基于三大框架的图书管理系统毕业设计(论文)文献翻译

重庆理工大学

文献翻译

二级学院数学与统计学院

班级信息与计算科学2班

学生姓名郭双红学号11201010209

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JSP和SQL Server2000相关介绍

JSP(JavaServer Pages)是由Sun Microsystems公司倡导、许多公司参与一起建立的一种动态网页技术标准。JSP技术有点类似ASP技术，它是在传统的网页HTML文(*.htm,*.html)中插入Java程序段(Scriptlet)和JSP标记(tag)，从而形成JSP文件(*.jsp)。用JSP开发的Web应用是跨平台的，即能在Linux下运行，也能在其他操作系统上运行。JSP技术使用Java编程语言编写类XML的tags和scriptlets，来封装产生动态网页的处理逻辑。网页还能通过tags和scriptlets访问存在于服务端的资源的应用逻辑。JSP将网页逻辑与网页设计和显示分离，支持可重用的基于组件的设计，使基于Web 的应用程序的开发变得迅速和容易。Web服务器在遇到访问JSP网页的请求时，首先执行其中的程序段，然后将执行结果连同JSP文件中的HTML代码一起返回给客户。插入的Java程序段可以操作数据库、重新定向网页等，以实现建立动态网页所需要的功能。

JSP与Java Servlet一样，是在服务器端执行的，通常返回该客户端的就是一个HTML文本，因此客户端只要有浏览器就能浏览。JSP的1.0规范的最后版本是1999年9月推出的，12月又推出了1.1规范。目前较新的是JSP1.2规范，JSP2.0规范的征求意见稿也已出台。JSP页面由HTML代码和嵌入其中的Java代码所组成。服务器在页面被客户端请求以后对这些Java代码进行处理，然后将生成的HTML页面返回给客户端的浏览器。Java Servlet是JSP的技术基础，而且大型的Web应用程序的开发需要Java Servlet和JSP配合才能完成。JSP具备了Java技术的简单易用，完全的面向对象，具有平台无关性且安全可靠，主要面向因特网的所有特点。

JSP技术的强势

（1）一次编写，到处运行。在这一点上Java比PHP更出色，除了系统之外，代码不用做任何更改。

（2）系统的多平台支持。基本上可以在所有平台上的任意环境中开发，在任意环境中进行系统部署，在任意环境中扩展。相比ASP/PHP的局限性是显而易见的。

（3）强大的可伸缩性。从只有一个小的Jar文件就可以运行Servlet/JSP，到由多台服务器进行集群和负载均衡，到多台Application进行事务处理，消息处理，一台服务器到无数台服务器，Java显示了一个巨大的生命力。

（4）多样化和功能强大的开发工具支持。这一点与ASP很像，Java已经有了许多非常优秀的开发工具，而且许多可以免费得到，并且其中许多已经可以顺利的运行于多种平台之下。

JSP技术的弱势

（1）与ASP一样，Java的一些优势正是它致命的问题所在。正是由于为了跨平台的功能，为了极度的伸缩能力，所以极大的增加了产品的复杂性。

（2）Java的运行速度是用class常驻内存来完成的，所以它在一些情况下所使用的内存比起用户数量来说确实是“最低性能价格比”了。从另一方面，它还需要硬盘空间来储存一系列的.java文件和.class文件，以及对应的版本文件。

JSP六种内置对象：

request,response,out,session,application,config,pagecontext,page,exception.

一.request对象：

该对象封装了用户提交的信息，通过调用该对象相应的方法可以获取封装的信息，即使用该对象可以获取用户提交信息。

二.response对象：

对客户的请求做出动态的响应，向客户端发送数据。

三．session对象

1.什么是session：session对象是一个JSP内置对象，它在第一个JSP页面被装载时自动创建，完成会话期管理。

从一个客户打开浏览器并连接到服务器开始，到客户关闭浏览器离开这个服务器结束，被称为一个会话。当一个客户访问一个服务器时，可能会在这个服务器的几个页面之间反复连接，反复刷新一个页面，服务器应当通过某种办法知道这是同一个客户，这就需要session对象。

2．session对象的ID：当一个客户首次访问服务器上的一个JSP页面时，JSP 引擎产生一个session对象，同时分配一个String类型的ID号，JSP引擎同时将这个ID号发送到客户端，存放在Cookie中，这样session对象和客户之间就建立了一一对应的关系。当客户再访问连接该服务器的其他页面时，不再分配给客户新的session 对象，直到客户关闭浏览器后，服务器端该客户的session对象才取消，并且和客户的会话对应关系消失。当客户重新打开浏览器再连接到该服务器时，服务器为该客户再创建一个新的session对象。

四．aplication对象

1．什么是application:

服务器启动后就产生了这个application对象，当客户再所访问的网站的各个页面之间浏览时，这个application对象都是同一个，直到服务器关闭。但是与session 不同的是，所有客户的application对象都是同一个，即所有客户共享这个内置的application对象。

2．application对象常用方法:

(1)public void setAttribute(String key,Object obj):将参数Object指定的对象obj 添加到application对象中，并为添加的对象指定一个索引关键字。

(2)public Object getAttribute(String key):获取application对象中含有关键字的对象。

五．out对象

out对象是一个输出流，用来向客户端输出数据。out对象用于各种数据的输出。

六．Cookie

1.什么是Cookie：

Cookie是Web服务器保存在用户硬盘上的一段文本。Cookie允许一个Web站点在用户的电脑上保存信息并且随后再取回它。

举例来说，一个Web站点可能会为每一个访问者产生一个唯一的ID，然后以Cookie文件的形式保存在每个用户的机器上。

如果您使用IE浏览器访问Web，您会看到所有保存在您的硬盘上的Cookie。它们最常存放的地方是：c:\windows\cookies(在Window2000中则是C:\Documents and Settings\您的用户名\Cookies)

Cookie是以“关键字key=值value“的格式来保存纪录的.

2．创建一个Cookie对象，调用Cookie对象的构造函数可以创建Cookie。Cookie 对象的构造函数有两个字符串参数：Cookie名字和Cookie值。

Cookie c=new Cookie(“username”,”john”);

3．JSP中如果要将封装好的Cookie对象传送到客户端，使用response的addCookie()方法。

格式：response.addCookie(c)

4．读取保存到客户端的Cookie,使用request对象的getCookies()方法，执行时将所有客户端传来的Cookie对象以数组的形式排列，如果要取出符合需要的Cookie 对象，就需要循环比较数组内每个对象的关键字。

Struts是Apache软件基金会（ASF）赞助的一个开源项目。它最初是Jakarta项目中的一个子项目，并在2004年3月成为ASF的顶级项目。它通过采用Java Servlet/JSP技术，实现了基于Java EE Web应用的Model-View-Controller〔MVC〕设计模式的应用框架〔Web Framework〕，是MVC经典设计模式中的一个经典产品。

在Java EE的Web应用发展的初期，除了使用Servlet技术以外，普遍是在JavaServer Pages(JSP)的源代码中，采用HTML与Java代码混合的方式进行开发。因为这两种方式不可避免的要把表现与业务逻辑代码混合在一起，都给前期开发与后期维护带来巨大的复杂度。为了摆脱上述的约束与局限，把业务逻辑代码从表现层中清晰的分离出来，2000年，Craig McClanahan采用了MVC的设计模式开发Struts。后来该框架产品一度被认为是最广泛、最流行JAVA的WEB应用框架。

SQL Server关系数据库简介

1、SQL Server是由Microsoft开发和推广的关系数据库系统（DBMS)，它最初是由Microsoft、Sybase和Ashton-Tate三家公司共同开发的，并于1988年推出了第一个OS/2版本。

2、关系数据库（RDBMS)管理系统功能：

维护数据库数据之间的关系；

保证数据存储的正确性；

当出现系统故障的时候，将所有数据恢复到能够保证一致行的某种状态。

3、RDBMS:SQL Server，Oracle，DB/2,Sybase，Informix

4、Non-RDBMS(File-based）：Foxpro，Access

二、SQL Server2000的版本

1、SQL Server2000常见版本有：

企业版（Enterprise Edition）

支持所有SQL Server2000的功能。该版本多用于大中型产品数据库服务器，并且可以支持大型网站，企业OLTP（联机事务处理）和大型数据仓库系统OLAP(联机分析处理）所要求的性能。

标准版（Standard Edition）

个人版（Personal Edition）。

开发者版（Developer Edition）

1.1SQL Server特点

与因特网的集成：

SQL Server2000的数据库引擎全面支持XML（Extensive Markup Language，扩展标记语言），能使用户很容易地将数据库中的数据发布到Web页面上。

可伸缩性与可用性：

可跨越从运行Windows95/98的膝上型电脑到运行Windows2000的大型多处理器等多种平台使用。另外，对联合服务器，索引视图等的支持，使得SQL Server2000企业版可以升级到最大Web站点所需的性能级别。

企业级数据库功能：

SQL Server2000分布式查询可以引用来自不同数据库的数据，而且这些对于用户来说是完全透明的；分布式数据库将保证任何分布式数据更新时的完整性；复制可以使我们能够维护多个数据复本，这些用户能够自主地进行工作，然后再将所做的修改合并到发布数据库；SQL Server2000关系数据库引擎能够充分保护数据完整性，还可以将管理并发修改数据库开销到最小。

易于安装，部署和使用：

SQL Server2000由一系列的管理和开发工具组成，这些工具使得在多个站点上进行SQL Server的安装，部署，管理和使用变得更加容易。开发人员可以更加快速地交付SQL Server应用程序，而且只需要进行最少的安装和管理就可以实现这些应用程序。

数据仓库：

数据仓库是SQL Server2000中包含的用于分析取和分析汇总数据以进行联机分析处理的工具。这个功能只在Oracle和其他更昂贵的DBMS中才有。

1.1.1SQL Server2000新特性

全面扩展了SQL Server7.0的性能，可靠性和易用性。增加了一系列的功能，具体如下：

在关系数据库方面的增强

图形管理增强

增强的联合数据库服务器

1.2SQL Server2000工具和实用程序

1、企业管理器

2、服务管理器

3、查询分析器

4、事件探查器

5、导入和导出数据

6、服务器网络使用工具

7、客户端网络使用工具

8、联机帮助文档

1.2.1企业管理器

企业管理器是基于一种新的被称为微软管理控制台（Microsoft Management Console)的公共服务器管理环境，它是SQL Server2000中最重要的一个管理工具。

企业管理器不仅能够配置系统环境和管理SQL Server，而且由于它能够以层叠列表的形式来显示所有的SQL Server对象，因而所有SQL Server对象的建立与管理都可以通过它来完成。

1.2.2服务管理器（Service Manager）

SQL Server服务管理器是在服务器端实际工作时最有用的实用程序，服务管理器用来启动、暂停、继续和停止数据库服务器的实时服务，其提供的服务类型包括：SQL Server、SQL Server代理、Microsoft搜索和分布式事务协调器等。

外文原文:

The introduce of JSP and SQL Server2000

JSP(JavaServer Pages)is initiated by Sun Microsystems,Inc.,with many companies to participate in the establishment of a dynamic web page technical standards.JSP technology somewhat similar to ASP technology,it is in the traditional HTML web page document(*.htm,*.html)to insert the Java programming paragraph(Scriptlet)and JSP tag(tag),thus JSP documents(*.jsp).Using JSP development of the Web application is cross-platform that can run on Linux,is also available for other operating systems.JSP technology to use the Java programming language prepared by the category of XML tags and scriptlets,to produce dynamic pages package processing logic.Page also visit by tags and scriptlets exist in the services side of the resources of logic.JSP page logic and web page design and display separation,support reusable component-based design, Web-based application development is rapid and easy.Web server in the face of visits JSP page request,the first implementation of the procedures of,and then together with the results of the implementation of JSP documents in HTML code with the return to the customer.Insert the Java programming operation of the database can be re-oriented websites,in order to achieve the establishment of dynamic pages needed to function. JSP and Java Servlet,is in the implementation of the server,usually returned to the client is an HTML text,as long as the client browser will be able to visit.JSP1.0specification of the final version is launched in September1999,December has introduced 1.1 specifications.At present relatively new is JSP1.2norms,JSP2.0norms of the draft has also been introduced.JSP pages from HTML code and Java code embedded in one of the components.The server was in the pages of client requests after the Java code and then will generate the HTML pages to return to the client browser.Java Servlet JSP is the technical foundation and large-scale Web application development needs of Java Servlet and JSP support to complete.JSP with the Java technology easy to use,fully object-oriented,and a platform-independent and secure,mainly for all the characteristics of the Internet.

JSP technology strength

(1)time to prepare,run everywhere.At this point Java better than PHP,in addition to systems,the code not to make any changes.

(2)the multi-platform support.Basically on all platforms of any development environment,in any environment for deployment in any environment in the expansion. Compared ASP/PHP limitations are obvious.

(3)a strong scalability.From only a small Jar documents can run Servlet/JSP,to the multiple servers clustering and load balancing,to multiple Application for transaction processing,information processing,a server to numerous servers,Java shows a tremendous Vitality.

(4)diversification and powerful development tools support.This is similar to the ASP,Java already have many very good development tools,and many can be free,and many of them have been able to run on a variety of platforms under.

JSP technology vulnerable

(1)and the same ASP,Java is the advantage of some of its fatal problem.It is precisely because in order to cross-platform functionality,in order to extreme stretching capacity, greatly increasing the complexity of the product.

(2)Java's speed is class to complete the permanent memory,so in some cases by the use of memory compared to the number of users is indeed a"minimum cost performance." On the other hand,it also needs disk space to store a series of.Java documents and.Class, as well as the corresponding versions of documents.

JSP six built-in objects:

request,response,out,session,application,config,pagecontext,page,exception.

1.Request for:

The object of the package of information submitted by users,by calling the object corresponding way to access the information package,namely the use of the target users can access the information.

2.Response object:

The customer's request dynamic response to the client sent the data.

三.session object

1.What is the session:session object is a built-in objects JSP,it in the first JSP pages loaded automatically create,complete the conversation of management.

From a customer to open a browser and connect to the server,to close the browser, leaving the end of this server,known as a conversation.When a customer visits a server, the server may be a few pages link between repeatedly,repeatedly refresh a page,the server should be through some kind of way to know this is the same client,which requires session object.

2.session object ID:When a customer's first visit to a server on the JSP pages,JSP engines produce a session object,and assigned a String type of ID number,JSP engine at the same time,the ID number sent to the client,stored in Cookie,this session objects,and customers on the establishment of a one-to-one relationship.When a customer to connect to the server of the other pages,customers no longer allocated to the new session object,until,close your browser,the client-server object to cancel the session, and the conversation,and customer relationship disappeared.When a customer re-open the browser to connect to the server,the server for the customer to create a new session object.

四.aplication target

1.What is the application:

Servers have launched after the application object,when a customer to visit the site between the various pages here,this application objects are the same,until the server is down.But with the session difference is that all customers of the application objects are the same,that is,all customers share this built-in application objects.

2.application objects commonly used methods:

(1)public void setAttribute(String key,Object obj):Object specified parameters will be the object obj added to the application object,and to add the subject of the designation of a keyword index.

(2)public Object getAttribute(String key):access to application objects containing keywords for.

五.out targets

out as a target output flow,used to client output data.out targets for the output data.

六.Cookie

1.What is Cookie:

Cookie is stored in Web server on the user's hard drive section of the text.Cookie allow a Web site on the user's computer to store information on and then get back to it.

For example,a Web site may be generated for each visitor a unique ID,and then to Cookie in the form of documents stored in each user's machine.

If you use IE browser to visit Web,you will see all stored on your hard drive on the Cookie. They are most often stored in places:c:\windows\cookies(in Window2000is in the C:\ Documents and Settings\your user name\Cookies)

Cookie is"keyword key=value value"to preserve the format of the record.

2.Targets the creation of a Cookie,Cookie object called the constructor can create a Cookie.Cookie object constructor has two string parameters:Cookie Cookie name and value.

Cookie c=new Cookie("username","john");

3.If the JSP in the package good Cookie object to send to the client,the use of the response addCookie()method.

Format:response.addCookie(c)

4.Save to read the client's Cookie,the use of the object request getCookies()method will be implemented in all client came to an array of Cookie objects in the form of order,to meet the need to remove the Cookie object,it is necessary to compare an array cycle Each target keywords.

Apache Struts is an open-source web application framework for developing Java EE web applications.It uses and extends the Java Servlet API to encourage developers to adopt a model-view-controller(MVC)architecture.It was originally created by Craig McClanahan and donated to the Apache Foundation in May,2000.Formerly located under the Apache Jakarta Project and known as Jakarta Struts,it became a top level Apache project

The WebWork framework spun off from Apache Struts several years ago,aiming to offer enhancements and refinements while retaining the same general architecture of the original Struts framework.However,it was announced in December2005that Struts would re-merge with WebWork.

A relational database,SQL Server

1,by Microsoft SQL Server is the development and popularization of relational database system(DBMS),which was originally by Microsoft,and Ashton Sybase Tate-three companies and joint development,launched in1988,the first OS/2version.

2and relational database management system(RDBMS)function:

"Maintaining the relationship between database data,

"Ensure the correctness of the data storage,

"When a system fault,all data recovery to ensure consistent done some condition

3,RDBMS:SQL Server,Oracle,DB/2,Sybase Informix,

4and amplified RDBMS(File-based):Foxpro,Access

Second,SQL Server2000version

1and SQL Server2000common version:

1)Enterprise Edition2)Standard version

3)Personal Edition4)Developer Edition

1.1SQL Server features

With the integration of the Internet:

SQL Server2000database engine comprehensive support XML Language,creating take (extensible Markup Language),that the user can easily be database data released to the Web page.

"Scalability and usability:

Can span from running Windows95,98/the laptop to run Windows2000large-scale multiple processors etc.Various platforms.In addition,to jointly Server,etc,the support index view that SQL Server2000enterprise edition can upgrade to the largest Web site desired performance level.

"Enterprise databases functions:

SQL Server2000distributed query can quote from different database data,and these are completely transparent to users,Distributed database will ensure that any distributed data update integrity,Copy can enable us to maintain multiple data available,the user can work independently,and then will be done by modified merged into the database,

SQL Server2000relational database engine can fully protect data integrity,still can be modified database management concurrent cost to a minimum.

"Easy to install,deployment and use:

SQL Server2000by a series of management and development tools,these tools at multiple sites on SQL Server installation,deploy,manage and use more easily.Developers can more quickly deliver SQL Server applications and requires only the least installation and management can achieve these applications.

"Data warehouse:

The data warehouse is SQL Server2000contains for analysis and summary data analysis on on-line analytical processing tools.This function only in Oracle and other more expensive DBMS.

1.1.1SQL Server2000new features

Fully expanded the SQL Server7.0performance,reliability and usability.Increases the range of functions,specific as follows:

In the aspect of relational database

"Graphics management enhancement

The combination of enhanced database server

1.2SQL Server2000tools,and utilities

1,enterprise management,service management3,4,event detection query parsers

5and6,the input and output data network,server client to use tools,tools Internet use online documentation

1.2.1enterprise management

Enterprise Management is based on a new called Microsoft Management Console (r)of public Management Microsoft Server Management environment,it is the SQL Server2000in one of the most important Management tools.

Enterprise management can not only configuration system environment and management,but also because it SQL Server can cascade form to list all the SQL Server object,so all the SQL Server object of establishment and management can be accomplished by it.

1.2.2Service Manager(up)Service

SQL Server service manager is in practical work when the Server is most practical program,service management is to start,stop,and continue to suspend the real-time database Server service,the service provided types include:SQL Server,SQL Server proxy, Microsoft search and distributed coordination,etc.

毕业设计外文翻译

毕业设计（论文） 外文翻译 题目西安市水源工程中的 水电站设计 专业水利水电工程 班级 学生 指导教师 2016年

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概率论毕业论文外文翻译

Statistical hypothesis testing Adriana Albu，Loredana Ungureanu Politehnica University Timisoara,adrianaa@aut.utt.ro Politehnica University Timisoara,loredanau@aut.utt.ro Abstract In this article,we present a Bayesian statistical hypothesis testing inspection, testing theory and the process Mentioned hypothesis testing in the real world and the importance of, and successful test of the Notes. Key words Bayesian hypothesis testing; Bayesian inference;Test of significance Introduction A statistical hypothesis test is a method of making decisions using data, whether from a controlled experiment or an observational study (not controlled). In statistics, a result is called statistically significant if it is unlikely to have occurred by chance alone, according to a pre-determined threshold probability, the significance level. The phrase "test of significance" was coined by Ronald Fisher: "Critical tests of this kind may be called tests of significance, and when such tests are available we may discover whether a second sample is or is not significantly different from the first."[1] Hypothesis testing is sometimes called confirmatory data analysis, in contrast to exploratory data analysis. In frequency probability,these decisions are almost always made using null-hypothesis tests. These are tests that answer the question Assuming that the null hypothesis is true, what is the probability of observing a value for the test statistic that is at [] least as extreme as the value that was actually observed?) 2 More formally, they represent answers to the question, posed before undertaking an experiment,of what outcomes of the experiment would lead to rejection of the null hypothesis for a pre-specified probability of an incorrect rejection. One use of hypothesis testing is deciding whether experimental results contain enough information to cast doubt on conventional wisdom. Statistical hypothesis testing is a key technique of frequentist statistical inference. The Bayesian approach to hypothesis testing is to base rejection of the hypothesis on the posterior probability.[3][4]Other approaches to reaching a decision based on data are available via decision theory and optimal decisions. The critical region of a hypothesis test is the set of all outcomes which cause the null hypothesis to be rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis. The critical region is usually denoted by the letter C. One-sample tests are appropriate when a sample is being compared to the population from a hypothesis. The population characteristics are known from theory or are calculated from the population.

毕业论文英文参考文献与译文

Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of

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理工学院毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 专业：热能与动力工程 姓名：赵海潮 学号：09L0504133 外文出处：Applied Acoustics, 2010(71):701~707 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。

附件1：外文资料翻译译文 基于一维CFD模型下汽车排气消声器的实验研究与预测Takeshi Yasuda, Chaoqun Wua, Noritoshi Nakagawa, Kazuteru Nagamura 摘要目前，利用实验和数值分析法对商用汽车消声器在宽开口喉部加速状态下的排气噪声进行了研究。在加热工况下发动机转速从1000转/分钟加速到6000转/分钟需要30秒。假定其排气消声器的瞬时声学特性符合一维计算流体力学模型。为了验证模拟仿真的结果，我们在符合日本工业标准（JIS D 1616）的消声室内测量了排气消声器的瞬态声学特性，结果发现在二阶发动机转速频率下仿真结果和实验结果非常吻合。但在发动机高阶转速下（从5000到6000转每分钟的四阶转速，从4200到6000转每分钟的六阶转速这样的高转速范围内），计算结果和实验结果出现了较大差异。根据结果分析，差异的产生是由于在模拟仿真中忽略了流动噪声的影响。为了满足市场需求，研究者在一维计算流体力学模型的基础上提出了一个具有可靠准确度的简化模型，相对标准化模型而言该模型能节省超过90％的执行时间。 关键字消声器排气噪声优化设计瞬态声学性能 1 引言 汽车排气消声器广泛用于减小汽车发动机及汽车其他主要部位产生的噪声。一般而言，消声器的设计应该满足以下两个条件：（1）能够衰减高频噪声，这是消声器的最基本要求。排气消声器应该有特定的消声频率范围，尤其是低频率范围，因为我们都知道大部分的噪声被限制在发动机的转动频率和它的前几阶范围内。（2）最小背压，背压代表施加在发动机排气消声器上额外的静压力。最小背压应该保持在最低限度内，因为大的背压会降低容积效率和提高耗油量。对消声器而言，这两个重要的设计要求往往是互相冲突的。对于给定的消声器，利用实验的方法，根据距离尾管500毫米且与尾管轴向成45°处声压等级相近的排气噪声来评估其噪声衰减性能，利用压力传感器可以很容易地检测背压。 近几十年来，在预测排气噪声方面广泛应用的方法有：传递矩阵法、有限元法、边界元法和计算流体力学法。其中最常用的方法是传递矩阵法（也叫四端网络法）。该方

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吉林化工学院理学院 毕业论文外文翻译English Title（Times New Roman ，三号） 学生学号：08810219 学生姓名：袁庚文 专业班级：信息与计算科学0802 指导教师：赵瑛 职称副教授 起止日期：2012.2.27～2012.3.14 吉林化工学院 Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology

1 外文翻译的基本内容 应选择与本课题密切相关的外文文献（学术期刊网上的），译成中文，与原文装订在一起并独立成册。在毕业答辩前，同论文一起上交。译文字数不应少于3000个汉字。 2 书写规范 2.1 外文翻译的正文格式 正文版心设置为：上边距：3.5厘米，下边距：2.5厘米，左边距：3.5厘米，右边距：2厘米，页眉：2.5厘米，页脚：2厘米。 中文部分正文选用模板中的样式所定义的“正文”，每段落首行缩进2字；或者手动设置成每段落首行缩进2字，字体：宋体，字号：小四，行距：多倍行距1.3，间距：前段、后段均为0行。 这部分工作模板中已经自动设置为缺省值。 2.2标题格式 特别注意：各级标题的具体形式可参照外文原文确定。 1．第一级标题（如：第1章绪论）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题1”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：三号，1.5倍行距，段后11磅，段前为11磅。 2．第二级标题（如：1.2 摘要与关键词）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题2”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：四号，1.5倍行距，段后为0，段前0.5行。 3．第三级标题（如：1.2.1 摘要）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题3”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：小四，1.5倍行距，段后为0，段前0.5行。 标题和后面文字之间空一格（半角）。 3 图表及公式等的格式说明 图表、公式、参考文献等的格式详见《吉林化工学院本科学生毕业设计说明书（论文）撰写规范及标准模版》中相关的说明。

大学毕业论文---软件专业外文文献中英文翻译

软件专业毕业论文外文文献中英文翻译 Object landscapes and lifetimes Tech nically, OOP is just about abstract data typing, in herita nee, and polymorphism, but other issues can be at least as importa nt. The rema in der of this sect ion will cover these issues. One of the most importa nt factors is the way objects are created and destroyed. Where is the data for an object and how is the lifetime of the object con trolled? There are differe nt philosophies at work here. C++ takes the approach that con trol of efficie ncy is the most importa nt issue, so it gives the programmer a choice. For maximum run-time speed, the storage and lifetime can be determined while the program is being written, by placing the objects on the stack (these are sometimes called automatic or scoped variables) or in the static storage area. This places a priority on the speed of storage allocatio n and release, and con trol of these can be very valuable in some situati ons. However, you sacrifice flexibility because you must know the exact qua ntity, lifetime, and type of objects while you're writing the program. If you are trying to solve a more general problem such as computer-aided desig n, warehouse man ageme nt, or air-traffic con trol, this is too restrictive. The sec ond approach is to create objects dyn amically in a pool of memory called the heap. In this approach, you don't know un til run-time how many objects you n eed, what their lifetime is, or what their exact type is. Those are determined at the spur of the moment while the program is runnin g. If you n eed a new object, you simply make it on the heap at the point that you n eed it. Because the storage is man aged dyn amically, at run-time, the amount of time required to allocate storage on the heap is sig ni fica ntly Ion ger tha n the time to create storage on the stack. (Creat ing storage on the stack is ofte n a si ngle assembly in structio n to move the stack poin ter dow n, and ano ther to move it back up.) The dyn amic approach makes the gen erally logical assumpti on that objects tend to be complicated, so the extra overhead of finding storage and releas ing that storage will not have an importa nt impact on the creati on of an object .In additi on, the greater flexibility is esse ntial to solve the gen eral program ming problem. Java uses the sec ond approach, exclusive". Every time you want to create an object, you use the new keyword to build a dyn amic in sta nee of that object. There's ano ther issue, however, and that's the lifetime of an object. With Ian guages that allow objects to be created on the stack, the compiler determines how long the object lasts and can automatically destroy it. However, if you create it on the heap the compiler has no kno wledge of its lifetime. In a Ianguage like C++, you must determine programmatically when to destroy the

毕业设计外文翻译-中文版

本科生毕业设计（论文）外文科技文献译文 译文题目(外文题目)学院(系)Socket网络编程的设计与实现A Design and Implementation of Active Network Socket Programming 机械与能源工程学院 专学业 号 机械设计制造及其自动化 071895 学生姓名李杰林 日期2012年5月27日指导教师签名日期

摘要：编程节点和活跃网络的概念将可编程性引入到通信网络中，并且代码和数据可以在发送过程中进行修改。最近，多个研究小组已经设计和实现了自己的设计平台。每个设计都有其自己的优点和缺点，但是在不同平台之间都存在着互操作性问题。因此，我们引入一个类似网络socket编程的概念。我们建立一组针对应用程序进行编程的简单接口，这组被称为活跃网络Socket编程（ANSP）的接口，将在所有执行环境下工作。因此，ANSP 提供一个类似于“一次性编写，无限制运行”的开放编程模型，它可以工作在所有的可执行环境下。它解决了活跃网络中的异构性，当应用程序需要访问异构网络内的所有地区，在临界点部署特殊服务或监视整个网络的性能时显得相当重要。我们的方案是在现有的环境中，所有应用程序可以很容易地安装上一个薄薄的透明层而不是引入一个新的平台。 关键词：活跃网络；应用程序编程接口；活跃网络socket编程

1 导言 1990年，为了在互联网上引入新的网络协议，克拉克和藤农豪斯[1]提出了一种新的设 计框架。自公布这一标志性文件，活跃网络设计框架[2，3，10]已经慢慢在20世纪90 年代末成形。活跃网络允许程序代码和数据可以同时在互联网上提供积极的网络范式，此外，他们可以在传送到目的地的过程中得到执行和修改。ABone作为一个全球性的骨干网络，开 始进行活跃网络实验。除执行平台的不成熟，商业上活跃网络在互联网上的部署也成为主要障碍。例如，一个供应商可能不乐意让网络路由器运行一些可能影响其预期路由性能的未知程序，。因此，作为替代提出了允许活跃网络在互联网上运作的概念，如欧洲研究课题组提出的应用层活跃网络（ALAN）项目[4]。 在ALAN项目中，活跃服务器系统位于网络的不同地址，并且这些应用程序都可以运行在活跃系统的网络应用层上。另一个潜在的方法是网络服务提供商提供更优质的活跃网络服务类。这个服务类应该提供最优质的服务质量（QOS），并允许路由器对计算机的访问。通过这种方法，网络服务提供商可以创建一个新的收入来源。 对活跃网络的研究已取得稳步进展。由于活跃网络在互联网上推出了可编程性，相应 地应建立供应用程序工作的可执行平台。这些操作系统平台执行环境（EES），其中一些已 被创建，例如，活跃信号协议（ASP）[12]和活跃网络传输系统（ANTS）[11]。因此，不 同的应用程序可以实现对活跃网络概念的测试。 在这些EES 环境下，已经开展了一系列验证活跃网络概念的实验，例如，移动网络[5]，网页代理[6]，多播路由器[7]。活跃网络引进了很多在网络上兼有灵活性和可扩展性的方案。几个研究小组已经提出了各种可通过路由器进行网络计算的可执行环境。他们的成果和现有基础设施的潜在好处正在被评估[8，9]。不幸的是，他们很少关心互操作性问题，活跃网络由多个执行环境组成，例如，在ABone 中存在三个EES，专为一个EES编写的应用程序不能在其他平台上运行。这就出现了一种资源划分为不同运行环境的问题。此外，总是有一些关键的网络应用需要跨环境运行，如信息收集和关键点部署监测网络的服务。 在本文中，被称为活跃网络Socket编程（ANSP）的框架模型，可以在所有EES下运行。它提供了以下主要目标： ??通过单一编程接口编写应用程序。 由于ANSP提供的编程接口，使得EES的设计与ANSP 独立。这使得未来执行环境的发展和提高更加透明。

毕业设计外文翻译

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太阳能蒸笼 罗达.斯坦塔食品和营养学助理 许多不同的系统介绍了太阳能炊具。不同的设计有不同的优势。它也表明太阳能灶还处于初级阶段,将有希望有个美好的未来,不仅有助于解决气候变化问题,而且在做一件重要的事,服务许多人的生命。

大部份太阳能炊具有某种形式的反光罩的集中太阳的能量。太阳轮使用不反光但集中太阳能通过创造蒸汽从相对较大的收集器区域,并将其用于一个较小的烹饪区。随着太阳能轮使用蒸汽作为传热媒介,它是一种间接的烹饪系统。这允许一个分裂的烹饪系统,其热太阳能集热器可以放置在某个距离(如在屋顶上)除了烹饪的地方(例如在厨房里)。厨师正在不接触阳光的并且可以用蒸汽,无论高低都方便,可接受的区域。 这使它成为一个非常方便的炊具为大量的食物。使用简单叠加可以蒸煮几样菜，可以煮熟的同时进行。那热气腾腾的过程是非常相似与传统蒸煮过程，应该容易得到各种文化的认可。 太阳所产生的蒸汽也可以被用来热量大的罐炖肉或汤通过引导蒸汽直接进入了液体在它凝聚和释放的热凝。这就引起我做一个温柔的风潮的食品烤干。 在其设计技术,利用太阳船的有效性标准疏散管太阳能集热器可降低成本。 配料系统 可以看出从素描以上基本的想法是很简单的。太阳能收集器里装满了水。因为它具有极高的效率和良好的保温玻璃管的撤离开始沸腾的水会暴露在阳光下时。蒸汽会被引导到蒸笼以灵活的、蒸汽抗性软管。 连续系统

最后更复杂的,因为它必须确信,玻璃管永远不会变干的。一滴滴喂料系统集成式换热器提供了一条连续的淡水来代替水流失为蒸汽。这也防止了重建的盐和污染的太阳能集热器。因为这个系统包含了大量的沸腾的水在玻璃管,它具有使绝对肯定,没有压力,建立该体系。 成本 为了保持成本低，Sun2Steam正在出售一转换工具包可以很容易地安装在一个标准的低成本太阳能集热器。此套将直接来自澳大利亚,而太阳能收集器可直接来源于一个低成本的供应商。 一个太阳能集热器和20管直径和57mm 1.8米长，在中国是可以买到的大约200美元。转换组件包括500万绝缘软管取决于汇率蒸汽将大约200美元。成本增加25%,装船的税负导致的总费用为500美元左右的太阳能船没有安装费用和培训。 这使得轮船进入上部成本支架太阳能炊具。然而所有的材料都要持久和完整的炊具应该很容易超过了一生的10年。炉子可以很容易地帮助准备食物为10人。这使人均成本的太阳能减少至约五十美元。 也有一些额外的好处。太阳轮能生产大约5升的高质量的蒸馏水一天所产生的凝汽。一个可选的转换器将允许生产超过100升的安全、pasteurised饮水每天。报告描述太阳能蒸笼在这里可以找到: 大多数高海拔的烹饪和烘烤的指示不推荐补偿,直到你到达约6000英尺的海拔高度。居住在该地区,并且现在我住在怀俄明,是正确的,我们的高度范围你真正开始注重细微的差别,所以我已经学会补偿烤时和烹饪。 水沸腾时会出现在较低的温度在这里——这是由于减少了空气压力。你不会真正注意到什么大的差异在4000英尺,甚至在6000英尺,唯一的真正的区别是面带最微小的更久一点做饭,和糙米试你的耐心一点超过正常(以接近一个小时做饭,而不是通常的40分钟)。糖果还可以要求较长的沸腾时期达到各种球类或裂缝阶段。最引人注目的差异在这个高度是烤面包。蛋糕是一个倾向于看起来更温柔,更容易摔跤在中间。面包做一些有趣的事情。 蛋糕混合料通常会表明你应该添加额外的勺面粉加入混合,如果你是在高海拔超过5-6000呎。你可能需要补偿甚至更多,如果你是比那更高一些。

毕业论文 外文翻译#(精选.)

毕业论文（设计）外文翻译 题目：中国上市公司偏好股权融资：非制度性因素 系部名称：经济管理系专业班级:会计082班 学生姓名：任民学号： 200880444228 指导教师：冯银波教师职称:讲师 年月日

译文： 中国上市公司偏好股权融资：非制度性因素 国际商业管理杂志 2009.10 摘要：本文把重点集中于中国上市公司的融资活动，运用西方融资理论，从非制度性因素方面，如融资成本、企业资产类型和质量、盈利能力、行业因素、股权结构因素、财务管理水平和社会文化，分析了中国上市公司倾向于股权融资的原因，并得出结论，股权融资偏好是上市公司根据中国融资环境的一种合理的选择。最后，针对公司的股权融资偏好提出了一些简明的建议。 关键词：股权融资，非制度性因素，融资成本 一、前言 中国上市公司偏好于股权融资，根据中国证券报的数据显示，1997年上市公司在资本市场的融资金额为95.87亿美元，其中股票融资的比例是72.5％，，在1998年和1999年比例分别为72.6％和72.3％，另一方面，债券融资的比例分别是17.8％，24.9％和25.1％。在这三年，股票融资的比例，在比中国发达的资本市场中却在下跌。以美国为例，当美国企业需要的资金在资本市场上，于股权融资相比他们宁愿选择债券融资。统计数据显示，从1970年到1985年，美日企业债券融资占了境外融资的91.7％，比股权融资高很多。阎达五等发现，大约中国3/4的上市公司偏好于股权融资。许多研究的学者认为，上市公司按以下顺序进行外部融资：第一个是股票基金，第二个是可转换债券，三是短期债务，最后一个是长期负债。许多研究人员通常分析我国上市公司偏好股权是由于我们国家的经济改革所带来的制度性因素。他们认为，上市公司的融资活动违背了西方古典融资理论只是因为那些制度性原因。例如，优序融资理论认为，当企业需要资金时，他们首先应该转向内部资金（折旧和留存收益），然后再进行债权融资，最后的选择是股票融资。在这篇文章中，笔者认为，这是因为具体的金融环境激活了企业的这种偏好，并结合了非制度性因素和西方金融理论，尝试解释股权融资偏好的原因。

毕业设计_英语专业论文外文翻译

1. Introduction America is one of the countries that speak English. Because of the special North American culture, developing history and the social environment, American English has formed its certain unique forms and the meaning. Then it turned into American English that has the special features of the United States. American English which sometimes also called United English or U.S English is the form of the English language that used widely in the United States .As the rapid development of American economy, and its steady position and strong power in the world, American English has become more and more widely used. As in 2005, more than two-thirds of English native speakers use various forms of American English. The philologists of the United States had divided the English of the United States into four major types: “America n creating”; “Old words given the new meaning”; “Words that eliminated by English”;“The phonetic foreign phrases and the languages that are not from the English immigrates”[1]. Compared to the other languages, American English is much simple on word spelling, usage and grammar, and it is one of the reasons that American English is so popular in the world. The thesis analyzes the differences between American English and British English. With the main part, it deals with the development of American English, its peculiarities compared to that of British English, its causes and tendency. 2. Analyses the Differences As we English learners, when we learning English in our junior or senior school, we already came across some words that have different spellings, different pronunciations or different expressions, which can be represented by following contrasted words: spellings in "color" vs. "colour"; pronunciations in "sec-re-ta-ry" vs. "sec-re-try";

java毕业论文外文文献翻译

Advantages of Managed Code Microsoft intermediate language shares with Java byte code the idea that it is a low-level language witha simple syntax , which can be very quickly translated intonative machine code. Having this well-defined universal syntax for code has significant advantages. Platform independence First, it means that the same file containing byte code instructions can be placed on any platform; atruntime the final stage of compilation can then be easily accomplished so that the code will run on thatparticular platform. In other words, by compiling to IL we obtain platform independence for .NET, inmuch the same way as compiling to Java byte code gives Java platform independence. Performance improvement IL is actually a bit more ambitious than Java bytecode. IL is always Just-In-Time compiled (known as JIT), whereas Java byte code was ofteninterpreted. One of the disadvantages of Java was that, on execution, the process of translating from Javabyte code to native executable resulted in a loss of performance. Instead of compiling the entire application in one go (which could lead to a slow start-up time), the JITcompiler simply compiles each portion of code as it is called (just-in-time). When code has been compiled.once, the resultant native executable is stored until the application exits, so that it does not need to berecompiled the next time that portion of code is run. Microsoft argues that this process is more efficientthan compiling the entire application code at the start, because of the likelihood that large portions of anyapplication code will not actually be executed in any given run. Using the JIT compiler, such code willnever be compiled.

毕业设计外文翻译原文

编号： 毕业设计(论文)外文翻译 （原文） 院（系）：应用科技学院 专业：机械设计制造及其自动化 学生姓名：邓瑜 学号：0501120501 指导教师单位：应用科技学院 姓名：黄小能 职称： 2009年 5 月20 日

The Injection Molding The Introduction of Molds The mold is at the core of a plastic manufacturing process because its cavity gives a part its shape. This makes the mold at least as critical-and many cases more so-for the quality of the end product as, for example, the plasticiting unit or other components of the processing equipment. Mold Material Depending on the processing parameters for the various processing methods as well as the length of the production run, the number of finished products to be produced, molds for plastics processing must satisfy a great variety of requirements. It is therefore not surprising that molds can be made from a very broad spectrum of materials, including-from a technical standpoint-such exotic materials as paper matched and plaster. However, because most processes require high pressures, often combined with high temperatures, metals still represent by far the most important material group, with steel being the predominant metal. It is interesting in this regard that, in many cases, the selection of the mold material is not only a question of material properties and an optimum price-to-performance ratio but also that the methods used to produce the mold, and thus the entire design, can be influenced. A typical example can be seen in the choice between cast metal molds, with their very different cooling systems, compared to machined molds. In addition, the production technique can also have an effect; for instance, it is often reported that, for the sake of simplicity, a prototype mold is frequently machined from solid stock with the aid of the latest technology such as computer-aided (CAD) and computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM). In contrast to the previously used methods based on the use of patterns, the use of CAD and CAM often represents the more economical solution today, not only because this production capability is available pin-house but also because with any other technique an order would have to be placed with an outside supplier. Overall, although high-grade materials are often used, as a rule standard materials are used in mold making. New, state-of-the art (high-performance) materials, such as ceramics, for instance, are almost completely absent. This may be related to the fact that their desirable characteristics, such as constant properties up to very high temperatures, are not required on molds, whereas their negative characteristics, e. g. low tensile strength and poor thermal conductivity, have a clearly related to ceramics, such as sintered material, is found in mild making only to a limited degree. This refers less to the modern materials and components