牛津英语译林版毕业班中考英语复习资料

初中英语知识点复习系列

一．系动词和助动词

1．系动词

连接主语和表语。它不表示动作，与表语一起描述主语的性质、特征、状态、身份等。它也不能单独作谓语，但它有自己的汉语意思，和其后面的形容词等一起构成句子的谓语。英语系动词分为两类。

例如：

1）表示情况的。如：be, look, keep,等。

He is a student.（表示身份）

The coat is nice and cheap.（表示性质）

The cat looks like a hat.（表示特征）

2) 表示变化的。如get, grow, become, turn等。

Winter is coming, the weather gets colder and colder.

The rice grows fine.

Our country becomes stronger and stronger.

Spring comes, the tree turn green again.

常见的连系动词有：

be + adj. / n. 是，在 become + n. /adj. 变成 turn + adj. 变得get + adj. 变得 grow + adj. 长得 keep + adj. 保持着feel + adj. 感到 look + adj. 看上去seem + adj./n. 看起来好象

smell + adj. 闻起来 fall asleep 入睡

2．助动词

本身无词义，不能单独作句子的谓语动词。在句中，它主要帮助句子中的谓语动词构成各种时态、语气、否定和疑问结构等。如果句子是否定结构，not必须放在助动词后面。

英语助动词有shall, will, should, would, be, have, do等。

例如：The students are playing football now. (构成现在进行时)

He does not like playing football. (构成否定句)

Do you like playing football? (构成一般疑问句)

Do come here tomorrow! （构成强调句）

典型错句解析

1. You must look after yourself and keep health.

[解析] health→healthy. keep作系动词用时，后接形容词。

2. He will become a pianist.

[解析]will become→became become作系动词用时，一般不用于“将来成为”的意思。此句又可改为

He has become a pianist.

3. You will twenty-five years old next month.

[解析] will→will be。助动词will本身没有词义，可用在各种人称的将来时态中。 Will在将来时态中后接动词原形。 will + be才能构成完整的谓语。

4.He works even harder than you work.

[解析] work→do。助动词do代替主要动词，以避免重复。

二．代词

代词是用来代替名词或名词词组的词，因此代词在句子中的功能和名词一样，可作主语、宾语和表语，有些代词还可修饰名词。

英语代词可分为人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、疑问代词、关系代词、连接代词、不定代词、相互代词等九种。

表示“我”、“你”、“他”、“她”“它”“我们”、“你们”、“他们”等的词，叫做人称代词。人称代词的排列有以下几种；

①我、你、他

第二人称→第三人称→第一人称即：you，he and I

②她和老师

名词→人称代词即：the teacher and she

③我、他和一些别的人

人称代词→其他代词即： he，I and some others

④第三人称两性（性别）并用时，如：他和她；即：he and she

人称代词的主格作主语，宾格作及物动词宾语或介词宾语。作表语时，书面语用主格，口语中则用宾格。

例如：You must speak English as often as possible．

He told me the bad news．

He didn't listen to me．

Who's going to go?

（以上代词在句中分别作什么成份？）

2．物主代词

物主代词表示所有关系，分为形容词性和名词性两种，形容词性物主代词作定语，名词性物主代词作主语、宾语和表语。形容词性物主代词后要跟名词。名词性物主代词可以单独使用，其作用相当于一个形容词加上一个名词。物主代词有人称和数的区别。

例：This is my dictionary．Yours (=Your dictionary)is on the desk．

一Is this your classroom?

—No．It's theirs(=their classroom)．

3．反身代词

表示动词所表达的动作反回到施动者本身，一般是由第一、二人称的形容词性物主代词或第三人称代词的宾格加上self (复数selves) 构成，起强调作用，反身代词可作动词宾语、介词宾语、同位语等。

例如：Please help yourself to some fish．(作动词宾语)

He thinks more of himself than“others．(作介词宾语)

I myself did it．（作同位语）

I spoke to the manager himself．（作同位语）

注：反身代词常接在动词enjoy, hurt, help等词后。

4．指示代词

指示代词是将所指事物与同类中的其他事物区分开来的一种代词。表示：“这个”、“那个”、“这些”、“那些”等指示概念。指示代词在句中相当于名词、形容词的作用，可作主语、宾语、定语、表语等。

例如：This(That) is what I want to say．(作主语)

We should always keep this(these) in mind．（作宾语）

For these(those) reasons，I was late．（作定语）

The reason is this．（作表语）

5．不定代词

不定代词用来代替或修饰任何不定数量和不定范围的人和事物。不定代词可代替名词或形容词，在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语。下面举例说明：

①some和any

some(一些)、any(一些、任何)修饰可数名词和不可数名词。some用在肯定句中，any多用于疑问句和否定句中。

例如：There are some books in the desk．

There are not any books in the desk．

Have you any money?

注意：some可用于表示邀请、请求的疑问句或用于说话者希望得到肯定回答的疑问句中，any有时也用于肯定句，表示“任何的”“任何一个”“任何一些”等。

例如：—Would you like some tea? （希望对方肯定回答）

—Yes, thank you.

—Could I ask you some questions? （希望对方肯定回答）

—Of course, you can.

You can ask me any questions.（任何问题）

②little、a little、few、a few

little、a little修饰不可数名词，few、a few修旆可数名词；a little、a few表示肯定的概念，即：尽管少但“有”；few、little表示否定的概念，表示“没有”。

例如：There is a little water in the river. You can walk across it.

There is little water in the river. You have to swim across it.

He has few friends, so he often feels lonely.

I have a few friends in America．I often write to them.

③each、every、everybody、everyone、everything。

each相当于名词和形容词，用作定语或单独使用作主语、宾语、定语、同位语等。every不可单独使用，它必须放在名词等前，只能作定语。

each与every的区别：

1)each侧重于单个，every侧重于全体、整体。

2)each用于二者或二者以上，every用于三者或三者以上。

everybody与everyone相同，意思是“每人、人人”。

everything意思是“一切”“每件事”。

例如：Two boys came into the classroom．Each wore a red coat.

Every student has a new book．

Everybody knows this thing．(don’t they?)

Everything goes well．(doesn’t it?)

(把上面两个句子改为反意疑问句，注意用什么代词代替everybody, everything)

④ both、either、neither

both、either、neither都与“两个”有关。

both “(两者)都---”"全”，指两个人或事物，可作主语、宾语、定语。

例如：Both books are good．

There are a lot of trees on both sides of the road.

either (两个中间的)任何一个，这个或那个”，可作主、宾、定语。

例如：There are two books. You may take either of them．

—Would you like a cup of tea or coffee?

—Either is OK.

neither “(两者之间) 一个也不---”，neither是either的否定形式，可作主语、宾语、定语。

例如：Neither of them knows Japanese．

Either Li or Wang knows English．

⑤none、no、nobody、no one、nothing

none、no、nobody、no one、nothing都与“无”有关。

none用于指人或物，可与of短语连用，用作单数或复数，而且常用于习语中。

nothing“没有东西；没有什么 (=not anything)”，若作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。

例如：—Is there nothing in the box?

—No. It's empty．

一How many elephants did you see there?

—None．

—What did you see in the zoo yesterday?

—Nothing.

注意：以上两句中的答句None, Nothing不可相互替代。

no表示“没有(任何的)---”，等于not any--- 或 not a(an)---。

例如： He has no money．（= He has not any money.）

We have no lessons on Sundays. (= We have not any lessons on Sundays.)

She has no brother. (= She has not a brother.)

nobody或no one后不可接of短语来表示“某些人当中”；

⑥a11

a11作形容词且与名词连用时，名词前需加the或one's，即：all the(one’s) + 名词。

例如：I will teach English all my life．

All the people are here．

当all代替可数名词作句子主语时，谓语动词用复数；当all代替不可数名词作句子主语时，谓语动词用单数。

例：All are here．L et’s begin our meeting. (all代替所有参加会议的人)

All is well that ends well.（all代替所有事情）

⑦other、the other、others 、the others、another

the other指两者中的另外一个。

例：He has two pens，one is blue，the other is yellow．

other + 复数名词 = others相同，泛指其他的人或物。

例：Some students are carrying water，others(other students) are watering the trees．

the other + 复数名词 = the others ，特指一定范围内的其他人或物。

例：There are fifty students in Miss Gao’s class, twenty students are boys, the others are girls．

the other + 数词，指剩余的数目。

例：He bought three pencils，one is for me，the other two are for him．

another + 单数名词或another + 数词+复数名词。表示在原来基础上再来一个或一些。

例：I don't like the color of this bag. May I have a look at another one．

May I have another three books?

6．疑问代词

疑问代词有who，whom，whose，which，what等。

①who和what

who问姓名，what问职业。

例：—Who is he? —He is Smith．

—What's your father? —He is a worker．

②what和which

which表示在一定数目(或范围)之内的选择，某某范围内的“哪一个”“哪一些”；what则没有这种限制。

例：What do you usually have for lunch? 你通常午餐吃什么？

Which do you prefer，apple or pear? 苹果和梨，你喜欢哪一个？

Which of you comes from Beijing? 你们当中哪一个来自北京？

③whom和whose

whom作宾语，whose作定语。

例：With whom is she talking now?

Whose book is on the desk?

典型错句分析

1. — Is there any one in the classroom?

—None.

[解析] None → No one 。none是对 all, 即三个以上的否暄，后面常接带 of的短语。而 no one代表单数名词，意为“没有一个人”，不能与 of连用。

2. The bird builds its nest in the tree.

[解析]it’s → its。it’s是 it is或 it has的省略形式，而its则是物主代词“它的”，意义不同，不能混淆。

3. I like none of the two novels.

none → neither。对两者both否定应为neither。

4. Do you think the TV sets made in Shanghai are better than ones made in Beijing are?

[解析]ones →those 。one, ones和 that, those 皆可代替前面的名词，避免重复但one, ones要求有代词或形容词之类的前置定语；that , those则要求有介词短语、分词短语或从句一类的后置定语。

例：—What kind of ice-cream would you like?

—A big pink one.

The days in summer are longer than those in winter.

典型错句解析

1. –Is there any one in the classroom? –None.

[解析]None →No one。None是对all，即三个以上的否定，后面通常接带of的短语。而no one代表单数名词，意为“没有一个人”，不能与of连用。

2. The bird builds its nest in the tree.

[解析] it’s → its是it is或it has的省略形式，而its则是物主代词“它的”，意义不同，不能混淆。

3. I like none of the two novels.

[解析] none → neither.对两者both否定应为neither。

代词练习

A)人称代词

( )1. Is this picture ________ ?

A. my

B. her

C. yours

D. our

( )2. Some of ________ are Young Pioneers.

A. they

B. their

C. them

D. themselves

( )3. A friend of ________ came here yesterday.

A. my

B. his

C. her

D. your

( )4. I saw ________ in the street yesterday afternoon.

A. he

B. his

C. him

D. himself

( )5. I’ll go to see ________ tomorrow morning.

A. she

B. hers

C. her

D. herself

( )6. Mary decided to do the work ________.

A. she

B. hers

C. herself

D. himself

( )7. Nobody taught him drawing. He learned it - .

A. him self

B. herself

C. his

D. himself

( )8. This is his ruler. That’s ________.

A. I

B. me

C. my

D. mine

( )9. Whose pencil-box is this ? It’s ________.

A. he

B. his

C. him

D. he’s

( )10. My dictionary is here. Where is ________?

A. you

B. your

C. yours

D. your’s

( )11. She told ________ a friend of ________ would go to America.

A. him; her

B. his; hers

C. him; hers

D. he; she’s

( )12. ________ pencil-box is beautiful. But ________ is more beautiful than ________.

A. Tom’s; my; he

B. Tom’s; mine; his

C. Toms; mine; him

D. Tom’s; my; his

( )13. Most of ________ want to do the work ________.

A. us; ourselves

B. us; ours

C. we; ourselves

D. ours; ourselves

( )14. Whose exercise-books are these? They are ________.

A. their

B. theirs

C. them

D. their’s

( )15. Did the children enjoy ________ last Sunday?

A. them

B. themselves

C. himself

D. themselves

( )16. Don’t tell me the answer. I’ll work out the problem ________ .

A. by me

B. myself

C. my self

D. me

( )17. Help ________to some meat, please.

A. you

B. your

C. yourself

D. yours

( )18. Lei Feng was always ready to help others. He never thought of ________ .

A. him

B. his

C. himself

D. he

( )19. Their room is on the first floor and ________ is on the second.

A. our

B. ours

C. us

D. ourselves

( )20. A friend of ________ will give ________ a talk next Monday.

A. him; our

B. his; we

C. his; us

D. he; ours

( )21. That is ________ violin.

A. Tom

B. Tom’s

C. Toms

D. Toms’

( )22. The hospital is a bit far from here. It’s about ________.

A. forty minutes’s walk

B. forty minute’s walk

C. forty minutes walk

D. forty minutes’ walk

( )23. This dictionary is not. It’s ________.

A. I

B. me

C. mine

D. my

B）不定代词

( )1. I have two pens. One is red, ________ is blue.

A. the other

B. others

C. other

D. another

( )2. There ________ wrong with my bike.

A. are something

B. are anything

C. is anything

D. is something ( )3. Mike and Joan are – good at math's.

A. neither

B. both

C. each

D. no one

( )4. There are two maps on the wall. One is a map of America, ________ is a map of the world.

A. others

B. other

C. the other

D. another

( )5. I’m not busy. Haven’t ________ to do.

A. something

B. everything

C. nothing

D. anything ( )6. His parents are ________ doctors.

A. each

B. all

C. both

D. no one

( )7. Of the three foreign friends, one is from London, ________ two are from New York.

A. other

B. the other

C. others

D. the others ( )8. Are these two books interesting? Yes, ________ of them are interesting.

A. both

B. all

C. either

D. neither

( )9. Mary wanted to have a work with Tom. She had ________ to tell him.

A. important something

B. nothing important

C. anything important

D. something important

( )10. There ________ wrong with the machine.

A. aren’t something

B. aren’t anything

C. isn’t something

D. isn’t anything ( )11. My parents are I are ________ interested in music.

A. both

B. all

C. neither

D. no

( )12. Look at those students. Some are cleaning the window, ________ are sweeping the floor.

A. the other

B. other

C. others

D. the others ( )13. She has an apple in one hand and a knife in ________ .

A. other

B. the other

C. another

D. others

( )14. You may keep the book for two weeks, but you mustn’t lend it to ________.

A. other

B. others

C. the other

D. the others ( )15. I study Chinese, English and some ________ subjects.

A. other

B. the other

C. others

D. the others ( )16. Do they often talk to each ________ in English?

A. others

B. the other

C. other

D. the others ( )17. World you like ________ milk?

A. some

B. any

C. little

D. a few

( )18. ________ beasts nor birds would have the bat as their friend.

A. Either

B. Neither

C. Not

D. Both

( )19. I’m hungry. Please give me ________ to eat.

A. something

B. anything

C. everything

D. nothing

( )20. Mary sings better than ________ of the other girls in her class. She sings best.

A. some

B. any

C. most

D. one

( )21. This story is more interesting than ________ two.

A. other

B. others

C. the other

D. the others ( )22. All the students had gone out. There was ________ in the classroom.

A. somebody

B. anybody

C. nobody

D. everybody ( )23. Since ________ is here, let’s begin our meeting.

A. anybody

B. everybody

C. somebody

D. nobody ( )24. ________ has taken my pencil by mistake. I can’t find it.

A. Somebody

B. Everybody

C. Nobody

D. Anyone ( )25. Did they find ________ in the park? No, they found ________ there.

A. anybody; nobody

B. somebody; everybody

C. anybody; somebody

D. everybody; anybody

( )26. Tom and Mary are ________ good at French.

A. each

B. both

C. no one

D. all

( )27. She made ________ mistakes in her exercises

A. any

B. another

C. no

D. one

( )28. There are fifty students in their class. ________ of them are league members.

A. Both

B. Either

C. All

D. No one ( )29. We must learn from ________ other.

A. every

B. on

C. each

D. all

( )30. The students have __________ on Sundays.

A. no any classes

B. no class

C. no classes

D. no any class ( )31. There isn’t ________ on the playground.

A. anyone

B. everyone

C. nobody

D. any people ( )32. If you need a ruler. I’ll lend you ________.

A. some

B. one

C. another

D. the one ( )33. I have two friends. One is from Australia, ________ is from Japan.

A. other

B. the other

C. another

D. others

C）不定代词little, a little, few, a few

( )1. The film is not interesting. ________ people like it.

A. Little

B. A little

C. Few

D. A few

( )2. That teacher was too busy to work in his office. He had ________ time to do the work.

A. few

B. a few

C. little

D. a little

( )3. The artist has learned Russian for four months and he can write ________ Russian now.

A. few

B. a few

C. little

D. a little

( )4. Don't hurry! You still have ________ time.

A. little

B. a little

C. few

D. a few

( )5. There is ________ ink in the bottle. I have to buy some.

A. little

B. a little

C. few

D. a few

( )6. Tom made quite ________ mistakes in the test.

A. few

B. a few

C. little

D. a little

( )7. Can you speak English? Yes, but only ________. I’ve studied it for only ________ months.

A. a little; few

B. little; a few

C. a little; a few

D. few; a little ( )8. Would you like some meat? Yes, just ________.

A. a few

B. few

C. a little

D. little

( )9. Be quick! There is ________ time left.

A. little

B. a little

C. few

D. a few

( )10. The question is so difficult that ________ students can answer it.

A. few

B. a few

C. little

D. a little

( )11. You did quite well in the test. You made ________ mistakes.

A. few

B. a few

C. little

D. a little

( )12. Is there any ink in the bottle? Yes, there is ________ .

A. few

B. a few

C. little

D. a little

( )13. Have you any friends in Pairs? Yes, I have ________ there.

A. few

B. a few

C. little

D. a little

( )14. Tom was ill yesterday, but he is ________ better today.

A. few

B. a few

C. little

D. a little ( )15. The children want to play ________ longer.

A. little

B. a little

C. few

D. a few ( )16. Sorry, I can’t answer your questions. I know ________ about the subject.

A. few

B. a few

C. little

D. a little ( )17. Don’t hurry. We still have ________ time left.

A. little

B. few

C. a little

D. a few D）疑问代词

( )1. ________ went to the Great Wall with you?

A. What

B. When

C. Who

D. Whose

( )2. ________ is Jim’s bag, the blue one or the red one?

A. Which

B. What

C. Whose

D. Where

( )3. ________ newspaper is this? It’s mine.

A. Who’s

B. Whom

C. Which

D. Whose

( )4. ________ did Jack do last Sunday?

A. When

B. What

C. Where

D. Who

( )5. ________ is your father? He is very well, thank you.

A. What

B. Who

C. How

D. Where

( )6. ________ will you have the meeting? Tomorrow morning.

A. Where

B. When

C. How

D. Who

( )7. ________ are you doing now? I’m making a model plane.

A. What

B. When

C. How

D. Where

( )8. Do you know ________ they’re talking about?

A. where

B. why

C. what

D. how

( )9. Do you know ________ daughter she is?

A. where B whose C. what D. which

( )10. Could you tell me ________ train is leaving for Shanghai?

A. what

B. which

C. where

D. when

( )11. ________ subjects do you have this year?

A. Which

B. When

C. What

D. Whom

( )12. ________ do you find easier to learn, English or Chinese?

A. What

B. Which

C. How

D. Where

( )13. ________ do we have for lunch?

A. What

B. When

C. Where

D. How

( )14. ________ did you meet at the station?

A. What

B. Who

C. Where

D. Why

( )15. ________ do you like the film? I like it very much.

A. How

B. What

C. When

D. Where

三．名词

名词是表示人、事物、地点的名称的词或抽象概念的名称的词。名词分类见下表：

个体名词

可数

集体名词

普通名词

物质名词

名词不可数

抽象名词

专有名词

1．专有名词的用法。

1) 表示一个人、物或地点的专有名词，须以大写字母开头。

例如：Ann，Lucy，Lily，Tom，Mike，John

Beijng，Shanghai，Nanjing，Washington D．C．

Christmas，New Year's Day，May Day

March，April，June，July，October

2) 专有名词前不加冠词，也无复数。

例如：English spoken in England．

John lives on Lincoln Street．

Tuesday comes after Monday．

3) 海洋、河流、山脉、岛屿等专有名词前要加the。

例如：the Pacific(Ocean)，the Yellow River，the Tienshan Mountains等。

4) the + 姓 + s 表示：某某一家人或某某夫妇二人。

例：The Zhangs are having supper at home now．

The Browns are going to England next month．

2．普通名词的用法。

1)普通名词有单、复数变化。单数名词前加a，an，the等冠词，复数名词加—s或—es，而变化过的复数名词前不加冠词。

例：This is the book you lent me yesterday．

Books are our friends．

2)普通名词前如有this，that, every，whose，which，John's等修饰，它们的作用已与冠词修饰名词的作用相同，名词前则不能再加冠词。

例：What does this word mean，Dad?

This is my cap．Where is yours?

3)复数普通名词用many，a lot of等修饰。

例：There are too many people in that room．There is no room to stand in now.

There are a lot of eggs in the basket．Would you like some of them?

3．集体名词的用法。

1)常用的集体名词有：family，population, people, class, police等。

2)强调指整个集体，则视为单数，谓语动词用单数形式。如果该名词强调组成集体的各个分子, 则视为复数。

例：His family is going to move into a new house．

His family are good at swimming．

Class 5 is a good class.

Class 5 all like playing basketball.

3)police只用复数名词。

例：The police are looking for that lost girl these days．

4．不可数名词

不可数名词主要以下同类：表示物质类和抽象类。

1）表示物质类的名词

食品：food，fish，rice，coffee，wine

材料：wood，stone，brick，iron，steel

气(液)体：air，gas，oil，rain，snow

物质名词是不可数名词，无复数形式，前面不可加冠词a／an，the修饰，但前可用much，little，some，no等修饰。

例：We had little rain last year．

There isn’t much water left．

表示物质名词的数量时，须在物质名词前，另加计量的名词。如：a piece of; a cup of等。

a cup of tea，a piece of paper

two cups of tea，two pieces of paper

2）表示抽象类的名词

如：health, knowledge, success等。

抽象名词为不可数名词，所以无复数，前不可用不定冠词。

例：Health is more important than wealth．

Failure is the mother of success．

抽象名词可以用单位名词来表示数的概念。

例：a piece of paper（music, news, advice etc.）

抽象名词一般为不可数，常用much，little，no来修饰。

注意：of + 抽象名词 = 形容词即：of后接抽象名词等于该抽象名词形容词形式的用法。

He is a man of virtue（美德）．= He is a virtuous man．

It is of great value(价值)．＝It is very valuable．

a man of ability(能力)＝an able man

a man of wealth(财富)＝a wealthy man

5．可数名词复数形式的构成

①规则复数形式的拼写。

名词的复数一般只加“s”，但以下几点注意：

1) 以s, sh，ss，ch或x结尾的词其复数通常加“es”。

glasses，brushes，boxes，watches

2) 以元音字母+ o结尾的词其复数加“s”。

radios，zoos

注：凡缩略词后均只加“s”。

3)辅音字母+o结尾的词其复数加“es”。

heroes，tomatoes，potato但pianos，photos, kilo例外。

4)以辅音字母+y的词，应也把y换成i，然后再加“es”。

babies，cities，countries，parties

5)以f，fe结尾的词，变f为v再加“es”。

leaf→leaves，knife→knives，thief→thieves，half→halves，但要注意：

gulf（海湾），chief（首领），roof（屋顶），belief（信仰），

self（本质），proof（证据）例外。

②不规则变化。

1)元音字母发生变化。

foot→feet，tooth→teeth，man→men

woman→women，mouse→mice

2)单、复数同形。

deer→deer，sheep→sheep, fish →fish，Chinese→Chinese，Japanese→Japanese

3)词尾变化。

child→children

4)只有复数形式。

thanks，clothes, people, police.

5)常用复数。

trousers，glasses，shoes

6)复合名词的复数形式。“主体名词+s”。

例如：a flower shop→two flower shops; an apple tree → some apple trees

由man、woman、boy、girl等表示性别的名词与其它名词构成复合名词，该名词变成复数时，将man、woman 、boy、girl以及它们后面的名词一起变为复数。

例如：a man doctor → two men doctors a woman driver → some women drivers，

6．名词复数形式应该注意的事项

①单复数意义不同。

glass→glasses cloth→clothes good→goods

②名词作形容词表示单位时用单数形式。

a five-year-old boy an eight-meter-long ruler

7．名词的所有格

名词所有格在句中表示所有关系、所属类别、动作执行者或承受者。

①表示有生命物体的所有格，常用’s。

1)在名词后加’s。

Mary's books L i Lei’s bag Women’s Day Children’s Day

2)以“s”结尾的名词后只加’。

Teachers’ Day， parents’ books J ames’ eyes

3)如所有物归各名词分别所有，则在各名词后分别加-’s；如所有物归各名词共同所有，则在最后一名词后加’s。

Kate’s and Jim’s bags （分别所有）Kate and Jim’s parents（共同所有）

4)复合名词或字群的所有格在最后一个名词的词尾加-’s。

somebody else's book，each other’s names, brother-in-law's car

5)下列无生命名词的所有格也可用’s表示。

例如：时间名词 tomorrow's meeting，today’s newspaper

距离名词 twenty minutes’ walk

长度名词：three meters’ ruler

价格名词 a dollar's worth

国家、团体、城市、机构等名词 China's capital

②无生命名词的所有格，常用---of---来表示。

例如：a map of China a photo of my family the gate of the school。

a photo of my father 我父亲的照片（照片上是我父亲）

a photo of my father’s 我父亲的一张照片（照片归我父亲所有）

③双重所有格。在英语中，如of短语和名词所有格结合起来使用时，便叫双重所有格。

例如： a friend of my father's。

典型错句分析

1. How many shipps can you see in the picture?

[解析] shipps →ships。ship的复数形式是ships，不能双写p。这要与动词加-ing的情况区分开来。

2. He lives at 124 room.

[解析] 124 room → Room 124。表示房间编号时，名词置前，数词置后。

3. You’d better go home on feet.

[解析] feet → foot。on foot 是惯用表达用法。

4. Where’s Lucy’s trousers/shirt?

[解析] 此误句可改作：Where’s → Where are, 其后不变；又可改作：shirt →blouse, 其前不变。也就是说，Lucy是女性名，因她一般穿shirt（男衬衫）；trousers作主语时，谓语动词用复数，但 a pair of trousers(一条裤子)作主语时，谓语动词则用单数。

5. Tom is a seven-year-old boy. 复合形容词中的名词不用复数。

[解析] seven-years-old → seven-year-old。复合形容词中的名词不用复数。

6. Give him two piece of paper.

[解析] piece of papers → pieces of paper。不可数名词能在词尾变复数，要计算时，应将数词后的名词变为复数。

四、冠词

冠词，就是放在名词之前，修饰名词的词，为虚词。

1．冠词分不定冠词和定冠词两种

a，an为不定冠词，用于单数可数名词前，表示泛指，说明其名称和种类，具有“一个（本、块-----）”的意思。 the为定冠词，用于各类名词前，表示特指，具有“这”、“那”的意思。

2．使用冠词的注意事项

①a用于以辅音音素(包括[w] [j] )开始的词前。

a student a book a useful book

注意：字母u读作[ju:]时，由于第一音是[ j ]是辅音，所以前面用a，而不用an。

②an用于元音音素开始的词前。

an old man an hour an eight-year-old boy an one-meter-long ruler

【说明】几个干扰均有可能误选。

【分析】最佳答案填C。第一空填 a，因为 one-act 的读音是以辅音开头，即第一个音是辅音不是元音；第二空填an，是因为 11的英文是eleven，它的第一个音是元音不是辅音。类似以下各题的答案是 C 不是其他：

(1) Before he was arrested, he had taken _______ one-month holiday, and stayed in the country with ________

18-year-old girl, one of his students.

A. a, a

B. an, an

C. a, an

D. an, a

(2) We hired _______ one-eyed man to play in our film, and we gave him _______ 100-pound check for just one

minute.

A. a, an

B. an, a

C. a, a

D. an, an

③the既可用于单数或复数名词前，也可用于不可数名词前。其用法如下：

1）特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。

例如：The book on the desk is mine.

2）指说话双方都知道或彼此熟悉的人或事物。

例如：Open the window, please.

3）指上文提到过的人或事。

例如：There is a pen on the desk. The pen is my father’s.

4）指世界上独一无二的事物。

例如：the sun, the moon, the earth, the sky, the world.

5）表示弹奏某种乐器时，该乐器前要加the.

例如：She plays the piano, and her husband plays the violin.

6）用在某些专有名词前。

例如：the Great Wall, the Summer Palace, the Changjiang River

7）用在序数词和形容词最高级前。

例如：Mr. Smith taught the first class.

Kate is the tallest in her class.

8）用在固定搭配的短语中。

例如：in the morning(afternoon, evening), by the way

注意：下列情况不用定冠词。

1）在球类运动名称前不用。

例如：play football(basketball, volleyball)

2）在三餐前不用。

例如：have(has) breakfast(lunch, supper)

3）在某些固定搭配的词组中不用。

例如：at night(noon), go to school(bed), on foot, by bus(car, bike, air, plane, train, ship),

at home(work)

注意：在汉语节日中，由Day构成的节日前常不用冠词，而专有名词所表示的节日前常用冠词。

如：Mid-autumn Day, Children’s Day, Teachers’ Day, Women’s Day, May Day, National Day, New Year’s Day 等前常不用冠词。而由Festival构成的节日前常用冠词，

如：the Spring Festival, the Dragon Boat Festival, the Mid-Autumn Festival，the Lantern Festival等。

冠词练习

( )1. Lucy is ________ American, and Kate I ________ English girl.

A. /; /

B. a; a

C. an; an

D. an; a

( )2. Jack is ________ American boy.

A. a

B. an

C. the

D. some

( )3. It is ________ interesting book.

A. the

B. a

C. an

D./

( )4. Mr. Wang is ________ old worker.

A. a

B. an

C. the

D. some

( )5. There are six minutes in ________ hour.

A. a

B. the

C. an

D. /

( )6. The train will leave in ________ hour.

A. a

B. the

C. an

D. /

( )7. There is ________ ―u‖ and________ ―s‖ in ________ USA.

A. a; an; the

B. an; a; the

C. an; an; the

D. /; /; /

( )8. He is ________ unknown man in the world.

A. the

B. a

C. an

D. /

( )9. This is ________ useful book.

A. a

B. an

C. the

D. /

( )10. What ________ exciting match it is!

A. an

B. a

C. the

D. /

( )11. This is ________ easy job that I can finish it in half ________ hour.

A. so; an

B. a such; a

C. such an; an

D. such a; an

( )12. Here is a book. ________ book is hers.

A. The

B. A

C. An

D. /

( )13. I like playing ________ football and my sister likes playing ________ piano.

A. /; the

B. /; /

C. the; /

D. the; the

( )14. She had ________ apple in one hand and ________ knife in the other.

A. an; an

B. a; a

C. an; a

D. /; /

( )15. ________ moon moves round ________ earth.

A. A; a

B. The; the

C. A; an

D. /; /

( )16. That’s ________ good idea.

A. an

B. the

C. a

D. /

( )17. There is ________ orange on the table.

A. a

B. an

C. the

D. some

( )18. ________ next morning, Kate went to ________ school without ________ breakfast.

A. /; /; the

B. The; the; a

C. The; /; /

D. /; the, her

( )19. Please take ________ medicine three times ________ day.

A. /; one

B. /; a

C. the; a

D. a; a

( )20. China is ________ largest country in ________ Asia.

A. the; /

B. the; the

C. a; /

D. a; the

( )21. ________ workers in that factory are mostly from ________ north.

A. /; the

B. /; /

C. The; a

D. The ; the

( )22. Does she often have ________ lunch at ________ home?

A. the; the

B. /; the

C. the; /

D. /; /

( )23. Mr. Green is ________ headmaster of our school.

A. the

B. a

C. an

D. /

五、疑问词和疑问句

疑问句：用来提出疑问的句子叫做疑问句，句末用问号。疑问句有4类，即：一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句。下面，我们分项论述。

1．一般疑问句。用yes或no来回答的疑问句，叫做一般疑问句。

一般疑问句的构成有三种情况：

1)当谓语动词为be、have(作“有”解)时，将其放在主语之前。

例如： Are you a student?

Have you any pen?

2)谓语动词含有系动词（is, am are）、情态动词(can, must, may)或助动词(is, am, are, have, has, will, shall等)时，要将其放在主语之前。

例如：Was the house built two years ago?

Must I finish the work before supper?

3)谓语是单一实义动词时，要在主语前加do、does或did。

例如：Does he live on the third floor?

Did you have a good lunch?

4)有时为了表达一种特殊的感情或观点，可用否定形式的一般疑问句(此时要注意回答)。

例：Didn't I tell(或Did I not tell) you to come earlier?

Aren’t these pictures lovely (或Are these pictures not lovely)?

在回答这种否定问句时要注意，如果事实是肯定的，就用yes，事实是否定的用no，这与汉语有很大差异。

例：—Doesn't he like playing football?

—Yes，he does．He often play it after school.

—Aren’t your mother a doctor?

—No, she isn’t. She works in a school.

2．特殊疑问句。就句中某一部分提问的疑问句，叫做特殊疑问句。句首要用特殊疑问代词或特殊疑问副词引导，答句不能用yes或no回答。

1）特殊疑问词

①特殊疑问代词：who，whom，whose，which，what

②特殊疑问副词：when，where，why，how

2）特殊疑问句的语序

①当特殊疑问词或由其所修饰的词不作主语时，用一般疑问句语序。

②当疑问词或由其所修饰的词作主语时，用陈述句语序。

例如：Who(或Which student ) is the tallest in your class? （作主语）

When did you begin to learn English? （不作主语）

3．选择疑问句。提供两种或两种以上情况让对方选择哪一种的疑问句，叫做选择疑问句。在句中常由or 连接被选择部分。

例如：Would you like a cup of tea or a cup of coffee?

4．反意疑问句。反意疑问句由一个肯定(或否定)陈述句加上一个否定(或肯定)简略式的疑问句构成。即：“前肯后否式”或“前否后肯式”。

例：It was very co1d yesterday，isn’t it?

There won’t be any class on Sundays，will there?

用法：

1）当陈述句部分是肯定句时，疑问句部分用否定。

You are a student, aren’t you?

He likes playing football, doesn’t he?

She often went to school on foot, didn’t she?

They are going to have a meeting this afternoon, aren’t they?

There is a picture on the wall, isn’t there?

H e can speak Japanese, can’t he?

2）当陈述句是否定句时，疑问句部分用否定句。

You aren’t a student, are you?

He doesn’t like playing football, doesn’t he?

She didn’t often go to school on foot, did he?

They aren’t going to have a meeting this afternoon, are they?

There isn’t a p icture on the wall, is there?

He can’t speak Japanese, can he?

3）当陈述句部分主语是名词时，疑问句中主语用相应的代词代替。

Ann is from the USA, isn’t she?

Bill isn’t from Canada, is he?

Li Lei doesn’t like playing football, does he?

Kate likes watching TV, doesn’t she?

The stude nts don’t play football every day, do they?

The weather gets cool in autumn, doesn’t it?

4）祈使句的反意疑问句。

L et’s go to school, shall we? (Let’s包括说话者，反意疑问句用shall we?)

Let us do the exercises, will you? (Let us不包括说话者，反意疑问句用will you?)

Don’t be late, will you? （常用于陈述句为否定的祈使句）

Open the door, won’t you? (常用来表示：建议、邀请或命令)

5）当陈述句部分主语是指人的不定代词somebody、nobody。等时，疑问部分的主语要用he或they。当陈述句部分主语是指物的不定代词nothing, everything等时，疑问句部分的主语要用it。

Everyone is here，aren’t they? (isn’t he?)

Everyone(Everybody will be good at English, won’t they? (won’t he?)

No one can do it, can they? (can he?)

Everything is ready now, isn’t it?

All the food was on the table, wasn’t it?

Nothing can stop us now, can it?

6）含有否定词的反意疑问句。

There are few students in the classroom, are there?

There is little water in the cup, is there?

He never be late, is he?

There is no air on the moon, is there?

I have nothing else to say, do you?

Nothing can stop us now, can it?

No one knows this thing, do they?

7）含有think的主从复合句的反意疑问句。

I think he is from England, isn’t he?

I don’t think he can finish the work, can he?

He thinks the weather will be fine tomorrow, doesn’t he?

Mrs. Green doesn’t think Jim is a good student at school, does she?

注意：含有think的主从复合句的反意疑问句，如果主语是第一人称I或We时，反意疑问句就从句反问。

8) had better句型的反意疑问句。

You’d better go to bed earlier, hadn’t you?

You’d better come back this evening, hadn’t you?

9) 陈述部分有情态动词must，并且其表示“一定，想必”等推测意义，其疑问部分不用must引导，而要根据陈述部分的不定式结构采用相应的助动词形式。

She must be hungry，isn’t she?

Your brother must have waited there for a long time，hasn't he?

六、形容词和副词

1．形容词

用来修饰名词，表示名词的属性，一般放在所修饰的名词之前，在句中可作定语、表语和宾语补足语。

例：He is a good boy．（作定语）

I am very glad to see you．（作表语）

We keep our rooms clean and tidy．（作宾语补足语）

1）形容词的位置问题。

①单个形容词作定语修饰名词时，通常放在所修饰的名词前，但修饰something等复合不定

代词时要放在这些词后面。

例如：Is there anything interesting in the new book?

②多个形容词修饰同一名词时的顺序如下：

限定词（数词，形容词性物主代词等）+ 一般描绘性的+ 表示大小形状的+ 表示性质的+ 表示色彩的 + 表示长幼、新旧的 + 表示国籍、地区、出处的 + 表示物质、材料的 + 表示用途、类别的 + 被修饰的名词

例如：a big quiet white old British wooden house

注意：一般说来，关系最密切的最靠近被修饰的名词，关系较远的离被修饰的名词也较远些。

2）关于“级”的问题。英语形容词的级分为原级、比较级、最高级。英语形容词的本来形式称为原级；表示“更……”意义的形式称为比较级；表示“最……”意义的形式称)最高级。

①级的构成

形容词的比较级和最高级的构成有规则变化和不规则变化。规则变化规则如下：

比较级：形容词+后缀er more + 形容词（多音节）

最高级：形容词+后缀est most + 形容词（多音节）

原级比较级最高级

tall taller tallest

nice nicer nicest

happy happier happiest

thin thinner thinnest

interesting more interesting most interesting

delicious more delicious most delicious

不规则的则需特别记忆，如：

原级比较级最高级

good/well better best

many/much more most

little less least

bad worse worst

far farther/further farthest/furthest

old older/elder oldest/eldest

③“级”在句中的用法。

1) 原级的用法。表示两人或物在某种形式上一致或一样，其结构是：主语 + be + as +形容词的

原级 + as + 比较部分

例如：Jim is as tall as Tom. (Jim isn’t as tall as Tom.)

2) 比较级用法。用于二者的比较，其结构是：主语 +be + 形容词比较级 + than + 比较部分

例如：He is older than you．

There are more workers in this factory than those in that factory．

3) 最高级用法。用于三者或三者以上的比较，其结构是：

主语 + be + the + 形容词最高级+表示范围的短语或从句。

表示范围时常用到介词in和of，其中in后接表示集体的名词；of后接表示数量范围的名词。

例如：Jim is the tallest in his class．

Beijing is the most beautiful city in the world．

2．副词

副词修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或全句，说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。副词分为：时间副词、地点副词、程度副词、疑问副词、连接副词、频度副词和说明性副词。副词主要用作状语。

例：It is raining hard．

She is out．

1) 副词的位置问题。

①修饰动词时有三种位置。

在句子基本结构之后：Finish your homework first．

在句子基本结构之前；There he comes．

在助动词、情态动词之后，在其他动词之前。

例如：Is the shop still open?

I shall never forget that day．

②修饰形容词和副词时，须放在被修饰词之前。

例如：It is a rather difficult job．

She runs very fast．

注意：always放在单个be动词之后，单个实义动词之前；enough作副词修饰形容词或副词时常放在被修饰词之。

多个副词同时出现时词序通常为：方式副词→地点副词→时间副词

例如：He spoke well in the meeting in our school yesterday.

2）关于副词的“级”的问题。副词的“级”与形容词的“级”的形式变化完全相同，但以词尾ly结尾的副词(early一词的1y不是词尾)须用more和most。要注意well、badly为不规则变化。

原级比较级最高级

well better best

badly worse worst

副词比较级的用法与形容词比较级相似。

例如：You speak English better than me．

副词最高级用法，除副词前可以不用the外(用the也可以)，其余与形容词最高级相同。

例如：He swims the best in Class One．

典型错误解析：

1．注意比较对象。

①Miss Green's pronunciation(发音) is worse than Mr. Green．

[解析]Mr. Green →Mr. Green's。在进行比较时，被比较的双方应是平行对等的、一致的，不可将人与物相比较。

②Students in Class One study harder than that in Class Two．

[解析]that→those。比较对象应为students。在比较状语从句中，可由those来代替(单数则由that来代替)主句中的名词。

2．than前后的谓语形式要保持统一。

①She looks more beautiful than she does years ago．

[解析]does→did。此句为主语本身现在与过去的比较。从句中有years ago作时间状语，因此，从句应为一般过去时，由did来代替looked。

②I am taller than all of them is．

[解析]is→are。主、从句都为一般现在时的主、系表结构，该从句主语为all，故用are。

3．注意比较等级中冠词的运用。

①Shanghai is the bigger than any other city in China．

[解析)the bigger→bigger。一般情况下，比较级不能与定冠词连用。

②This book is better of the two．

[解析)better→the better。比较级与of the two短语连用，须加定冠词，因此时比较级已名词化了。

4．注意比较级中的修饰语。

①This story is quite more interesting than that one．

I解析]quite more →much more。虽然有more构成比较等级，但quite是不能修饰比较级的。注意常用来修饰比较级的词语有：much，rather，very much (单用very是绝不可与比较级连用的)，a lot，a little，no，any等。quite只能用来修饰表示身体好转的better。

②There're much more students than those in Class Three．

[解析]much→many。复数名词有more时，可用many来加重语气。

形容词和副词练习

( )1. Shanghai is one of ________ cities in our country.

A. large

B. larger

C. the largest

D. largest

( )2. July and August are the ________ months in a year.

A. hot

B. hotter

C. hottest

D. hotest

( )3. My uncle is ________ that my father.

A. old

B. more old

C. oldest

D. older

( )4. He learns Russian ________.

A. good

B. nice

C. well

D. fine

( )5. Jane is ________ of the two sisters.

A. young

B. the youngest

C. the younger

D. younger

( )6. Jack doesn’t jump so ________ as his brother.

A. high

B. higher

C. highest

D. more higher

( )7. Which subject do you like ________, English or Chinese?

A. best

B. better

C. well

D. very much

( )8. This picture is ________ than that one.

A. beautiful

B. more beautiful

C. most beautiful

D. the more beautiful

( )9. Which is ________, the sun, the moon or the earth?

A. big

B. bigger

C. biggest

D. the biggest

( )10. Of all the stars, the sun is ________ to the earth.

A. near

B. nearer

C. nearest

D. the nearest

( )11. The Huanghe River isn’t as ________ as the Changjiang River.

A. long

B. longer

C. longest

D. more long

( )12. Of all the students in our class, Kate writes ________.

A. very carefully

B. the most carefully

C. more carefully

D. the most careful

( )13. I don’t feel very ________ today.

A. good

B. well

C. nice

D. better

( )14. This box is ________ than that one.

A. heavy

B. more heavy

C. heavyer

D. heavier

( )15. This question is ________ than that one.

A. easy

B. easier

C. easyer

D. more easier

( )16. Mike doesn’t write as ________ as Mary.

A. careful

B. carefully

C. more carefully

D. more careful

( )17. She speaks English ________ than any other student in her class.

A. well

B. best

C. better

D. good

( )18. There are ________ students in their class than in ours.

A. many

B. much

C. a lot of

D. more

( )19. This pig is ________ than that one.

A. fat

B. fater

C. fatter

D. fattest

( )20. He is two years ________ than I .

A. young

B. younger

C. youngest

D. the youngest

( )21. Which is ________, the moon or the earth?

A. big

B. bigger

C. biggest

D. the biggest

( )22. I spend a lot ________ time on English than before.

A. much

B. more

C. most

D. many

( )23. Which do you like ________, water, tea or milk?

A. well

B. better

C. best

D. very much

( )24. He was too tired to go any ________.

A. far

B. farther

C. farthest

D. farer

( )25. Among the three boys he works ________.

A. hard

B. harder

C. the hardest

D. most hard

( )26. John doesn’t speak so ________ as Jack.

A. fast

B. faster

C. fastest

D. the fastest

( )27. We can’t hear you. Please speak a little ________.

A. loud

B. louder

C. loudest

D. loudly

( )28. You can jump ________ on the moon than on the earth.

A. high

B. very high

C. much high

D. much higher

( )29. May I keep the book ________ ?

A. a little long

B. little longer

C. a little longer

D. longest

( )30. Mike draws ________ than Tom and John.

A. slowly

B. slowlier

C. more slowly

D. most slowly

七、祈使句和感叹句

l．祈使句

祈使句表示请求、命令、建议、号召等，主语you 常省略，谓语动词用原形，句子用降调。

例如：Come in!

Be careful!

注意否定用法：

①普通祈使句的否定式以do not(缩写don't)或never引导。

例如：Don't be late!

Never do that again!

②1et结构。如let的宾语是第一人称时，否定式在宾语后加not；如let的宾语是第三人称时，否定式在let前加don't。

例：Let’s not waste time．

Don't let them make any noise．

2．感叹句

感叹句表示喜怒哀乐等情绪，句子读降调，感叹句多用what或how引起。它们引导感叹句的结构为： What + a + adj. + 名词（单数）+ 主语 + 谓语！

What + adj. + 名词（复数或不可数名词）+ 主语 + 谓语！

How + adj.(adv.) + 主语 + 谓语！

例如：What a kind girl she is!

What a good time they are having!

What good news it is!

What bad weather it is!

What delicious fish they are!

What beautiful flowers they are!

How bad the weather is!

How delicious the meat is!

How beautiful the flowers are!

How well she speaks English!

How he loved his motherland!

How time flies!

八、There be和It

1．There be

There be即"There + be + 名词 + 地点(时间)状语”结构，它表示“什么地方或时间存在什么事物”。此时的There无词义，作引词用，be为谓语动词，be 后的名词为主语，be的形式由紧跟其后的名词单、复数来决定。

例如：There is a blackboard on the wall．

There are many desks and chairs in the room．

There is going to be a meeting this afternoon.

注意：There is a pen, two pencils and three erasers in the pencil-box.

There are two pencils, a pen and three erasers in the pencil-box.

①注意There be的否定用法。变成否定句式时，须在动词to be后加not(any)或no。

例如：There is an airplane in the sky．

There isn't an airplane in the sky．

②There be与have的用法。

have表示所有关系，意思是“所有”，主语常是人，表示：某人有某物。

there be则表示“某地或某时存在某物”。

例如：He has an English book．

There is an English book on the desk．

There is going to be a class meeting this afternoon.

2．It

①当it作为代词时。

1) 代替末知的人或事物。

例如：–Who is that baby in the picture? –It’s me.

2) 代表前面已提到的或将会发生的某件事情。

例如：I had a chat(和---聊天) with our leader. It was very helpful．(it指a chat)

There is a strong horse under the tree．It belongs to(属于) my uncle．（it指a horse）

3) 指时间、距离和自然现象。

例如：It is late autumn now．(it指时间)

4) It可以代替动词不定式、动名词、主语从句作形式主语或宾语。

例如：It is possible to learn English very quickly．

It is no use talking．

It is clear that he means well．

She found it very difficult to answer the question．

I think it no use telling them．

例：There will be no meeting this evening.

We’ll both be at the meeting tomorrow morni ng.

九．数词

数词分为基数词和序数词两种，基数词表示人或事物的数量，序数词表示人或事物的次序。

1．最基本的基数词和序数词的构成。（略）

2．基数词和序数词的表示法。

①基数词单词的拼写。1～12为单词，13～19都以后缀-teen结尾，像20、90这样的整十数都以后缀-ty 结尾，其他基数词中间加连字符号“—”，再按照上述的变化进行。

例如：2l →twenty—one 85 →eighty—five，

三位数的构成为；百 + and +末两位(或末一位)数。

例如：132 →one hundred and thirty—two

205 →two hundred and five

千以上的数字的读法：从后面往前，每三位数作为一个单位，从后往前分别为thousand，million, billion 等。

例如：32，548，652读作：

thirty two million five hundred and forty eight thousand six hundred and fifty-two

②序数词：基数词 + th(1、2、3为first，second，third)。但以下几种情况要注意：

1) fifth(第五)，eighth(第八)，ninth(第九)，twelfth(第十二)。

2) 以ty结尾的基数词变词尾为tieth。

例如：twenty—)twentieth，ninety’ninetieth

3)二位数以上的序数词是在个位数上用序数词。

例如：第二十一 twenty—first

第二百四十五 two hundred and forty—fifth

3．基数词和序数词的用法

①hundred，thousand，million与数字连用，表示一定量的具体数字，不用复数。但表示不定

概念可用复数。

例如：three hundred people

注意：hundred，thousand，million与of构成短语时，hundred，thousand，million要用复数。但不表示具体的数字。

例如：millions of people

②基数词表示时间。

例如：7点整读作，at seven o'clock 7：20读作seven twenty。

③给某些事物编号。

例如：Lesson One ＝ the first lesson

No．10 Middle School ＝ the number ten middle school

Bus No. 2 = the No.2 bus

Room 208 = room two o eight

Tel No．201—2635 = Telephone Number two o one two six three five

World War I：World War two；the Second World War

7月1日＝July 1(July 1st) （读作：July the first）

1996年6月3日写作：June 3，1996 读作：June the third，nineteen ninety—six

④有关分数表示法。分子用基数词，分母用序数词。当分子大于1时，分母就用复数。

例如：I've read one—fifth of the books．(1/5)

I've finished three—fifths of the word．(3/5)

⑤有关倍数表示法。

两倍用twice，三倍以上用times，要注意倍数在句子的位置。

例如：The door is three times the size of this. (= The door is three times as large as this.)

数词和量词练习

( )1. The girl has learned ________ English words.

A. two hundreds fifty-five

B. two hundreds and fifty five

C. two hundred and fifty five

D. two hundred and fifty-five

( )2. There are ________ workers in the factory.

A. seven hundreds and twenty six

B. seven hundred twenty-six

C. seven hundred and twenty-six

D. seven hundreds and twenty-six

( )3. The king has ________ guards.

A. four hundred eighty four

B. four hundreds eighty four

C. four hundred and eighty four

D. four hundred and eighty-four

( )4. I want to buy ________.

A. two bottle of ink

B. tow bottles of ink

C. two bottles of inks

D. two bottle of inks

( )5. I want to write a letter. Please pass me ________.

A. two papers

B. two piece of paper

C. two pieces of paper

D. two pieces of papers

( )6. Would you like to have ________.

A. two glass milk

B. two glasses of milks

C. two glass of milks

D. two glasses of milk

( )7. We are thirsty. Please give us ________.

A. three cups tea

B. three cups of tea

C. three cup of teas

D. three cups of teas

( )8. I’m hungry. Please bring me ________ yes terday.

A. four pieces of breads

B. four piece of bread

C. four pieces of bread

D. four pieces of breads

( )9. My mother bought me ________ yesterday.

A. two shoes

B. a pair of shoe

C. a pair of shoes

D. pair of shoes

( )10. She wants to buy ________ for her son.

A. two pairs of trousers

B. two pair of trousers

C. two pairs of trouser

D. two trousers

完整word版牛津译林初中英语单词表

7A 享乐，乐趣，有趣的事 队，组 unit1 谈论(词组) n. 年级比赛，竞赛 n. 学生偶像，英雄 n. 阅读unit3 n. 同班同学哪一个pron. ) 词组放学后(（well的最高级）最，最好地adv. 苗条的因此，所以conj. ) 词组擅长于(生物 adv. 穿过地理教室历史跳舞，舞蹈日期 n. 游泳会议，集会年龄（表示整点）…点钟可爱的，讨人喜欢的大门业余爱好如此，这么，非常adv. 高兴的引，领，带vt. pron. 每人，人人到处，向各处adv. ) (来自词组领某人参观(词组) 复数）n.(眼镜前面n. unit2 建筑物，房子，楼房散步，步行地，地面 adv. 的确，确实)(答话时表示感兴趣或惊讶底层，一楼(词组) 碗，盆明亮的次，回现代的，新式的网球礼堂，大厅排球日记 vt. 享受…的乐趣，欣赏，喜爱看一看(词组) ) 去游泳词组(墙运动员让我想想(词组) 成员下课后(词组) 俱乐部（用于请求别人重复）什么，再说一遍空闲的n. 电话vt. 希望) 词组通电话( 梦想，梦) 词组从…到…( 真的，真实的vt. 需要…时间，费时) (变为现实，成为现实词组) (词组起床n. 画画) 词组(去上学周末) 词组阅览室() 词组(在周末adv. 只，只有，仅) (当然词组adv. （口）当然vi. 购物n. 种类n. 乒乓球各种各样的adv. 另外，其他vt. 借，借用n. 许多，好些) 词组(向…借) (许多，大量词组n. 信，函 1 不多（d的），少数（的）野餐 一次adv. 一些，少量(词组) 原因，理由n. 离开，远离adv. 准备完毕adj. 远离(词组) 为…准备好(词组(词组) ) 走路，步行学，学习，学会v. （good的最高级）最好的世界) n. 一切顺利，万事如意(词组unit5 unit4 庆祝，庆贺v. 醒，醒来，唤醒v. 猜，猜测醒来(词组) n. 穿着，穿衣v. （表示提出或征求意见） 乔装打扮(词组) 小山n. 作为，当作prep. 很少，不常adv. 圣诞节adv. n. （从…里）出来，向外，外出节日出去(词组) 因为词组) conj. 吃午饭/晚饭/早饭(礼物需要vt.

六年级的的下苏教版译林英语U1语法重点.docx

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预备课程Unit1 预备课程Unit1 父亲father（引人注意时的喊声，打招呼）嗨hi母亲mother早晨，早上morning不，没有not早晨好，上午好Good morning它（主格或宾格）it（对未婚女子的称呼）女士，小姐Miss一（个，件…)a再见goodbye照片photo再见bye(也作bye-bye)…的of下午afternoon家庭family下午好Good afternoon谁who（问候用语）你好吗？How are you?姑妈,伯母,舅妈,阿姨aunt我（主格）I叔叔,伯父,舅舅,姑父uncle是am 堂(表)兄弟,堂(表)姐妹cousin好的，优良的fine医生doctor谢谢你（们）Thank you老师teacher又，而，和，与and警察policeman你，你们（主格或宾格）you护士nurse 是are成年男人,男人man今天today成年女子,妇女woman平安的，安然无恙的OK那个,那that（表示问候或唤起注意）喂，你好hello 司机,驾车者driver什么what工人,职员worker是is工作,职业job 你的，你们的your预备课程Unit3预备课程Unit3名字name我们(主格)we 正确的，真实的right同学classmate（表示肯定）是，对yes …岁的,老的old不，不是no多大,几岁how old（对已婚妇女的称呼）夫人Mrs十二twelve预备课程Unit2预备课程Unit2也too这个，这this有礼貌的,客气的polite她（主格）she乐于助人的helpful我的my(体积,程度,数量等)大的,巨大的big姐，妹sister强壮的strong他（主格）he矮小的,小的small双胞胎twin瘦的thin兄，弟brother 高的tall狗dog苗条的slim猫cat矮的short（外）祖父grandfather 漂亮的pretty（外）祖母grandmother女孩girl 高兴的happy书桌desk伤心的，难过的sad 窗户window他们，她

牛津译林版七上英语

第一单元评估检测题听力材料及参考答案 听力材料 A. 根据所听的内容，选择正确图片，每段对话读两遍。 1. W: What is your uncle, Jim?M: He is a policeman. 2. W: Look! What are the boys doing there?M: Oh, they are reading books. 3. W: What’s this in English?M: It’s a rubber. 4. M: Are my glasses by the telephone?W: No. Here they are, under the table. B. 根据所听的内容，选择正确答案。听两遍。 5. M: What is Millie doing?W: She is swimming. 6. M: Could you tell me your telephone number?W: Sure, It’s 84561968. 7. M: Hi, Lucy. Is this white blouse yours?W: No, it isn’t. It’s Lily’s. 8. W: How many boys and girls are there in Class One?M: There are 24 boys and 19 girls in it. 9. W: Who in our class has a ruler? M: Tom has a green ruler. Mike has a brown one. David has a yellow one. 10. M: Can I help you, sir?W: I’d like to buy a book. C. 听对话，选择正确答案. 听两遍。听第一段对话，回答第11-12小题。 M: Hello, Amy. Are you at home now?W: Yes. I’m staying with my cousin at home. M: What’s he doing?W: He’s playing a new computer game. M: Are you playing the game with him now?W: No. I’m reading a book. 听第一篇短文，回答13-15题。请根据短文内容，选择正确答案，完成信息记录表。听两遍。 Miss Wu is only twenty-one. She is tall and thin, and she has brown, long hair. She likes children and her teaching work. From Monday to Friday she stays at school and gives the children classes. She has much work to do , but she often plays games with her students after school . The children like her very much. On Sunday she goes home by bus and stays with her father and mother. Sometimes she goes to see her friends on Sunday. She likes singing and swimming. She’s a nice teacher. 听第二篇短文，选择正确答案，共听两遍。 Jack and John are twins. They are good at English. They like to swim and ride bikes in their holidays. They like to fly kites too. They often fly kites near the lake. But they are not all the same .Jack likes playing football, but John likes playing ping-pong. Jack likes listening to music, but John likes drawing pictures. They often help each other. 参考答案 I. 1~5 BCAAA 6~10 BABCB 11~15 ABABC 16~20 ABAAA II. 21~25 CBBCA 26~-30 CBBCC 31~35 DDBDD 36~40 CDBDB III. 41~45 BABBB 46~50 BCABC IV. 51~55 CCBDB 56~60 BBCCA 61~65 CBCAD 66~-70 CAABC 阅读理解A短文：试题分析： 51.细节理解题，根据文中语句“Their father , Mr King , is a teacher .””理解可知,故选C. 52.细节理解题，根据文中语句“Lily can play the guitar .”理解可知，故选C. 53.细节理解题，根据文中语句““Mrs King ,is a teacher ,too .She teaches Chinese .”理解可知，故选B。 54.细节理解题，根据文中语句““Mr and Mrs King are in different schools .”理解可知，故选D. 55.细节理解题，根据文中语句““They are in the same class in the NO.1 Middle School .”理解可知，故选B.