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专业英语答案

Reference Answers

Unit 1

1. (1) full range of (2) miniaturization (3) host (4) semiconductor

2. (1) In the field of electronic technology, the simplest thing we should understand firstly is the

semiconductor materials.

(2) Of course, we should understand the diode; maybe it is the simplest device in the electronic technology.

(3) It is important to clarify that in order to use a nonlinear device correctly, you should be familiar with linear devices.

(4) The result is that most of the devices discussed today have been around for some time, and that the texts on the subject written a decade ago are still good references with contents that have not changed a lot.

(5) Of course, the involved devices are mainly nonlinear semiconductor devices.

Unit 2

1. (1) dependent upon (2) double (3) intuitive (4) inversely

2. (1) Resistance, capacitance, and inductance are the three basic circuit components.

(2) The resistance of a conductor is dependent upon the type of material.

(3) The resistance of a metallic conductor is inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area of the conductor.

(4) The resistivity of a kind of material is often affected by the temperature.

(5) Usually, a resistor in a circuit will dissipate energy.

3. Solution:

First, let us determine the cross-sectional area of the aluminum bar using the following equation: A=50*160

Now, using the resistivity, the resistance of the length of bar is found as R= 4.296

Unit 3

1. (1) capacitor (2) Capacitance (3) free (4) farad

2. (1) Capacitors are widely used in electrical and electronic applications.

(2) The formation and development of field concept have great significance to science.

(3) Large capacitors charged to high voltages contain a great deal of energy and can give you a critical electric shock.

(4) Usually, the term C refers to the capacitance of the capacitor.

(5) The farad, however, is a very large unit.

3. Solution:

a. First, it is easy to understand that the circuit of Figure 3-4 is equivalent to the following circuit, where ,

and .

b. When the Switch is closed at t=0, applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law will lead to the following equation: where ;Thus, we have the equation: ;

c. It is not difficult to solve the above differential equation of first order, and the result is:

d. In the end, it is necessary to point out that the current is:

Unit 4

1. (1) to oppose (2) inductor (3) chokes (4) flux

2. (1) Faraday is a famous English physicist.

(2) Working independently in the United States, Henry discovered essentially the same results.

(3) The polarity of the induced voltage is such as to oppose the cause producing it.

(4) Faraday made great contributions to the development of electro-magnetics, etc.

(5) Based on many experiments, Faraday concluded that voltage is induced in a circuit whenever the flux linking the circuit changes and that the magnitude of the voltage is proportional to the rate of change of the flux linkages.

3. For what we need to determine is the steady current I, it is not necessary to take the inductor L into account. Thus, we have the following circuit:

Now, let’s calculate the total resistance in the circuit:

Then, the current I is derived from the following calculation:

Unit 5

1. (1) proficient (2) reference direction (3) in series with (4) each independent

2. (1) Norton’s Theorem is an equivalent form to Thévenin’s Theorem.

(2) Kirchhoff’s voltage law ( KVL ) is stated as the following :

The summation of voltage rises and voltage drops around a closed loop is equal to zero.

(3) Kirchhoff’s current law is stated as the following:

The summation of currents entering a node is equal to the summation of the currents leaving the node.

(4) Thévenin’s Theorem is simplified as follows:

Any linear bilateral network may be reduced to a simplified two-terminal circuit consisting of a single voltage source in series with a single resistor.

(5) Norton’s Theorem may be simplified as follows:

Any linear bilateral network may be reduced to a simplified two-terminal circuit consisting of a single current source and a single shunt resistor.

3. For a given circuit, to find its Thévenin equivalent circuit includes two tasks: one is to find the open-circuit voltage and, the other is to find the equivalent resistor.

First, let’s determine the open-circuit voltage, and pay attention to the following Figure:

Secondly, let’s try to find the equivalent resistor, and the related circuit is as follows:

In the end, we can draw the Figure of the Thévenin equivalent circuit in the following

Using the above equivalent circuit, the current flowing through R5 is as follows:

The minus sign before 0.009A means that the actual direction of current I is opposite to the reference direction shown in the above Figure.

Unit 6

1. (1) combine (2) the reverse saturation current (3) recombine (2) forward-bias

2. (1) The diode is a kind of simplest semiconductor devices.

(2) The most distinct characteristics of a diode is that it only conducts when it is forward-biased.

(3) When a diode is reverse-biased, there will be small current called the reverse saturation current to flow through it.

(4) The semiconductor diode is created by simply joining an n-type material and a p-type material.

(5) There are two kinds of carriers in a diode: the electrons and the holes.

3. For a diode, the definition of DC resistance may be simplified as follows:

Unit 7

1. (1) interest (2) design (2) derived (4) conventional

2. (1) Bipolar junction transistor is a kind of basic devices in electronics.

(2) The most important function of a transistor is its amplifying action.

(3) The transistor is a three-layer semiconductor device, consisting of either two n-type layers and one p-type layer of material or two p-type layers and one n-type layer of material.

(4) We see that the basic amplifying action is produced by transferring a current I from a low- resistance circuit to a high-resistance circuit.

(5) The two terms of “transfer” and “resistor” are combined to form the word “transistor”.

3. From the given information, we know that what we should determine is the quiescent point of the circuit.

Unit 8

1. (1) dc analysis (2) behaviour (3) progress through (4) related

2. (1) The quiescent point of an amplifier is very important.

(2) Even though the network appearance may change, you want to be sure that the essence remain unchanged.

(3) From the phenomena, an amplifier can amplify a small signal; but in fact, it is a kind of control and conversion of energy.

(4) An appropriate quiescent point is the premise of realizing an amplifying action.

(5) There are three kinds of transistor amplifier: the common-emitter configuration, the common-base configuration and the common-collector configuration.

3. a. According to equation (8.1), can be determined as follows:

where represents the quiescent current flowing through the emitter of the transistor. And .

b. In order to find, we need the small signal equivalent circuit as follows:

Implied by the above Figure, the input impedance can be solved as follows:

c. Similarly, the output impedance can be determined as follows:

d. For the voltage gain, it is to determine as follows:

Unit 9

1. (1) counting (2) discrete (3) maximum (4) periodic

2. (1) It occurred to Babbage for the first time in 1813 that it was possible to perform calculation with

some mechanical equipment, and afterwards, he successfully made a simple computer which could perform some mathematical operations with 8 binary bits.

(2) The first computer in the world is called ENIAC.

(3) In fact, computer is a kind of complicated digital circuit system.

(4) In the digital circuit system, there are two different voltage levels: HIGH and LOW.

(5) In a real digital system, an 1 is represented by the higher voltage level and a 0 is represented by the lower voltage level, of course, another possibility is that an 1 is represented by a LOW and a 0 is represented by a HIGH.

3. The binary whole number 1101101 is equal to whole decimal number 109.

4. The largest decimal number that can be represented in binary with eight bits is 25

5. The weight of the 1 in the binary number 10000 is .

Unit 10

1. (1) similar (2) permanently (3) floppy disks (4) count

2. (1) There are three kinds of basic logic operations: AND, OR, and NOT.

(2) A register is formed by combining several flip-flops so that groups of bits can be stored.

(3) The flip-flop is a bistable (two stable states) logic circuit that can store only one bit at a time, either 1 or 0.

(4) The encoding function is performed by a logic circuit called an encoder.

(5) The decoding function is performed by a logic circuit called a decoder.

3. For the NOT operation, when the input is LOW, the output is HIGH.

Unit 11

1. (1) logical algebra (2) each (3) AND operation (4) equivalency, equivalency

2. (1) English mathematician George Boole was a son of a cobbler. He was born in Lincoln, England, in

January, 1815.

(2) DeMorgan (1803~1871) was an English mathematician and logician, and graduated from Cambridge university.

(3) DeMorgan’s theorems provide mathematical verification of the equivalency of the NAND and negative-OR gates and the equivalency of the NOR and negative-AND gates.

(4) The commutative law of multiplication for two variables is that the order in which the variables are ANDed makes no difference.

(5) A product term is equal to 1 only if each of the literals in the term is 1.

3. According to the Basic Rules of Boolean Algebra, it is easy to simplify the given expressions as follows:

a. A+AB+A C=A(1+B+C)= A

b. (+B)C+ABC=C+ BC+ ABC=C+ BC

c. A C(BD+CDE)+A= A CDE+ A=A(+CDE)=A(+DE)

4. Implement each expression in the question above as originally stated with the appropriate logic gates as follows:

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1调卷令certiorari 2遵循先例：stare decisis 3法系legal family 4大陆法civil law 管辖权jurisdiction 地区法院District court 巡回法院circuit court 治安法庭Justice court 社会主义法socialist law 众议院House of representative 行使exercise 1司法审查judicial review 起诉资格standing 事实上的损害injury in fact 行政协定executive decision共同决议common decision 分权separation of powers 制衡checks and balances 成熟原则ripeness 招标bids 宪法constitution 1刑法criminal law 轻微违法misdemeanor 报税单bill of entry 主观上的过错mental fault 非预谋杀人manslaughter 抢劫robbery 加重的aggravate 绑架kidnapping 盗劫larceny 伪证罪perjury 1the county is the subdivision 2the doctrine ---the maxim 3the federal entity4the enforcement of a claim5statutes or codes 6tradition custom,and precedent 7commom people ,versus legislation 8stare decisis , Latin9legal relationships /legal concept 10judicial branch /judicial dictatorships 1in the precess of a court ascertaining2than to statutory interpretation 3dose not have the ''prolixity"/dose not provide a ready solution 4congress though its "power of the purse" /power as commander -in- chief 5c hecks and balances provided for in the constitution 6and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures 7has no standing to challenge 8the policy of elimination of racial discrimination In places of accommodation/and ending the badges of servitude 1it is punishable by sanctions 2Most crimes or identified in statutes 3punished through imposition penalities 4violation of a misdemeanor 5which were committed before that /enactment of the law 6grand a criminal prosecution7as well as its substantive law 8crimes classified as felonies include murder9 authorized federal jurisdiction 10one can be held criminally liable 1 it is to tell the defendant that 2In US jurisprudence, however 3the right to trial by grand jury/protection against government tyranny 4 The prosecution at trial has the duty 5against arbitrary imposition of the capital punishment 6in an entirely different punishment/prosecution and conviction 7 privilege against self-incrimination8a common assumption abou t the nature of criminality 9"unreasonable" government searches and seizures is stated 10criminal procedure is "adversarial" 1 single issue of law 2dismissed or a defense was lost 3state a claim generally 4adequately represent the interests 5"fairness hearing" 6(the "plaintiff")to file suit in 7violatio n criminal law 8applying substantive law to real disputes 9 on part is entitled to judgment 10common law remedy/ equitable remedies

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