英语语言学Linguistics chapter 3 练习答案

Chapter 3 Morphology

1. Divide the following words into their separate morphemes by placing a “+” between each morpheme and the next:

a. microfilm e. telecommunication

b. bedraggled f. forefather

c. announcement g. psychophysics

d. predigestion h. mechanist

答：a. micro + film b. be + draggle + ed

c. announce + ment

d. pre + digest + ion

e. tele + communicate + ion

f. fore + father

g. psycho + physics h. mechan + ist

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2. Think of three morpheme suffixes, give their meaning, and specify the types of stem they may be suffixed to. Give at least two examples of each.

Model: -or

suffix: -or

meaning: the person or thing performing the action

stem type: added to verbs

examples: actor, “one who acts in stage plays, motion pictures, etc.” translator, “one who translates”

答：(1) suffix: -able

meaning: something can be done or is possible

stem type: added to verbs

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examples: acceptable, “can be accepted”

respectable, “can be respected”

(2) suffix: -ly

meaning: functional

stem type: added to adjectives

examples: freely. “adverbial form of‘free’ ”

quickly, “adverbial form of 'quick' ”.

(3) suffix: -ee

meaning: the person receiving the action

stem type: added to verbs

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examples: employee, “one who works in a company”

interviewee, “one who is interviewed”

3. Think of three morpheme prefixes, give their meaning, and specify the types of stem they may be prefixed to. Give at least two examples of each.

Model: a-

prefix: a-

meaning: “without; not”

stem type: added to adjectives

examples: asymmetric, “lacking symmetry” asexual, “without sex or sex organs”

答：(1) prefix: dis-

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meaning: showing an opposite

stem type: added to verbs or nouns

examples : disap prove, “do not approve”

dishonesty, “lack of honesty”.

(2) prefix: anti-

meaning: against, opposed to

stem type: added to nouns or adjectives

examples : antinuclear, “opposing the use of atomic weapons and power”antisocial, “opposed or harmful to the laws and customs of an organized community. ”

(3) prefix: counter-

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meaning: the opposite of

stem type: added to nouns or adjectives.

examples: counterproductive, “producing results opposite to those intended”counteract, “act against and reduce the force or effect of (sth.) ”

4. The italicized part in each of the following sentences is an inflectional morpheme. Study each inflectional morpheme carefully and point out its grammatical meaning.

Sue moves in high-society circles in London.

A traffic warden asked John to move his car.

The club has moved to Friday, February 22nd.

The branches of the trees are moving back and forth.

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答：(1)-s, the third person singular, present simple tense

(2)-ed, the past tense

(3) has –ed, the present perfect

(4) are+v-ing, the plural form; the present progressive

5. Determine whether the words in each of the following groups are related to one another by processes of inflection or derivation.

a) go, goes, going, gone

b) discover, discovery, discoverer, discoverable, discoverability

c) inventor, inventor’s, inventors, inventors’

d) democracy, democrat, democratic, democratize

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答：(1) go, goes, going, gone (inflection)

go- the root form

go+es, simple present, 3rd person singular

go+ing, present participle

gone, past participle

(2) discover, discovery, discoverer, discoverable, discoverability (derivation)

dis-, prefix (added to the nouns to form verbs) meaning reversal

-y, suffix (added after the verbs to form nouns) denoting a state or an action or its result

-er, a noun suffix added to the verbs, meaning a person or thing that perform a specified action or activity

-able, an adjective suffix added to verbs meaning able to be

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-ability, a noun suffix, or a derivative suffix of –able, meaning having the quality as in manageability（可处理性）and suitability（合适性）.

(3) inventor, inventor’s, inventors, inventors’ (a mixture of inflection or derivation) Derivation: invent+-or

Inflection: inventor’s, inventors’ indicating possessive case

(4) democracy, democrat, democratic, democratize (derivation)

-cy, added to the nouns ending with “t” to form another noun denoting a state governed in such a way.

-ic, an adjective suffix, added to the nouns to form adjectives meaning related to or in resemblance with…

-ize, a suffix added to the noun to form verbs denoting the conversion, transforming.

6. The following sentences contain both derivational and inflectional affixes. Underline all of the derivational affixes and circle the inflectional affixes.

a) The farmer’s cows escaped.

b) It was raining.

c) Those socks are inexpensive.

d) Jim needs the newer copy.

e) The strongest rower continued.

f) She quickly closed the book.

g) The alphabetization went well.

答：(略)

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