Unit 14 My Wood 我的树林 080531
Unit 14 My Wood
By E. M. Forster
# About the Author:
# # Edward Morgan Forster, OM (January 1, 1879–June 7, 1970), English author, one of the most important British novelists of the 20th century, living in London who helped shape the modernist movement of the first half of this century. After graduating from King's College, Cambridge, Forster lived in Italy and Greece. During World War I he served with the International Red Cross in Egypt. In 1912 he sailed with two friends to India where his observations and experiences provided him with the materials from which he later created his highly acclaimed novel A Passage to India（1924），the book to which he refers in the first paragraph of ―My Wood‖.
A Passage to India(1924), treats the relations between a group of British colonials and native Indians and considers the difficulty of forming human relationships, of ―connecting‖; th e novel also explores the nature of external and internal reality. In 1946, Forster became an honorary fellow of King's College, Cambridge, where he lived until his death. He received the Order of Merit in 1968.Forster’s other major novels are Where Angels Fear to Tread（1905），The Longest Journey (1907), A Room With a View（1908），Howards End（1910），Maurice（1914）. Forster acquired a well-deserved reputation as a social and literary critic，as well as a short story writer.
He is known best for his ironic and well-plotted novels examining class difference and hypocrisy in early 20th-century British society. Forster's fiction, conservative in form, is in the English tradition of the novel of manners. He explores the emotional and sensual deficiencies of the English middle class, developing his themes by means of irony, wit, and symbolism.
Forster was gay, but this fact was not made public during his lifetime. His posthumously released novel Maurice tells of the coming of age of an explicitly gay male character.
# # King's College, Cambridge, is committed to intellectual excellence, innovation and the development of new knowledge. It was founded in 1441 by Henry VI and its Chapel is one of the most iconic buildings in the world nearby River Cam. It is one of the greatest examples of Gothic architecture, and is home to the world-famous Choir. (圣诞夜在教堂举行的唱诗（Choir），几乎每年英国广播电台（BBC）都要转播。)
King's was one of the first colleges to admit women and pioneered admissions for students from non-traditional backgrounds. King's continues to seek to attract the very best applicants, at both undergraduate and graduate level. (学院有本科生约400人，研究生约240人。) Distinguished alumni include E M Forster, John Maynard Keynes, Alan Turing, Frederick Sanger, Zadie Smith, Robert Tear, Patrick Blackett, Sydney Brenner, Tam Dalyell, Eric Hobsbawm, Frank Kermode, as well as David Baddiel, John Bird and John Fortune. (Xu Zhimo, auditor)
# # Queens' College was first founded in 1448 by Margaret of Anjou. It was refounded in 1465 by Elizabeth Woodville, the wife of Edward IV of England. This dual foundation is reflected in its orthography: Queens' , not Queen's, although the full name is The Queen's College of St Margaret and St Bernard in the University of Cambridge.It is commonly called Queens' College.
Queens' College is one of only two colleges with buildings on its main site on both sides of the Cam(the other being St John's).The Mathematical Bridge connects the older half of the college (affectionately referred to by students as The Dark Side) with the newer half (The Light Side). It is one of the most photographed scenes in Cambridge. Popular fable is that the bridge was designed and built by Sir Isaac Newton without the use of nuts or bolts, and at some point in the past students or fellows attempted to take the bridge apart and put it back together. The myth continues that the over-ambitious engineers were unable to match Newton's feat of engineering, and had to resort to fastening the bridge by nuts and bolts. This is why nuts and bolts can be seen in the bridge today. This story is false: the bridge was built in 1749, 22 years after Newton died.
# General Idea of the Essay:
“My Wood”is part of Forster’s 1936 essay collection，Abinger Harvest (阿宾哲收获集). In this essay，Forster explains the effects produced by owning property. With wit and humor，Forster suggests that purchasing land may not bring the uncomplicated happiness we might expect.
# Questions for Comprehension and Consideration:
1. What are the four effects Forster describes as resulting from his purchase of the wood? Explain briefly some of the details Forster uses to explain each of these four effects.
(The four effects are ―enormously stout, endlessly avaricious, pseudo-creative, and intensely selfish‖. Here ―enormously stout‖refers to the owner’s psychological burden; ―endlessly avaricious‖refers to man’s insatiable desire for more property; ―pseudo-creative‖refers to our impulse to create something that is actually worthless; and ―intensely selfish‖refers to our unwillingness to share our possession with other people.)
2. In the opening section of the essay, Forster describes the response of Americans to a book he wrote. Why does he emphasize the reaction of Americans? What relationship does the opening paragraph have to the rest of the essay?
3. Forster uses many allusions (references to works or events outside the essay itself) to explain his ideas. Research several of these allusions and explain how these contribute to the central idea of the essay. (For example, in the second paragraph Forster refers to the Gospel of Matthew, 19:24, and to Leo Tolstoy’s views on property.)
# Detailed Reading
## Para 1
In the first paragraph the author raises a question: ―What is the effect of property upon the character?‖Then he limits the topic of the essay to the psychological aspects of the question: ―Don’t let’s touch economics‖, ―Let’s keep to psychology.‖
1. A few years ago I wrote a book which dealt in part with the difficulties of the English in India. Feeling that they would have had no difficulties in India themselves，the Americans read the book freely. The more they read it the better it made them feel，and a cheque to the author was the
result. I bought a wood with the cheque. It is not a large wood—it contains scarcely any trees，and it is intersected，blast it，by a public footpath. Still，it is the first property that I have owned，so it is right that other people should participate in my shame，and should ask themselves in accents that will vary in horror，this very important question：What is the effect of property upon the character？Don’t let’s touch economics；the effect of private ownership upon the community as a whole is another question—a more important question，perhaps，but another one. Let’s keep to psychology. If you own things，what’s their effect on you？What’s the effect on me of my wood？
### Questions:
Does the author mention his book merely to indicate that he could afford to buy the wood with a cheque?
This is only one reason. The more important reason is to insinuate the analogical situations between his possession of the wood and British colonization of India. This insinuation is revealed by the sentence about Americans: Feeling that they would have no difficulties in India themselves, the Americans read the book freely, which suggests that India is a great burden to the English people who owned it, but not to them.
### Analysis:
1) ―I wrote a book‖ ---- Here the author refers to his best-known novel A Passage to India (1924).
2) Still, it is the first property that I have owned, so it is right that other people should participate in my shame … --- In spite of everything, it is the first estate that I have ever possessed, so it is right that other people should share my great shame that is produced by the effect of owning a property.
3) ―… in accents that will vary in horror‖ --- horror expressed by people from different places.
4) What is the effect of property upon the character? --- How does the possession of property affect one’s personality?
### Rhetorics:
Appositive: a noun or noun substitute placed next to (in apposition to) another noun to be described or defined by the appositive. The appositive can be placed before or after the noun:
?Henry Jameson, the boss of the operation, always wore a red baseball cap.
? A notorious annual feast, the picnic was well attended.
?That evening we were all at the concert, a really elaborate and exciting affair.
With very short appositives, the commas setting off the second noun from the first are often omitted:
?That afternoon Kathy Todd the pianist met the poet Thompson.
?Is your friend George going to run for office?
Amplification involves repeating a word or expression while adding more detail to it, in order to emphasize what might otherwise be passed over. In other words, amplification allows you to call attention to, emphasize, and expand a word or idea to make sure the reader realizes its importance or centrality in the discussion.
?In my hunger after ten days of rigorous dieting I saw visions of ice cream--mountains of creamy, luscious ice cream, dripping with gooey syrup and calories.
?This orchard, this lovely, shady orchard, is the main reason I bought this property.
?. . . Even in Leonardo's time, there were certain obscure needs and patterns of the spirit, which could discover themselves only through less precise analogies--the analogies provided by stains on walls or the embers of a fire. --Kenneth Clark
?Pride--boundless pride--is the bane of civilization.
?He showed a rather simple taste, a taste for good art, good food, and good friends.
But amplification can overlap with or include a repetitive device like anaphora when the repeated word gains further definition or detail:
?The Lord also will be a refuge for the oppressed,/ A refuge in times of trouble. --Psalm 9:9 (KJV)
Notice the much greater effectiveness this repetition-plus detail form can have over a "straight" syntax. Compare each of these pairs:
?The utmost that we can threaten to one another is death, a death which, indeed, we may precipitate, but cannot retard, and from which, therefore, it cannot become a wise man to buy a reprieve at the expense of virtue, since he knows not how small a portion of time he can purchase, but knows that, whether short or long, it will be made less valuable by the remembrance of the price at which it has been obtained. --adapted from S. Johnson ?The utmost that we can threaten to one another is that death which, indeed, we may precipitate . . . .
?In everything remember the passing of time, a time which cannot be called again.
?In everything remember the passing of a time which cannot be called again.
## Para 2
The author discusses the first effect of property on him ―it makes me feel heavy‖ and this is reiterated at the end of the paragraph ―my wood makes me feel heavy‖.
This heaviness is first depicted with a parable cited from the New Testament about ―a man of weight‖:
―Then said Jesus unto his disciples, Verily I say unto you, That a rich man shall hardly enter into the kingdom of heaven … It is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of God.‖ (The Bible, Matt.19:23-24)
Thus the reader is presented with the image of a ―heavy‖man who ―failed to get into the
Kingdom of Heaven‖. Obviously the author is suggesting that a man of property is a heavy man. The heaviness is extended to include mental and psychological burden: ―That if you have a lot of things you cannot move about a lot, that furniture requires dusting, dusters require servants, servants require insurance stamps, and the whole tangle of them makes you think twice before you accept an invitation to dinner or go for a bathe in the Jordan.‖
2. In the first place，it makes me feel heavy. Property does have this effect. Property produces men of weight，and it was a man of weight who failed to get into the Kingdom of Heaven. He was not wicked，that unfortunate millionaire in the parable，he was only stout；he stuck out in front not to mention behind，and as he wedged himself this way and that in the crystalline entrance and bruised his well-fed flanks，he saw beneath him a comparatively slim camel passing through the eye of a needle and being woven into the robe of God. The Gospels all through couple stoutness and slowness. They point out what is perfectly obvious，yet seldom realized：that if you have a lot of things you cannot move about a lot, that furniture requires dusting，dusters require servants，servants require insurance stamps，and the whole tangle of them makes you think twice before you accept an invitation to dinner or go for a bathe in the Jordan. Sometimes the Gospels proceed further and say with Tolstoy that property is sinful；they approach the difficult ground of asceticism here，where I cannot follow them. But as to the immediate effects of property on people，they just show straightforward logic. It produces men of weight. Men of weight cannot，by definition，move like the lightning from the East unto the West，and the ascent of a fourteen-stone bishop into a pulpit is thus the exact antithesis of the coming of the Son of Man. My wood makes me feel heavy.
### Questions:
1) How do you understand the phrase ―men of weight‖?
The author uses the phrase ―men of weight‖ to refer to people with property. They are heavy because their property necessitates a lot of work, ―servants‖ and ―insurance stamps.‖
2) What is meant by the sentence ―they just show straightforward logic‖?
The sentence means that they (all that has been said in preceding sentences, the Gospels and Tolstoy’s claim) reveal a very simple truth.
### Paraphrase:
1) In the first place, it makes me feel heavy. ---- First of all, it is a kind of burden on me.
2) … the ascent of a fourteen-stone bishop into a pulpit is thus the exact antithesis of the coming of the Son of Man. --- Imagine a very fat bishop climbing with difficulty into his platform to give his sermon, and then imagine Jesus Christ coming down so gracefully from heaven. These two pictures are in striking contrast.
3) He was not wicked, that unfortunate millionaire in the parable, he was only stout. ---- The unlucky millionaire in the story was not able to enter into the kingdom of God not because he was evil, but because he was too fat.
4) The Gospels all through couple stoutness and slowness. ---- The sentence means that in all the four books of the New Testament fatness and slowness go together. In other words, those men of property or wealth do not go to Heaven so easily.
5) …and as he wedged himself this way and that in the crystalline entrance and bruised his well-fed flanks，he saw beneath him a comparatively slim camel passing through the eye of a needle and being woven into the robe of God. --- … and when he tried to squeeze his way through the crystal-like entrance and hurt the part of his well-fed body between his ribs and his hip, he saw under him a relatively thin camel passing through the narrow entrance and accepted in to heaven.
6) go for a bathe in the Jordan. ---- The Jordan here refers to a river that flows from Syria through the Sea of Galilee into the Dead Sea, which has traditionally been regarded as a river which divides the world and paradise. The Jordan is compared to the Styx, one of the rivers in the underworld, over which an old man ferried the souls of the dead. This phrase is a pun, literally means to go to the Jordan River for a bathe, indicating that the rich is hesitant to enter into the kingdom of God because of their unwillingness to give up their property.
7) Sometimes the Gospels proceed further and say with Tolstoy that property is sinful. ---- Sometimes the four books of the New Testament go further and agree with Tolstoy that owning property is immoral.
8) move like the lightning form the East unto the West. --- literally, this phrase indicates that a man of weight moves very slowly. Humorously, it suggests that the inability of rich people to enter into the kingdom of God due to their heaviness.
For as the lightning cometh out of the east, and shineth even unto the west; so shall also the coming of the Son of man be.闪电从东边发出，直照到西边。人子降临，也要这样。
9) and the ascent of a fourteen-stone bishop into a pulpit is thus the exact antithesis of the coming of the Son of Man. ---- ―the Son of Man‖ refers to Jesus Christ. This sentence literally means it is very difficult for a fourteen-stone (equivalent to 196 pounds) bishop to get up to a pulpit, which is opposite to the coming of Jesus.
### Background Information:
1) Gospels:The first four books of the New Testament, which tell the life story of Jesus and explain the significance of his message. Gospel means ―good news‖ — in this case, the news of the salvation made possible by the death and Resurrection of Jesus. The four Gospels are attributed to Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John.
Figuratively, anything that is emphatically true is called the ―gospel truth.
2) the Jordan River: A river of southwest Asia rising in Syria and flowing about 322 km (200 mi) south through the Sea of Galilee to the northern end of the Dead Sea. In Christianity it is known as the place where John the Baptist baptized Jesus. Historically and religiously, it is considered to be one of the world's most sacred rivers, although the meaning and context of the word "sacred" may be ambiguous.
The Jordan is a frequent symbol in folk, gospel, and spiritual music, or in poetic or literary works. Because the Israelites made a difficult and hazardous journey from slavery in Egypt to freedom in The Promised Land, the Jordan can refer to freedom. The actual crossing is the final step of the journey, which is then complete. The Jordan also can signify death itself, with the crossing from life into Paradise or Heaven.
3) Tolstoy:Russian writer, ascetic, pacifist, philosopher, moral critic of tsarism, –as well as Christian anarchist and educational reformer.. Advocated the abolition of the state and property—the sources of exploitation—and the creation of a communal society based upon Christian principles. He stressed personal redemption rather than political resistance, and was an important influence upon Gandhi.
Considered one of the world's greatest novelists, Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy is famous especially for the 19th century classics War and Peace (1865-69) and Anna Karenina (1877-78). His other works include the novella The Death of Ivan Ilyich(1884) and the novel Resurrection (1899-1900).
4) Son of Man: Some Christians believe that the New Testament's, primarily the Gospels, usage of the son of man eighty-three times represents an apocalyptic title of Jesus. Some scholars and Christians have argued that the apocryphal tradition of this phrase even goes back to Jesus, himself, though not necessarily as a phrase Jesus used as a reference to himself but rather another figure alluded to in Daniel 7:13. Other scholars and Christians believe Jesus did not use the phrase, originally, as a title at all and that he used it primarily to refer to humanity generally.
### Rhetoric Devices:
Anadiplosis(联珠)repeats the last word of one phrase, clause, or sentence at or very near the beginning of the next. It can be generated in series for the sake of beauty or to give a sense of logical progression:
?Pleasure might cause her read, reading might make her know,/ Knowledge might pity win, and pity grace obtain . . . . --Philip Sidney
Most commonly, though, anadiplosis is used for emphasis of the repeated word or idea, since repetition has a reinforcing effect:
?They have forsaken me, the fountain of living waters, and hewed them out cisterns, broken cisterns that can hold no water. --Jer. 2:13
?The question next arises, How much confidence can we put in the people, when the people have elected Joe Doax?
?This treatment plant has a record of uncommon reliability, a reliability envied by every other water treatment facility on the coast.
?In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.
--John 1:1
Notice how the main point of the sentence becomes immediately clear by repeating the same word twice in close succession. There can be no doubt about the focus of your thought when you use anadiplosis.
Anaphora(首语重复法) is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or sentences, commonly in conjunction with climax and with parallelism:
?To think on death it is a misery,/ To think on life it is a vanity;/ To think on the world verily it is,/ To think that here man hath no perfect bliss. --Peacham
?In books I find the dead as if they were alive; in books I foresee things to come; in books warlike affairs are set forth; from books come forth the laws of peace. --Richard de Bury ?Finally, we must consider what pleasantness of teaching there is in books, how easy, how secret! How safely we lay bare the poverty of human ignorance to books without feeling any shame! --Ibid.
?The wish of the genuine painter must be more extensive: instead of endeavoring to amuse mankind with the minute neatness of his imitations, he must endeavor to improve them by the grandeur of his ideas; instead of seeking praise, by deceiving the superficial sense of the spectator, he must strive for fame by captivating the imagination. --Sir Joshua Reynolds
?Slowly and grimly they advanced, not knowing what lay ahead, not knowing what they would find at the top of the hill, not knowing that they were so near to Disneyland.
?They are the entertainment of minds unfurnished with ideas, and therefore easily susceptible of impressions; not fixed by principles, and therefore easily following the current of fancy; not informed by experience, and consequently open to every false suggestion and partial account. --Samuel Johnson
Anaphora can be used with questions, negations, hypotheses, conclusions, and subordinating conjunctions, although care must be taken not to become affected or to sound rhetorical and bombastic. Consider these selections:
?Will he read the book? Will he learn what it has to teach him? Will he live according to what he has learned?
?Not time, not money, not laws, but willing diligence will get this done.
?If we can get the lantern lit, if we can find the main cave, and if we can see the stalagmites, I'll show you the one with the bat skeleton in it. be used for
Adverbs and prepositions can anaphora, too:
?They are masters who instruct us without rod or ferule, without angry words, without clothes or money. --Richard de Bury
?She stroked her kitty cat very softly, very slowly, very smoothly.
Hyperbole, the counterpart of understatement, deliberately exaggerates conditions for emphasis or effect. In formal writing the hyperbole must be clearly intended as an exaggeration, and should
be carefully restricted. That is, do not exaggerate everything, but treat hyperbole like an exclamation point, to be used only once a year. Then it will be quite effective as a table-thumping attention getter, introductory to your essay or some section thereof:
?There are a thousand reasons why more research is needed on solar energy.
?The old man lived a year in a minute.老人度日如年。
?The wretched man because famous overnight.这可怜人竟一夜之间出了名。
Or it can make a single point very enthusiastically:
?I said "rare," not "raw." I've seen cows hurt worse than this get up and get well.
Or you can exaggerate one thing to show how really different it is from something supposedly similar to which it is being compared:
?This stuff is used motor oil compared to the coffee you make, my love.
?If anyone comes to me, and does not hate his own father and mother and wife and children and brothers and sisters, yes, and even his own life, he cannot be my disciple.
--Luke 14:26 (NASB)
Hyperbole is the most overused and overdone rhetorical figure in the whole world (and that is no hyperbole); we are a society of excess and exaggeration. Nevertheless, hyperbole still has a rightful and useful place in art and letters; just handle it like dynamite, and do not blow up everything you can find.
Allusion(典故) is a short, informal reference to a famous person or event:
?You must borrow me Gargantua's mouth first. 'Tis a word too great for any mouth of this age's size. --Shakespeare
?If you take his parking place, you can expect World War II all over again.
?Plan ahead: it wasn't raining when Noah built the ark. --Richard Cushing
?Our examination of the relation of the historian to the facts of history finds us, therefore, in an apparently precarious situation, navigating delicately between the Scylla of an untenable theory of history as an objective compilation of facts . . . and the Charybdis of an equally untenable theory of history as the subjective product of the mind of the historian . . . . --Edward Hallett Carr
Notice in these examples that the allusions are to very well known characters or events, not to obscure ones. (The best sources for allusions are literature, history, Greek myth, and the Bible.) Note also that the reference serves to explain or clarify or enhance whatever subject is under discussion, without sidetracking the reader.
Allusion can be wonderfully attractive in your writing because it can introduce variety and energy into an otherwise limited discussion (an exciting historical adventure rises suddenly in the middle
of a discussion of chemicals or some abstract argument), and it can please the reader by reminding him of a pertinent story or figure with which he is familiar, thus helping (like analogy) to explain something difficult. The instantaneous pause and reflection on the analogy refreshes and strengthens the reader's mind.
Antithesis:(对照）It is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieve emphasis. For example, speech is silver; silence is golden. Antithesis establishes a clear, contrasting relationship between two ideas by joining them together or juxtaposing them, often in parallel structure. Human beings are inveterate systematizers and categorizers, so the mind has a natural love for antithesis, which creates a definite and systematic relationship between ideas:
?To err is human; to forgive, divine. --Pope
?That short and easy trip made a lasting and profound change in Harold's outlook.
?That's one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind. --Neil Armstrong
Antithesis can convey some sense of complexity in a person or idea by admitting opposite or nearly opposite truths:
?Though surprising, it is true; though frightening at first, it is really harmless.
?If we try, we might succeed; if we do not try, we cannot succeed.
?Success makes men proud; failure makes them wise.
## Para 3-4
These two paragraphs discuss the second psychological consequence of owning property --- intensified avarice. Once you possess something, you will regard it as ―mine‖: even a bird that flies incidentally into your wood is ―mine‖ and you will try to keep it from flying away.
Note the following descriptions:
―I felt pleased.‖―My bird.‖
―It had become Mrs. Henessy’s bird‖, ―Something seemed grossly amiss here‖, ―limitation of this sort beset me on every side‖.
The anecdote of the bird is further developed as a probe into the greediness of human nature, that is, people keep wanting more and nothing is ever sufficient. Note the following descriptions: ―A boundary protects … the boundary ought in its turn to be protected.‖
―A little more, and then a little more, until we reach the sea.‖
The desire to possess more is manifested in man’s endeavor to launch a rocket into outer space:
―A rocket containing a Union Jack, will, it is hoped, be shortly fired at the moon. Mars. Sirius. Beyond which …‖
In this way the author seems to say that property breeds greediness that knows no bound. So humorously deplores, ―And after all, why should even the world be the limit of possession?‖
3. In the second place，it makes me feel it ought to be larger.
4. The other day I heard a twig snap in it. I was annoyed at first，for I thought that someone was blackberrying，and depreciating the value of the undergrowth. On coming nearer，I saw it was not a man who had trodden on the twig and snapped it，but a bird，and I felt pleased. My bird. The bird was not equally pleased. Ignoring the relation between us，it took fright as soon as it saw the shape of my face，and flew straight over the boundary hedge into a field，the property of Mrs. Henessy，where it sat down with a loud squawk. It had become Mrs. Henessy’s bird. Something seemed grossly amiss here，something that would not have occurred had the wood been larger. I could not afford to buy Mrs. Henessy out，I dared not murder her，and limitations of this sort beset me on every side. Ahab did not want that vineyard—he only needed it to round off his property，preparatory to plotting a new curve—and all the land around my wood has become necessary to me in order to round off the wood. A boundary protects. But—poor little thing—the boundary ought in its turn to be protected. Noises on the edge of it. Children throw stones. A little more and then a little more，until we reach the sea. Happy Canute. Happier Alexander！And after all，why should even the world be the limit of possession？A rocket containing a Union Jack，will，it is hoped，be shortly fired at the moon. Mars. Sirius. Beyond which…But these immensities ended by saddening me. I could not suppose that my wood was the destined nucleus of universal dominion —it is so very small and contains no mineral wealth beyond the blackberries. Nor was I comforted when Mrs. Henessy’s bird took alarm for the second time and flew clean away from us all，under the belief that it belonged to itself.
### Questions:
1) What does the author mean by ―the relation between us‖?
The author refers to the relation between the bird as the possessed and himself as a possessor.
2) How is ―a rocket containing a Union Jack‖ related with the author’s purpose?
In the essay the author mentions ―a rocket containing a Union Jack‖ to signify men’s desire to possess more, because to him man’s effort to explore the moon is a symptom of his insatiable greed.
3) What does the author mean by ―But these immensities ended by saddening me‖?
Here the author humorously belittles his ambition. Compared with ―these immensities‖ (man’s endeavor to possess outer space), his desire is as trivial and his wood is ―so very small and contains no mineral wealth beyond the blackberries.‖
### Language Work:
1) On coming nearer, I saw it was not man who had trodden on the twig and snapped it, but a bird, and I felt pleased. ---- When I came nearer, I saw it was not a man who had walked on the twig and broken it, but a bird, and I was delighted.
2) Something seemed grossly amiss here … ---- Something seemed completely wrong here.
3) I could not suppose that my wood was the destined nucleus of universal dominion …---- I didn’t think that my wood was meant to be the center of the world.
### Background Information:
1) Ahab did not want that vineyard—he only needed it to round off his property，preparatory to plotting a new curve
Ahab (亚哈), king of Israel (869-850 bc). Ahab married Jezebel, a Tyrian (提尔人) princess, and through her influence the Phoenician (腓尼基人) worship of the god Baal (Baal, among ancient Semitic peoples,(闪族人), name of innumerable local gods controlling fertility of the soil and of domestic animals. 巴力,司生生化育之神, 邪神)was introduced into Israel.（In the New Testament (see Revelation 2:20), the name Jezebel is given to a wicked woman who exerts a corrupting influence. In English it has come to signify a brazen or forward woman.）
Naboth (拿伯(葡萄园主,其葡萄园被亚哈王垂涎夺去))，the Jezreelite had a vineyard in Jezreel, beside the palace of Ahab，king of Samaria (Central region, ancient Palestine.撒马利亚, 古代巴勒斯坦与约旦河间一个地区). Ahab wished to acquire it, however, Naboth had inherited his land from his father, and, according to Jewish law, could not alienate it; accordingly, he refused to sell it to the king.And after this Ahab said to Naboth, ―Give me your vineyard, that I may have it for a vegetable garden, because it is near my house; and I will give you a better vineyard for it; or, if it seems good to you, I will give you its value in money.‖ But Naboth said to Ahab, ―The Lord forbid that I should give you the inheritance of my fathers.‖ And Ahab went into his house vexed and sullen because of what Naboth the Jezreelite had said to him; for he had said, ―I will not give you the inheritance of my fathers.‖
Ahab became deeply depressed at not being able to procure the vineyard, and returned to his palace, lying on his bed, his face to the wall, and refused to eat. His wife, Jezebel, after learning the reason for his depression, promised that she would obtain the vineyard for him. To do so, she plotted to kill Naboth and his sons and then, when they were dead, told Ahab to take possession of the vineyard.
As punishment for this action, however, the prophet Elijah (以利亚) visited Ahab while he was in the vineyard, pronouncing doom on him. Ahab humbled himself at Elijah's words, and was spared accordingly, with the prophecied destruction being visited instead on his son Joram. (以利亚, Hebrew prophet. The greatest prophet of the Old Testament, he sought to abolish idolatry and restore justice. According to Scripture, he did not die but was carried skyward in a chariot of fire.)
2) Canute (Cnut) (c. 995—1035): Danish king of England (1016 – 35), Denmark (1019 – 35), and Norway (1028 –35). After 1016 king of England (through his father's conquest) and from 1018 king of Denmark, on the death of his elder brother. After 1030 he also became king of Norway, but his powerful North Sea empire collapsed at his death in ad 1035.
3) Alexander the Great: A towering figure of ancient Greek history, Alexander the Great is said to have come close to conquering the civilized world. The son of King Phillip II of Macedon, Alexander was educated by the philosopher Aristotle and first led troops at age 18. After his father's death he whipped the superpower Persians and conquered much of the civilized world. He died suddenly at age 33 after a bout of heavy drinking; some suggest he was poisoned, though no cause of death has ever been proved.
### Rhetoric Devices:
Parenthesis, a final form of hyperbaton, consists of a word, phrase, or whole sentence inserted as an aside in the middle of another sentence:
?But the new calculations--and here we see the value of relying upon up-to-date information--showed that man-powered flight was possible with this design.
?Every time I try to think of a good rhetorical example, I rack my brains but--you guessed--nothing happens.
?As the earthy portion has its origin from earth, the watery from a different element, my breath from one source and my hot and fiery parts from another of their own elsewhere (for nothing comes from nothing, or can return to nothing), so too there must be an origin for the mind. --Marcus Aurelius
?But in whatever respect anyone else is bold (I speak in foolishness), I am just as bold myself. --2 Cor. 11:21b (NASB)
The violence involved in jumping into (or out of) the middle of your sentence to address the reader momentarily about something has a pronounced effect. Parenthesis can be circumscribed either by dashes--they are more dramatic and forceful--or by parentheses (to make your aside less stringent). This device creates the effect of extemporaneity and immediacy: you are relating some fact when suddenly something very important arises, or else you cannot resist an instant comment, so you just stop the sentence and the thought you are on right where they are and insert the fact or comment. The parenthetical form also serves to give some statements a context (stuffed right into the middle of another sentence at the most pertinent point) which they would not have if they had to be written as complete sentences following another sentence. Note that in the first example above the bit of moralizing placed into the sentence appears to be more natural and acceptable than if it were stated separately as a kind of moral conclusion, which was not the purpose or drift of the article.
Short Sentences: The unexpected high frequency of occurrence of short sentences can produce direct, terse, concise, clear effect or continuous, compact, swift effect, so that it creates certain atmosphere, and leaves a deep impression on the listeners.
I came, I saw, I conquered.
Here there are three short clauses, which describe generally three long-time processes. The short clauses give the impression that the processes are finished rapidly, thus showing Caesar’s pride and arrogance.
## Para 5
This paragraph elaborates on the third psychological effect produced by property --- pseudo-creativity. The author ironically explains it as the owner’s vague desire to express his personality.
According to the author, the impulses (―I will cut down such tree as remain …, I want to fill up the gaps between them with new trees‖) are ―pretentious and empty‖, since they are based on the belief that property could give rise to creation (―the feeling that in property may lie the germs of self-development and of exquisite or heroic deeds‖).
He tries to justify the material purpose of the owner’s desire ―to do something‖ (―Our life on earth is, and ought to be, material and carnal‖), but he suggests that our materialism and carnality are managed in a wrong way because they are ―entangled with the desire for ownership.‖
5. In the third place，property makes its owner feel that he ought to do something to it. Yet he isn’t sure what. A restlessness comes over him，a vague sense that he has a personality to express —the same sense which，without any vagueness，leads the artist to an act of creation. Sometimes I think I will cut down such trees as remain in the wood，at other times I want to fill up the gaps between them with new trees. Both impulses are pretentious and empty. They are not honest movements towards money-making or beauty. They spring from a foolish desire to express myself and from an inability to enjoy what I have got. Creation，property，enjoyment form sinister trinity in the human mind. Creation and enjoyment are both very，very good，yet they are often unattainable without a material basis，and at such moments property pushes itself in as a substitute，saying，“Accept me instead—I’m good enough for all three.”It is not enough. It is，as Shakespeare said of lust，“The expense of spirit in a waste of shame”：it is“Before，a joy proposed；behind，a dream.”Yet we don’t know how to shun it. It is forced on us by our economic system as the alternative to starvation. It is also forced on us by an internal defect in the soul，by the feeling that in property may lie the germs of self-development and of exquisite or heroic deeds. Our life on earth is，and ought to be，material and carnal. But we have not yet learned to manage our materialism and carnality properly；they are still entangled with the desire for ownership，where（in the words of Dante）“Possession is one with loss.”
### Questions:
1) What is the difference between artist’s restlessness and the impulses of a property owner? There lies a great difference between the two: while artist’s impulse, without any vagueness, leads to an act of creation, the owner’s impulse springs from a vague but foolish desire to express himself and from an inability to enjoy what he has got.
2) How should we interpret the meaning of the two lines from the Shakespearean sonnet --- ―The expense of spirit in a waste of shame‖―Before, a joy proposed; behind, a dream‖? (His surviving works consist of 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and several other poems.)
The first line refers to the destructive effect of lust that leads to the loss of one’s spirit and will, and the second should be read together with the preceding line in the sonnet --- ―A bliss in proof and proved, a very woe,‖. Which means lust is a bliss when it is in proof, but once it is proved, it becomes ―woe‖. Clearly it means that lust appears like a joy to a pursuer, but its fulfillment brings him only a nightmare (dream).
The following is the complete text of the sonnet. Notice that in the last line Shakespeare advises us to ―shun the heaven that leads men to this hell‖, in which ―heaven‖ stands for the joy of lust, and ―hell‖ is the nightmare after the fulfillment of this carnal joy. So by quoting this sonnet, the author is actually advising us to shun the possession of property (which represents heaven) because it will eventually lead us to the hell of so many bad consequences.
Sonnets of William Shakespeare-Sonnet 129
The expense of spirit in a waste of shame
Is lust in action; and till action, lust
Is perjured, murderous, bloody, full of blame, Savage, extreme, rude, cruel, not to trust,
Enjoy'd no sooner but despised straight,
Past reason hunted, and no sooner had
Past reason hated, as a swallow'd bait
On purpose laid to make the taker mad;
Mad in pursuit and in possession so;
Had, having, and in quest to have, extreme;
A bliss in proof, and proved, a very woe; Before, a joy proposed; behind, a dream.
All this the world well knows; yet none knows well
To shun the heaven that leads men to this hell. 把精力消耗在耻辱的沙漠里，
就是色欲在行动；而在行动前，
色欲赌假咒、嗜血、好杀、满身是
罪恶，凶残、粗野、不可靠、走极端；欢乐尚未央，马上就感觉无味：
毫不讲理地追求；可是一到手，
又毫不讲理地厌恶，像是专为
引上钩者发狂而设下的钓钩；
在追求时疯狂，占有时也疯狂；
不管已有、现有、未有，全不放松；感受时，幸福；感受完，无上灾殃；事前，巴望着的欢乐；事后，一场梦。
这一切人共知；但谁也不知怎样
逃避这个引人下地狱的天堂。
### Language Work:
1) They spring from a foolish desire to express myself and from an inability to enjoy what I have got. --- These impulses are the result of a foolish desire to express myself and of a failure to enjoy what I have got.
2) … they are still entangled with the desire for ownership … --- They still cannot get rid of the desire for ownership.
3) ―The expense of spirit in a waste of shame‖ --- The first line of the 129th Shakespearean sonnet. The complete sentence includes the first half of the second line ―Is lust in action‖. It means ―Lust in action is the expense of spirit in the form of a waste of shame.‖
4) ―Before, a joy proposed; behind, a dream.‖ --- This is the twelfth line of same sonnet. There are no punctuation marks in the middle of the line. Presumably E.M. Foster adds the three commas in order to make the meaning clear: The ―lust in action (or sex) is a carnal joy proposed before it takes place, and after that, it becomes a nightmare.
5) in property may lie the germs of self-development ---- there may exist the opportunity for self-improvement in owing property.
6) ―Possession is one with loss.‖ --- Possession and loss are the same thing. They are inseparable. To possess something brings the risk of losing it.
### Background Information:
Dante:An exiled and wandering figure during his writing lifetime, Dante is now considered Italy's greatest poet -- so much a literary giant that he is generally known by his first name alone. The Divine Comedy, by far his most famous work, is the story of a journey through Hell, Purgatory and finally Paradise. (The journey through Hell is often referred to independently as "Dante's Inferno.") In the poem the first two stages are guided by the Roman poet Virgil, and the final visit to Paradise is led by a woman named Beatrice -- a girl Dante met briefly when he was nine and whom he idolized the rest of his life. The Divine Comedy is the source of many famous classical images, inspiring works by William Blake and others, and is famous for its inscription on the gates of Hell: "All hope abandon, ye who enter here."
## Para 6-7
6. And this brings us to our fourth and final point：the blackberries.
7. Blacberries are not plentiful in this meagre grove，but they are easily seen from the public footpath which traverses it，and all too easily gathered. Foxgloves，too—people will pull up the foxgloves，and ladies of an educational tendency even grub for toadstools to show them on the Monday in class. Other ladies，less educated，roll down the bracken in the arms of their gentlemen friends. There is paper，there are tins. Pray，does my wood belong to me or doesn’t it？And，if it does，should I not own it best by allowing no one else to walk there？There is a wood near Lyme Regis，also cursed by a public footpath，where the owner has not hesitated on this point. He had built high stone walls each side of the path，and has spanned it by bridges，so that the public circulate like termites while he gorges on the blackberries unseen. He really does own his wood，this able chap. Dives in Hell did pretty well，but the gulf dividing him from Lazarus could be traversed by vision，and nothing traverses it here. And perhaps I shall come to this in time. I shall wall in and fence out until I really taste the sweets of property. Enormously stout，endlessly avaricious，pseudo-creative，intensely selfish，I shall weave upon my forehead the quadruple crown of possession until those nasty Bolshies come and take it off again and thrust me aside into the outer darkness.
### Analysis:
On the surface ―the blackberries‖stands for anything that is within the boundary of one’s property. The author uses it here as a symbol of the intense selfishness of the owner due to his haunting desire and painstaking efforts to keep everything to himself.
At the end of the essay the author summarizes the four effects of owning property as ―enormously stout, endlessly avaricious, pseudo-creative, intensely selfish.‖
1) ―… ladies of an educational tendency‖ --- educated ladies who are good at teaching children.
2) ―Other ladies, less educated, roll down …‖ --- Other less educated ladies embraced by men roll down on the grass (the bracken) for fun.
3) ―Dives in Hell did pretty well, but the gulf dividing him from Lazarus could be traversed by vision, and nothing traverses it here.‖ --- The story of Dives and Lazarus is cited from the Bible. It
is also known as "The Rich Man and the Beggar Lazarus." The wealthy man is traditionally called "Dives", after the Latin word for "rich man".
There was a rich man who was dressed in purple and fine linen and lived in luxury every day. At his gate was laid a beggar named Lazarus, covered with sores and longing to eat what fell from the rich man's table. Even the dogs came and licked his sores.
The time came when the beggar died and the angels carried him to Abraham's Side. The rich man also died and was buried. In Hell, where he was in torment, he looked up and saw Abraham far away, with Lazarus by his side. So he called to him, 'Father Abraham, have pity on me and send Lazarus to dip the tip of his finger in water and cool my tongue, because I am in agony in this fire.'
But Abraham replied, 'Son, remember that in your lifetime you received your good things, while Lazarus received bad things, but now he is comforted here and you are in agony. And besides all this, between us and you a great chasm has been fixed, so that those who want to go from here to you cannot, nor can anyone cross over from there to us.'
He answered, 'Then I beg you, father, send Lazarus to my father's house, for I have five brothers. Let him warn them, so that they will not also come to this place of torment.'
Abraham replied, 'They have Moses and the Prophets; let them listen to them.'
'No, Father Abraham,' he said, 'but if someone from the dead goes to them, they will repent.' He said to him, 'If they do not listen to Moses and the Prophets, they will not be convinced even if someone rises from the dead.'
Here the author means that Lazarus and Dives could at least see each other, but man who had built high stone walls did not even allow others to see his property. This example shows ―the intensely selfish‖ character of the owner who wanted to ―taste the sweets of property‖ alone.
### Question:
What does the author mean by ―I shall weave upon my forehead the quadruple crown of possession‖?
He means that he will fully enjoy the possession of property and bear all the four consequences until …
### Language Work:
1) There is a wood near Lyme Regis, also cursed by a public footpath … ---- There is a wood near Lyme Regis, which is also undesirably traversed by a public footpath.
2) He had built high stone walls on each side of the path, and has spanned it by bridges, so that the public circulate like termites while he gorges on the blackberries unseen. ---- He had built high stone walls on each side of the path, and also built bridges between the two sides, so that while other people are walking under the bridges like white ants, he can enjoy his blackberries alone without being seen.
3) And perhaps I shall come to this in time. ---- And perhaps I shall behave just like that before it is too late.
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看完电视，我躺在床上，久久不能入睡。望着那轮( )jiǎo jié的圆月，我好像乘着飞机，飞到了美丽的台湾省。在飞机上我俯视全岛，它真像一座美丽的海上公园。接着，飞机降落在台湾岛东部，这里大部分是山地。远远望去，有险峻的奇峰、悬崖，飞奔的急流、瀑布，平静的湖泊，茂密的森林，景色优美。 台湾岛上还有世界闻名的游览区——日月潭。于是我（）mù míng前去，饱览那( )hú guāng shān sè。我坐在汽车里，看到重峦叠嶂，潭水碧蓝，波光如镜，朵朵白云在翠峰山间飘浮。当夕阳把最后的余辉射向湖面时，日月潭烟霞四起，轻纱般的薄雾在湖面上飘来荡去，我( )táo zuì在这美丽的景色之中。 我又来到了台湾西部平原我了解到这里盛产甘蔗水稻还有香蕉菠萝桔子等随后我又赶往北部海边参观了著名的海港——基隆这里拥有多种矿产资源和水产资源看到这一切我心里情不自禁地赞叹道台湾真是名不虚传的宝岛“喵——”小花猫一声叫唤，把我从美丽的幻境中唤醒过来，但我的思绪久久不能平静。为了祖国的统一大业，为了让宝岛早日回到祖国的怀抱，我要贡献一份力量！ 夜更深了，中秋节之夜的月亮更圆更亮了。我想：此时台湾的少年朋友也在月光之下神游祖国的大陆吧。我相信，总有一天，海峡两岸的人民会团聚在一起，祖国一定会统一的。我怀着这美好的愿望进入甜蜜的梦乡。 1．根据拼音填空。 2．请给第四自然段加上标点。 3．积累词语。 （）的悬崖（）的瀑布（）的湖泊（）的森林 4．联系课文，理解词语。 慕名： 名不虚传： 5．短文主要讲了一件什么事？表达了作者怎样的思想感情？
难忘的小树林作文600字(高分作文)
难忘的小树林作文600字 “沿着校园熟悉的小路，清晨来到树下读书，初升的太阳照在脸上，也照在身旁的这棵小树……”伴随着这优美的旋律，我来到了我最喜欢的学校小树林。 春姑娘迈着轻盈的脚步，来到了我们校园。一瞬间，树上的冰融化了，春回大地。一棵棵小树，抽出又细又长的枝条，像有人把它们打磨过的一样，上面长出来的枝叉密密层层，看也看不清，数也数不完。树枝脱下光秃秃棉袄，穿上了绿油油的衬衫。那密密层层的枝丫冒出了许多嫩绿的小叶子，那每一片小叶子好像是闪耀的宝石一样。 性格火爆的夏叔叔来了。柳树的叶子比以前更大了，更加翠绿，更加茂密。真是“碧玉妆成一树高，万条垂下绿丝绦。”知了在树上不停地叫“知了——知了——”好像在说：“这天气太热了，太热了。”夏天中午时，太阳炙烤着大地，同学们不约而同跑到小树林里玩耍。柳树好像一把撑开的巨伞，为大家带来了片片阴凉，大家在树底下玩游戏，看书。偶尔一阵风吹来，柳树翩翩起舞，为大家跳上了一段婀娜多姿的舞蹈。 秋哥哥心急如焚地跑来了。秋哥哥带起了的微风吹起落叶，一下子许多落叶被吹到空中，形成了一片“叶海”。叶子的颜色真多，我眼花缭乱，都不知道要选哪片叶子做标本了。有金黄色的，有深红色的，有的一半黄一半红的，还有的黄里带绿的。真是美不胜收！ 冬爷爷气势汹汹地来到了校园。因为冬爷爷感冒了，天气变得好冷啊。“呼——呼——”刺骨的寒风吹得树木们都瑟瑟发抖。突然一场鹅毛大雪飘落下来。小树林变得银装素裹。同学们打雪仗、堆雪人，玩得开心极了。片片晶莹的雪花飘落下来，落在脸上冰凉冰凉的，舒服极了。 我爱这美丽的校园风光，也爱那带来欢乐的鹅毛大雪，但永远最爱的却是那片小树林。
LZ77压缩算法实验报告
LZ77压缩算法实验报告 一、实验内容 使用C++编程实现LZ77压缩算法的实现。 二、实验目的 用LZ77实现文件的压缩。 三、实验环境 1、软件环境：Visual C++ 6.0 2、编程语言：C++ 四、实验原理 LZ77 算法在某种意义上又可以称为“滑动窗口压缩”，这是由于该算法将一个虚拟的，可以跟随压缩进程滑动的窗口作为术语字典，要压缩的字符串如果在该窗口中出现，则输出其出现位置和长度。使用固定大小窗口进行术语匹配，而不是在所有已经编码的信息中匹配，是因为匹配算法的时间消耗往往很多，必须限制字典的大小才能保证算法的效率；随着压缩的进程滑动字典窗口，使其中总包含最近编码过的信息，是因为对大多数信息而言，要编码的字符串往往在最近的上下文中更容易找到匹配串。 五、LZ77算法的基本流程 1、从当前压缩位置开始，考察未编码的数据，并试图在滑动窗口中找出最长的匹 配字符串，如果找到，则进行步骤2，否则进行步骤3。 2、输出三元符号组( off, len, c )。其中off 为窗口中匹
配字符串相对窗口边 界的偏移，len 为可匹配的长度，c 为下一个字符。然后将窗口向后滑动len + 1 个字符，继续步骤1。 3、输出三元符号组( 0, 0, c )。其中c 为下一个字符。然后将窗口向后滑动 len + 1 个字符，继续步骤1。 六、源程序 /********************************************************************* * * Project description: * Lz77 compression/decompression algorithm. * *********************************************************************/ #include 一年级 阅读短文，回答问题。 画 远看（）有色， 近听（）无声。 春去（）还在， 人来（）不惊。 1、把诗中的空补齐。 2．写出反义词。 有（）远（）来（） 一年级答案： 1.山水花鸟 2.无近去 二年级 阅读短文，回答问题。 一棵树·一座桥 一棵大树，享受着雨露的滋润，与鸟儿一起欢乐成长。 大树的不远处，有一条小河。河虽小，但水很深。涨水时，人们过河非常危险，曾经有一个小孩儿被洪水冲走。 两个行人在大树下议论，一个说：“如果河上有一座桥，那该多好！” 另一个说：“是啊，这样大家过河就方便、安全了。” 大树沉思了一下，说：“你们把我砍下来，做成一座桥吧。” 于是，大树被锯倒了，架成了一座桥。 从此，人们过河再也不用担惊受怕了。 鸟儿飞到桥上，问：“以前，你做大树的时候生活多好，现在为什么要做桥呢？” 桥说：“我虽然不能再长，但看到能帮助那么多人，就感到自己的人生非常有价值。” 鸟儿说：“为了帮助别人，就应该牺牲自己的快乐吗？” 桥说：“帮助了别人，其实我也得到了快乐！” 1.在文中找出下面词语的近义词。 深思（）心惊胆战（） 2.通过读文，我们知道在帮助人的问题上， 小鸟认为： 大树认为： 3. 联系短文谈谈你对“帮助了别人，其实我也得到了快乐！”的理解。 二年级答案： 1.沉思、担惊受怕 2.小鸟：为了帮助别人，不应该牺牲自己的快乐。大树：帮助了别人，就得到了快乐。 3.这是大树的做人态度，能帮助别人就是它最大的快乐。 三年级 梅的花瓣多为五片，所以梅花又叫“ 梅花象征着快乐、幸福、长寿、顺利、和平。③梅花的美，不在一朵，而在一群。她盛开时，一团团一簇簇，缀满枝头，给人以温暖的感觉。深冬初春时赏梅，会有一种热烈的气氛，让人感觉不到天气的冷峭。她那不畏严寒、傲霜斗雪的精神及清雅高洁的形象，向来为中国人尊崇。④人们还把梅花与挺拔的松树、秀丽的翠竹并称为“岁寒三友”。⑤我国画家历来喜欢画梅，但要画好并不易，因为“画梅须具梅气骨，人与梅花一样清”。 1、填空。 ①梅、兰、菊、竹并称为“________”。 ②梅花又叫“________”，象征着快乐、________、________、________、________。 ③人们把梅花、松树、翠竹并称为“________”。 2、短文第③段的主要意思是什么？请写在下面。 3、为什么说要画好梅花并不容易？（用原文的话回答） 实验名称：LZSS压缩算法实验报告 一、实验内容 使用Visual 6..0 C++编程实现LZ77压缩算法。 二、实验目的 用LZSS实现文件的压缩。 三、实验原理 LZSS压缩算法是词典编码无损压缩技术的一种。LZSS压缩算法的字典模型使用了自适应的方式，也就是说，将已经编码过的信息作为字典， 四、实验环境 1、软件环境：Visual C++ 6.0 2、编程语言：C++ 五、实验代码 #include -- need byte-swap function for big endian CPU */ #define READ_LE32(X) *(uint32_t *)(X) #define WRITE_LE32(X,Y) *(uint32_t *)(X) = (Y) /* this assumes sizeof(long)==4 */ typedef unsigned long uint32_t; /* text (input) size counter, code (output) size counter, and counter for reporting progress every 1K bytes */ static unsigned long g_text_size, g_code_size, g_print_count; /* ring buffer of size N, with extra F-1 bytes to facilitate string comparison */ static unsigned char g_ring_buffer[N + F - 1]; /* position and length of longest match; set by insert_node() */ static unsigned g_match_pos, g_match_len; /* left & right children & parent -- these constitute binary search tree */ static unsigned g_left_child[N + 1], g_right_child[N + 257], g_parent[N + 1]; /* input & output files */ static FILE *g_infile, *g_outfile; /***************************************************************************** initialize trees *****************************************************************************/ static void init_tree(void) { unsigned i; /* For i = 0 to N - 1, g_right_child[i] and g_left_child[i] will be the right and left children of node i. These nodes need not be initialized. Also, g_parent[i] is the parent of node i. These are initialized to NIL (= N), which stands for 'not used.' For i = 0 to 255, g_right_child[N + i + 1] is the root of the tree for strings that begin with character i. These are initialized to NIL. Note there are 256 trees. */ for(i = N + 1; i <= N + 256; i++) g_right_child[i] = NIL; for(i = 0; i < N; i++) g_parent[i] = NIL; } /***************************************************************************** Inserts string of length F, g_ring_buffer[r..r+F-1], into one of the trees (g_ring_buffer[r]'th tree) and returns the longest-match position and length via the global variables g_match_pos and g_match_len. If g_match_len = F, then removes the old node in favor of the new one, because the old one will be deleted sooner. 黑暗森林(节选) 刘慈欣 随着天光渐明，星星在一颗颗消失，仿佛无数只眼睛渐次闭上；而东方正在亮起的晨空，则像一只巨大的眼睛在慢慢睁开。蚂蚁继续在墓碑上攀爬着，穿行在名字构成的迷宫中。早在这个靠碑而立的豪赌者出现前的一亿年，它的种族已经生活在地球上，这个世界有它的一份，但对正在发生的事，它并不在意。 罗辑离开墓碑，站到他为自己挖掘的墓穴旁，将手枪顶到自己的心脏位置，说：“现在，我将让自己的心脏停止跳动，与此同时我也将成为两个世界有史以来最大的罪犯。对于所犯下的罪行，我对两个文明表示深深的歉意，但不会忏悔，因为这是唯一的选择。我知道智子就在身边，但你们对人类的呼唤从不理睬，无言是最大的轻蔑，我们忍受这种轻蔑已经两个世纪了，现在，如果你们愿意，可以继续保持沉默，我只给你们三十秒钟时间。”罗辑按照自己的心跳来计时，由于现在心跳很急促。他把两次算一秒钟，在极度的紧张中他一开始就数错了，只好从头数起，所以当智子出现时他并不能确定到底过了多少时间，客观时间大约流逝了不到十秒钟，主观时间长得像一生。 这时他看到世界在眼前分成了四份，一份是周围的现实世界，另外三份是变形的映像。映像来自他前上方突然出现的三个球体，它们都有着全反射的镜面，就像他在最后一个梦中见到的墓碑那样。他不知道这是智子的几维展开，那三个球体都很大，在他的前方遮住了半个天空，挡住了正在亮起来的东方天际，在球体中映出的西方天空中他看到了几颗残星，球体下方映着变形的墓地和自己，三个球体上都出现了两个相同的字：住手！ “我可以谈谈条件吗？”罗辑仰头看着三个球体问。 你先把枪放下，然后我们可以谈判。 这些字仍是在三个球体上同时显示的，字迹发出红色的光芒，极其醒目，罗辑看到字行在球体上没有变形，是整齐的一行，以至于看上去既像在球体表面，又像在它们的内部，他提醒自己，这是在看高维空间在三维世界中的投影。 “这不是谈判，是我继续活下去的要求，我只希望知道你们答应还是不答应。” 说出你的要求。 “让水滴，或者说探测器，停止向太阳发射电波。” 已经按你说的做了。 球体的回答快得出乎预料，罗辑现在并没有什么办法去核实，但他感到周围的空间有了一些微妙的变化，就像某种因持续存在而不为人察觉的背景音消失了，当然，这也许是幻觉，人是感觉不到电磁辐射的。 “让正在向太阳系行进的九个水滴立刻改变航向，飞离太阳系。” 这一次三个球体的回答稍微延迟了几秒钟。 已经按你说的做了。 “请给人类核实的手段。” 九个探测器都将发出可见光，你们的林格一斐兹罗望远镜就能观测到它们．， 罗辑仍然不可能核实这些，但这个时候，他相信三体世界。 “最后一个条件：三体舰队不得越过奥尔特星云。” 舰队现在已处于最大的减速推进功率，不可能在奥尔特星云外侧把与太阳的相对速度减到零。 “那就像水滴编队一样转向，使航线偏离太阳系。” 向哪个方向转向都是死路，这样会使舰队掠过太阳系进入荒凉太空，到时，无论是返回三体世界，还是寻找其他可生存星系都要相当长的时间，舰队生态循环系统维持不了那么长时间。 小树林作文（精选17篇） 小树林作文（精选17篇） 在生活、工作和学习中，大家都写过作文，肯定对各类作文都很熟悉吧，作文是通过文字来表达一个主题意义的记叙方法。那要怎么写好作文呢？下面是小编为大家整理的小树林作文（精选17篇），仅供参考，欢迎大家阅读。 小树林作文1在我的家乡，有一条小河，向着它流水的方向走几十米，就能看见一片树林。 春天，树枝上拔出了嫩绿色的小芽，小鸟会在几个树杈上搭起自己的窝。渐渐地，叶子越来越大，阳光透过叶子，照耀在小朋友的脸上。哦！对了！这些小朋友常常在树下捉迷藏，采花，他们玩得不亦乐乎！ 夏天，叶子从原来可爱的嫩绿色变成了成熟的深绿色，像一颗又一颗绿宝石。每当阳光穿过，叶子光闪闪的，焕发出了诱人的光彩。有时，走进树林深处，会看见一只又一只的小可爱——松鼠，他们又蹦又跳，在树上寻找松果。有两只松鼠共同找到了一颗松果，都不敢示弱地冲过去争取食物。最终，较小的一只被打败了。这场景逗的我和旁边的小 朋友哈哈大笑。 秋天叶子变成了金色，落在了地上。不仔细看，还以为天上掉下了满地黄金。后来，叶子又变成了红色。在红叶飘落的过程中，你会发现这片叶子好像一只在翩翩起舞的蝴蝶。我和一群小朋友拾落叶，把叶子带回家做书签，体验做书签的乐趣。 冬天，叶子都掉光了，雪花给树盖上了一层棉被。有些星星点点的小雪片点缀在枝桠，让人感觉可爱又优雅。这时，我和小朋友们打起了雪仗，我们疯玩了一整个下午。 小树林的四季，记忆着小朋友的快乐童年。小树林，我会永远记得在树下陪你度过的美好时光！ 小树林作文2这是一片美丽的小树林。 秋天的天空是那么的湛蓝、透亮，好像用清水洗过的蓝宝石一样。云儿有的像可爱的小白兔，有的像美味的冰淇淋，还有的像老爷爷的白胡子……大雁“嘎嘎”地叫着，一会儿排成“人”字形，一会儿排成“一”字形，有秩序地向南飞去。 远处，是层层叠叠、连绵起伏的山峦，一山绿，一山青，一山浓，一山淡，真像一条卧龙卧在地上，又像海面上的波浪不断涌来。 近处的小树林更加热闹非凡。树林参差不齐，有的高到了白云里，像是树林的保护神；有的矮的只有一米多高，像是树林的子孙后代。树叶的颜色五彩缤纷。红的似火，黄的 多媒体数据压缩实验报告 篇一：多媒体实验报告_文件压缩 课程设计报告 实验题目：文件压缩程序 姓名：指导教师：学院：计算机学院专业：计算机科学与技术学号： 提交报告时间：20年月日 四川大学 一，需求分析： 有两种形式的重复存在于计算机数据中，文件压缩程序就是对这两种重复进行了压 缩。 一种是短语形式的重复，即三个字节以上的重复，对于这种重复，压缩程序用两个数字：1.重复位置距当前压缩位置的距离；2.重复的长度，来表示这个重复，假设这两个数字各占一个字节，于是数据便得到了压缩。 第二种重复为单字节的重复，一个字节只有256种可能的取值，所以这种重复是必然的。给 256 种字节取值重新编码，使出现较多的字节使用较短的编码，出现较少的字节使用较长的编码，这样一来，变短的字节相对于变长的字节更多，文件的总长度就会减少，并且，字节使用比例越不均 匀，压缩比例就越大。 编码式压缩必须在短语式压缩之后进行，因为编码式压缩后，原先八位二进制值的字节就被破坏了，这样文件中短语式重复的倾向也会被破坏（除非先进行解码）。另外，短语式压缩后的结果：那些剩下的未被匹配的单、双字节和得到匹配的距离、长度值仍然具有取值分布不均匀性，因此，两种压缩方式的顺序不能变。 本程序设计只做了编码式压缩，采用Huffman编码进行压缩和解压缩。Huffman编码是一种可变长编码方式，是二叉树的一种特殊转化形式。编码的原理是：将使用次数多的代码转换成长度较短的代码，而使用次数少的可以使用较长的编码，并且保持编码的唯一可解性。根据 ascii 码文件中各 ascii 字符出现的频率情况创建 Huffman 树，再将各字符对应的哈夫曼编码写入文件中。同时，亦可根据对应的哈夫曼树，将哈夫曼编码文件解压成字符文件. 一、概要设计： 压缩过程的实现: 压缩过程的流程是清晰而简单的: 1. 创建 Huffman 树 2. 打开需压缩文件 3. 将需压缩文件中的每个 ascii 码对应的 huffman 编码按 bit 单位输出生成压缩文件压缩结束。 中考语文试题 温馨提示： 1.你拿到的试卷满分为150分（其中卷面书写占5分），你要在150分钟内答完所有的题目。 2.试卷包括“试题卷”和“答题卷”两部分。请务必在“答题卷”上答题，在“试题卷”上答题 是无效的。 3.答题过程中，你可以随时使用你所带的《新华字典》。 4.考试结束后，请将“试题卷”和“答题卷”一并交回。 一、语文积累与综合运用（35分） 1.默写古诗文中的名句名篇。（10分） （1）补写出下列名句中的上句或下句。 ①遥看是君家，。（《十五从军征》） ②，不求闻达于诸侯。（诸葛亮《出师表》） ③乱花渐欲迷人眼，。（白居易《钱塘湖春行》） ④，自将磨洗认前朝。（杜牧《赤壁》） ⑤何处望神州。（辛弃疾《南乡子·登京口北固亭有怀》） ⑥，英雄末路当磨折。（秋瑾《满江红》） （2）根据提示写出相应的句子。 ①《登幽州台歌》中写诗人孤单悲苦的心绪的诗句是：。 ②《爱莲说》中直接点明莲花形象的句子是：。 2.阅读下面文字，完成（1）～（4）题。（9分） 小型蚁筑巢，将湿rùn的土粒吐在巢口，垒成酒盅状、灶台状、坟冢状、城堡状和蔬松的蜂房状，高sǒng在地面；中型蚁的巢口，土粒散得均匀美观，围成喇叭口或泉心的形状，仿佛大地开放的一枝黑色花朵；大型蚁筑巢像北方人的举止，随便、粗略、不拘细节，它们将颗粒远远地衔到什么地方，任意一丢，就像大步奔走撒种的农夫。 （1）给加点字注音，根据拼音写出相应的汉字。 湿rùn（）酒盅（）高sǒng（） （2）文中有错别字的一个词是“”，正确的写法是“”。 （3）“不拘细节”中“拘”的意思是（） A.逮捕或扣押 B.拘束，不变通 C.限，限制 （4）将文中的画线句改为反问句，不得改变原意。 3.运用课外阅读积累的知识，完成（1）～（2）题。（4分） （1）下列关于课外名著的说法有误的一项是（） A.《海底两万里》中，尼摩船长等人在印度洋的采珠场和鲨鱼展开过搏斗，捕鲸手尼德·兰 手刃了一条凶恶的巨鲨。 B.《水浒传》中，鲁智深在东京相国寺看守菜园子，倒拔垂杨柳，制服常来滋事的泼皮无赖。之 前他还大闹野猪林，救了林冲。 C.《红岩》中，成岗在印刷《挺进报》时被抓，千钧一发之际将扫帚挂在窗口为同志们传递危险 信号，保卫了党组织。 D.《骆驼祥子》中，祥子在曹先生家拉包月，不小心碰坏了车子，摔了曹先生，祥子提出 用工钱做赔偿，但曹先生并没有扣他的钱。 （2）名著中的主要人物，往往身上凝聚着可贵的品质。从下列人物中任选一个，结合相关情节进行分析。 A.阿长 B.保尔·柯察金 C.简·爱 4.育才中学在（2）班同学开展“合理饮食与健康体质”的专题实践活动。活动中有一些问题，请你参与解决。（12分） （1）为了给同学们普及正确的健康饮食知识，班委准备邀请营养师王娟女士在6月10日下午3点来班级做讲座，请你代班委写一封邀请函。 （2）请你仔细观察下面的统计图和漫画，写出两条探究结论。 校园的小树林 校园一角索浩宇 小树林是我们学校的特色。 春天树木长出新芽，一个个生机勃勃都穿上了绿色的新衣，草地上的小花红似火,白的似雪，黄的灿烂……引来了蜜蜂和蝴蝶在花丛中翩翩起舞。春风吹来，小树苗，花儿和小草摇晃起来。一阵花的香气，草的清香，扑鼻而来，让人神清气爽?小鸟也叽叽喳喳地唱起了歌来，热闹极了。 夏天,叶子长得枝繁叶茂，差一点就要遮住了蓝天，阳光从缝隙照射在地面上，站在树林底下，就能感觉到清凉，到了晚上就能听到吱吱的声音，原来是树林中唱歌的知了。 秋天，落叶在林间飞舞，还没等落叶落下来，就又被秋风吹了起来，最后地上还是铺上了一层金黄的地毯，踩上去“咯吱”作响。 冬天，树木枯萎了，一个个死气沉沉，像没睡醒，“哗”的一声雪从树上掉了下来发出“咚”的一声，同学们在小树林里穿梭嬉戏，不远处有小朋友们欢声笑语，打雪仗的热闹声一下子涌了出来。一把把雪拿在手里，瞬间就在手心里融化了，冰凉感也从手心传来。 我爱学校，更爱校园一角的小树林。 指导老师：袁红芳 点评:本文按照时间顺序，按四季交替顺序描写了校园的小树林，其间运用了比喻拟人的修辞手法，描写生动形象，语句优美通顺，结 构完整，首尾相互呼应，共同点明中心。校园的一景孙欣悦我们的代家湾小学风景优美，有高大挺拔的松树,有美丽而又耀眼的花坛,但我最喜欢的就是“小树林”了。 春姑娘迈着轻盈的步伐来到了人间，在这时，小树林里的桃树、柳树、梧桐树都苏醒了。桃花盛开了，花瓣由五片组成,花瓣粉扑扑的,躲在叶子下面害羞得像小姑娘一样,美极了!还有那梧桐花,也是相当的美了。紫色的，像极了喇叭花，听别人说，那是紫荆，可以吸出蜜，甜甜的。柳树的花长出来了，叫“柳絮”。远看是一个个的棉花，好不可爱。 夏天,那些小草连成一片,绿草如茵，像一块绿地毯。还有小野花，有红的,黄的，紫的各种各样。吸引来了蜜蜂，蝴蝶。蝴蝶在空中翩翩起舞,好像在与花比舞。还有那像铃铛一样的梧桐花,叮铃铃…… 秋天更是无比的开心，那枫叶落了下来,在翩翩起舞,有的像小手掌，有的像小裙子，还有的像花朵。我们踩着枫叶发出“吱吱”的声音,我们把枫叶仔细地扫进土壤中,给土壤加点肥料,让它们明年开的更加美丽! 冬天,积雪积在树上，远看白茫茫的，我们拾起起雪花，向别人身上扔去,做游戏。一缕阳光照在积雪上，雪融化了，但由于天气凉,又凝固在树上，形成冰雕，我们摘树上的冰雕当宝剑，可好玩了。 我爱我的校园，我更爱小树林! 价值工程 置，是一项十分有意义的工作。另外恶意代码的检测和分析是一个长期的过程，应对其新的特征和发展趋势作进一步研究，建立完善的分析库。 参考文献： [1]CNCERT/CC.https://www.wendangku.net/doc/d114421547.html,/publish/main/46/index.html. 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[8]IDIKA N,MATHUR A P.A Survey of Malware Detection Techniques [R].Tehnical Report,Department of Computer Science,Purdue University,2007. 0引言 现有的压缩算法有很多种，但是都存在一定的局限性，比如：LZw [1]。主要是针对数据量较大的图像之类的进行压缩，不适合对简单报文的压缩。比如说，传输中有长度限制的数据，而实际传输的数据大于限制传输的数据长度，总体数据长度在100字节左右，此时使用一些流行算法反而达不到压缩的目的，甚至增大数据的长度。本文假设该批数据为纯数字数据，实现压缩并解压缩算法。 1数据压缩概念 数据压缩是指在不丢失信息的前提下，缩减数据量以减少存储空间，提高其传输、存储和处理效率的一种技术方法。或按照一定的算法对数据进行重新组织，减少数据的冗余和存储的空间。常用的压缩方式[2,3]有统计编码、预测编码、变换编码和混合编码等。统计编码包含哈夫曼编码、算术编码、游程编码、字典编码等。 2常见几种压缩算法的比较2.1霍夫曼编码压缩[4]：也是一种常用的压缩方法。其基本原理是频繁使用的数据用较短的代码代替，很少使用 的数据用较长的代码代替，每个数据的代码各不相同。这些代码都是二进制码，且码的长度是可变的。 2.2LZW 压缩方法[5,6]：LZW 压缩技术比其它大多数压缩技术都复杂，压缩效率也较高。其基本原理是把每一个第一次出现的字符串用一个数值来编码，在还原程序中再将这个数值还成原来的字符串，如用数值0x100代替字符串ccddeee"这样每当出现该字符串时，都用0x100代替，起到了压缩的作用。 3简单报文数据压缩算法及实现 3.1算法的基本思想数字0-9在内存中占用的位最 大为4bit ， 而一个字节有8个bit ，显然一个字节至少可以保存两个数字，而一个字符型的数字在内存中是占用一个字节的，那么就可以实现2:1的压缩，压缩算法有几种，比如，一个自己的高四位保存一个数字，低四位保存另外一个数字，或者，一组数字字符可以转换为一个n 字节的数值。N 为C 语言某种数值类型的所占的字节长度，本文讨论后一种算法的实现。 3.2算法步骤 ①确定一种C 语言的数值类型。 —————————————————————— —作者简介：安建梅（1981-），女，山西忻州人，助理实验室，研究方 向为软件开发与软交换技术；季松华（1978-），男，江苏 南通人，高级软件工程师，研究方向为软件开发。 数据快速压缩算法的研究以及C 语言实现 The Study of Data Compression and Encryption Algorithm and Realization with C Language 安建梅①AN Jian-mei ；季松华②JI Song-hua （①重庆文理学院软件工程学院，永川402160；②中信网络科技股份有限公司，重庆400000）（①The Software Engineering Institute of Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences ，Chongqing 402160，China ； ②CITIC Application Service Provider Co.，Ltd.，Chongqing 400000，China ） 摘要：压缩算法有很多种，但是对需要压缩到一定长度的简单的报文进行处理时，现有的算法不仅达不到目的，并且变得复杂， 本文针对目前一些企业的需要，实现了对简单报文的压缩加密，此算法不仅可以快速对几十上百位的数据进行压缩，而且通过不断 的优化，解决了由于各种情况引发的解密错误，在解密的过程中不会出现任何差错。 Abstract:Although,there are many kinds of compression algorithm,the need for encryption and compression of a length of a simple message processing,the existing algorithm is not only counterproductive,but also complicated.To some enterprises need,this paper realizes the simple message of compression and encryption.This algorithm can not only fast for tens of hundreds of data compression,but also,solve the various conditions triggered by decryption errors through continuous optimization;therefore,the decryption process does not appear in any error. 关键词：压缩；解压缩；数字字符；简单报文Key words:compression ；decompression ；encryption ；message 中图分类号：TP39文献标识码：A 文章编号：1006-4311（2012）35-0192-02 ·192· 五年级阅读理解 （一）不幸的地球 这颗绝对美丽、闪烁着蔚蓝色光泽的球体，就是人类的家。然而不幸的是，我们生存的这个地球，这个家，却变得越来越肮脏，空气、海洋、森林，整个地球环境全面恶化，人们已称我们的地球为“不幸的地球”，人类“不幸的家”。 地球的不幸在于它原有的占陆地三分之二的76亿公顷森林，到20世纪80年代已不足28亿公顷，并且还在以每年180 0万公顷的速度从地球上消失！森林大面积被毁，自然就大大地降低了地球对空气的净化作用。目前全世界约有9亿以上的人生活在对健康十分有害的环境中。 地球的不幸还在于全世界每年要产生3．3亿吨有害废物，排放200万吨铅、 7800吨砷、11000吨汞、5500吨镉到大气层中，严重污染了空气，以至于现在南极上空的臭氧空洞越来越大，温室效应也日益（）。 地球的不幸更在于人们不仅污染了陆地。天空，还污染了海洋。每年人们要从船舶倾倒600万吨废物到大海，从船上扔下500万个塑料集装箱，漏油40万吨；目前地球上已有10％的监测河流受污染，70%的人使用不到安全的食用水，水源污染已成为人类健康的大敌。 从森林被大面积砍伐，到水资源被污染，这一切人类都被追究为罪魁祸首，这就是地球的最大不幸——人满为患！生态学家、科学家们指出：地球最多只能养活80亿人口，而到本世纪末，世界人口将达到102亿，到2500年，地球上每一平方米土地上就有一个人！ 偏偏地球又只是茫茫宇宙中人类唯一适合生存的孤岛！ 我们的地球是那样的伟大而美丽，又是那样的微小和脆弱，请告诉地球上所有的人们，只有我们的地球是温暖的、有生命的，请好好地（）地球，珍惜地球！（本文有删减） 1.选择恰当的词填入括号内。 2.写出下列词语的反义词。 温暖——（）脆弱——（） 3.文中主要运用了哪些说明方法？请你简要说明其表达作用。 4.请你为“保护地球”写一则宣传语。 （二） 红树林（节选） 那是一个风和日丽的初春，我在海南岛琼山碰到海上奇观。 正是涨潮的时候，一片密密麻麻的红树林浸没在海水里，露出一顶顶青翠的树冠，浮荡在海浪之中。一会儿潮退了，红树带着海泥芳馨的枝条和婀娜的身躯出现在海滩上。啊，我的眼前变成了一片绚丽多姿的世界。海风吹来，绿浪翻滚，欢迎我这来自北国的远客。 我乘着小船，慢慢划进红树林深处。这简直是一个海上的世外桃源，一个神秘的植物天地。一株株红树纵横交错，褐红色的树干弯弯曲曲，盘根错节，形成一座座立体栅栏，支撑着 学校的小树林作文5篇 （575 字） 我们的学校真美，我觉得最美的还是那教学楼后面的小树林。 小树林里绿树成阴，墙上的爬山虎也生机勃勃；它们一顺朝下，像小姑娘的辫子，几乎不留一点空隙。小树林里有很多树;有芒果树。塔松。榕树。还有一些叫不出名子的树木。 春天，许多树都发出了嫩嫩的新芽，那些小嫩芽绿的 那么新鲜。春天的小树林真绿呀，远远看去就像绿色的屏障，这里是小鸟的乐园。展露着春天的勃勃生机。有时我们到小树林里玩，一阵阵微风吹来，小鸟受到惊吓，从一棵树飞到另一棵树，兴奋的唱起歌来，那声音委婉动听, 使人着迷。 夏天，树木都长得枝繁叶茂，仰起头几乎看不见蓝天, 看见 得只是那绿绿的树叶。上体育课时我们都很热，但一走进小树林，夏天的酷暑不见了，小树林就像一台天然空调，给我们送来了凉爽。我们在小树林里玩，烈日只能投下星星点点的光斑，夏天的小树林是我们小朋友的乐园。 秋天迈着轻盈的步子走来了，小树林里多了几分寒意。秋风袭来，那些落叶飘飘洒洒，像一只只黄蝴蝶似的飞舞下来，把小树林的 地面铺成金黄色的地毯，但是塔松还是绿的，他是那么高大，那样挺拔，像一个强壮的巨人更像一座绿色的宝塔。秋天过去了冬天来到了，我们又走进小树林。小树林没有了光彩，一走进去冷的会让你微微发抖。冬天的小树林虽然没有了生机，但里面的落叶真多呀，它给小动物提供了温暖的棉被。冬天是小动物温暖的家。 我爱我得学校，更爱那一片绿绿的小树林。 学校的小树林作文二：学校的小树林（369字） 在我们班的窗外有一片不起眼的小树林，它们每天都默默地陪着我们过着喜怒哀乐的生活。这片小树林生长在学校大门的右边，也正好在我们窗外，树林里有枫树、有石榴树，还有些我不知道名称的。树林里的树种有很多，颜色也不一样，有的是红色的，有的是青色的，有的是绿色的。 这些树中我最喜欢最左边的一棵，它也是最高的一棵, 叶子不茂盛，但枝杆的数目不可计数，叶子绿的很可爱，我想：这些叶子的肚子里是不是有许多的水呀！如果你把树枝头上的一部分叶子连枝摘下来的话，再修剪一下就可以成为一把树叶扇子了！春天树枝上树枝旁有许多粉红色的“姑娘”，风一吹，粉红色的“姑娘”掉了下来，在翩翩起舞着，“姑娘的裙子”很嫩你只要部编语文1-6年级阅读理解02
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