2009-Post combustion CO2 capture by carbon fibre monolithic adsorbents
Post combustion CO 2capture by carbon ?bre monolithic adsorbents
Ramesh Thiruvenkatachari,Shi Su *,Hui An,Xin Xiang Yu
Commonwealth Scienti?c and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO),PO Box 883,Kenmore,Queensland 4069,Australia
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 12November 2008Accepted 8May 2009
Available online 21June 2009Keywords:
Honeycomb monolith
Carbon ?bre composite adsorbent CO 2adsorption Flue gas
Post combustion capture Greenhouse gas
a b s t r a c t
As generation of carbon dioxide (CO 2)greenhouse gas is inherent in the combustion of fossil fuels,effective capture of CO 2from industrial and commercial operations is viewed as an important strategy which has the potential to achieve a signi?cant reduction in atmospheric CO 2levels.At present,there are three basic capture methods,i.e.post combustion capture,pre-combustion capture and oxy-fuel combustion.In pre-combustion,the fossil fuel is reacted with air or oxygen and is partially oxidized to form CO and H 2.Then it is reacted with steam to produce a mixture of CO 2and more H 2.The H 2can be used as fuel and the carbon dioxide is removed before combustion takes place.Oxy-combustion is when oxygen is used for combustion instead of air,which results in a ?ue gas that consists mainly of pure CO 2and is potentially suitable for storage.In post combustion capture,CO 2is captured from the ?ue gas obtained after the combustion of fossil fuel.The post combustion capture (PCC)method eliminates the need for substantial modi?cations to existing combustion processes and facilities;hence,it provides a means for near-term CO 2capture for new and existing stationary fossil fuel-?red power plants.
This paper brie?y reviews CO 2capture methods,classi?es existing and emerging post combustion CO 2capture technologies and compares their features.The paper goes on to investigate relevant studies on carbon ?bre composite adsorbents for CO 2capture,and discusses fabrication parameters of the adsor-bents and their CO 2adsorption performance in detail.The paper then addresses possible future system con?gurations of this process for commercial applications.
Finally,while there are many inherent attractive features of ?ow-through channelled carbon ?bre monolithic adsorbents with very high CO 2adsorption capabilities,further work is required for them to be fully evaluated for their potential for large scale CO 2capture from fossil fuel-?red power stations.
Crown Copyright ó2009Published by Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.
Contents 1.Introduction ......................................................................................................................4391.1.CO 2emissions ...............................................................................................................4392.
CO 2capture technologies ..........................................................................................................4392.1.CO 2capture routes ..........................................................................................................4392.2.Post combustion CO 2capture technologies . (440)
2.2.1.Absorption (i.e.solvent scrubbing)....................................................................................4402.2.2.Cryogenics .........................................................................................................4402.2.3.Membranes https://www.wendangku.net/doc/de14152767.html,e of microbial/algae ...............................................................................................4412.2.5.Adsorption (441)
3.
Monolithic carbon fibre composite adsorbents ........................................................................................4413.1.Overview ..................................................................................................................4413.2.Synthesis of the composite adsorbents . (442)
3.2.1.Selection of raw materials (442)
3.3.Carbon fibre monolith fabrication (443)
3.3.1.Moulding and drying (443)
*Corresponding author.Tel.:t61733274679;fax:t61733274455.
E-mail address:shi.su@csiro.au (S.
Su).
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Progress in Energy and Combustion Science
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0360-1285/$–see front matter Crown Copyright ó2009Published by Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.pecs.2009.05.003
Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 35(2009)438–455
3.3.2.Curing (443)
3.3.3.Carbonization (443)
3.3.4.Activation (444)
3.4.Monolith adsorbent characterization (445)
4.CO2adsorption (446)
4.1.Adsorption isotherms (446)
4.1.1.Effect of carbonization (446)
4.1.2.Effect of activation (446)
4.1.3.Effect of carbon fibre type (447)
4.2.Adsorption breakthrough studies (447)
4.3.Preferential adsorption (449)
5.Regeneration of carbon fibre honeycomb monoliths (449)
6.Application of carbon fibre honeycomb monoliths in system configurations (450)
7.Conclusions (451)
Acknowledgement (452)
References (452)
1.Introduction
1.1.CO2emissions
Among the greenhouse gases CO2is the largest contributor to global warming.It is emitted into the atmosphere from various sources,mainly from the combustion of fossil fuels used in power generation,transportation and industrial processes.Natural sour-ces of carbon dioxide are more than20times greater than sources due to human activity,but over periods longer than a few years natural sources are closely balanced by natural sinks such as weathering of rocks and photosynthesis of carbon compounds by plants and marine plankton.As a result of this balance,the atmo-spheric concentration of carbon dioxide had remained between 260and280parts per million for the10,000years between the end of the last glacial maximum and the start of the industrial era[1–3]. However,Canadell et al.[4,5]have reported a declining trend in the long-term ef?ciency of these natural sinks in absorbing atmo-spheric CO2,with major implications for current and future growth of atmospheric CO2.
Since1751roughly321billion tons of carbon have been released to the atmosphere from the consumption of fossil fuels and cement production.Half of these emissions have occurred since the mid 1970s.Global CO2emissions increased by over70%between1971 and2002[6].As the demand for electricity is projected to increase both in developed and developing countries,power generation will account for almost half the increase in global emissions between 2000and2030[7].In2004liquid and solid fuels accounted for 77.5%of the emissions from fossil fuel burning(6130million tonnes of carbon)and combustion of gaseous fuels(e.g.,natural gas) accounted for18.1%(1434million tonnes of carbon)of total emis-sions from fossil fuels[8].The2002global fossil fuel CO2emission estimate is6975Mt of carbon(about25,000Mt of CO2).
Given the growing global energy demand(an expected increase by two-thirds in the next30years)with fossil fuels as the primary source of energy(meeting over90%of the increase in demand to 2030)[7,9,10],concerted action is necessary in order to stabilise the atmospheric level of CO2.CO2capture and storage(CCS)have been receiving signi?cant attention in recent years and are being recognized as promising options for CO2emission reductions[6,11]. In particular,post combustion capture eliminates the need for substantial modi?cations to the combustion process and provides a means for near-term CO2capture for new and existing stationary fossil fuel-?red power plants.It has been suggested that the major bulk(two-thirds)of the cost involved in carbon sequestration process is the cost of CO2capture[12].Therefore,the development of an ef?cient and cost-effective CO2capture technique is consid-ered to be one of the highest priorities in the?eld of CCS.
While CO2capture is the major focus of the current paper it is noted that transportation of CO2from its place of capture to the location of the storage site is also a crucial aspect of the capture and storage chain.CO2capture costs do not normally include the cost of transportation,however future power plant operators may?nd the carbon dioxide transport component as one of the important issues in their decision-making.A transportation infrastructure that carries carbon dioxide in large enough quantities to make a signi?cant contribution to climate change mitigation will require a large network of pipelines.According to the IPCC report[13],CO2trans-portation cost based on2002estimate is1–8US$/tCO2per250km pipeline or shipping for mass?ow rates of5–40MtCO2per year.
2.CO2capture technologies
2.1.CO2capture routes
As generation of CO2is inherent in the combustion of fossil fuels, ef?cient capture of CO2from industrial operations is regarded as an important strategy which can achieve signi?cant reduction in atmospheric CO2levels.Generally speaking,there are three basic CO2capture routes[1,6,14–18]:(1)pre-combustion capture(via oxygen-blown gasi?cation)(e.g.integrated gasi?cation combined cycle technology);(2)oxy-fuel combustion,i.e.removing nitrogen before combustion(e.g.oxy-fuel gas turbine technology);and(3) post combustion capture,i.e.capturing CO2from?ue gas(e.g. solvent processes).
Concentrations of CO2in power station?ue-gases range from around4%by volume for natural gas combined cycle(NGCC)plants to14%for pulverised fuel-?red(PF)plants[15,19].Damen et al.[15] has compared various capture technologies from the perspective of the abovementioned power production plants.Fig.1illustrates the three basic CO2capture routes.
Pre-combustion capture involves reacting a fuel with oxygen or air and in some cases steam to produce a gas mainly composed of carbon monoxide and hydrogen,which is known as synthesis gas (syngas)or fuel gas.In a gasi?cation reactor,the amount of oxygen available inside the gasi?er is carefully controlled so that only a portion of the fuel burns completely.This‘‘partial oxidation’’process provides the heat necessary to chemically decompose the fuel and produce syngas.The carbon monoxide formed is reacted with steam in a catalytic reactor,called a shift converter,to give CO2 and more hydrogen.CO2is then separated,usually by a physical or chemical absorption process,resulting in a hydrogen-rich fuel
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which can be used in many applications,such as furnaces,gas turbines,engines and fuel cells.This route needs long-term devel-opment in a number of enabling technical areas including gasi?ca-tion,syngas cleaning,gas separation,hydrogen turbine and fuel cells to achieve targeted ef?ciency towards a hydrogen economy.
In oxy-fuel combustion,nearly pure oxygen is used for combustion instead of ambient air,thereby eliminating nitrogen and this results in a ?ue gas that is mainly CO 2and H 2O.If fuel is burnt in pure oxygen,the ?ame temperature is excessively high,but CO 2and/or H 2O-rich ?ue gas can be recycled to the combustor to lower the ?ame temperature.Oxygen is usually produced by low temperature (cryogenic)air separation [20,21],and novel techniques to supply oxygen to the fuel,such as membranes (e.g.oxygen permeable ceramic membranes)have been utilised [14,22–25].The major disadvantages of oxy-fuel combustion are the high capital cost and large electric power requirement inherent in conventional cryogenic air separation units required to produce oxygen.Chemical looping cycles [26]are being investigated as an alternative means.
The principle of post combustion capture is to remove CO 2from ?ue gas after combustion.Instead of being discharged directly to the atmosphere,?ue gas is passed through equipment which separates/captures most of the CO 2.Adopting the post combustion
capture route avoids the potentially long development times required to develop cost-effective coal-derived syngas separation technologies,hydrogen turbine technology,and fuel-cell tech-nology etc.It can also provide a means of CO 2capture in the near-term for new and existing stationary fossil fuel-?red power plants.This paper addresses post combustion CO 2capture technologies with a focus on carbon ?bre composite adsorbents.2.2.Post combustion CO 2capture technologies
To date,there are several post combustion gas separation and capture technologies being investigated [27],namely;(a)absorp-tion,(b)cryogenic separation,(c)membrane separation and (d)micro algal bio-?xation (e)adsorption.Fig.2summarizes various technology options for post combustion CO 2capture.
2.2.1.Absorption (i.e.solvent scrubbing)
This is a well established CO 2capture system primarily used in the chemical and oil industries.Physical absorption is temperature and pressure dependent with absorption occurring at high pres-sures and low temperatures.Chemical absorption of CO 2from gaseous streams such as ?ue-gases depends on acid–base neutralization reactions using basic solvents [28,29].Some of the preferred solvents for CO 2removal are amines (e.g.monoethanol-amine MEA)[30,27,31],ammonia solution [32,33],Selexol (dime-thylethers of polyetheleneglycol)[34],Rectisol (chilled methanol)[35],?uorinated solvents [36]etc.The exhaust gas is ?rst cooled,then treated to remove particulates and other impurities before being fed to the absorption column,where the amine solvent absorbs CO 2by chemical reaction.The CO 2-rich solution is fed into a stripper column where the temperature is increased (to about 120 C)in order to release the CO 2.The released CO 2is compressed and the regenerated absorbent solution is recycled to the stripper column.
2.2.2.Cryogenics
This process uses a principle of separation based on cooling and condensation [37].This method is applied to CO 2capture where the gas stream contains high CO 2concentrations.It is presently not applied to more dilute CO 2streams such as those encountered with typical power generation plants.This technique also requires signi?cant amounts of energy for separation.
Air
Fuel
O
2
Fuel O 2/Air
Fuel Oxy Fuel Combustion
Post Combustion Capture
Pre Combustion Capture
2CO 2 for storage
CO 2 for storage
CO 2 for storage
Fig.1.Three basic routes of CO 2capture.
CO 2 Separation and Capture
Absorption Cryogenics Membrane
Chemical
MEA, Caustic,
Ammonia Solution, etc Microbial/Algae
Adsorption
Physical
Selexol, Rectisol,Fluorinated Solvents,etc
Packed Beds
Monolith
(molecular Sieve) Alumina, Zeolite,Activated Carbon, etc - Carbon coated substrate
- Carbon/carbon fibre monolith
Gas
Separation
Gas Absorption Polyphenyleneoxide,polydimethylsiloxane Polypropylene Ceramic membrane
Fig.2.Different technologies for CO 2removal (modi?ed from [27]).
R.Thiruvenkatachari et al./Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 35(2009)438–455
440
2.2.
3.Membranes
The operation of membranes is based on the differences in physical or chemical interactions between gases and the membrane material is modi?ed to allow one component to pass through membrane faster than the other.The membrane modules can either be used as conventional membrane separation units or as a gas absorption column[38–42].In the former case,CO2removal is achieved due to the intrinsic selectivity of the membrane between CO2and other gases involved,while in the latter case,CO2removal is accomplished by gas absorption where the membranes,usually microporous,hydrophobic and non-selective,are employed as a?xed interface for CO2transfer.This method of gas separation using a membrane is relatively new and the selectivity is generally low while energy consumption is high.According to Corti et al.[40], membrane technology for?ue gas application can be competitive only if CO2?ue gas concentration is higher than10%.CO2separation from?ue gas in post combustion process generally use inorganic ceramic membranes or organic polymeric membrane[43–45]. With CO2in a gas mixture through one single-stage ceramic or polymeric membrane,it is dif?cult to achieve both high degree of CO2separation and high CO2purity at the same time.There is a trade-off between these two https://www.wendangku.net/doc/de14152767.html,paratively,the selectivity of CO2in the gas mixture is low for ceramic membrane, but can operate under harsh conditions(e.g.temperatures higher than350 C).
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/de14152767.html,e of microbial/algae
Apart from physicochemical methods of CO2removal,biological methods using algae,bacteria and plants[46–50]have also been adopted.Micro algal bio-?xation of carbon dioxide in photo-bioreactors has recently gained renewed interest for CO2mitiga-tion.Insuf?cient illumination would limit the microorganism growth and hence would reduce the CO2removal.The use of chemoautotrophic microorganisms which use inorganic chemicals instead of light energy for CO2removal has also been successfully attempted[51].
2.2.5.Adsorption
Solid adsorbents such as activated carbons,zeolites and meso-porous silicates,alumina,metal oxides have been extensively used for gas separation.Recently,gas adsorption by activated carbon ?bres and carbon?bre composites has been identi?ed as a prom-ising https://www.wendangku.net/doc/de14152767.html,tely,structured porous monolith materials made from carbon?bres,which have the ability to selectively adsorb gases due to their molecular sieving characteristics,have been investigated[52–63].Carbon?bre composite in monolith form reduce inter-particle voids and maximize bulk density, thereby increasing the adsorption capacity of the material.The micropore size distribution of these carbon?bre monolith adsor-bents depends on the pyrolysis and activation steps involved in the manufacturing process.The molecular sieving ability of these carbonaceous adsorbents can be controlled during their fabrication process to make them preferentially adsorb a speci?c gas(e.g.CO2) according to the shape and size of the adsorbing molecule.
While conventional wet solvent processes(used for example in CO2removal on a large scale in applications such as natural gas processing)is commercially available,and has been trialled for capturing CO2from?ue gas at pilot-scale,this method is costly, requires pre-treatment,and produces large volumes of waste water and sludge from the solvent processes,and its ef?ciency is not high. Therefore,to make CO2capture economically viable it is very important to create new ideas and develop novel cost-effective technologies for such applications.At present,developing carbon ?bre composite adsorbents for CO2capture is very promising.It is a dry process,and different to the conventional solvent processes.Carbon?bre monolithic composite adsorbents have been made in the form of either one single block or cylinder.Recently,CSIRO devised a new type of carbon?bre composite adsorbent,which is made with multiple channels[64].This exhibits unique features including low pressure drop,good mechanical properties,ability to handle dust-containing gas streams,good thermal and electrical conductivity and selective adsorption of gases.
3.Monolithic carbon?bre composite adsorbents
A carbon?bre composite adsorbent is made from a heteroge-neous combination of two or more materials(carbon?bre and resin binders),differing in form or composition.Their combination results in a material that has properties that cannot be achieved with either of constituents acting alone.Carbon?bre composites can be made in many shapes including cylindrical,?at plate or block shaped[62,65,72]or honeycomb structures.A honeycomb structure refers to any structure having a plurality of openings or passages of any desired size or shape extending all through the composite(as?ow-through channels).This shape is known to have
a very high geometric surface area to volume ratio[62,65].
3.1.Overview
Conventionally,activated carbon materials(e.g.in the form of grains)have been widely applied in industry for gas separation, and also have been tried for CO2capture[66,67].Over the last15 years there have been attempts by several researchers to fabricate activated carbon materials in monolithic form to improve adsorption capacity[59,68].Activated carbon pellets or milled activated carbon powders or carbon precursors(e.g.phenolic resins)mixed with binders or?llers or others have been fabri-cated(through extrusion)into composites of desired shapes [69,70].More recently,carbon?bre composites have been inves-tigated as adsorbents for gas separation and storage[71–74].For example,US Pat.No.6,030,698to Burchell et al.[71]describes the manufacture of carbon?bre composite molecular sieve(CFCMS) material from pitch based carbon?bre and phenolic resin.The composite material is vacuum-moulded into a plate(or cylinder) shape.Klett and Burchell[72]prepared a carbon?bre composite material as a?at plate(12inches long,12inches wide and2 inches thick)using polyacrylonitril(PAN)based?bre and phenolic https://www.wendangku.net/doc/de14152767.html, Patent No.5925168to Judkins et al.[73]indicates that composite characteristics like strength,thermal conductivity,pore size distribution,density and electrical properties can be modi?ed or controlled with the appropriate carbon?bre or blend of carbon ?https://www.wendangku.net/doc/de14152767.html, Patent No.6090477to Burchell et al.[74]describes the use of two types of pitch based carbon?bres(isotropic and mesophase),to enhance the thermal conductivity of the monolith. Bulk(typically cylindrical)or?at plate carbon(?bre)monoliths have been formed with carbonizable binding materials and subsequently dried,cured,carbonised and activated.The formed monolithic material is quite porous,and can therefore be used for adsorbing a component or components from a?uid by passing the ?uid through the monolith.However,this type of structure has several problems,in particular,a high pressure drop across the monolith.In addition,these monoliths also have a tendency for the pores to become blocked,should there be any dust or other particulate matter in the?uid passing through the monolith.Both of the above problems tend to lead to a reduction in the ef?ciency of the monolith.
Another type is the structured honeycomb monolith,which comprises a substrate coated or impregnated with carbon materials which are subsequently dried,cured,carbonised and activated. Since about1980,more than90%of monoliths use substrates which
R.Thiruvenkatachari et al./Progress in Energy and Combustion Science35(2009)438–455441
are made from a ceramic material,cordite[75–77].A major disadvantage of ceramic supports is their high cost.Monolith materials also use various metal substrates.However,base metals are more susceptible to loss of performance through poisoning by components like sulphur and trace lead.In addition,the carbon coating may erode from the substrate,creating uneven surfaces inside the monolith which can lead to blockages.[62,78–84].
The use of low cost carbon?bre for fabricating honeycomb monoliths widens their functionality and application capabilities, and signi?cantly increases the volumes of adsorbents compared with monoliths using substrates,resulting in more compact adsorption units,having low pressure drop,high resistance in high dust environments and good mechanical strength.Major experimental results from this development are presented in the paper.Introduction of a honeycomb-shaped carbon?bre composite adsorbent not only allows distribution of the process ?uid through a plurality of?ow-through channels with minimal channel blocking,but also enables uniform activation during adsorbent fabrication.
3.2.Synthesis of the composite adsorbents
In general,synthesis of carbon?bre composite material involves two important aspects:
(i)Selection of raw materials
(ii)Fabrication of the carbon?bre composite
3.2.1.Selection of raw materials
High strength and stiffness,light weight,good electrical and thermal conductivities,and high selective gas adsorption capacity are some of the main properties which are sought after in a fabri-cated composite material to be applied in the?eld of gas adsorp-tion.Important consideration is given to selecting the raw materials which largely determines the nature of the?nal?nished composite material.The two main raw materials used for the fabrication of a carbon?bre monolith are carbon?bre and a resin matrix.In some cases additives are used to improve speci?c characteristics of the monolith.
3.2.1.1.Carbon?bres.This term refers to?bres which are at least 90%wt carbon in composition obtained by the controlled pyrolysis of an appropriate precursor material.It is the heat treatment of the precursor that removes oxygen,nitrogen and hydrogen to form carbon?bres.Fibres can be short or continuous;their structure can be crystalline,amorphous,or partly crystalline[85,86].The crys-talline form of carbon is graphite.The proportion of graphite in a carbon?bre can range from0to100%.When the proportion is high,the?bre is said to be graphitic,and is called graphite?bre. Traditional carbon?bres,either polymer or pitch based,have become commonplace in?bre reinforced composites.Low density and favourable mechanical properties of carbon?bres allow great ?exibility in fabricating composites with outstanding speci?c performance.Some of the types of carbon?bres based on the precursor material include[85–99].
Polyacrylonitryl(PAN)based.
Rayon based(viscose)polynosic?bres
Nonheterocyclic aromatic polymers such as phenolic poly-mers;polyacrylamides(Kevlar,Nomex aramide?bres).
Heterocyclic high temperature resistant polymers such as polyimide based?bres;polybenzimidazole;polybeenzimida-zonium salt;polytriadiazoles.
Pitch based,including petroleum products(distillation residue obtained by distillation of crude oil or heat treated products of crude oil),coal tar and asphalt based.
Due to their structural orientation,?bres made from PAN precursors generally exhibit higher tensile and compressive strength compared to mesophase pitch based?bres[85]. Conversely,larger crystalline size and greater orientation of meso-phase pitch based?bre gives them superior modulus,thermal conductivity and lower thermal expansion characteristics compared to PAN based?bres.Pitch based?bres have superior thermal conductivity to rayon based carbon?bres which have extremely low thermal conductivity.Certain mesophase pitch based carbon?bres possess thermal conductivity three times greater than copper.The PAN,pitch and rayon based carbon?bres do not melt or soften with heat,allowing them to be used in high temperature applications.In fact,their strength actually increases with temperature in non-oxidizing atmospheres.These unique properties are the result of the?bre microstructure,in both the axial and transverse directions[87].Carrott et al.[100],identi?ed greater pore volume for acrylonitric,pitch and rayon based?bres compared to Nomex and Kevlar?bres,which leads to greater adsorption capacities.Also,Nomex and Kevlar?bres are hydrophilic.
Rayon based?bres,which are derived from cellulosic materials, were the?rst in commercial production,and have been extensively used.This?bre has been largely replaced by PAN based?bres, which give a higher carbon yield and have superior properties requiring a relatively simpler preparation procedure and are derived from pitch based carbon,which is made from a cheaper precursor material.Acrylic?bre is the raw material for the prepa-ration of PAN based carbon?bres.In the case of pitch based?bre, a mixture of aromatic hydrocarbons from petroleum,coal tar or asphalt is the raw material.For the preparation of pitch based carbon?bres,the use of processed or pre-treated(to obtain desired viscosity and molecular weight)pitch material yields a high strength mesophase carbon?bre.Mesophase pitch develops regions of long-term ordered molecules favourable for the manu-facture of high performance?bres.Without this step,the?nal product is an isotropic carbon?bre with low strength and low modulus(less than50gigapascal,GPa)[87].Table1summarizes various studies undertaken using different types of carbon?bres.
3.2.1.2.Resin binders.The resin binding material holds the?bre together and provides a structure for the composite.Addition of resin also provides corrosion resistance and protects the?bre from external damage.Resin binders include:
Phenolic:Characteristics include lower elongation and curing at high temperature(150–250 C).Phenolic resins have excellent mechanical and conductive properties and can withstand high temperature.
Epoxy:good chemical and mechanical resistance,curing at temperature50–70 C.
Polyester:Room temperature curing,moderate to good strength.
Vinyl Ester:chemical combination of epoxy and polyester.
Excellent corrosion resistant,excellent strength and toughness. Super/ultra high molecular weight polyethylene(UHMWPE) powder(Ticona Supplier):extremely high molecular weight
(3.5?106to6?106g/mol).UHMWPE has both the highest
sliding abrasion resistance and highest notched impact strength of any commercial plastic.Good chemical resistance and negligible water absorption.Curing under high tempera-ture(150–230 C)and high pressure(5–10MPa)[117].
R.Thiruvenkatachari et al./Progress in Energy and Combustion Science35(2009)438–455 442
Table 2summarizes some previous studies of resin binders used in composite fabrication for adsorption studies.
3.2.1.3.Additives.By using suitable additives the resin system can be made to provide speci?c performance.Additives such as calcium carbonate,alumina silicate (clay),alumina hydrate,and carbon are generally used.Calcium carbonate is used as a volume extender to provide low cost resin formulation;alumina trihydrate is added to suppress ?ame and smoke generation;carbon is added to provide conductive properties.Some adsorption-enhancing additives have been reported earlier [126,110].In general,some of the substances suitable as adsorption-enhancing additives are sulphur,phosphoric acid,synthetic and vegetable oils like paraf?nic oils,polyalkylene glycol,polyphenyl ester,sun?ower oil,sesame oil and peanut oil.Chio et al.[110]identi?ed that carbon ?bre oxidized by nitric acid and treated with the coupling agent glutaric aldehyde (as additive)resulted in improved adhesion between the carbon ?bre and phenolic resin resulting in better electrical and mechanical prop-erties of the composite.Additives up to 50%by weight can be added to the resin.
3.2.1.
4.Mould release agent.Mould release agents like metallic stearates,silica grease,organic phosphate esters,wax etc.[127,128],are used to prevent the composite material from adhering to the mould and to provide smooth surface and low processing friction.
In the present research at CSIRO,carbon ?bre composites were fabricated using raw materials such as isotropic coal tar pitch based carbon ?bres,petroleum pitch and activated petroleum pitch based,PAN based ?bres and viscose rayon based ?bres.Phenolic resin was used as the resin binder.Phenolic resin (insoluble in water and alkaline solutions),which is in a powdered form,is a thermosetting resin consisting of Novalac powder and w 8wt%of hexamethylenetetramine.The carbon yield after pyrolysis is about 50%[129].
3.3.Carbon ?bre monolith fabrication
Composites using short ?bres (chopped or milled ?bres)are usually made by conventional extrusion [62,130,131]or injection moulding [131,132]techniques.Vacuum moulding is a relatively simple process which is ideal for using chopped or milled form of ?bres and dry resin powders [120].Table 3summarizes previous
studies showing various shapes of carbon based composites and their dimensions,made from different carbon raw material sources.Fig.3illustrates the fabrication process and summarizes the main fabrication parameters for honeycomb monolithic carbon ?bre composite adsorbents (HMCFC).This is similar to the method given in references [54,74,101,119].
There are speci?c purposes for each of these heat treatment stages shown in Fig.3above.Drying eliminates the water from the mould,curing hardens the resin,carbonization converts the resin into carbon and forms some rudimentary pore structure.Activation enhances the volume and enlarges the pores created during carbonization process and creates new pores,giving the composite the much needed adsorption characteristics.Each of these stages is discussed in detail below.
3.3.1.Moulding and drying
The manufacture of simple structures (cylindrical shape without channels or rectangular blocks)of carbon ?bre composites has been previously attempted [52,57,86,109,122,101].The fabrication process for the monolith starts with mixing the milled/ground carbon ?bre and powdered phenolic resin,which is then mixed with water to form a slurry and drawn through a vacuum moulding unit to obtain the desired shape,whether it be a tube,cylinder,or other desired geometry (honeycomb in the present study).The ratio of carbon ?bres to resin binding material in the mixture used to form the composite material could be varied.Several combina-tions of ?bres under different ratios could also be used.The choice of the ratio of carbon ?bres to binding material,as well as the choice of which combination of types of carbon ?bres and in what ratios,may be made depending on what properties of the ?nal monolith material (such as strength,porosity,size,volume,size distribution of pore etc)are needed.
After mixing the ?bre,resin and water,part of the slurry is poured into the mould while water is drawn through a ?lter at the base of the mould by vacuum,and the ?bre-resin mixture adapts to the mould shape.The remainder of the slurry is added incrementally,providing suf?cient time for water drainage.After the last part of the slurry is added,a vacuum is applied to draw the remaining water through the cake and effect partial drying.Once the water is drawn out during the vacuum moulding process,the formed monolith is allowed to dry in air or in an oven at 50–60 C for about 5h.The monolith is then removed from the mould and cured.
3.3.2.Curing
During curing,when the phenolic resins are heated (to about 80–300 C),a crosslinking reaction in the resin occurs,resulting in the production of low molecular weight compounds,such as unreacted phenol,short-chain polymers,water,carbon monoxide,carbon dioxide and small amounts of peroxide [133,134].In the case of phenolic resin with hexamethylenetetramine (hexa)compound added as a hardening agent,ammonia and formaldehyde are also produced.This leads to a weight loss in the material.The weight loss is affected more by the curing and post-curing temperature than by the time period.During the curing stages,gas and volatiles must be continuously removed from the mould,otherwise they become trapped to form pores or voids,which could expand during further processing [135].The process of curing (at 80 C–150 C)and post-curing (at 160 C–300 C)increases the carbon yield and density of the material and decreases its shrinkage,after carbon-ization [134].
3.3.3.Carbonization
During carbonization the resin matrix is transformed gradually into a glassy carbon and forms a rudimentary pore structure.At
low
Table 2
Table 1
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temperature volatile matter remains that blocks the pores and the pores are available only when high temperature treatment is provided.The process is usually carried out at temperature below 800 C,however the basic pore formation occur at around 500 C [92].Studies indicate that development of porosity and the char-acteristics of the monoliths are governed by the carbonization temperature and time [141,142].At a lower carbonization temper-ature,the density will be higher and the linkage and bonding between ?bre and resin greater.Monoliths thus formed have signi?cantly lower inter-particle voids and greater bulk density compared to carbon ?bres as such [141].Kuo et al.[142]observed
that the rate of carbonization also had a pronounced effect on pore formation.Initially when the heating rate was increased from 1 C/min to 100 C/min,larger pores were formed.But further increase in carbonization rate produced composites with smaller pores.When the heating rate is over a critical level,some of the evolved gases diffuse explosively from the bulk material thereby creating irregular pores.The critical heating rate is also affected by sample dimensions and falls off exponentially with increasing sample thickness.Generally a lower density/higher porosity levels in the composites prepared using higher carbonization rates is observed.Mechanical properties of the composite tend to decline as the carbonization rate rises.
Lowering the temperature of the material to room temperature after carbonization and then proceeding with the next heat treat-ment stage of activation was found to favour pore formation [141,142].Also,carbon ?bre composites,which were prepared from mixtures of carbon ?bres and phenolic resin,apparently favour formation of pores during activation if the carbonization temper-ature is lower than the activation temperature.
The diffusion characteristics are also found to be affected by the carbonization temperature [143].In one of the carbon test materials,increasing the carbonization temperature from 600to 900 C signi?cantly reduced the diffusion rate of gases through the adsorbent.The N 2(at 77K)BET (Brunauer,Emmett and Teller [144])surface area and pore volume initially increased when the temperature was increased from 600to 700 C.Further increase in temperature decreased all the values,mainly because of the formation of smaller micropores,which N 2is unable to penetrate.However,when tested with CO 2at 298K,the values of surface area and pore volume increased with increase in temperature,throughout,indicating that CO 2was able to penetrate the micropores.
3.3.
4.Activation
3.3.
4.1.Activation methods.Activation is performed by subjecting the monolith to a steady stream of activating agent,for example,CO 2,at temperatures of 700–1000 C for a speci?c period of time.The activation step is the important stage,which is responsible for the formation of narrower pores in the micropore range that increase adsorption capacity.During activation with CO 2at high
Fig.3.Sequence of steps in the fabrication process for HMCFC
adsorbents.
Table 3
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temperature,carbon monoxide is produced by the reaction of the carbon constituent in the carbonized ?bre and phenolic resin.Activation of the composites results in the formation and devel-opment of pores suitable for adsorption purposes [92],which results in a decrease in weight of the resultant activated carbon ?bre composite.The relative difference in weight of the material before and after the activation stage is referred to as burn-off and is generally expressed as a percentage.Vilaplana-Ortego et al.[104]studied the performance of activated carbon ?bre monoliths with and without activation and concluded that monoliths formed with a good activation process possess a high development of micro-porosity.Activation temperature also showed variation in pore size,surface area and adsorption characteristics in the monolith [107,141].Park and Kang [107]used PAN based carbon ?bre and phenolic resin (resole-type)in a ratio of 7:3and identi?ed a signi?cant loss in ?bre diameter,surface area and adsorption capacity with an increase in activation temperature from 700 C to 1000 C.Optimum activation temperature for CO 2adsorption using carbon molecular sieves from activated carbon-coal tar pitch was noted as 700 C [145].Table 4gives a summary of activation conditions adopted during the fabrication of monolith adsorbents from some of the earlier studies.
The effect of activating agents such as steam,air,CO 2,He or chemicals such as NaOH,KOH,H 3PO 4or LiOH showed signi?cant difference in pore size development [89,109,146–149].Instead of activation using CO 2or moisture saturated He,a two cycle chemi-sorption/activation procedure using O 2has been previously attempted to obtain a uniform activation through the entire cross-section of the material and to achieve greater micropores [129,150,151].
3.3.
4.2.Uniform activation.As discussed above,steam and CO 2are the conventional agents for the activation of carbon ?bre mono-liths.One problem,non-uniform activation,arises when using steam or CO 2for activation.This has been reported by some researchers [54,56].Researchers have observed that BET surface area and micropore volume vary at different locations in the samples.In attempting to solve this problem,Jagtoyen and his colleagues [56]developed another con?guration for the supply of activation agents within the activation furnace to reduce variations in the concentration of the agent.Nevertheless,this was able to only partially alleviate the problem.As mentioned above,another type of activation method has been found to be promising for uniform activation,which involves low temperature O 2chemi-sorption coupled with subsequent heat treatment [129,150,151].This technique originally came from Nandi and Walker [150]and Quinn and Holland [151].In this technique,the porous composite sample was dried in a vacuum at 300 C,cooled to 200 C for chemisorption treatment in ?owing O 2and then heated to a temperature in the range of 800–950 C in an inert gas.The latter stage is intended to remove CO or CO 2generated in the O 2chem-isorption stage,to thus generate microporosity.The chemisorption and activation steps were repeated until the desired burn-off was attained (8.5–13.4%).Under favourable conditions,the range of variation of surface area was about 3–6%[56,119].The only problem
with this technique is that the reaction time is much longer than with the conventional methods.The mechanism of O 2chemisorp-tion is still not very clear yet.Jagtoyen et al.[26,28]claimed that in the case of O 2chemisorption,uniform activation is obtained due to the slow reaction rate of activation that allows O 2suf?cient time to diffuse into the core of the sample.Based on this theory,steam or CO 2activation should also be capable of uniformly activating the samples at low temperatures or concentrations in order to slow the reaction rate.Nevertheless,little research has been done on this issue.
As described above,we have devised a new structure for a carbon ?bre composite adsorbent,which is made in a honeycomb shape with multiple https://www.wendangku.net/doc/de14152767.html,ing this honeycomb carbon ?bre monolith material,it has been con?rmed [152]that BET surface area does not change signi?cantly throughout a sample from top to bottom.For all samples,the deviation is below 5%,which is acceptable.It can also be observed that micropore volume changed little at different locations within a sample.In conclusion,honey-comb carbon ?bre monoliths can be uniformly activated with CO 2.This is because the channels in the honeycomb monolith allow the activation gas to enter all areas necessary for the activation process.
3.4.Monolith adsorbent characterization
In order to determine the characteristics of the fabricated monolith material,speci?c tests are carried out.Table 5shows various parameters involved in composite characterization and the codes for the corresponding test methods [131,153–156].
The honeycomb monolithic carbon ?bre adsorbents fabricated at CSIRO [64]were evaluated for their physical characteristics and adsorption capacities.A photograph of the fabricated honeycomb-shaped adsorbent and a microscopic image showing its surface morphology are given in Fig.4.The diameter of the fabricated monolith was 31mm with 17?ow-through tubular channels of 3.1mm diameter each.The length of the monolith fabricated was about 50–80mm,from which small portions were cut for analysis.It can be seen from SEM image (?600magni?cation)(JEOL JSM6400F),the milled ?bres are bonded with one another
at
Table 4
Table 5
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various contact points.The ?bres are about 10–20m m in diameter,whereas the void spaces between the ?bres are much larger.This forms an open structure allowing the free ?ow of ?uids through the material and ready access to the carbon ?bre surface.Surface area (the Brunauer,Emmet and Teller-BET method [157])and pore characteristics (pore width,pore volume by the Dubinin–Astakhov method [157])were analysed by N 2adsorption isotherms at 77K and with CO 2at 273K on TriStar 3000(Micromeritics).CO 2(tested at 273K)is able to penetrate into the micropores much more than N 2and hence would give a better indication of surface area of the material [145].CO 2mass uptake (and volume adsorbed),per gram of adsorbent material was tested at 0and 25 C for various monolith adsorbents fabricated.
4.CO 2adsorption 4.1.Adsorption isotherms
4.1.1.Effect of carbonization
Honeycomb monoliths fabricated from isotropic coal tar pitch-based carbon ?bres were tested for sensitivity to carbonization temperature and duration of carbonization.Activation conditions were maintained at 850 C for 3h.Table 6gives the characteristics of the adsorbents and CO 2uptake (at 25 C)under different carbonization conditions.
It was observed that both carbonization time and temperature had little effect on the characteristics of the fabricated monolithic adsorbent.Burn-off,surface area pore width and CO 2adsorption capacity showed only a small change under different carbonization conditions.These results are in agreement with the studies by Daud et al.[158]where no signi?cant changes to pore characteristics were noted with the increase in carbonization temperature.Surface area values measured by N 2at 77K were found to be higher than the surface area measured by CO 2at 273K.This indicates that the composite material has a wider micropores and broader pore size distribution,which are readily accessible to N 2[159–162].Volume ?lling adsorption in narrow micropores dominates the adsorption behaviour of CO 2at 273K,while N 2at 77K can ?ll both narrow and wide micropores [160].
4.1.2.Effect of activation
The effects of activation time and temperature were studied on the monolith adsorbent fabricated from isotropic coal tar pitch based carbon ?bre.The characteristics of the adsorbent and the CO 2adsorption capacities at 25 C are given in Table 7.
Activation parameters had signi?cant effects on the character-istics of the monolith material.With increase in activation time,N 2BET surface area,pore volume and pore width were found to increase linearly.Surface area based on CO 2analysis also increased with increase in activation time.However,in terms of CO 2adsorption capacity,it would be preferable to carry out activation at a higher temperature (950 C)for a shorter duration,rather than at a lower temperature (850 C)for a longer duration (8h).At higher activation temperature,there is vigorous reaction of CO 2with the carbon material,creating a deeper and broader pores [141],favouring CO 2adsorption.
The effect of burn-off was studied to evaluate the characteristics of the adsorbent and the CO 2adsorption capacity.Fig.5shows the variation of surface area and pore characteristics of the monolithic adsorbents fabricated (using coal tar pitch based carbon ?bre)at different burn-offs.Fig.6shows the effect of burn-off on CO 2mass uptake.
It was found from the study that an increase in the degree of burn-off ?rst increased the pore volume,pore width and surface area (Fig.5).Although this was bene?cial as the CO 2adsorption capacity increased initially,there was a limit to this bene?t.Further increase in burn-off beyond a certain point was not found to be bene?cial in terms of improvement in CO 2adsorption capacity and adversely affected the strength of the carbon ?bre monolithic material.Previous studies with carbon ?bre monoliths have examined the in?uence of burn-off [54,55,104,146].Burchell and co-workers [54,55]varied burn-off between 9and 36%.Surface area increased with burn-off,but at high burn-off (36%),there was a tendency towards a decrease in the surface area.Micropore size (pore radius)was apparently less sensitive to burn-off.The pore volume increased with burn-off.Alcaniz-Monge et al.[146]studied CO 2adsorption performance on a honeycomb adsorbent made from cellulose and pitch.Maximum CO 2adsorption was observed for the sample prepared with 1000 C carbonization (under N 2)and 870 C activation (under CO 2)with 12%burn-off.Increasing
the
Fig.4.Fabricated pitch based carbon ?bre honeycomb monolithic adsorbent (Left)and SEM image showing the surface of the monolith
(Right).
Table 6
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burn-off to 35%decreased the CO 2adsorption capacity.Kimber et al.[120]studied the effect of CO 2/CH 4selectivity using a pitch based carbon ?bre composite (cylindrical composite of 22,27or 100mm in diameter and 140mm long).It was found that maximum selectivity (adsorption of CO 2rather than CH 4)was obtained at low burn-off.Similarly,Burchell et al.[55]noticed a decrease in CO 2uptake from 54.6to 47.9cm 3/g with increase in burn-off from 9%to 18%.Also,the selectivity of CO 2(compared to CH 4)decreased with increase in burn-off.
4.1.3.Effect of carbon ?bre type
Honeycomb monolithic adsorbents fabricated from various types of carbon ?bres were investigated for their characteristics and CO 2adsorption capacities.Table 8provides information on the surface area and pore characteristics (Dubinin-Astakov (DA)method;an empirical method to evaluate the micropore charac-teristics [157])of monoliths produced from different types of ?bres.These monoliths were fabricated at same fabrication conditions.
Fig.7shows CO 2adsorption capacity,measured at 25 C,for monoliths fabricated with different ?bres.In addition to the acti-vation parameters,the adsorptive characteristics of the monoliths were also found to be dependent on the choice of precursor material (carbon ?bres).All other fabrication conditions except the type of carbon ?bre were maintained constant.
Pore size corresponding to maximum CO 2adsorption capacity in activated petroleum pitch based monolith adsorbents is 1.8nm.Earlier studies showed the optimum pore width for CO 2adsorption is about 1.6nm (DA method)[52].Although pore width remains an important factor in determining CO 2adsorption,other factors such as pore volume and surface area (with CO 2at 273K)must also be taken into account for evaluation.Surface area values measured with CO 2at 273K were found to provide a better representation of CO 2adsorption performance of the monolith samples compared to N 2BET surface area values.The CO 2adsorption capacities obtained from the fabricated honeycomb monolithic material compare well
with previously reported carbon ?bre composite materials having CO 2uptake of 50cm 3/g measured at 30 C and at atmospheric pressure [55].
Fig.8shows a comparison of CO 2adsorption performance at 0 C (based on the volume of CO 2adsorbed per gram of material)between the fabricated novel honeycomb monolith made from petroleum pitch 1carbon ?bre,a metal-organic crystal material known as zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs)[163],and conventional activated carbon (pellets).
The results indicate that the CO 2adsorption ef?ciency of the honeycomb monolith is twice that of activated carbon and 1.5times greater than ZIF material.Burchell and Judkins [55],Dave et al.[164],Yong et al.[165]have reported that carbon ?bre composite monoliths have higher af?nity for carbon dioxide adsorption compared to conventional carbon based adsorbents.4.2.Adsorption breakthrough studies
An adsorption breakthrough test was carried out to determine the CO 2adsorption performance of fabricated honeycomb carbon ?bre monoliths with respect to time [64].A simple schematic of the breakthrough test rig,which was constructed and commissioned in the laboratory,is shown in Fig.9.Carbon ?bre monoliths with straight-through channels were stacked inside the adsorption chamber.Details of the monolith samples used for the break-through tests are given in Table 9.Simulated ?ue gas composed of 10%CO 2,5%O 2,(balance N 2)was used to test CO 2adsorption breakthrough.Feed gas was sent through the bypass line to a FTIR analyser to analyse feed gas concentration.The sample in the adsorption chamber was degassed at 250 C and cooled to room temperature (25 C)before the start of the adsorption break-through tests.During the degassing,the adsorbent material inside the adsorption chamber was ?rst heated to 250 C and the CO 2captured by the composite,desorbed.Then vacuum was applied to remove the CO 2from the chamber and the adsorbent material allowed to cool to room temperature.After degassing,nitrogen was allowed into the adsorption chamber to bring it to
atmospheric
Table 7
00.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.82
P o r e v o l , c m 3/g ; P o r e w i d t h , n m
50100150200250300350400450Surface area using CO 2 at 273K, m 2/g
Burn-off,
Fig.5.Effect of burn-off on the physical characteristics of carbon ?bre honeycomb monolith [64].
024681012
140
10
20
30
40
50
60
C O 2 m a s s u p t a k e , w t Burn-off,
Fig.6.Effect of burn-off on the CO 2adsorption capacity of carbon ?bre honeycomb monolith [64].
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pressure.Then the feed gas stream (simulated ?ue gas)was switched to ?ow-through the adsorption chamber and the exit gas was analysed for CO 2concentration through the FTIR analyser.A computer data logging system was designed to control and record operating parameters such as temperature,pressure,?ow and concentration.Upon saturation of the monolith material,it was degassed under vacuum to prepare it for reuse in gas adsorption.
Fig.10shows a comparison of adsorption breakthrough test performance of three different types of honeycomb monolith adsorbents.Adsorption breakthrough tests were conducted with a simulated ?ue gas mixture at room temperature (25 C)and atmospheric pressure with inlet gas mass ?ow of rate of 0.2SLM.
The results indicate that composite made from petroleum pitch 1type carbon ?bre produced the best performance in terms of maximum CO 2removal ef?ciency (97%).Carbon dioxide concen-tration of about 9.7%in the inlet gas was reduced to 0.29%.Under the test conditions studied,this removal ef?ciency was maintained
for over 10min,after which breakthrough starts to appear,showing an increase in the outlet gas concentration.However,it takes over 40min for the entire material to become fully saturated (the outlet concentration reaches the concentration of the inlet).The maximum adsorption breakthrough performance obtained for petroleum pitch 1based composite is expected,as this material produced maximum CO 2adsorption capacity (Fig.7),compared to other test materials tested in adsorption equilibrium studies.Although coal tar pitch based and petroleum pitch 2based composites had similar CO 2adsorption capacities (the latter slightly greater capacity),ef?ciency of CO 2removal for coal tar pitch based adsorbent in adsorption breakthrough studies showed greater CO 2removal ef?ciency (96.8%)compared to petroleum pitch 1based material (85%).However,petroleum pitch 1based composite had longer breakthrough and saturation times than
coal
Table 8
024681012141618
Absolute pressure, mm Hg
Absolute pressure, mm Hg
a
1020304050607080
90
V o l o f C O 2 a d s o r b e d , c m 3/g
b C O 2 m a s s u p t a k e , w t
Fig.7.CO 2adsorption isotherms of monoliths from different carbon ?bres [64].
020
40
60
80
100
120
Absolute Pressure, mm Hg
V o l u m e o f C O 2 a d s o r b e d , C m 3/g S T P
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/de14152767.html,parison of CO 2adsorption performances at 0 C between petroleum pitch 1based monolith,ZIF [163]and activated carbon pellets.
Inlet gas bypass to FTIR
Fig.9.Schematic of adsorption breakthrough test rig.
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tar pitch based composite.The increased CO 2removal ef?ciency of coal tar pitch based composite could be attributed to favourable pore con?gurations (e.g.pore width 1.6nm)for CO 2adsorption [52]and possibly atomic,molecular forces (e.g.gas-surface interaction such as attractive van der Waals forces).
The effect of mass ?ow rate on the adsorption breakthrough performance of petroleum pitch 1based composite was studied as illustrated in Fig.11.With increase in inlet gas ?ow rates (0.2–1.0SLM),breakthrough time and saturation time decreased.CO 2adsorption ef?ciency was found to be about 97%.A linear decrease in breakthrough time was observed with increase in mass ?ow rate.Fig.11can also be translated to show the adsorption performance based on total ?ow-through the adsorbent material (Fig.12).There was no signi?cant change in adsorption amount within the ?ow rate range analysed,but was able to see a slight increasing trend in CO 2adsorption amount with the decrease in ?ow rate.
In a similar study,using a cylindrical straight open channel carbon monolith (40mm diameter,30mm length,43channels of 2.2mm diameter each)(CO 2adsorption capacity 80cm 3/g at 25 C and 1atm pressure),Menard et al.[59]observed CO 2adsorption breakthrough time of about 5min under study conditions con-sisting of 1.5bar pressure,inlet CO 2mole fraction of 4%and gas ?ow rate of 9?10à5m 3/s.Brandani et al.[138],carried out CO 2break-through studies using a cylindrical activated carbon monolith (?ve cylindrical monoliths each of 100mm in length and 29mm diam-eter,packed in series to form a packed column of 500mm length)and observed a breakthrough time of about 2min,when operated with a feed CO 2concentration of 1%and ?ow rate of 850cc/min (total CO 2passed 0.85L for 10min operating time).Likewise,Burchell et al.[166]obtained a breakthrough in about 19min while using a cylindrical carbon ?bre monolithic material of 4.5inches diameter and 7.5–10inches length (CO 2adsorption capacity 27cm 3/g at 30 C and 1atm pressure),under study conditions of 10%CO 2feed concentration,supplied at 2l/min.
4.3.Preferential adsorption
In presence of 1%CH 4in the feed gas (10%CO 2,1%CH 4,balance N 2),honeycomb monolithic composite from petroleum pitch 1was found to have a strong af?nity for CO 2over CH 4.It can be seen from Fig.13that initially both CH 4and CO 2are adsorbed by the mono-lithic adsorbent.Exit gas methane concentration starts to increase after its breakthrough time and gradually reaches the inlet gas methane concentration.Meanwhile,CO 2concentration increase commences as its breakthrough time is reached.At this point,CH 4concentration climbs up beyond the inlet CH 4concentration,which indicates that the CH 4adsorbed in the adsorbent pores is displaced by CO 2.When CO 2concentration reaches the saturation point,CH 4concentration also reduces to the value of inlet CH 4concentration.Maximum removal ef?ciency for both CO 2and CH 4was 97%.Similar phenomena were noted by Moon and Shim [167]on acti-vated carbon ?bre adsorbents.It was reported that during competitive adsorption [168],CO 2,a strong adsorbate,was more favourably adsorbed than CH 4,indicating a greater CO 2selectivity in the adsorbent.
5.Regeneration of carbon ?bre honeycomb monoliths Regeneration is an integral part of the capture process and methodologies for removal of gas molecules adsorbed on to the carbon ?bre honeycomb monolith (adsorbates),are brie?y dis-cussed
below.
Table 9
01234567891011
Time, Sec
C O 2 c o n c e n t r a t i o n ,
Fig.10.Adsorption breakthrough test with simulated ?ue gas on three different types of honeycomb monolithic adsorbents (ambient pressure 1atm and temperature 25 C,gas mass ?ow rate 0.2SLM)[64].
0123456789
1011Time, Sec
C O 2 c o n c e n t r a t i o n ,
Fig.11.Adsorption breakthrough test on petroleum pitch 1at different mass ?ow rates (Ambient pressure 1atm and temperature 25 C)[64].
1
2345678
910
Total Flow, L
C O 2 c o n c e n t r a t i o n ,
Fig.12.CO 2adsorption pro?le according to total gas ?ow-through the adsorbent material (Ambient pressure 1atm and temperature 25 C).
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At the end of the adsorption process,when the adsorbent material is saturated or at the end of the breakthrough time when the outlet CO 2concentration begins to increase,the adsorbent material has to be regenerated before reuse.Given the very good electrical and thermal properties of carbon ?bre composite adsor-bents,two types of regenerating processes,thermal swing desorption and electrical swing desorption,can be applied.The thermal conductivity of carbon ?bre composites is several times higher than conventional packed beds with activated carbon [169].A possible reason for this high thermal conductivity is that carbon ?bres are linked to one another by carbonised resin binders,thus creating a continuous conduction path through the carbon ?bre composite adsorbents.
In a thermal swing system,desorption takes place by raising the temperature of the adsorbent material.The temperature of the monolithic carbon ?bre composite adsorbent can be increased by exposure to a hot gas or waste heat where available or by heating the material by an external heat source.
In electrical swing desorption,an electrical potential is applied to the monolithic adsorbent and molecules adsorbed on to the adsorbent material are released.It has been reported previously regarding CO 2and H 2S desorption with similar adsorbent material [55,101,169]that,with the application of an electric current,most of the adsorbed gases are released very rapidly (within the ?rst few seconds of current ?ow),followed by probably diffusion-controlled release of the balance of the gas.A carrier gas can be passed to entrain the released CO 2.Because the electric current is continually passed,heat is generated.A delay occurs between desorption (when the voltage is initially applied)and any temperature rise in the bulk material.Accordingly it would be practically and economically viable to stop the regeneration process after the ?rst stage of desorption,before there is a signi?cant increase in material temperature.This would also reduce the time for the material to be brought to ambient temperature before starting the adsorption process again.This approach would minimise the cycle time but could have some impact on adsorption capacity.
In addition,vacuum swing can be considered for the desorption process.Vacuum swing desorption,is a promising option for desorption of gases because only the vessel containing the adsor-bent must be evacuated,not the ?ue gas as is the case in pressure swing process.The absolute power requirement and the associated energy penalty are both substantially smaller than those of pres-sure swing desorption [170].Published results indicate that elec-trical swing method increases desorption by over 20%compared
with vacuum swing [167].It is envisaged that the combination of electrical and vacuum swing desorption method could lead to a higher desorption ef?ciency.
6.Application of carbon ?bre honeycomb monoliths in system con?gurations
The honeycomb monolithic carbon ?bre composite adsorbent,described in this study is being developed speci?cally for capturing CO 2from ?ue gas produced by fossil fuel-?red stationary plants including coal ?red power plants.A CO 2capture system with such an adsorbent can be used to capture CO 2in a dry process under high dust environments because the adsorbent consists of a carbon ?bre monolithic material with structure consisting of parallel ?ow-through channels.In terms of physical structure,this is similar to current monolithic catalysts used in ?ue gas De-NO x (SCR)processes in pulverised coal ?red power stations [171,172].This type of honeycomb monolith appears to excel in its application in high dust environments of up to 30g/Nm 3dust,and it has been demonstrated in coal ?red power stations with the SCR process [172].
It is expected that in future applications,a CO 2capture system would consist of at least two monolithic carbon ?bre composite vessels as an example,and the actual arrangement and number of vessels would depend on many factors such as power station speci?cations,volume of gas to be treated,etc.The system of three vessels provides for alternating between the vessels with adsorp-tion occurring in one vessel,desorption in another,and the third in an intermediate stage of the cycle being readied for adsorption.Fig.14illustrates a generic con?guration of a CO 2capture system for the ?ue gas of fossil fuel-?red stationary stations using a carbon ?bre honeycomb monolith adsorbent.Other con?gurations are also possible.Referring to Fig.14,a typical system comprises a ?ue gas feed to a pre-treatment stage if necessary prior to its ?owing to one of the adsorption chambers for the capture of CO 2by adsorption.Each of the adsorption chambers contains carbon ?bre honeycomb monolith adsorbent.As shown in Fig.14,the system comprises three adsorption chambers.However,the system may comprise any number of adsorption chambers,so that,at any time during operation of the system one chamber is receiving the feed for adsorption,a second chamber is desorbing the captured compo-nent and the third chamber is on stand-by to receive the feed.The system can thus operate continuously.
The system may also comprise particulate separators at the outlets of the adsorption chambers to remove any dust or other particulate matter from ?uid ?owing out of the adsorption cham-bers,which is subsequently collected in dust hoppers.The system also comprises a swing apparatus for providing a thermal,electrical or vacuum swing across the adsorbent located in the adsorption chambers.During operation of the system,the inlet control valve directs the feed to one of the adsorption chambers for the capture of CO 2from the ?ue gas.The system also comprises a gas analyser for detecting CO 2concentration,thus ensuring a speci?ed inlet concentration of CO 2by controlling the purge gas ?ow rate.
Considerable work needs to be carried out in the future to develop such commercial CO 2capture units for deployment,in terms of system optimisation and engineering scale-up etc.
Direct predictions of size of the HMCFC operating unit for CO 2capture from stationary solid fuel combustion for actual power plant would be dif?cult to achieve from the lab scale adsorption data obtained,especially,when carried out without desorption studies.However,Table 10shows some basic stiochiometric calculation for a large scale HMCFC system (scaled 200times of lab scale unit).This larger scale adsorption unit coupled with desorp-tion is currently being constructed at CSIRO.The information from
1234567891011
Time, Sec
00.20.40.60.811.2
1.4CH 4 concentration,
C O 2 c o n c e n t r a t i o n ,
Fig.13.Preferential adsorption pattern on honeycomb monolithic composite from petroleum pitch 1(Ambient pressure 1atm and temperature 25 C,gas mass ?ow rate 0.2SLM,total CO 2amount fed through adsorbent 0.6L)[64].
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these studies would facilitate a realistic prediction of the system design required for actual power plant operation.For the actual site application,shape and the size of the carbon ?bre composite can be varied,according to the site speci?cation.However,the present dimension of the composite chosen is limited by the equipment availability for material fabrication in the laboratory.
7.Conclusions
Various post-combustion CO 2capture technologies have been discussed with a special emphasis on carbon ?bre monolithic adsorbents.The development of carbon ?bre monolith adsorbents,dealing with the selection of raw materials,effect of fabrication
2 for Fig.14.A generic con?guration of the HMCFC CO 2capture system.
Table 10
Predicted.
R.Thiruvenkatachari et al./Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 35(2009)438–455451
process conditions such as drying,curing,carbonization and activa-tion,and adsorption performance have been reviewed and analysed.
After a series of experimental analyses with different fabrication conditions,optimal fabrication parameters for the honeycomb monolithic carbon?re composite adsorbents developed at CSIRO were determined based on maximal CO2adsorption performance. Fibre to resin ratio of1:2,carbonization temperature of650 C under inert atmosphere(N2gas)and activation temperature of 950 C were found to be the optimum conditions.Various carbon ?bres such as petroleum pitch1,petroleum pitch2,coal tar pitch, PAN,and viscose rayon were used as precursor materials to fabri-cate the honeycomb monolithic composite adsorbents.The fabri-cated honeycomb monolith adsorbents were tested for maximum CO2adsorption capacities and adsorption breakthrough studies. Apart from the fabrication conditions,choice of the type of precursor carbon?bre also appears to have a major in?uence in CO2 adsorption of the?nal fabricated monolithic adsorbent.The maximal CO2adsorption capacity(in terms of vol of gas adsorbed, STP)achieved at0 C was103.5cm3/g and was obtained for monolithic composites made from petroleum pitch1carbon?bre. This was followed in order by composites from petroleum pitch2 carbon?bre,followed by coal tar pitch based,viscose rayon based and?nally PAN carbon?bre based honeycomb composite material. The amount CO2adsorbed by commercially available activated carbon pellets was also tested.CO2adsorption capacity of the fabricated honeycomb monolithic composite made from petroleum pitch1was twice that of conventional activated carbon adsorbent and 1.5times greater than the metal-organic crystal material known as zeolitic imidazolate frameworks(ZIFs)material reported elsewhere[163].
Adsorption breakthrough tests were carried out to understand the amount of CO2adsorption with respect to time.Under the study conditions(1atm,25 C),petroleum pitch1based honeycomb monolithic composite captured97%of CO2present.In terms of real concentrations,9.7%of CO2in the inlet?ue gas was reduced to 0.29%after passing through the adsorbent material.Breakthrough and saturation times decreased linearly with increase in inlet gas ?ow rate.
Finally,there are many inherent attractive features of?ow-through channelled carbon?bre monolithic adsorbents with very high CO2adsorption capabilities.However,further work is required for them to be fully evaluated for their potential for large scale CO2 capture from fossil fuel-?red power stations.
Acknowledgement
This study is supported by CSIRO Energy Transformed,National Research Flagship.A special thanks to Dr John Carras for his valu-able comments.
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自动螺丝机说明书
自动螺丝机说明书 Document number：WTWYT-WYWY-BTGTT-YTTYU-2018GT
自动锁螺丝机 （SCREW-160/180II/320 ） 目录 一、自动锁螺丝机功能简介 (01) 二、主画面概要 (01) 三、主界面功能介绍 (02) 四、参数设置界面介绍··················-03～04- 五、螺丝规格界面介绍 (05) 六、教导（模拟手柄）界面介绍 (06) 七、步骤镜像界面介绍 (07) 八、参数复制界面介绍 (08) 九、其他设置界面介绍 (09) 十、坐标校正界面介绍 (10) 十一、文件管理界面介绍 (11) 十二、产量报表界面介绍 (12) 十三、USB复制界面介绍 (13) 十四、螺丝供给器和电批调节 (14) 十五、程序制作简易流程 (15) 十六、故障排除 (16)
十七、维护与保养 (17) 十八、技术参数 (17) 十九、售后服务 (18) 二十、注意事项 (18) 二十一、易损伤配件表···················-19～22- 一、自动锁螺丝机功能简介 1.全中文界面，动态显示运行状态，直观可见的参数 2.密码保护功能、保护系统参数不被随意更改 3.程序之间有阵列复制、参数复制功能 4.程序具有坐标部分校正、整体校正功能、节省手动调试程序的时间 5.具备插入、手动输入坐标、删除功能、方便快速修改及制作程序 6.单步自动定位功能，极大的方便程序的制作确认及坐标修复等 7.大容量储存数据程序使用时可随意切换调用 8.自动防呆感应、流水式作业平台高效、节省人工、节约成本 二、主要面概要 人机界面由以下供13界面组成： 1.主界面 2.参数设置 3.螺丝规格 4.教导 5.步骤镜像 6.参数复制
各种花的英文名
各种花卉的英文名 iris蝴蝶花 cockscomb鸡冠花 honeysuckle金银花chrysanthemum菊花 carnation康乃馨 orchid兰花 canna美人蕉 jasmine茉莉花 daffodil水仙花 peony牡丹 begonia秋海棠 cactus仙人掌 christmas flower圣诞花/一品红poppy罂粟 tulip郁金香 chinese rose月季 violet紫罗兰 peach flower桃花 aloe芦荟 mimosa含羞草 dandelion蒲公英
plum bolssom梅花中国水仙 new year lily 石榴 pomegranate 月桂victor's laurel 报春花 polyanthus 木棉 cotton tree 紫丁香 lilac 吊钟 lady's eardrops 紫荆 Chinese redbud 百合 lily 紫罗兰 wall flower 桃花 peach 紫藤 wisteria 杜鹃 azalea 铃兰 lily-of-the-valley 牡丹 tree peony 银杏 ginkgo 芍药 peony 蝴蝶兰 moth orchid 辛夷 violet magnolia 蟹爪仙人掌 Christmas cactus 玫瑰 rose 郁金香 tulip
茶花 common camellia 千日红 common globe-amaranth 非洲堇 African violet 栀子花 cape jasmine 木槿 rose of Sharon 风信子 hyacinth 百子莲 African lily 牵牛花 morning glory 君子兰 kefir lily 荷包花 lady's pocketbook 含笑花 banana shrub 非洲菊 African daisy 含羞草 sensitive plant 茉莉 Arabian jasmine 猪笼草 pitcher plant 凌霄花 creeper 树兰 orchid tree 康乃馨coronation 鸡冠花 cockscomb 荷花lotus 鸢萝 cypress vine 菩提 botree
自动锁螺丝机的普及知识
自动打螺丝机是通过各类电动、气动元器件实现螺丝的自动输送、拧紧、检测等工序，通过设备来简化螺丝紧固工序，达到减少人工数量及减少人工误操作带来的不良因素。是一种典型的非标自动化设备。 自动锁螺丝机主要分为：手持式锁螺丝机、多轴式自动锁螺丝机、坐标式自动锁螺丝机。 自动锁螺丝机主要应用于M1-M8螺丝的锁付。由于其属于非标自动化设备，具有可定制的特性，涉及螺丝紧固的产品都能获得相应的解决方案，应用领域较为广泛。 一、工作基本原理 家电自动打螺丝机是通过各类电动气动元器件实现螺丝的自动输送、拧紧、检测等工序，通过设备来简化螺丝紧固工序，达到减少人工数量及减少人工误操作带来的不良因素。是一种典型的非标自动化设备。 自动送钉机 自动送钉机主要负责螺丝的筛选、排列、检测、分料、输送等工序，是替代人工取螺丝的重要环节。 锁付机构 锁付机构通过配置的电批、风批或伺服电机，按照程序设定来执行拧螺丝动作，彻底替代人工作业。 二、自动打螺丝机的分类
多轴式：多轴同时拧螺丝，一次可拧好产品所有螺丝，效率较高； 坐标式：通过程序设定的坐标点位来逐个（或多个）拧螺丝，可储存编辑多套方案，适用范围广； 手持式：手持式同样配有自动送钉机，由人工找螺丝孔位拧螺丝，可锁付产品任何部位螺丝，灵活性较好。 三、自动打螺丝机使用方法 自动锁螺丝机的使用相对比较简单，简单的说就是员工放置产品即可，设备自动执行送螺丝、拧螺丝、检测等工序。一般有以下步骤：1：检查通气通电情况,打开电源开关和通气阀； 2：检查所有零部件驱动行程，坐标式还需要预先对不同的产品进行编程控制设定锁付路径； 3：放入待拧螺丝的产品，进行逐个流程的点动或寸动，从而达到检视所有工作的准确性和行程的到位； 4：开机试运行，并检查成品的效果，质量，但一切进入稳定后，方可放心使用生产； 5：定期进行质量检查，性能判定； 四、家电自动打螺丝机保养维修
植物花卉中英文对照
植物花卉中英文对照、花卉英文名大全 金橘－－－－－－－－－－－－－－kumquat 米仔兰(米兰）－－－－－－－－－ milan tree 变叶木－－－－－－－－－－－－－croton 一品红－－－－－－－－－－－－－poinsettia 扶桑－－－－－－－－－－－－－－Chinese hibiscus 吊灯花－－－－－－－－－－－－－fringed hibiscus 马拉巴栗（发财树)－－－－－－－ Guiana chestnut 山茶－－－－－－－－－－－－－－camellia 云南山茶－－－－－－－－－－－－Yunnan camellia 金花茶－－－－－－－－－－－－－golden camellia 瑞香－－－－－－－－－－－－－－daphne 结香－－－－－－－－－－－－－－paper bush 倒挂金钟－－－－－－－－－－－－fuchsia 八角金盘－－－－－－－－－－－－Japan fatsia 常春藤－－－－－－－－－－－－－ivy 鹅掌柴－－－－－－－－－－－－－umbrella tree 杜鹃花－－－－－－－－－－－－－rhododendron 茉莉花－－－－－－－－－－－－－jasmine 桂花－－－－－－－－－－－－－－sweet osmanthus 夹竹桃－－－－－－－－－－－－－sweet-scented oleander 黄花夹竹桃－－－－－－－－－－－lucky-nut-thevetia 鸡蛋花－－－－－－－－－－－－－frangipani 龙吐珠－－－－－－－－－－－－－bleeding-heart glorybower 夜香树（木本夜来香）－－－－－－night jasmine 鸳鸯茉莉－－－－－－－－－－－－broadleaf raintree 栀子花－－－－－－－－－－－－－cape jasmine 蝴蝶兰－－－－－－－－－－－－－moth orchid 卡特兰－－－－－－－－－－－－－cattleya 石斛－－－－－－－－－－－－－－dendrobium 兜兰－－－－－－－－－－－－－－lady slipper 兰花－－－－－－－－－－－－－－orchid 春兰－－－－－－－－－－－－－－goering cymbidium
楷徽自动锁螺丝机操作规程
楷徽自动锁螺丝机操作规程 一、自动锁螺丝机操作规程 1、开启电源，接通气源，调节好扭力和气压; 2、将螺丝倒入螺丝料仓内，螺丝量以不超过螺丝输送轨道高度为宜; 3、检查拨码开关是否对应产品型号; 4、第一次索螺丝前，需检查电批夹嘴内是否有一粒螺丝待锁; 5、如无一粒螺丝在电批夹嘴上待锁，需按测试按钮，使机器运动两次，保证电批夹嘴上有一粒螺丝在电批夹嘴上待锁; 6、检查供料机振动器调整开关是否在指定的位置上; 7、检查完毕，按复位开关，开始生产。 二、自动锁螺丝机操作规定 使用设备安全最重要，操作先进自动化设备没有规范和管理，且不能发挥它带来的效益，自动螺丝机也是一种。虽然自动锁螺丝机安全系数没那么严禁，但正常使用发挥其基本功能，更多的节省时间，提高生产效率，所以对自动锁螺丝机使用及维修管理说明还是有必要知道的。 1、严格执行以岗位责任制、安全操作规程、常规检查、维修保养等安全使用和运营的管理制度。 2、使用操作人员必须经过相应的安全技术培训。 3、制定自动锁螺丝机安全技术性能定期检验制度，根据自动锁螺丝机的安全性能和技术参数，对自动锁螺丝机定期检验，确保自动锁螺丝机运行过程的安全。 4、自动锁螺丝机的使用人员，负责自动锁螺丝机的日常检查和保养，并做好日常的检查保养记录。 5、针对自动锁螺丝机的使用性质制定交接班制度。分班轮换使用或集体使用的自动锁螺丝机，由当班负责人全面负责。 6、大型精密气动工具要严格实行定人、定机的管理办法。 7、对特种自动锁螺丝机严格按照国家有关规定，实行持证上岗。 8、自动锁螺丝机必须严格按照使用说明和安装技术规程的要求进行安装、调试后使用。
各种花的英文名
iris 蝴蝶花hon eysuckle 金银花 chrysanthemum 菊花 carnation 康乃馨 orchid 兰花 canna 美人蕉 jasmine 茉莉花 daffodil 水仙花 peony 牡丹 begonia 秋海棠 cactus 仙人掌 christmas flower 圣诞花/一品红 poppy 罂粟 tulip 郁金香 chi nese rose 月 季 violet 紫罗兰 peach flower 桃花 aloe 芦荟 mimosa 含羞草 dandelion 蒲公英 plum bolssom 梅花中国水仙new year lily
石榴pomegranate 月桂victor's laurel 报春花polyanthus 木棉cotton tree 紫丁香lilac 吊钟lady's eardrops 紫荆Chinese redbud 百合lily 紫罗兰wall flower 桃花peach 紫藤wisteria 杜鹃azalea 铃兰lily-of-the-valley 牡丹tree peony 银杏ginkgo 芍药peony 蝴蝶兰moth orchid 辛夷violet magnolia 蟹爪仙人掌Christmas cactus 玫瑰rose 郁金香tulip
非洲堇African violet 栀子花cape jasmine 木槿rose of Sharon 风信子hyacinth 百子莲African lily 牵牛花morning glory 君子兰kefir lily 荷包花lady's pocketbook 含笑花bana shrub 非洲菊African daisy 含羞草sensitive plant 茉莉Arabian jasmine 猪笼草pitcher plant 凌霄花creeper 树兰orchid tree 康乃馨coronation 荷花lotus 鸢萝cypress vine 菩提botree 大理花dahlia
常见花的英文单词新选
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荷花lotus 鸢萝cypress vine 菩提botree 大理花dahlia 圣诞百合Christmas bell 一串红scarlet sage 紫薇crape myrtle 勿忘我forget-me-not 睡莲water lily 文心兰dancing lady 吊兰spider plant 白头翁pappy anemone 向日葵sunflower 矢车菊cornflower 竹bamboo 金鱼草snapdragon 夹竹桃oleander 金盏花pot marigold 月季花china rose 金银花honeysuckle 长春花old maid 金莲花garden nasturtium 秋海棠begonia 非洲凤仙African touch-me-not 美人蕉canna 曼陀罗angel's trumpet 晚香玉tuberose 梅花flowering apricot 野姜花ginger lily 圣诞红common poinsettia 菊花chrysanthemum 虞美人Iceland poppy 昙花epiphyllum 鸢尾iris 龙胆royal blue 腊梅winter sweet 麒麟花crown of thorns 木芙蓉cotton rose 九重葛paper flower 火鹤花flamingo flower 三色堇tricolor viola 嘉德丽亚兰cattleya
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六、教导（模拟手柄）界面介绍··········- 06- 七、步骤镜像界面介 绍 (07) 八、参数复制界面介 绍 (08) 九、其他设置界面介 绍 (09) 十、坐标校正界面介 绍 (10) 十一、文件管理界面介绍 (11) 十二、产量报表界面介绍 (12) 十三、USB复制界面介绍 (13) 十四、螺丝供给器和电批调节 (14) 十五、程序制作简易流程 (15) 十六、故障排除·····················
··-16- 十七、维护与保养·····················- 17- 十八、技术参数····················· ··-17- 十九、售后服务····················· ··-18- 二十、注意事项····················· ··-18- 二十一、易损伤配件表 (19) 22- 一、自动锁螺丝机功能简介 1.全中文界面，动态显示运行状态，直观可见的参数 2.密码保护功能、保护系统参数不被随意更改 3.程序之间有阵列复制、参数复制功能 4.程序具有坐标部分校正、整体校正功能、节省手动调试程序的时间 5.具备插入、手动输入坐标、删除功能、方便快速修改及制作程序
6.单步自动定位功能，极大的方便程序的制作确认及坐标修复等 7.大容量储存数据程序使用时可随意切换调用 8.自动防呆感应、流水式作业平台高效、节省人工、节约成本 二、主要面概要 人机界面由以下供13界面组成： 1.主界面 2.参数设置 3.螺丝规格 4.教导 5.步骤镜像 6.参数复制 7.其他设置 8.坐标校正 9.文件管理 10.产量报表 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/de14152767.html,B复制 -1- 三、主界面功能介绍
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Alcea rosea / Hollyhock蜀葵 Alchemilla / Lady's mantle斗篷草 Allium葱属 Aloe芦荟属植物 Alyssum香荠属植物 Amaranthus苋属植物 Ampelopsis山葡萄<--攀缘植物 Ampelopsis brevipedunculata蛇白蔹 Anchusa capensis / Alkanet非洲勿忘草Androsace carnea / Rock jasmine铜钱花Anethu, graveolens / Dill莳萝 Annual phlox福禄考 Antennaria dioica山荻 Anthemis西洋甘菊 Anthemis punctata subsp cupaniana春黄菊Antirrhinum majus / Snapdragon金鱼草 Arabis / Rock cress南芥菜(岩水芹) Aralia elata黃斑高? Arbutus野草莓樹 Arctotis Fastuosa / Monarch of the veldt南非雛菊Arenaria balearica蚤綴
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应所有产品.下面我们来看几个案例就明白了 五轴自动拧螺丝机的应用案例 五轴自动拧螺丝机是多轴式的一个分支,这里的五轴自动拧螺丝机采用的是固定式的设计方案,产品需要锁付的螺丝孔位排列极不规律.如下图所示: 这个是多轴自动拧螺丝机的一个优势,多轴自动拧螺丝机的轴位可以根据,产品的生产要求来设计,可以看到该产品铜线圈需要锁付3颗螺丝,右侧的散热
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双工位自动锁螺丝机设备使用说明书
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螺丝机控制器-手持版说明书V.汇总
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双Y轴智能螺丝机控制系统QZ－LS0３（手持盒版） V６．4说明书 东莞市领航自动化有限公司
目录 1.产品介 绍.．....................................................................................................．．3 1.1产品概述....． (3) 1.2功能简介 (3) 1.3功能特性 (3) １.4产品列表．． (4) 2.接线说明图.．． (5) ２.１控制器接线引脚定义．...．..…………………………………………………………………………………．５2.2 控制器接线说明……. ....．.…………………………………………………………………………………. ６ 2.3系统连接示意图..........． (7) 2.４转接板接线说明...．. (8) 2.5 转接板接线示意图.………………………………………………………………………………．………. ９ 2.６安装尺寸....．.．．.. (10) ３．按键说明．.．.． (11) ３.1手持盒按键图...........．....．.............................................................................................1１3.2手持盒按键说明......．.．．．．．..............................................................................................１1 4.手持盒操作说明.．....．.. (13) 4．1开机画面介绍..........．..．..．．. (13) 4.2主菜单功能介绍．.........．....．.． (15) 4.3新增功能操作.........．.．...．.. (19) 4．４插入指令操作..............．.．..........................................................................................．20 4．５删除指令操作............．．. (20) 4.6复制指令操作……….....．．.……………………………………………………………………………….２0４.7阵列复制操
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各种花卉的中英文名称对照 mangnolia 玉兰花 morning glory 牵牛(喇叭花) narcissus 水仙花 oleander 夹竹桃 orchid 兰花 pansy 三色堇 peony 牡丹 peony 芍药 phalaenopsis 蝶兰 rose 玫瑰 rose 月季 setose asparagus 文竹touch-me-not (balsam) 凤仙花 tulip 郁金香 violet, stock violet 紫罗兰 water hyacinth 凤眼兰 Chinese enkianthus 灯笼花 Chinese flowering crab-apple 海棠花金橘－－－－kumquat 米仔兰(米兰）－－milan tree 变叶木－－croton 一品红－－poinsettia 扶桑－－Chinese hibiscus 吊灯花－－fringed hibiscus 马拉巴栗（发财树)－－ Guiana chestnut 山茶－－camellia 云南山茶－－Yunnan camellia 金花茶－－－golden camellia 瑞香－－daphne 结香－－－paper bush 倒挂金钟－－fuchsia 八角金盘－－Japan fatsia 常春藤－－ivy 鹅掌柴－－umbrella tree 杜鹃花－－rhododendron 茉莉花－－jasmine 桂花－－sweet osmanthus 夹竹桃－－sweet-scented oleander 黄花夹竹桃－－lucky-nut-thevetia 鸡蛋花－－frangipani 龙吐珠－－bleeding-heart glorybower 夜香树（木本夜来香）－－night jasmine 鸳鸯茉莉－－broadleaf raintree 栀子花－－cape jasmine 蝴蝶兰－－moth orchid 卡特兰－－cattleya 石斛－－dendrobium 兜兰－－lady slipper 兰花－－orchid 春兰－－goering cymbidium 仙客来－－florists cyclamen
自动锁螺丝机说明书-M
自动锁螺丝机(GSCD-AT)使用手册 本手册版权归深圳市港晟机电有限公司所有，未经港晟机电有限公司书面许可，任何人不得翻印、翻译和抄袭本手册中的任何内容。涉及GSSA-AT软件的详尽资料以及介绍和程序制作范例，请参阅GSSA-AT 软件使用手册。本手册中的信息资料仅供参考。由于改进设计和功能等原因，港晟机电有限公司保留对本资料的最终解释权！内容如有更改，恕不另行通知！ 调试机器要注意安全！软件中已加入出错处理程序及提示，用户必须在机器中设计的安全保护装置有效时进行操作。否则所造成的损失，港晟机电有限公司将不对此负责。 产品简介 GSSA-1AT是港晟机电有限公司自主研发制造的自动锁螺丝机器。它可以提高生产效率，产品合格率，降低工人的劳动强度。本机采用三轴步进电机、精密丝杆作为运动组件，PC软件控制。具有操作简便，高速、高精度、程式制作简单、方便、快洁，同时多机互换程序不用调试，系统的高稳定性等特点。 第一章硬件概述 第二章软件概述
第三障：信号灯定义与故障处理 第一章硬件概述 (2) 1.1 产品特点 (2) 1.2机器参数 (2) 1.3硬件介绍 (2) 1.1 产品特点 ●高速----------移动速度(MAX—1M/S),锁螺丝速度(均值1.2~1.4秒/颗。●高精度--------300MM内行程定位精度(+/-0.04MM), 300MM重复定位精度(+/-0.01MM) ●操件简单------从程式制作到生产,按作业指导步骤进行，所有程式不用调试，可直接生产。 ●多机互换程序不用调试-----同一产品，在不同机器间可以随意更换，不用调试，可直接生产。 ●高智能,出错处理程序及提示------PC软件介面出错提示，机器在安全装置有效时自动处理。 ● PC软件控制----方便序程序及备份。程序名称可自定义，方便管控。 ●对产品质量控制考虑细微,最大化提高产品质量-----用户可在软件中自定义每颗螺丝中螺丝夹头距工件表面的高度，(夹头与批头电机驱动)机器会自动精确控制高度。防止工件表面画伤。 ●机器硬件,通用性良好 ----多种类螺丝转换只需更换螺丝夹头及螺丝批头即可。方便且快洁，三到五分钟即可完成更换。 ●人性化设计----- 从操作上到所有设计的出发点，就是降低人的劳动强度及减小人对生产的影响。 1.2 机器参数: 工作温度：-10℃～40℃ 贮存温度：-20℃～80℃
吹气式螺丝机操作说明书
吹气式螺丝机操作说明
额定电压：AC 220V，50/60HZ 最大电流：6A 工作气压：0.6Mpa – 0.7Mpa 备注：电源线请可靠接地
一．吹气式锁螺丝机机台参数：
惠州市鑫芯电子有限公司------自动化事业部
本机台专为自动锁螺丝设计制造，使用可编程序控制器 PLC 和 HMI 触摸屏做主控核心，提供 了强大的系统稳定性和可定制维护性。操作简便的直接控制界面，调试人员不需要具备任何专业 知识。可根据客户产品需求（如尺寸，产品存储数，产品锁付量等），提供相适应的机台。调试 人员对产品进行调试后，操作工人只需进行定时加螺丝，放上产品，按启动按钮，取下产品，即 可完成生产。
三．吹气式锁螺丝机开机画面
二．吹气式锁螺丝机机台功能简述：
惠州市鑫芯电子有限公司------自动化事业部
四、螺丝机菜单页面
手动画面：进入分解动作手动控制页面
下拉菜单 2.各轴手动调试：分解动作手动控制 3. 轴回原点：每次开机或异常停止后，在进行自动运行前需要进行一次对三轴原点坐标确认寻 找动作。
1.
惠州市鑫芯电子有限公司------自动化事业部
五．螺丝坐标参数设定
自动界面：自动启停、生产统计与清除。
控制系统单轴提供 8 颗螺丝容量，可以根据需要进行定制设定 2.螺丝数量：此产品锁付螺丝颗数 3.左放位为左 Y 轴坐标点设置；中放位为横移轴座标点。
1.
惠州市鑫芯电子有限公司------自动化事业部
亚洲常见花卉英文译名
亚洲常见花卉英文译名 Abutilon pictum / Thomsonii 风铃花 Abutilon Hybriden 金铃花 Acacia dealbata 银栲皮树 Acaena / New Zealand burr 无瓣蔷薇(纽西兰球果属植物) Acanthus 叶蓟属植物 Acer palmatum 掌叶槭 Achillea / Yarrow 丽纹锯草(蓍草属植物) Achimenes / Cupid's bower / hot water plant 长筒花Actinidia 狝猴桃<--攀缘植物 Adenium obesum 沙漠玫瑰(天宝花) Adiantum capilus-veneris / True maidenhair fern 铁线蕨Aegopodium podagraia 'Variegata' 斑叶羊角芹 African daisy 非洲菊 Agapanthus / African lily 百子莲 Agastache 藿香 Agave 龙舌兰属植物 Ageratum houstonianum 紫花霍香蓟 Agrostemma githago / Corn cockle 麦仙翁 Ajuga reptans 匍筋骨草 Akebia 木通(别名:巧克力藤蔓) <--攀缘植物 Alcea rosea / Hollyhock 蜀葵 Alchemilla / Lady's mantle 斗篷草 Allium 葱属 Aloe 芦荟属植物 Alyssum 香荠属植物 Amaranthus 苋属植物 Ampelopsis 山葡萄<--攀缘植物 Ampelopsis brevipedunculata 蛇白蔹 Anchusa capensis / Alkanet 非洲勿忘草 Androsace carnea / Rock jasmine 铜钱花 Anethu, graveolens / Dill 莳萝 Annual phlox 福禄考 Antennaria dioica 山荻 Anthemis 西洋甘菊 Anthemis punctata subsp cupaniana 春黄菊 Antirrhinum majus / Snapdragon 金鱼草 Arabis / Rock cress 南芥菜(岩水芹) Aralia elata 黃斑高? Arbutus 野草莓樹 Arctotis Fastuosa / Monarch of the veldt 南非雛菊Arenaria balearica 蚤綴 Argemone / Prickly Poppy 薊罌粟屬植物
中英文植物志对照名录：十字花科
黑色字体：为新疆植物志有，英文版也保留； 红色字体：为新疆植物志有，英文版无； 绿色字体：为新疆植物志没有，英文版有； 十字花科——CRUCIFERAE 1.长柄芥族--Trib.Stanleyeae 1.长柄芥属——Macropodoum 1.长柄芥M．nivale 2．芸苔族——Trib.Brassiceae 2．芸苔属——Brassica 1.甘蓝B．oleracea 莲花白var. capitata L. 花椰菜var. botrytis L. 羽衣甘蓝var. acephala L. 绿花菜var.italica 擘蓝B.oleracea var. gongylodes L. 2.擘蓝B．caulorapa——合入擘蓝B.oleracea var. gongylodes L 3. 欧洲油菜B．napus 4. 芜青B．rapa——蔓青 芸苔B.rapa var.oleifera DC. 白菜B.rapa var. glabra Reg. 青菜B.rapa var.chinensis (L.)Kitamura 5. 白菜B．pekinensis*----------合入芜青B．rapa var.glabra 6. 青菜B．chinenis-------------合入芜青B．rapa var.chinensis 7.芸苔B．campestris* ---------合入芜青B．rapa 8. 芥菜B．juncea 芥菜(原变种) var. juncea 芥菜疙瘩B.juncea var.napiformis 大头菜(变种) var. megarrhiza——合入芥菜疙瘩B.juncea var.napiformis 雪里蕻(变种) var. multiceps Tsen et Lee——合入芥菜(原变种) var. juncea 油芥菜(变种) var. gracilis Tsen. et Lee——合入芥菜(原变种) var. juncea 9. 黑芥B.nigra 10.新疆毛芥B.xinjiangensis——合入新疆白芥S.arrensis 11. 短喙芥B.brevirostrata——合入短喙芥B. elongata 12.短喙芥B. elongata 3．白芥属——Sinapis 1.白芥S.alba 2.田野白芥S. arvensi s L.——叫新疆白芥S.arvensis 长喙白芥var. brachycrpa——不知去向
各种花的英文名(全)22页word
茉莉花 :Jasmine 玫瑰花:Rose 海棠花 begonia 菊花chrysanthemum 丁香花：Lilac 康乃馨：Carnation 紫罗兰：Violet 百合：Lily 荷花：Lotus tulip 郁金香 sunflower 向日葵 geranium 天竺葵 morning-glory 牵牛花 pansy 三色堇，三色紫罗兰 poppy 罂粟花 marigold 金盏花 hyacinth 风信花 daffodil 水仙 marguerite, daisy 雏菊 orchid 兰花 cyclamen 仙客来 hawthorn 山楂
camellia 山茶 peony 芍药，牡丹 azalea 杜鹃 gardenia 栀子 最早花语的起源是古希腊，但是那个时候不止是花，还有叶子、果树都有一定的含义。在希腊神话里记载过爱神出生时创造了玫瑰的故事，玫瑰从那个时代起就成为了爱情的代名词。 真正花语盛行是在法国皇室时期，贵族们将民间对于花卉的资料整理遍档，里面就包括了花语的信息，这样的信息在宫廷后期的园林建筑中得到了完美的体现。 大众对于花语的接受是在18XX年左右，那个时候的社会风气还不是十分开放，在大庭广众下表达爱意是难为情的事情，所以恋人间赠送的花卉就成为了爱情的信使。 随着时代的发展，花卉成为了社交的一种赠与品，更加完善的花语代表了赠送者的意图。 我找出了一部分如下： 5.凤尾の热情 很久很久以前，铁角凤尾草就被当做迷恋要来使用。换句话说，只要把根茎的汁液让意中人喝下，就可以抓住对方的心。铁角凤尾草是一种具备特殊迷惑力的植物，因此它的花语是－热情。
各类花的花语及中英文对照
各种花的花语及中英文对照＾＿＾（１）一月 1月1日纯白的爱雪莲花（Snow Drop） 1月2日神秘黄水仙（Narcisus Jonquilla) 1月3日执著藏红花（Spring Crocus) 1月4日游戏人生风信子（Hyacinth) 1月5日耐心雪割草（hepatica) 1月6日洁白无瑕的爱白色紫罗兰（Violet) 1月7日单恋白色郁金香（Tulip) 1月8日爱情紫色紫罗兰（Violet) 1月9日纯朴黄色紫罗兰（Voilet) 1月10日不屈不挠黄杨（Box-Tree) 1月11日善良匀桧叶（Arbor-Vitae) 1月12日优雅庭荠(Sweet Alyssum) 1月13日自我水仙(Narcissus) 1月14日含羞报春花(Cyclamen) 1月15日严格剌竹（Thorn) 1月16日竞争黄色风信子(Hyacinth) 1月17日挚爱酸模（Sorrel) 1月18日猜测印度锦葵（Indian Mallow) 1月19日健康，长寿松（Pine) 1月20日童真金凤花（Butter Cup) 1月21日沉静，安详常春藤（Ivy) 1月22日母爱苔藓（Moss) 1月23日服从芦荟（Bulrush) 1月24日进退得宜番红花（Saffron Crocus) 1月25日纯真鼠耳草（Cerasrium) 1月26日敏感含羞草（Humble Plant) 1月27日坚固七度灶（Mountain Ash) 1月28日勇气黑色白杨木（Black Piolar) 1月29日呵护苔藓（Moss) 1月30日盼望的幸福金盏花（Marsh Marigold) 1月31日青春喜悦黄色藏红花（Spring Crocus) 二月 2月1日青春的烦恼樱草（Primrose） 2月2日平凡木瓜花（Japanese Quince） 2月3日奉献小豆蔻（Cardamine） 2月4日无悔的爱红色樱草（Primrose） 2月5日迷人芍药(Paeonia lactiflora[P.albiflora])