自动化专业英语考试整理版
翻译
P.1
The voltage across a pure inductor is defined by Faraday’law,which states that the voltage across the inductor is proportional to the rate of change with time of the current through the inductor.thus we have U=Ldi/dt.
纯电感电压由法拉第定律定义，法拉第定律指出：电感两端的电压正比于流过电感的电流随时间的变化率。因此可得到：U=Ldi/dt 式中di/dt = 电流变化率，安培/秒；L = 感应系数，享利。
P.3
A three-phase electric circuit is energized by three alternating emfs of the same frequency and differing in time phase by 120 electrical degrees .
三相电压的产生三相电路可由三个频率相同在时间相位上相差120°电角度的电动势供电。
P.9
One problem with electronic devices corresponding to the generalized amplifiers is that the gains,AU or AI ,depend upon internal properties of two-port system( ).This makes design difficult since these parameters usually vary from device to device ,as well as temperature .
运算放大器像广义放大器这样的电子器件存在的一个问题就是它们的增益AU或AI取决于双端口系统(m、b、RI、Ro等)的内部特性。器件之间参数的分散性和温度漂移给设计工作增加了难度。
P.31
However, the disadvantage is that they generate harmonics in the utility system creating a power quality problem for other consumers.Besides thyristor converters constitute a low lagging power factor load on tha utility system.
但是，它们的缺点是在电力系统中产生谐波，对其他用户产生供电质量问题。此外，晶闸管变换器给电力系统提供了一个滞后的低功率因数负载。
P.32
Inverter is a device which receives DC voltage at one side and converts it to AC voltage on the other side
逆变器是从一侧接受直流电压，在另一侧将其转换成交流电压的装置。 .
Inverter can be classified voltage-fed inverter and current-fed inverter.
逆变器可分成电压源型和电流源型两种。
P.36
The permanent-magnet motor has several advantages over convertional types of DC motors.One advantage is reduced operational cost.The speed characteristics of the permanent-magnet motor are similar to those of the shunt-wound DC motor.The direction fo rotation of a permanent-magnet moror can be reversed by reversing the twopower lines.
永磁电机相对于常规直流电机有几个优点。优点之一是减少了运行损耗。永磁电机的转速特性类似于并励式直流电机的转速特性。永磁电
机的旋转方向可通过将电源线反接来实现
P40
A signal proportional to the motor speed is obtained from the speed sensor.The speed sensor output is filtered to remove the AC ripple and compared with the speed reference. The speed error is processed through a speed controller.The output of the speed controller UC adjusts the rectifier firing angle A to make the actual speed close to the reference speed.
正比于电机速度的信号可从速度传感器获得。速度传感器的输出滤除交流波，并与速度参考值比较，速度误差被速度控制器处理，速度控制器的输出uc调整整流器的触发角α，以使实际的速度接近于参考速度。
P.45
In a wound-rotor machine,the rotor wingding si similar to that of the stator,but in a cage machine ,the rotor has a squirrel cage-like structure with shorted end rings.
对绕线式转子电机而言，转子绕组与定子绕组类似，但鼠笼式电机的转子具有鼠笼状结构，并且有两个短路环。
With the system transfer funcion known, the Routh-Hurwitz criterion will Tell us whether or not a system is stable .If it is stable ,the steady-state accuracy can be determined for various types of inputs.
如果已知系统的传递函数，劳斯-胡尔维茨判据会告诉我们系统是否
稳定。如果系统稳定，可以确定各种类型输入时系统的稳态精度
P.87
There are as many as locus branches as there open-loop poles.A branch srtarts,for K=0,at each open-loop pole.As K is increased ,the closed-loop pole positions trace out loci,which end,for K at the open-loop zeros.
根轨迹的分支数等于开环极点数。当K=0时，分支起始于每一个开环极点。随着K值的增加，闭环极点位置绘出根轨迹，当K→∞时，根轨迹终止于开环零点。
P.107
The transition from simple approximate modles,which are easy to work with,to more realistic models produces two effects. First, a larger number of variables must be included in the model .Second ,a more realistic model is more likely to contain nonlinearities and time-varying parameters.
从易于处理的简单近似模型到实际一些的模型的转换产生了两种作用（存在着两个方面的问题）。第一，大量的变量必须包含在模型中。第二，更实际的模型更容易包含非线性和时变参数。
P.133
The memory of a computer consists of a set of sequentially numbered locations.Each location is a register in which binary information can be stored.The “number”of a location is called
its address.The lowest address is 0.
计算机的内存由一组连续编号的单元构成。每一个单元都是一个存储二进制信息的寄存器。单元的编号称为其地址。最低的地址为0。
P.135
The CPU’s job is to fetch instructions from memory and execute these instructions.The structure of the CPU is shown in Fig.3-1A-3.It has four main components:an arithmetic and logical unit(ALU),a set of registers,an internal processor bus and controller
CPU的工作是从存储器中取回指令并执行。它有四个主要部件：算术－逻辑单元，一系列存储器，一个内部处理器总线和控制器.
P.163
These two types of architecture are found in single-chip microcomputers.Some employ the split program/data memory of the Harvard architecture,shown in Fig.3-4A-1.others follow the philosophy,widely adopted for general-purpose computers and microprocessors,of making nological distinction between program and data memory as in the Princeton architecture,shown in Fig-3-4A-2.
单片机有这样两种结构类型。一些使用了哈佛结构的分离的程序/数
据存储器，如图3-4A-1所示。另一些被通用计算机和微处理器广泛采用的是普林斯顿结构，遵循在程序存储器与数据存储器之间没有逻辑区别的原理，如图3-4A-2所示。
In general terms a single-chip microcomputer is characterized by the incorporation of all the uints of a computer into a single device,as shown in Fig.3-4A-3.
概括地讲，单片机的特征是将计算机的所有部件都合并到一个单一的装置上,如图3-4A-3.所示。
P.164
RAM is for the storage of working variables and data used during program execution.
RAM是用于程序执行过程中对工作变量和数据的存储
P.166
Ａdigtital Signal Processor is a super-fast chip computer,which has been optimized for the detection,processing and generation of real world signals such as voice,video,music,etc,inreal time.
数字信号处理器是一种超高速单片计算机，它已被优化以用于一些现实信号如语音、视频、音乐等等的实时检测、处理和产生。
Distinguishing between DSP and micro by application is perhaps not the best way forward after all.In fect,the main difference lies deep inside the divices themselves,in the internal chip architecture,with DSP devices particularly optimized for high-speed,high-accuracy multiplication.
要按应用来分辨DSP与微处理器可能不是最好的方法。实际上，它们两者主要的不同存在于它们的内部芯片结构。DSP器件对高速、高精度的乘法进行了特殊的优化。
P180
Automatic process control is concerned with maintaining process
variables,temperatures,pressures,flows,compositions,and the like at some desired operating valur.As we shall see in the ensuing pages,processes are dynamic in nature.Changes are always occurring,and if actions are not taken,the important process variables-those related to safety,product quality,and production rates-will not achieve design conditions.
自动过程控制与持续过程变量、温度、压力、流量、成分和期望操作值一类的量有关。正如我们在后续的章节中所看到的，过程本身是动态的。变化不断发生，并且如果激励未加入，重要的过程变量——与
安全有关的变量、产品质量和生产率——将不能获得期望值
P186
There are some other common industrial sensors:pressure,flow,temperature,and level.Sometimes it is important for system analysis to obtain the parameters that describe the sensor/transmitter behavior.
其他工业传感器有：压力、流量、温度和水平面。有时候，获得描述传感器/热敏电阻动态性能的参数对于系统分析是很重要的
汉译英
1.这种仪表用来测定电池充电的程度。
This instrument is used to determine how fully the batteries are charged.
2.电流的大小与电压成正比，与电阻成反比。
An current varies directly as the voltage force and inversely an the resistance.
3.应当注意报复仪器免受灰尘和潮湿。
Care should be taken to protect the instrument from dust and dump.
4.模糊控制的作用不同于传统的比列积分微分控制。
Fuzzy ccntrol acts differently from conventional PID control.
5.铜的导电性良好。
Copper conducts electricity very well.
6.变压器的输出电压为10Kv.
The output of transformers has a voltage of 10kilovoltages.
7.如果系统增益超过了一定界限，系统就会不稳定。
If the system gain is increased beyond a certain limit the system will become unstable.
8.这个部门有3台计算机感染了病毒。
The three computers in this section are infected by virus.
9.积分（作用）可以消除闭环系统中的静差（现象）。
Integration can get rid of the static error in closed-loop system.
自动化专业英语考试翻译
PART 3 Computer Control Technology UNIT 1 A 计算机的结构与功能 这一节介绍计算机的内部体系结构，描述了指令如何存储和译码，并解释了指令执行周期怎样分解成不同的部分。 从最基本的水平来讲，计算机简单执行存储在存储器中的二进制编码指令。这些指令按照二进制编码数据来产生二进制编码结果。对于通用可编程计算机，四个必要部件是存储器、中央处理单元（CPU，或简称处理器），外部处理器总线，输入/输出系统，正如图 3-1A-1所示。 外部处理器总线 存储器CPU输入/输出 图 3-1A-1 计算机的基本元件 存储器储存指令和数据。 CPU读取和解释指令，读每条指令所需的数据，执行指令所需的操作，将结果存回存储器。CPU所需的操作之一是从外部设备读取或写入数据。这利用输入/输出系统来实现。 外部处理器总线是一套能在其他计算机部件之间传送数据、地址和控制信息的电导线。 存储器 计算机的存储器是由一套连续编号的单元所组成。每个存储单元是一个能存二进制信息的寄存器。单元的编号称为地址。初始地址为0。制造商定义处理器的一个字长为单元的整数长。在每个字中，各位表示数据或指令。对于英特尔8086/87和摩托罗拉MC68000微处理器来说，一个字是16位长，但每个存储单元仅为8位，因此两个8位单元来存取获得一个数据字长。
为了使用存储器中的内容，处理器必须取来右边的内容。为了完成这一次读取，处理器把所需单元的二进制编码地址放到外部处理器地址总线的地址线上，然后，存储器允许处理器读取所寻址的存储单元的内容。读取存储单元的内容的这一过程并不改变该单元的内容。 存储器中的指令存储器中的指令由CPU取来。除非发生程序转移，它们按在存储器中出现的顺序来执行。用二进制形式所写的指令叫做机器语言指令。一种得到（指令）有效形式的方法是将（这些）位分成段，如图3-1A-2所示。每一段都包含一个不同类型信息的代码。 在简单的计算机中，每条指令可分为四段，每段有四位。每条指令包括操作代码（或操作码，每条指令有唯一的操作码）、操作数地址、立即数、转换地址。 在一个实际的指令集中，有很多指令。也有大量的存储单元来存储指令和数据。为了增加存储单元的数目，如果我们使用同样的方法，地址段的指令一定长于16位。除了增加指令长度外，还有很多增加微处理器寻址范围的方法：可变指令段、多字指令、多寻址模式，可变指令长度。我们不将详细讨论它们。 存储数据数据是存储器中代表代码的信息。为了有效利用存储空间和处理时间，大多数计算机提供了不同长度和表示方法的处理数据能力。能被处理器识别的各种不同表示称作数据类型。常用的数据类型有：位、二进制码、十进制数字（4位字节，BCD）、字节（8位）、字（2个字节）、双字（4个字节）。 有一些处理器提供了可处理其他数据类型。例如单精度浮点数据类（32位）和双精度浮点数据（64位）等的指令。还有另一类的数据–––特征数据。通常也表示为8位。在标准键盘上，每个计算机终端键和键的组合（例如shift和control功能键）有定为美国信息交换标准码的7位码。 存储器类型在数字控制系统的应用中，我们也关注不同存储技术的特征。对主存储器来说，我们需用它临时存储信息，并逐次地从不同单元写入或获得信息。这种类型的存储器称作随机访问存储器（RAM）。在某些情况下，我们不想让存储器中的信息丢失。因此我们愿使用特殊技术写入存储器。如果写入只在物理改变连接时才能实现，那么这种存储器称为只读存储器（ROM）。如果相互连接的模式可由程序设定，那存储器叫做可编程只读存储器（PROM）。如果需要实现改写的情况，我们有可擦的可编程只读存储器（EPROM）。电可擦除的PROM缩写为EEPROM。
(2020年整理)2020《人文英语2》考试复习资料.doc
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华 北 水 利 水 电 学 院 试 题 纸 2008～2009学年 第 一 学期 2008 级 机自 专业 机械设计英文试题 试题 学号： 姓名： ……………………………………密…………封……………线………………………………… 1. Decide which is the best answer and fill your answer in the table. (30 points) ⑴ The main functions of couplings and clutches are to transmit movement and . A. radial force B. axial force C. moment D. power ⑵ The type of V-belt is determined by . A. power and rotate speed of big pulley B. calculated power and rotate speed of big pulley C. power and rotate speed of small pulley D. calculated power and rotate speed of small pulley ⑶ The tooth form factor in bending fatigue strength is independent of the . A. tooth number B. base diameter C. module D. pressure angle ⑷ The necessary conditions to form full-film hydrodynamic lubrication bearings are A. There must be a wedge-shaped space between two relative moving plates B. There must be a relative sliding velocity between two plates and the lubricant must be flow from big entrance to small exit in the direction of the moving plate. C. The lubricant has sufficient viscosity, and the supply of the lubricant is abundant. D. The bearing must be made of Babbit. Which condition is not correct? ⑸ Which bearing can subject to axial force only? _______ A. 6310 B. 7310 C. 30310 D. 51310 ⑹ In a V-belt drive, if 1v and 2v are the pitch circle velocities of the driving pulley and the driven pulley respectively, v is the belt velocity, then . A. 21v v v >> B. 21v v v << C. 21v v v == D. 21v v v >= 第 1 页 共 5 页
2011自动化专业英语考试试卷_第一学期1
2010—2011学年第1学期 《专业外语2-1》补考试卷 (适用专业：自动化，测控) 专业班级 姓名 学号 开课系室信控学院自动化系 考试日期 题号一二三四五总分得分 阅卷人
一，Translate the followings into Chinese (1 point each, total of 20 points) 1.manual control [自] 手动控制；[计] 人工控制 2.empirical modeling 统计] 经验模型 3.phase error compensation 位相误差补偿 4.step response [电子] 阶跃响应；[电子] 瞬态特性 5.differential pressure [流] 压差 6.resonant peak 振峰值 feedback coefficient 反馈系数Feedback Control Gain Coefficient：反馈增益coefficient feedback：温度系数反馈 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/d711188328.html,limeter/centimeter/kilometer 毫米厘米，公分公里，千米 8.accuracy/sensitivity/reliability n. 精确度，准确性n. 敏感；敏感性；[医]过敏n. 可 靠性 9.amplitude/frequency/phase n. 振幅；n. 频率；n. 相；位相； 10. try-and-error tuning try-and-error tuning try-and-error调谐 10.measured variable 被测变量；测定变量 11.system protection 系统保护 maximum overshoot maximum overshoot：最大超调量；最大过冲；最大超越量 maximum percent overshoot：最大超越量 12.analog/digital filter 模拟[电子] 数字滤波器 13.impulse function 数] 脉冲函数；冲力函数；冲击函数 14.volumetric flowmeter 体积式量计；[仪] 容积式流量计 15.upper limit value Attribute Upper Limit Value属性上界值 16.pressure/temperature/level n. 压力；压迫，压强n. 温度n. 水平；水平面；标准 17.block diagram 框图；方块图 二，Translate the followings into English (1 point each, total of 20 points) 1.过程变量Process Variable ；process variable ；Process Variation 2.闭环控制[close-cycle; closed-cycle]closed-loop control 3.传递函数[自] transfer function 4.时间延迟[通信] time delay time lag 频带宽度frequency band width ；bandwidth 传感器/换能器sensor ，transducer，sense organ，sensing element；[电子] transducer energy converter 孔板流量计orificeplate flowmeter；orifice meter
专业英语考试试题与答案
1.Why are cast metal sheet ingots hot-rolled first instead of being cold-rolled? Because of cold rolling is to use hot rolled steel coils as the raw material, after acid pickling to remove oxide skin for cold rolling, the finished product is hard roll, because of cold work hardening caused by deformation of continuous cold rolling hard roll strength, increase hardness, toughness and plastic index decreased, so the stamping performance will deteriorate, can only be used for simple deformation of the parts 2.What type of heat treatment is given to the rolled metal sheet after hot and “warm” rolling? What is its purpose? 轧钢的热处理的类型？轧钢热处理的目的？ Heat treatment of the main types are annealing, normalizing, quenching and tempering, solution treatment and aging treatment, cold treatment, chemical treatment, etc. Annealing： The steel is heated to a certain temperature and heat preservation for a period of time, and then make it slowly cooling, called annealing. Steel annealing is a heat the steel to the phase change or part of the phase change temperature, slow cooling after heat preservation heat treatment method. The purpose of annealing is to eliminate tissue defects, improve the organization make composition uniformity and fine grains, increase mechanical properties of the steel, reduce residual stress; Can decrease the hardness at the same time, improve the plasticity and toughness, improve machinability. So before annealing in order to eliminate and improve both the legacy of tissue defects and internal stress, and to prepare for the follow-up process, so the annealing is belong to the intermediate heat treatment, also called heat treatment in advance Normalizing： Normalizing is heated to above the critical temperature of steel, to all into homogeneous austenitic steel, heat treatment and natural cooling in air. It can eliminate hypereutectoid steel mesh cementite, for hyposteel normalizing can refine crystal lattice, improve comprehensive mechanical properties, low requirements for the parts use the normalized instead of the annealing process is more economic. Quenching: Quenching is the steel is heated to above the critical temperature, heat preservation for a period of time, then quickly into the quenching medium, the temperature plummeted, rapid cooling at greater than the critical cooling rate of speed, which is mainly composed of martensite and unbalanced heat treatment method of the organization. Can increase strength and hardness of the steel quenching, but to reduce its plasticity. That is commonly used in quenching hardening agent are: water, oil, caustic soda, and salt solution, etc
2019中石油职称英语考试历年单选汇总2016-2018年.pdf
2016年. 【农民】__theirland. 丧失 ,__provedthathewasn'tworkinghardenough.非限制性定语 倒装句 Athens同位语 翻译：奥林匹克马拉松赛跑为26英里，385码.大约为马拉松到雅典的距离 ,wedecided totakethetrain.完成被动的非谓语动词形式 与…打成一片 【记录】theplain【平常的，简单的】facts【事实，真相】ofsmalltownlife. 非谓语动词 抚养 ：为了 ''tknowmorethanyoudo. ''llmoveinsoonandweneedtobuy__furniture. 【药方】 【生物学家】doesnotmerely【仅仅】describe【描述】organisms【有机物】,buttriestolearn__actastheydo. "Hashecomeback....Yes,he__back forthreedays. 【32课】同位语 翻译：生态学，即研究生物与其环境之间关系的科学，在石油地质中也很重要。 ,theearth__coveredbywater.【55课】虚拟语气
翻译：如果所有的大陆和山脉被推平，那么地球表面将被一层超过12000英尺深的水所覆盖。 "veryhappy".【5课】 翻译：拥有五个或更多亲密朋友的人自认“非常快乐”的机会高出他人50%。【不协调的，不相配的】withgoodhealth. ' ' 2017年 .【31课】 翻译：老人把手浸在盐水里，努力保持头脑清醒。 虚拟语气（过去相反） 翻译：Smith上周非常忙，否则他就去看你了。 . 非谓语动词 翻译：她需要买所有的东西，她将要离开市场，在小镇的街上再花费一个小时。 翻译：我很感激三年前给我的出国工作的机会。 ,__isclearfromtheexpressionsonhisface.【模拟三】as引导的非限制性定语从句翻译：他得了第一名，他脸上的表情清楚地表明了这一切。 . 【大纲原句】 翻译:直到后来他们才意识到发生了多么可怕的事情。 ,airtrafficcontrollersrelyonradar. 翻译：为了追踪机场航行中的飞机，空中交通控制台要用雷达。 ……to：太……而不能
研究生机械工程专业英语考试必背单词
研究生机械工程专业英语考试必背单词 Modified by JACK on the afternoon of December 26, 2020
单词 Lesson 1 Gear 齿轮, 传动装置 Bearing 轴承 Cams 凸轮 Cams and followers 凸轮和从动件 Couple 力偶 mechanics 力学 statics 静力学，静止状态 dynamics动力学，原动力，动力特性constraint forces 约束力 applied forces 作用力 Electric , magnetic, and gravitational forces 电,磁,重力 mating surface 啮合表面,配合表面,接触面meshing 啮合，咬合，钩住 meshing teeth 啮合齿 journal bearing 滑动轴承，向心滑动轴承metal-to-metal contact 金属 - 金属接触Overheating 过热 failure 失效 flaking 薄片，表面剥落，压碎 Spall 削，割，剥落，脱皮 noise 噪音 rough motion运动不精确 inertia惯性 particle 质点 rigid body刚体 deformable可变形的，应变的 deformable Body 变形体 Scalar 数量的，标量的 Vectors矢量 Density密度 Mass质量 Displacement位移 Velocity速度 Acceleration加速度 Moment力矩，弯矩 Momentum动量，冲量 Lesson 2 Compressive压缩的，有压力的 Turning 车削 Rectilinear直线的 micrometer 千分尺又称螺旋测微器 Power hacksaws 弓锯床 Shaper牛头刨床 Thread 螺纹 Work：功 muscular action肌肉动作 mechanical motion机械运动 stretch an object拉伸对象 tensile force：拉力 in tension：受拉 compressive force：压力 torsional force：扭力 torque：扭矩 shearing force ：剪切力 twist an object扭曲对象 Slide滑，脱落 Slip滑动，滑移 in compression受压 turning of a part对一个零件进行车削加工wedging action:楔入作用 chip ：切屑 centers of the lathe车床的顶尖 lathe dog车床夹头 centrifugal force ：离心力 grinding wheel ：磨削砂轮 bonding agent ：粘合剂 abrasive particle：磨料颗粒 centrifuge-type machines离心式机械Centrifuge离心机，离心作用 Centrifugal force principles离心力原理centripetal force ：向心力 rotary motion:回转运动 rectilinear motion：直线运动 hand tool手工工具 power tool动力工具 feed：进给 shaping：采用牛头刨床（shaper)进行刨削加工power saw：弓锯床，弓式锯床 the screw of a micrometer 意为“千分尺中的螺杆”harmonic and intermittent motion ：谐和运动和间歇运动 simple harmonic motion ：简谐运动
自动化专业英语复习资料
element n、元件，成分node n、节点branch n、分支loop n、回路resistor n、电阻器impedance n、阻抗analog n、模拟digital adj、数字的pulse n、脉冲interface n、接触面，界面decoder n、解码器 transformer n、变压器single-phase 单相pulsate vi、脉动three-phase power三相电源three-phase circuit 三相电路 wye connection 星形连接delta connection 三角形连接phase voltage 相电压line voltage 线电压voltmeter n、电压表ammeter n、电流表clamp-on ammeter钳式安培表 solid-state adj、固态的valve n、真空管，活栓semiconductor n、半导体switching n、开关diode n、二极管inverter n、反向换流器(逆变器) thyristor n、硅可控整流器inverter thyristor 晶闸管逆变器transistor n、晶体管substantial adj、牢固的fluorescent lamp ballast 荧光灯镇流器HVDC transmission system 高压直流输电系统 induction motor 感应电动机rectifier n、整流器 thyratron n、闸流管ignitron n、引燃管，放电管cycloconverter n、循环变流器spectrum n、光谱 wafer n、圆片，晶片chopper n、斩波器polarity n、极性silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCR) n、可控硅整流器 gate turn-off thyristors (GTO) n、门极可关断晶闸管 MOS Controlled Thyristor (MCT) n、MOS控制晶闸管
信管专业英语期末考试复习资料
6.1.扁平组织强调分散管理，鼓励员工参与决策。Flat organizations emphasize a dencentralized approach to management,which encourages high employee involvement in decisions. 6.2. 管理人员和员工在一个互有信心、互相信任的友好环境中互动。Management and employees interact in a friendly environment characterized by mutual confidence and trust. 6.3. 机械组织最适合重复的运行和稳定的环境。Mechanistic organizations are best suited to repetitive operations and stable environment. 6.4. 商业计划有多种形式。There are a wide variety of formats for business plan. 6.5. 计划过程远比计划文档更重要。Far more important than plan documents is that plan process itself. 6.6. 每一个任务都应该包括一个执行方案。Each objective should include an action plan. 6.7. 一个执行方案可以帮助主管组织、协调他的团队行动，并使项目按计划进行。An action plan can help supervisor stay organized,coordinate his or her team’s activities,and keep projects on schedule. 6.8. 执行方案详细阐述完成该任务所需要的步骤和工作。The action plan states specifically what steps or tasks will be accomplished to achieve the objective. 6.9. 项目管理软件程序可以帮助主管制定执行方案。Project-management software program are available to help supervisor create action plan. 6.10. 最基本的项目管理软件程序帮助用户把自己的想法整理成一个简单的进度表。The most basic project management program helps organize the user s’ thoughts so that a simple schedule can be created. 7.1. 链接是最简单但最有效的因特网营销方法。Linking is one of the simplest yet most effective Internet marketing devices. 7.2. 电子邮件签名文件可以有效地宣传一个网站。E –mail signature files can effectively promote a website. 7.3. EDI通常用于两个公司的两个终端设备的通信。EDI is usually deployed in between communication end points between two companies. 7.4. 很快大部分企业都将成为某种程度上的电子商务企业。Pretty soon most business will be E-business to some extent. 7.5. 安全电子交易（SET）是保证因特网财务往来安全的系统。Secure Electronic Transaction(SET) is a system for ensuring the security of financial transactions on the Internet. 7.6. 发证机构（CA）是网络中的一个机构，他负责发放和管理的安全信用证和用于信息加密的公共钥匙。A certificate authority(CA) is an authority in a network that issues and manages security credentials and public keys for message encryption. 7.7. CRM固然包含许多技术，但认为CRM主要是技术则是错误的。There are many technological components to CRM,but thingking about CRM in primarily technological terms is a mistake. 7.8. 多用户操作系统允许不同的用户同时利用计算机资源。A multi-user operating system allows many different users to take advantage of the computer ‘s resources simultaneously. 7.9. 操作系统（OS）是最先装入计算机的软件。The operating system(OS) is the first thing loaded onto the computer. 7.10. 没有什么能比计算机更好的体现现代生活。Nothing epitomizes modern life better than the computer. 8.1. 网络由两个或多个连接在一起的计算机组成，以便共享资源（如打印机和光盘驱动器）、交换文件或进行电子通信。A network consists of two or more computers that are linked in order to share resources (such as printers and CD-ROMs),exchange files ,or allow electronic communications. 8.2. 网络上的计算机可以用电缆、电话线、无线电波、卫星或红外线光束连接。The computers on a network may be linked through cable s, telephone lines , radio waves , satellites , or infrared light beams. 8.3. 局域网（LAN）是局限于一个较小范围的的网络。A Local Area Network (LAN) is a network that is confined to a relatively small area. 8.4. 连接到服务器上的计算机被称为工作站。Computers connected to the file server are called workstations. 8.5. 在大部分的局域网上中，人们用电缆来连接每个计算机的网卡。On most LANs , cables are used to connect the network interface cards in each computer. 8.6. 网络提供了一个非常快的共享和传输文件的方法。Networks provide a very rapid method for sharing and