2011年考研英语二试题及答案

11年2卷

Section I Use of English

Directions：

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and m ark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

The Internet affords anonym ity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonym ity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crim e that has 1 across the Web.

Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ?

Last m onth, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal governm ent a 4 to m ake the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity”system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. The system might use a sm art identity card, or a digital credential 7 to a specific com puter .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.

The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity system s. User could 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those system s. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license 10 by the governm ent.

Google and Microsoft are am ong com panies that already have these“single

sign-on”system s that m ake it possible for users to 11 just once but use m any different services.

12 .the approach would create a “walled garden” n cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a 13 comm unity.

Mr. Schm idt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can com plete online transactions with 14 ,trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the transaction runs”.

Still, the adm inistration’s plan has 16 privacy rights activists. Som e applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seem s clear that such a schem e is an initiative push toward what would 17 be a com pulsory Internet “drive’s license” m entality.

The plan has also been greeted with 18 by som e com puter security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schm idt would still leave much of the Internet 19 .They argue that all Internet users should be 20 to register and identify them selves, in the sam e way that drivers m ust be licensed to drive on public roads.

1． A.swept B.skipped C.walked D.ridden

2． A.for B.within C.while D.though

3． A.careless https://www.wendangku.net/doc/dc14103862.html,wless C.pointless D.helpless

4． A.reason B.rem inder https://www.wendangku.net/doc/dc14103862.html,promise D.proposal

5． https://www.wendangku.net/doc/dc14103862.html,rm ation B.interference C.entertainm ent D.equivalent

6． A.by B.into C.from D.over

7． A.linked B.directed C.chained https://www.wendangku.net/doc/dc14103862.html,pared

8． A.dismiss B.discover C.create D.improve

9． A.recall B.suggest C.select D.realize

10． A.relcased B.issued C.distributed D.delivered

11． A.carry on B.linger on C.set in D.log in

12． A.In vain B.In effect C.In return D.In contrast

13． A.trusted B.m odernized c.thriving https://www.wendangku.net/doc/dc14103862.html,peting

14． A.caution B.delight C.confidence D.patience

15． A.on B.after C.beyond D.across

16． A.divided B.disappointed C.protected D.united

17． A.frequestly B.incidentally C.occasionally D.eventually

18． A.skepticism B.relerance C.indifference D.enthusiasm 19． A.manageable B.defendable C.vulnerable D.invisible

20． A.invited B.appointed C.allowed D.forced

Section II Reading Com prehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)

Text 1

Ruth Simm ons joined Goldm an Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000: a year later she becam e president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently m anaged both roles without attracting m uch eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldm an’s

com pensation committee; how could she have let those enorm ous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simm ons had left the board. The position was just taking up too m uch tim e, she said.

Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having m ade their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. If the sky, and the share price is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.

The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered m ore than 10,000 firms and m ore than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they sim ply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statem ent to the next. The m ost likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearances by directors under the age of 70. They fount that after a surprise departure, the probability that the com pany will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being nam ed in a federal

class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The

effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not m ean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they “trade up.” Leaving riskier, sm aller firms for larger and m ore stable firms.

But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the tim e any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough tim es m ay have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the exam ple of Ms. Simm ons, once again very popular on campus.

21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simm ons was criticized for .

[A]gaining excessive profits

[B]failing to fulfill her duty

[C]refusing to m ake com prom ises

[D]leaving the board in tough tim es

22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be .

[A]generous investors

[B]unbiased executives

[C]share price forecasters

[D]independent advisers

23. According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director’s

surprise departure, the firm is likely to .

[A]becom e m ore stable

[B]report increased earnings

[C]do less well in the stock m arket

[D]perform worse in lawsuits

24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors .

[A]may stay for the attractive offers from the firm

[B]have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm

[C]are accustom ed to stress-free work in the firm

[D]will decline incentives from the firm

25. The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is .

[A]permissive

[B]positive

[C]scornful

[D]critical

Text 2

Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seem ed near. The recession threatened to rem ove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their

own doom. America’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they becom e charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.

In m uch of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even Am erican newspapers, which inhabit the m ost troubled com e of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit m argins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the sam e.

It has not been m uch fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying m ore for slimmer products. Som e papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate m easures have proved the right ones and, sadly for m any journalists, they can be pushed further.

Newspapers are becom ing m ore balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues cam e from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Econom ic Cooperation & Developm ent (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much m ore stable.

The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but m uch of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less com plete as a result. But com pleteness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.

26. By saying “Newspapers like … their own doom” (Lines 3-4, Para. 1), the author

indicates that newspaper .

[A]neglected the sign of crisis

[B]failed to get state subsidies

[C]were not charitable corporations

[D]were in a desperate situation

27. Som e newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because .

[A]readers threatened to pay less

[B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs

[C]journalists reported little about these areas

[D]subscribers com plained about slimmer products

28. Com pared with their Am erican counterparts, Japanese newspapers are m uch

m ore stable because they .

[A]have m ore sources of revenue

[B]have m ore balanced newsroom s

[C]are less dependent on advertising

[D]are less affected by readership

29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper

business?

[A]Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.

[B]Com pleteness is to blam e for the failure of newspaper.

[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.

[D]Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.

30. The m ost appropriate title for this text would be .

[A]Am erican Newspapers: Struggling for Survival

[B]American Newspapers: Gone with the Wind

[C]American Newspapers: A Thriving Business

[D]Am erican Newspapers: A Hopeless Story

Text 3

We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a tim e of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning hom e by the m illions, going off to college on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the m arriage bureaus.

But when it cam e to their houses, it was a tim e of comm on sense and a belief that less could truly be m ore. During the Depression and the war, Am ericans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in com bination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish.

Econom ic condition was only a stim ulus for the trend toward efficient living. The phrase “less is m ore” was actually first popularized by a Germ an, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War II

and took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers cam e to exert enorm ous influence on the course of Am erican architecture, but none m ore so that Mies.

Mies’s signature phrase m eans that less decoration, properly organized, has

m ore impact that a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other m odern architects, he employed m etal, glass and laminated wood-m aterials that we take for granted today buy that in the 1940s sym bolized the future. Mies’s sophisticated presentation m asked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty.

The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive, for exam ple, were sm aller-two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet-than those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings’ details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.

The trend toward “less” was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building m ore m odest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square

feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.

The “Case Study Houses” commissioned from talented m odern architects by California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another

hom egrown influence on the “less is m ore” trend. Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new m aterials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph everyday life – few American families acquired helicopters, though m ost eventually got clothes dryers – but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.

31. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Am ericans’.

[A]prosperity and growth

[B]efficiency and practicality

[C]restraint and confidence

[D]pride and faithfulness

32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus?

[A]It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.

[B]Its designing concept was affected by World War II.

[C]Most Am erican architects used to be associated with it.

[D]It had a great influence upon Am erican architecture.

33. Mies held that elegance of architectural design .

[A]was related to large space

[B]was identified with emptiness

[C]was not reliant on abundant decoration

[D]was not associated with efficiency

34. What is true about the apartm ents Mies building Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive?

[A]They ignored details and proportions.

[B]They were built with m aterials popular at that tim e.

[C]They were m ore spacious than neighboring buildings.

[D]They shared som e characteristics of abstract art.

35. What can we learn about the design of the “Case Study House”?

[A]Mechanical devices were widely used.

[B]Natural scenes were taken into consideration

[C]Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.

[D]Eco-friendly m aterials were employed.

Text 4

Will the European Union m ake it? The question would have sounded strange not long ago. Now even the project’s greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a “Berm uda triangle” of debt, population decline and lower growth.

As well as those chronic problem s, the EU face an acute crisis in its econom ic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone’s econom ies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncom petitive m embers the quick fix of devaluation.

Yet the debate about how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zone’s dom inant powers, France and Germ any,

agree on the need for greater harm onization within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harm onies.

Germ any thinks the euro m ust be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending and com petitiveness, barked by quasi-autom atic sanctions for governm ents that do not obey. These m ight include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects and even the suspension of a country’s voting rights in EU m inisterial councils. It insists that econom ic co-ordination should involve all 27 m embers of the EU club, am ong whom there is a sm all m ajority for free-market liberalism and econom ic rigour; in the inner core alone, Germ any fears, a small m ajority favour French interference.

A “southern” camp headed by French wants som ething different: ”European econom ic governm ent” within an inner core of euro-zone m em bers. Translated, that means politicians intervening in m onetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer m embers, via cheaper borrowing for governm ents through comm on Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the France

governm ent have m urm ured, curo-zone m embers should agree to som e fiscal and social harm onization: e.g., curbing com petition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.

It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world’s largest trading block. At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far m ore open to goods, capital and labour than any com parable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization, and m ake capitalism benign.

36. The EU is faced with so m any problem s that .

[A] it has m ore or less lost faith in m arkets

[B] even its supporters begin to feel concerned

[C] som e of its member countries plan to abandon euro

[D] it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation

37. The debate over the EU’s single currency is stuck because the dom inant

powers .

[A] are competing for the leading position

[B] are busy handling their own crises

[C] fail to reach an agreem ent on harm onization

[D] disagree on the steps towards disintegration

38. To solve the euro problem ,Germany proposed that .

[A] EU funds for poor regions be increased

[B] stricter regulations be imposed

[C] only core m embers be involved in econom ic co-ordination

[D] voting rights of the EU m embers be guaranteed

39. The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that __ __.

［A］poor countries are m ore likely to get funds

［B］strict m onetary policy will be applied to poor countries

［C］loans will be readily available to rich countries

［D］rich countries will basically control Eurobonds

40. Regarding the future of the EU, the author seem s to feel __ __.

［A］pessimistic

［B］desperate

［C］conceited

［D］hopeful

完形填空参考答案

1~5 ACBDD 6~10 BACCB 11~15 DBACA 16~20 ADACD

TEXT 1 参考答案

21．A。细节题：原文第1段，倒数第3行的how could…?直接提到了bonus payouts 就是说profits。

22．C。细节题：原文中出现outside directors有几处，helpful but less biased advisor，但是B选项用的是executive, 拼凑答案，D 选项也是一样。最后一句weathered their own crises对应forecasters。

23．C。细节题：原文是若干个并列，stock is likely to perform worse对应答案，迷惑选项是B，但是主语不一致20%是probability不是earnings。

24．A。推理题：原文对应firms who want to …..说想留住outside director就是增加incentive。

25．B。态度题：文章各个段落都说outside director的方面。因此是positive。

TEXT 2 参考答案

26．D。定义题：根据上下文猜句子的含义，后句Am erican……..save newspaper中出现了save说明前面的观点一定是不好的才save，因此选D。

27．B．推理题：定位处前一句是readers are paying m ore for slimmer newspaper. 因此说明人们多付钱，报纸很薄，节约成本，定位处有even 表示并列，说明前后的原因一致都是成本问题。

28．C。推理题：日本美国原文用了对比的方法说广告占得比例不一样，因此问题是广告收入来源。

29. D。推理题：A选项中有essential, 文章中是说distinctiveness重要而非必要，有问题，

D选项是文章中cars and film reviewers have gone.说明由于报纸没有吸引力而失去读者。

30．A。主旨题：文章分析美国报纸出现的问题，说明要挽救。

TEXT 3 参考答案

31．C。细节题：原文restraint, in com bination with the postwar confidence对应。32．D。推理题：定位是Bauhaus，对应选项与原文，只有D对。

33．C。细节题：原文elegance did not derive from abundance 。

34．D。细节题：原文But后有the architectural equivalent of the abstract art 。

35．B。推理题：原文Aesthetic effect came form the landscape, new m aterials and forthright detailing。

TEXT 4 参考答案

36．B。推理题：第一段But后说cheerleader觉得EU 有debt，decline和lower growth。37．D。推理题：三段论德法对欧元区和谐上达成一致但如何和谐有分歧。

38．B。细节题：原文对应by stricter rules on…. 。

39．A。推理题：原文对应a system of redistribution from richer to poorer m embers, via cheaper borrowing for governm ents through common Eurobonds.

40．D。态度题：文章最后总结认为EU是world’s largest trading block. 最后一句it is an am bitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization, and make capitalism benign都是说EU正面的信息。

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