿孔带上。（技术性引申） 大片大片漂浮的藻类的出现导致很多鱼因缺氧而死亡。（修辞引申） The splitting of the uranium or plutonium nucleus is accompanied by the release of very considerable amount of energy. The major contributors in component technology have been in the semiconductor. The distance between the two plates is small compared with their linear dimensions. Just as different solids and liquids vary in density, so do gases and vapors. 元件技术中起主要作用的是半导体元件。（具体化引申） 两板之间的距离相对于其宽度和长度而言比较小。（具体化引申） 随着铀核和钚核的裂变，会有极其巨大的能量释放处理。（修辞性引申） 正像不同的固体和液体的密度不同一样，不同的气体和蒸汽的密度也不同。（具体化引申） The Curies believed that there was something in nature that gave out radiation. Obviously, there is much room for the improvement in the structure. At present coal is the most common food of a steam plant. The facts have been set down in black and white. 显然，其结构还有较大的改进余地。（抽象化引申） 目前，煤是火电厂最常用的能源。（抽象化引申） 居里夫妇坚信，自然界中有一种物质能放出辐射能。（具体化引申） 这些事实已经清清楚楚地记录下来了。（抽象化引申） 2.3 词类的转换 第3节翻译练习1 Each time a sample was drawn for color determination. What is certain is that the oil spill has delivered a devastating blow to the ecology of the Persian Gulf. We should get familiar with different systems of units. 每次取一个标本测定颜色。 可以肯定，这场石油泄漏事件对波斯湾的生态是个惨重的打击。 我们应该熟悉各种（计量）单位制。 These decision-making processes are applicable to the entire field of engineering design--- not just to mechanical engineering design. Hydrogen instead of air is frequently used for cooling large turbogenerators. When the war was over, it was discovered that the Germans were nowhere near success in developing nuclear weapons. 常以氢气代替空气来冷却大型汽轮发电机。 第二次世界大战结束后，人们发现德国人在研制核武器方面离成功还很远。 这些判定过程可以应用于工程设计的整个领域，而不仅仅限于机械工程设计。 Various precautions have been taken against leakage. Once inside the oven, panels are subjected to a temperature of 365°F. Value is defined as a numerical ratio, the ratio of the function, or performance, to the cost. This new model should appeal to potential buyers. 一旦进入烘干炉，板材就处于365华氏度的温度条件下。 价值的定义是功能或性能与成本的数值比。 已采取了各种措施防止渗漏。 这种新式样对潜在的买主肯定有吸引力。 Galileo’s experiments are not difficul t, nor is there any evidence that he performed them with exceptional skill. Sometimes a scientist observes an object and its features, for example a star or a bird; sometimes he observes an event, which is something that happens at a particular time. Earthquakes are generally more destructive of life than volcanic eruptions. 有时科学家观察一物体及其特征，例如一颗星或一只鸟；有时科学家观察某一事件，即在一特定时间所发生的事。 地震对于生命的破坏通常大于火山爆发。 伽利略的实验并不难，也没有证据表明他是以非凡的技能来做实验的。 Heat should be applied slowly to avoid localized overheating. How rapidly a fuel burns depends on how thoroughly it is mixed with oxygen or air. This is why a coil is often referred to as an inductor. 一种燃料燃烧的速度有多快，取决于它与氧气或空气混合的均匀程度。 这就是线圈常被叫做电感器的原因。 应当慢慢加热，以避免发生局部过热现象。 第3节翻译练习2 Practically all of the useful properties of materials are strongly dependent on their internal structure. The metal casts well. A wire for conducting electric current is covered with plastic; the plastic is insulation round the wire. 几乎材料的一切有用特性都与其内部的结构有密切的关系。 这种金属有良好的铸造性能。 传导电流的导线包有塑料，该塑料便是导线周围的绝缘材料。 There are many ways of determining the distribution of the magnetism about a magnet. Good lubrication keeps the bearings from being damaged. Safety in a power plant is of great importance. Most modern transmitters employ solid state circuits. 安全在电厂是非常重要的。 现代发报机大多采用固体电路。 有许多方法来确定磁场周围的磁力分布状况。 润滑良好可保护轴承不受损伤。 E-Chemmerce now offers two main levels of online business intelligence on chemical, plastic and energy e-commerce. These images tend to exaggerate the robot’s similarity to human anatomy and behavior. Aluminum remained an expensive rarity till the discovery of the electrolytic process for reducing aluminum in 1886. 这些概念常常夸大了机器人与人类在形体和行为方面的相似之处。 《电子化工商务》目前主要提供两个层次的有关化学、塑料和能源电子商务的在线商务信息服务。 直到1886年人们发现电解法还原铝之前，铝一直是一种昂贵的珍品。 Since some materials are not damaged easily as others, the possibility exists of developing radiation-resistant parts. 由于有些材料不像另一些那样容易被损坏，所以有可能研制出防辐射的零件。 2.4 词的增译 第4节翻译练习2 第4节翻译练习1 This action externally appears like the discharge of a capacitor. Once out of the earth’s gravity, an astronaut is affec ted by still another problem--- weightlessness.