大学英语语法 第二十二讲 省略

第二十二讲

省略

一、不用替代词的省略

1 . 主语

Don..t eat more than(what ) is good for you .

I have done more than(what) is required .

( It ) Seems easy .

( It ) Sounds funny .

( It ) Looks like they are okay .

( He)Who breaks pays . 谁打破的谁赔。

2 . 主语和部分谓语

While ready to help her ( = While I was ready to help her ) , I didn..t know what she wanted

.

I met the girl while on a visit to Guangzhou( = While I was on a visit to Guangzhou) .

( It is) My mistake .

( It is) Very kind of you to help me .

I shall go there if ( it is) possible .

3 . 助动词

(Do) You understand ?

( Have) Children done their homework ?

4 . There(be)

( There..s) Nothing wrong .

( Is there)Anything I can do for you ?

5 . 主语+ 动词+ 宾语

A: To whom did you lend the book ?

B: To John . ( I lent the book)

6 . 名词短语的中心词

An hour in the morning is worth two( hours) in the evening . 一日之计在于晨。

He was always the first (man) to come and the last(man) to leave . 他总是到得最早, 离

开最晚。

7 . 所有格后面的名词

Mary..s( dress) is a beautiful dress .

He stayed in his uncle..s( house) during the summer vacation .

8 . 冠词

1)两个名词并列时, 第二个名词前的冠词常可省略

Both the old and ( the ) young took part in the singing competition .

Is the baby a boy or ( a) girl ? 婴儿是男是女?

2)名词作同位语时, 其前的定冠词常可省略

War hero Douglas Bader has come .

The conference was held in Beijing, capital o f China .

大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)

803 一、不用替代词的省略

As owner and editor o f the Pennsylvania Gazette, Benjamin Franklin made the periodical popular .

3)报刊标题

Restaurant Fire Disaster

4)小型广告

2nd fl flt in mod blk close West End, dble recep(A second floor flat in a modern block

close to the West End with a double reception room . . .)

5)购物单

Cleaner..s: collect clothes 取衣服

Supermarket: eggs , sugar, salt , wine 超级市场: 售鸡蛋、糖、盐、酒

6)注解

Causes of 1st World War : massive re-armament . . .

7)通知, 告示

( The) Flat ( is) on sale . 公寓出售。

( The) Lift ( is) out of order . 电梯故障。

8)说明、释义

Cut along dotted line .

pen: long thin object to write in ink

Frame 车架(箭头所指)

9)书名

( An) Outline of American History 美国史提纲

9 . 并列结构中的同等句子成分

Peter likes (Mary) , but John hates Mary .

Jim came at eight but Henry ( came ) at nine .

I like her more than ( I like) him .

I noticed how the teacher asked the questions and ( how) they were answered .

To some life is pleasure, and to others( life is) suffering .

You may go by land or( by) water .

It is a matter of life and( of ) death . 那是一件生死攸关的事。

It doesn..t matter whether he is for( the plan) or against the plan .

.. 但:Does he prefer travelling by night or by day ? ( by 不可省, 表示的是两个不同的观念) 10 . 关系代词或关系副词

1)作主语的省略

(1)在以it , that , here, there 起首的句子中。例如:

It wasn..t I( that) told her the news .

That..s a thing( that , which) might happen to any man .

Who is it ( that) took away my pen ?

There was a girl ( who, that ) wanted to see you .

Here are the students ( that , who) called on you yesterday .

We are acquaintances, and that..s all ( that ) there..s to it .

It is he himself ( that ) is hunted down .

It wasn..t she ( that ) made the mistake .

(2)在以what , who 等起首的疑问句中。例如:

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Who is it ( that) took away my pen ?

What is the black spot ( that) moves about on the wall ?

(3)在以we have 起首的句子中。例如:

We have 20 essays ( that , which) should be read during the vacation .

We have only about 200 hundred dollars ( that , which) can be put to use .

(4)在形容词最高级或only, last , first + 名词+ that + ever 结构中。例如:

He is the greatest man ( that ) ever breathed .

She is the only girl ( that ) ever passed the test .

He was the f irst man ( that was) ever saved during the disaster .

(5)在I think, I admit , I believe, I feel , I know 插入语前作主语的关系代词。例如:

He asked for the material ( that ) I think can not be provided .

They talked about the plan ( that ) I believe is not practical .

(6)几个that 关系从句修饰同一个先行词时, 只须保留第一个关系代词, 其后的均可省

去。例如:

It is said that we use hardly one hundred- thousandth of the heat that there is in coal and ( that) could be extracted from it .

The dictionary ( that ) he compiled in 1993 and ( that ) he revised last year is very popular among college students .

2)作宾语和表语的省略

that , whom, which 作宾语和表语时一般都可省。例如:

The flat ( that ) he bought in 2001 and that he sold in 2002 is now again on sale . (两个

that 关系从句修饰同一先行词时, 只可省略其中一个关系代词)

I have given him anything ( that) he asked for .

He is said to be everything ( that) an honest man should be .

She is not the girl ( that ) she used to be .

3)作状语的省略

He liked the place for the very reason ( that) she ever lived there .

I liked the way ( that) she did it .

This is the place ( that ) they swam across the river .

Those were the years ( that) he was in trouble .

This is the factory (where) he worked many years ago .

It is for her ( that) I have to do it .

Note: 在关系代词+ be( have) + come 结构中, 关系代词可连同be, have 一起省略。例如: It is a dream ( that has) come true .

Here are the friends ( who have) come to see you .

11 . 物主代词

在某些词组短语中, 物主代词可以省略。例如:

He lost ( his) patience . 他不耐烦了。

I felt at(my) ease . 我感到舒适。

She took (her ) leave soon afterwards . 她不久后就离开了。

Note: 有时候, 用不用物主代词含义不同。比较:

I shall remember her for li f e . 我将永远记着她。( = forever )

I shall remember her for my li f e . 她救了我的命, 我将永远记着她。( = which she

has saved)

大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)

805 二、用替代词的省略

She kept house . 她照管家务。( = looked after )

She kept the house . 她足不出户。( = was confined to)

12 . as . . .as 结构中的省略

这种省略通常有两种情况: ①从句中与主句中重复的词可省; ②在把两个时间、地点等

相比较时, 第一个as 可省。例如:

She looked a f ter the orphans as carefully as ( she looked) after her own children .

He handles great things as easily as ( he handles) small things .

He is now as diligent as ( he was) when he was in middle school .

He can be ( as ) happy in hard times as in good days .

He is ( as) optimistic now as before .

Note: 在下面的句子中, 主要动词被省略。

He obeys Alice as a son should ( obey) a mother .

She fondled the cat as a mother would ( fondle) her child .

He let the man go as a cat might ( let ) a mouse ( go) .

He did his homework carefully as his sister had (done) hers .

13 . 全句省略

某些表示愿望或假设的复合句常可将主句或从句省略。例如:

If I could see her again(how happy I should be) !

( It is pity) That such a great man should die !

I might have been a rich man( if I had taken her advice) .

二、用替代词的省略

在某些情况下, 当我们省略掉某个词、词组或句子时, 还需要用某个替代词。常用的替代词有do( does) so, not , to, neither, nor, do so, do that , do it , one( ones) , the same 等。

1 . do

do 可以用来代替动词或动词加其他成分。例如:

He speaks English more fluently than you do. ( = speak English)

Did you see the film ? Yes , I did. ( = saw the film)

Nelson hoped that they would all do their duty to the country as Englishmen should do . ( = should do their duty to the country)

Henry never really succeeded in his ambitions . He might have done, one felt , had it not been for the restlessness of his nature . ( = succeeded in his ambitions)

2 . so 和not

so 可以代替单词、词组或句子, 作call , expect , hope, do, fear , hear , imagine, suppose, speak, say, tell , think , believe, be afraid , see, notice 等的宾语; not 代替否定的句子, 用法

与

so 相似, 并可放在perhaps, probably, absolutely 等副词后。例如:

He must be a worker . I imagine so. ( = that he is a worker )

Has she finished reading the book ? I hope so. ( = that she has finished reading the book) She was not angry at first , but became so after a while . ( angry)

He is a great friend of mine and I hope he will always remain so . ( a great friend of mine)

Is he the best student in the class ?

I think so . ( = that he is . . .)

I think not . ( = that he is not . . . . I don..t think he is . . . . Perhaps not)

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He will return at the weekend .

I am afraid not . ( = that he will not return at the weekend)

.. 要注意的是, so 作替代词一般同表示个人看法或想法的动词连用, 口气比较婉转, 不表示

肯定, 也不表示否定, 因此, 在表示肯定或怀疑的答句中不可用so。例如:

A:Are they coming to the party ?

B: I..m sure of it . (肯定) (正)

I doubt it. (怀疑) (正)

I..m sure so . (误)

I doubt so . (误)

.. 同样, 在ask 和know 之后不可用so。例如:

He knows that. (正)

He knows so . (误)

Why do you ask( that) ? (正)

Why do you ask so . (误)

.. 另外, not 不可以用于个别表示说话的动词之后, 但主语是非特指的人称时除外。例如: She said so . (正)

She said not . (误)

John told me so . (正)

John told me not . (误)

.. 但可以说They say not , It seems/ appears not , It says not 等。

Note: ①so 可以放在句首或句尾, 但若谓语动词是see, notice 或hear, 则只能放在句首。例如:

I believe ( say, think . . .) so . = So I believe ( say, think . . .) .

So I see ( hear , notice) . (正)

I see (hear , notice) so . (误)

②下面句中的not she 相当于“no, she didn..t”, 语气较强:

A: Did she pay you the money ?

B: Not she .

③“not + 状语”也是一种常见的省略。例如:

A:Will you go out for a walk ?

B: Not this evening . ( = No, I won..t go out for a walk this evening . )

A: I want to talk with someone about it .

B: Not with them . ( = I don..t want you to talk with them about it . )

④not that 结构有时意为I don..t mean that . . .或I don..t say that . . ., 有时意为not because。例如:

Why didn..t you come last night ? Not that I care, of course .

If you need money, I can lend you some—not that I am rich, of course .

She went to bed early . Not that she was ill , but that she was tired .

3 . to

to 代替不定式, 常同refuse, want , seem, intend, mean, expect , hope, like, be afraid, prefer ,

care, oblige, forget , wish, t ry 等连用。例如:

I asked him to see the film, but he didn..t want to( see the film) .

Some people suggested that she reconsider the matter , but she refused to( reconsider the

大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)

807 二、用替代词的省略

matter ) .

Note: ①动词hope, think , fear ,wish, be afraid 和so, to 连用的比较。

一般情况是, so 所代替的多为句子, 而to 则只代替动词不定式。例如:

Will you stay for lunch ?

I hope so . ( = I will stay for lunch . )

I hope to . ( = stay for lunch)

②作表语或同位语的不定式, 其符号to 有时可以省略(参阅第十一讲)。例如:

The most urgent thing I have to do now is ( to) look into the matter .

③如果省略的不定式结构中含有be, have 或have been, 一般要保留be, have 或

have been。例如:

A: Are you on holiday ?

B: No, but I..d like to be .

A: She hasn..t done it yet .

B: She ought to have .

4 . 复合代词do so, do that 和do it

1) do so 可以替代动词加宾语, 也可以替代动词加状语

She said she would go with me, but she didn..t do so . ( = go with me)

Just finish off watering the flowers . And let me know when you..ve done so . ( = finished off watering the flowers)

2) do so 替代动词加宾语结构时, so 可以用it 或that 取代, 用it 指具体事物, 用that 表示较

重的口气

Henry is going to make the experiment and he wanted me to do it , too .

They played cards after supper and I watched them do that .

3) do so( do that 和do it)一般只用于替代动态动词, 而不适合替代静态动词

比较:

Alice feels better today .

I think she does . (正)

Yes , so she does . (正)

I think she does so . (误)

Yes , she does that . (误)

Yes , she does it . (误)

Note: ①在believe, know, hope, doubt 等动词后可以用that 表示附和别人的看法或说法, 但不用于回答问题。例如:

He is a very capable man .

I believe that . ( = so)

It is a good film .

I know that . (不可用so)

②that 可以替代可数名词或不可数名词, 只指物, 不指人, 其后要跟修饰语。例如:

No bread eaten is so sweet as that earned by one..s own labour .

5 . one 和ones

one 和ones 具有泛指性质, 常用来替代单数或复数可数名词, 不能替代不可数名词。使

用时要注意下面几点:

(1) one 和ones 与它们所替代的名词在“数”方面可以不一致。

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(2) one 和ones 与其所替代的名词在句法功能上可以不一致。

(3) one 和ones 与其所替代的名词在所指意义上可以不同。

(4) one 前面不带任何修饰语时, 可以替代整个名词词组。

(5) one 前面有this 或that , ones 前面有these 或those, 或者二者前面有形成对比的形容词、最高级形容词或the next、the last 时, one 或ones 可省略。one 前面的形容词带定冠词the 时, one 也可省略。

(6) one 或ones 后面可以跟修饰语, 可能是从句、介词短语或分词短语等。

(7)所有格my, your , our, her 和their 被其相应的物主代词mine 等代替时, 不用one 或ones。

(8) whose 和名词所有格之后不用one 或ones。基数词(one 等)和序数词( first 等)通常不同one 连用。own 也不可同one 或ones 连用。

(9) another 和other 可以单独使用, 也可跟one, 复数形式可用other ones 或others。

(10) which 和former, latter, either, neither 后可以跟one 或ones , 也可以不跟。

He prefers the new edition to the old ones . (“数”方面不一致)

Do you see the teachers over there ? The one wearing the grey coat is her father . (句法

功能不一致, teachers 作宾语, one 作主语)

I don..t like this film . I..d like to see a more interesting one . (所指对象不同)

There are two pens on the desk; he only took the cheaper . ( one )

Let..s finish the exercise so we can go on to the next . (one)

Of all his poems, I like the ones that were connected with nature .

This is her pen, not yours . (不能说yours one 或your one)

I prefer to use my own . (不能说my own one)

Whose is it ? (不能说whose one)

Her bike is better than her brother..s . (不能说brother..s one)

Please try another ( one) .

He has two English dictionaries, but I have seven . (不能说seven ones)

The first film is better than the second . (一般不用second one)

比较:

He ate salt fish instead of f resh( fish) . (正)

He ate salt fish instead of f resh one . (误)

He has known good luck and bad( luck) . (正)

He has known good luck and bad one . (误)

The grey cloth is better than the green( cloth) . (正)

The grey cloth is better than the green one . (误)

6 . the same

the same 一般指物, 可替代名词词组、从句、形容词词组或比较结构。例如:

John ordered two fried eggs . I ordered the same . ( = two fried eggs . )

We can trust Jane . I think I could say the same of her husband . ( = that we can trust

her husband)

These apples are just as sour as the last ones we had . They taste the same . ( = as sour

as the last ones we had)

7 . one 和that 作替代词的区别

1)one 可替代人或物, that 只能代替物

大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)

809 三、状语从句和独立结构中的省略

I have a brother , one in the army .

Look at the clock , that on the wall .

2)one 只能替代可数名词, that 可替代可数名词和不可数名词

The novel is as interesting as the one (或that) I read last year .

The weather here is hotter than that in New York .

3)one 可以有前置或后置定语, 而that 只能有后置定语

Your answer to the question is better than that of hers .

Please look at the map, the one on the right wall .

This is a red pen , and I have three other blue ones .

4)one(不加定语)表示泛指, that 表示特指

The music is as sweet as that we heard yesterday .

A poem written by an American poet is usually harder to understand than one by a Chinese poet .

三、状语从句和独立结构中的省略

1 . 如果状语从句的主语与主句主语一致, 而且状语从句谓语中有be 动词, 可以将状语从句

的主语连同be 动词一起省略

引导这类状语从句的连词有when , while, though, if, unless , although 等。其结构模式一般为:

连词+

现在分词

过去分词

介词短语

名词

代词

+ 主句连词+

副词

形容词

谓语

从句

+ 主句

有时候, 主句也可以位于句首, 即“主句+ ( 连词+ 现在分词..)”; 主句也可以分开, 即“主句主语+ (连词+ 现在分词..) + 主句谓语”。例如:

When in doubt , ask the chairman himself . (连词+ 介词短语)

He came across the picture while on a visit to New York . (连词+ 介词短语)

He could write poems when yet a child . (连词+ 名词)

I must get it whatever the cost . (连词+ 名词)

Here, as elsewhere, honesty is the best policy . (连词+ 副词)

Our motherland is stronger than ever . (连词+ 副词)

I know you better than her . (连词+ 代词)

Don..t do it till too late . (连词+ 形容词)

Her opinion, whether right or wrong, deserved our attention . (连词+ 形容词)

You..ve done more than is required(what is required) . (连词+ 谓语)

Don..t say more than is necessary( what is necessary) . (连词+ 谓语)

The money is more than I can pay . (连词+ 从句)

He is better than when I last saw him . (连词+ 从句)

When he was asking the teacher, he was polite .

When asking the teacher , he was polite . (连词+ 现在分词)

Although he was f rightened , he managed to run away .

Although f rightened, he managed to run away . (连词+ 过去分词)

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Don..t say anything unless you are asked .

Don..t say anything unless asked . (连词+ 过去分词)

I f it is taken good care o f , the bird can live as long as five years .

I f taken good care o f , the bird can live as long as five years . (连词+ 过去分词)

Note: 在省略时, 要将状语从句的主语和be 动词同时省略, 不可只省略主语或be 动词, 下

面两句都是错的:

Although he f rightened, he managed to run away . (误)

Although was f rightened, he managed to run away . (误)

2 . 在作状语的独立分词结构中, 分词往往可以省略

The meeting (being) over, the delegates walked out of the hall .

The work ( having been) done, he left the office .

3 . because ill 还是because of being ill

并非所有的状语从句都可以省略主语和be 动词, 由after, because, before 等引导的状语从句一般要改写成介词短语等, 用动名词代替be 动词。例如:

Because he was ill , he didn..t attend the meeting .

Because ill , he didn..t attend the meeting . (误)

Because of being ill , he didn..t attend the meeting . (正)

Being ill , he didn..t attend the meeting . (正)

After he was killed he was thrown away into the sea .

A f ter killed , he was thrown away into the sea . (误)

A f ter being killed, he was thrown away into the sea . (正)

4 . 在if it is possible, when it is necessary 等类似结构中, it is 常可省略

I f possible, we..ll build another railroad in this area .

Omit a word or two where possible .

We..ll have the old house pulled down when necessary .

You may write it in pen or in pencil , as required .

Don..t do it unless required .

Put a comma, where needed .

Please tell me when f inished .

四、介词的省略

1 . 在It is no use( in) doing sth . 等结构中, 动名词前的in(at)常可省略

常见的这类结构有:

It is no use (in) doing sth .

It is no good ( in) doing sth .

There is no hur ry (in) doing sth .

be busy( late,weary) (in) doing sth .

busy( employ, occupy) oneself ( in) doing sth .

take turns ( in, at ) doing sth .

be long ( in) doing sth . (迟做某事)

There is no point (in) doing sth . (做某事无意义)

There is no use ( good) ( in) doing sth .

spend( lose, pass ,waste) time (money, energy) (in) doing sth .

大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)

811 四、介词的省略

have trouble( hard time, difficulty, struggle, good time, business) ( in) doing sth .

be employed, engaged, occupied (in) doing sth . 从事于, 忙碌于

She employs herself (in) writing . 她从事写作。

He is engaged ( in) preparing for the evening party .

He has no business (in) saying such things about me . 他无权谈论我的长短。

She lost no time (in) rewriting the book . 她很快就开始重写那本书了。

.. 但是, 当spend time(money) (in)doing sth . 结构用于被动语态时, in 不可省。例如: They spent a large sum of money ( in) building the tower .

A large sum of money was spent in building the tower .

2 . 当关系代词(what, whose) , 关系副词(how, when) 以及whether 引导从句或不定式短语

时, 其前面的of, about,as to 等常可省略

I am not aware (of ) how he got it .

She had no idea ( as to) what to do .

He hesitated ( about) what to say next .

3 . 在表示一段时间或方式的短语中的for, in,by, at 等常常省略。但是在否定句中或引导介词短语位于句首时, for 一般不可省略

The snowy weather lasted ( for ) two weeks .

He remained single ( for ) all his li f e .

We haven..t seen each other f or two years .

Don..t treat her ( in) that way .

They bound him ( by) hand and foot . 他们把他的手脚都捆起来了。

He doesn..t do it (in) theway I do . 他没有照我的方式去做。

They came ( at ) full speed . 他们全速赶来。

4 . at, in, of, from,by,with 在某些句子结构中可以省略

常见的这类结构有:

What..s the use ( of ) crying ?

There are a lot of trees on this side (of) the hill .

Can you prevent him ( from) smoking more ?

He earned a lot of money ( by) selling newspapers .

He sent the letter ( by) express ( airmail) .

The housewife cooked (in) the I talian style .

The naughty boy stood before the teacher, ( with his) head bowed .

She wasn..t ( at ) home when I got back . 我回来时, 她不在家。

He stood ( at) the back of the t ree . 他站在树的后面。

Note: near , next 和opposite 后的to 常被省略, 但当next to 作“几乎”解时, to 不可省。参

阅第五讲。例如:

The college is next (opposite) the park . (省略了to)

It is next to impossible . 那几乎是不可能的。(不可省略to)

5 . 表语名词age、colour 等前的of 可以省略

当表语为age, colour, weight , length, width, help , design, shape, size, thickness, height , volume, no use 等时, 其前的of 可以省略。例如:

The two machines are (of) the same design . 这两台机器是同一个型号的。

The boys are (of) the same height . 这两个男孩个头一样高。

新/ 世/ 纪/ 英/ 语/ 丛/ 书

812 第二十二讲

省

略

They are (of) the same age . 他们同龄。

( Of ) What size is your hat ? 你的帽子几号?

( Of ) What price is this pen ? 这支钢笔多少钱?

Have you seen any fish ( of ) that size ? 你见过那样大小的鱼吗?

( Of ) What size shall I make the box ? 我把盒子做成多大?

6 . 两个介词短语连用时的介词省略问题

当instead of 或并列连词or , and, either . . .or , both . . .and, not only . . .but ( also)等连

接两个介词短语时, 如果两个介词相同, 第二个介词常可省略。例如:

You may go there by train or (by) plane . 你可以乘火车或乘飞机去那里。

You should think not only of getting but (of) giving . 你不应只想到索取, 还要想到付出。She came to the island both for work and ( for ) play . 她来到这座岛上, 既为了工作, 也

为了游玩。

You may do the work either with John or (with) Mary . 你可以同约翰或玛丽一起做这

项工作。

She sent the money to Helen instead of ( to) Kate . 她把钱寄给了海伦, 而没有寄给凯特。That is a matter o f li f e and ( of ) death . 那是一件生死攸关的事情。

.. 但表示强烈对照时, 介词不可省。例如:

Are they paid by day or by month ? 他们是按天付钱还是按月付钱?

Note: 如果and 或or 连接的两个介词短语的宾语相同, 通常要把第一个宾语省略, 以求简洁。例如:

They usually started to climb the mountain be fore or a f ter the sunrise . 他们通常在

日出前后开始爬山。

I don..t know whether she is for or against the plan . 我不知道她是赞同还是反对这

项计划。

They car ried the old man up and down the hill . 他们把那位老人抬上山, 又抬下山。

7 . 某些动词后的介词可以省略

某些动词后的介词可以省略, 这时, 原来的不及物动词就成为及物动词。例如:

She passed ( by) my window . 她从我窗前走过。

He ruled ( over ) the kingdom . 他统治着那个王国。

He succeeded ( to) Jim in the office . 他接替吉姆的办公室工作。

He jumped (over) the stream . 他跳过小溪。

She lamented (over ) his death . 她哀悼他的去世。

He mourned (over) his failure . 他为失败而伤心。

Moonlight penetrated ( into) the room . 月光洒进房间。

They roamed ( about , over ) the world . 他们漫游在世界各地。

Don..t mock ( at) anyone . 不要嘲笑任何人。

He repented (of) his folly . 他后悔自己的不智。

She owned ( to) her fault . 她承认了自己的错误。

She testi f ied ( to) his honesty . 她证实他的诚实。

She shared ( in) my sor rows . 她分担我的痛苦。

He trod (on) her left foot . 他踩了她的左脚。

He con f essed ( to) stealing the money . 他承认偷了钱。

Let us drink ( to) his health . 让我们为他的健康干杯。

大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)

813 测试练习︵二十二︶

They approached ( to) the village . 他们走近那个村庄。

He ceased ( from) smoking . 他戒烟了。

She admitted ( to) bribing the boss . 她承认贿赂了老板。

He attained ( to) fame . 他成名了。

He sought ( after, for ) fame and wealth . 他求名求利。

She pondered ( over, on) the suggestion . 她认真考虑那个建议。

The essay treats (of) a new problem . 这篇文章探讨一个新的问题。They have f led ( from) the town . 他们逃离了那座小城。

测试练习(二十二)

选择填空

1 . I think we have done our work better than .

A . he

B . he will

C . he does

D . he has

2 . She studies as hard as .

A . other students

B . other students do

C . other students study

D . other students are

3 . I lent him a sum of money .

A . and more than I want

B . and more than I wanted

C . and more than I wanted to

D . and more than I have wanted to

4 .“Would you go shopping with me ?”

“Oh, I , but I am too busy now . ”

A . would like to do it

B . I would like to

C . would like it

D . would like to do

5 . I and will never ask such a silly question .

A . have never

B . never

C . have asked never

D . have never asked

6 .“Shall we invite Father over to our par ty ?”

“Yes , It..ll be nice if you . ”

A . do

B . are

C . will invite

D . would invite

7 .“Don..t you think Jack..s health has been ruined by overdrinking ?”“Yes , he told me himself . ”

A . the thing

B . it

C . so

D . the fact

8 .“Is it going to rain ?”

“I am af raid . ”

A . to

B . this

C . that

D . so

9 .“I hope Philip won..t be in the team . ”

“Yes , I . ”

A . hope too

B . hope so too

C . hope that too

D . hope it too

10 .“I think something has gone wrong with the machine . ”

“Oh ! I . ”

A . hope so not

B . hope not to

C . hope not so

D . hope not it

11 . Jack went downtown .

A . but his sister went there also

B . so went also his sister

C . and so did his sister

D . and his sister did, either

新/ 世/ 纪/ 英/ 语/ 丛/ 书

814 第二十二讲

省

略

12 . The newspapers in my hometown don..t have as many pages as they here .

A . are

B . do

C . have

D . can be

13 . I like my new house, and my brother , too .

A . will like

B . is

C . does

D . is doing

14 .“Why don..t you seize the saving-boat ?”

“, but I couldn..t reach it . ”

A . I did to

B . I did so

C . I tried to

D . tried so

15 .“Do you think living in the country has advantages ?”

“. ”

A . Yes , it is

B . Yes , perfectly

C . Nothing at all

D . Well , that depends

16 .“It..s a fatal disease, isn..t it ?”

“No, I don..t believe . ”

A . so

B . in it

C . such

D . in that

17 .“I hope the children don..t play with fire . ”

“I have warned them . ”

A . not play

B . not

C . not to

D . won..t

18 .“Will you be able to come to the meeting ?”

“. ”

A . I..m afraid not

B . I..m sorry not

C . I..m not afraid so

D . I..m sor ry tha“t no”

19 .“I..m tired, but let..s go . ”

“Why rest a while ?”

A . let..s

B . not let..s

C . not

D . let..s not

20 .“Did anybody sign your petition ?”

“Yes, we had a hundred signatures , . ”

A . if no more

B . if not more

C . if moreover

D . if not larger

21 .“We won..t finish the work until next month . ”

“And they . ”

A . will , either

B . won..t , too

C . will , neither

D . won..t , either

22 . I shall never allow you to mar ry the poor girl and you are not my son if you .

A . have

B . married

C . do not

D . do

23 . Jane said that it was likely to snow tomorrow and I said that .

A . I hoped to

B . I hope so

C . it was evident so

D . it seemed so

24 .Will you be able to finish the job this week ? .

A . I can..t tell so

B . I am not sure so

C . I don..t know so

D . I don..t expect so

25 .“Did Jane learn Russian in high school ?”

“I imagine . ”

A . that

B . she was

C . so

D . it

大学英语语法(英语专业必看)

1.Noun Identify the uncountable nouns ? 1. Nouns that have no distinct, separate parts, we look as the whole (气、液、固体) ? 2. Nouns that have parts that are too small or insignificant to count (sand grass hair) ? 3. Nouns that are classes or categories of things (food, clothing, money) P49 ? 4. Nouns that are abstraction (life, work, music) ? 5. Subjects of study (history, math) 不可数变可数三大规律 ? 1. 物质名词(总称名词)若表示不同的种类，或者表示特定的意思，或者是液体名词表示“几杯”或“几瓶”这样的数量时。 ? 2. 抽象名词若是具体化，则可数。与此相反，可数转化为不可数。 ? 3. 当一个名词表示抽象、总称的概念，则为不可数，当一个名词表示具体、特定的事物，则为可数。 物质名词/总称名词变可数 ? 1. 总称名词具体化 ?A: Would you like a cake? ?B: No. I don’t like cake. ? 2. 物质名词变意思 ?I need some paper. / I bought a paper. ? 3. 液体物质名词表数量 ?Two beers and three coffees, please. 抽象名词变可数 ?Art (an art) / beauty (a beauty) / youth (a youth) ?Eg. 1. Youth is not a time of life. It is a state of mind. ? 2. When as a child I laughed and wept– time crept. ?When as a youth I dreamed and talked-time walked. 2Articles Specific reference--the ? 1. 特指是针对交际双方来说的 ? 2. 特指就是根据说话者和听话者共有的知识，或根据上下文，可以识别的事物。 ? 3. 说话者用the是想要听话者找到双方心中都知道的所知，而听话者一方“断定”或“还原”所指对象的方法有多种。 ? 1. Situational/cultural reference ?Eg. Albert Einstein, the famous physicist. ? 2. textual co-reference— ?anaphoric reference (前指）& ?cataphoric reference （后指 ? 1. general knowledge (the sun, the moon, the North Pole, the Equator, the universe, the Renaissance, the Pope 罗马教皇） ? 2. specific knowledge/ local use (let’s go to the library) ? 3. immediate situation (The roses are very beautiful. Can you find the page?）

大学英语语法专项练习题及答案

人学英语语法专项练习题及答案 一、时态 1. By the end of April Peter here for three mon ths. A. will have stayed B. will stay C. stays D. has stayed 2. rm awfully sorry, but I had no alter native. I simply what I did. A. ought to have done B. have to do C. had to do D. must do 3. We our breakfast when an old man came to the door. A. just have had B. have just had C. just had D . had just had 4. Ever si nee the family moved to the suburbs last year, they better health. A. could have enjoyed B. had enjo yed C. have bee n enjoying D. are enjo ying 5. I bought a new house last year, but I my old house yet, so at the mome nt I have two houses. A. did not sell B. have not sold C. had not sold D . do not sell 6. I decided to go to the library as soon as I A. finish what I did B. fin is hed what I did C. would finish what I was doi ng D. fini shed wha t I was doi ng 7. He whe n the bus came to a sudden stop. A. was almost hurt B. was hurt h imself C. was to hurt himself D. was hurti n g himself 8. I suppose that when 1 come back in ten years' time all those o ld houses dow n. A. will have bee n pulled B. will have pulled C. will be pulli ng D. will b e pulled 9. Bob's leg got hurt the Purple Mountains. A. while he is climbi ng up B. while we were climb ing up

大学英语语法结构分析

大学英语第三册语法结构分析 (译部分) 1.发言人明确表示总统在任何情况下都不会取消这次旅行。 The spokesman made it clear that the president would not 主谓语 Cancel (the trip) under any circumstances. 介状 2. 我们相信他所说的，因为他受过良好的教育，出身于受人尊敬的家庭，更重 要的是他为人可靠。 We believ e what he has said , because he is well-educated , comes 主谓主 from a respectable familly and what’s more , he is reliable. 3. 随后后发生的那些事件证明了我的猜疑是对的。 The subsequent events confirmed my suspicions once again. 谓 4. 在赛后举行的记者招待会上，这位足教练因该队表现不佳而向球迷们致歉。 At the press conference held after the game , the football coach apologized to the fans for his team’s poor performance. 5. 令我们吃惊的是，这位常被赞为十分正直的州长竟然是一个贪官。 To our surprise, the governor who had often been praised for his honesty tur ned out to be a corrupt official. 谓语 6. 有少数人得到了提升，在这同时却有数万个人被解雇。 A few workers were promoted , but meanwhile hundreds of workers were dismissed. 7. 如果有机会，约翰也许已成为一位杰出的画家。 Given the chance , John might have become an outstanding painter.

大学英语语法及练习

大学英语语法及练习 Last updated at 10:00 am on 25th December 2020

大学英语语法及练习 第一讲虚拟语气 I. 考点分析：分四级语法复习 虚拟语气是动词的特殊形式，用来表达说话人的意愿、建议、请求、意图、惊奇、设想等未能或不可能成为事实的情况，以及在说话人看来实现的可能性很小的情况。 虚拟语气是非常重要的语法考点。考查历届四级试题，我们发现与虚拟语气有关的考题每次至少2题，有时甚至3-4题。虚拟语气的考查要点有： 1. 虚拟语气的形式：分清虚拟时间和主从句的动词形式十分重要，因此我们把所有虚拟语气的不同类型列表归纳并进行对比，以便于同学们记忆掌握。

2. 要注意从句中第一/三人称的过去式was用were代替。 例如：If I were invited, I would come. If she were not ill, she could do a lot of things. 3. if条件句中如谓语动词是were, had, should, could时，可以省略if, 把它们前置。

例如： Had my father a lot of money, he would send me abroad. Could I do it, I would surely do it. Should the Black Death reappear, what should we do?（万一黑死病再次出现，我们该怎么办） 4. 错综时间的条件句是难点，如99年1月第60题: If I hadn’t stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you wouldn’t be smiling now.（从句用过去完成时，主句用现在进行时） 又如：If I were you, I would have gone to the film last night.(从句虚拟现在，主句虚拟过去)；If we hadn’t got everything ready by now, we should be having a terrible time tomorrow.(从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟将来)； If the weather had been more favorable, the crops would be growing still better.(从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟现在) 5. 虚拟句的另一难点是省略if条件句的含蓄条件句，如： I would have written the paper before, but I have been ill.(=If I had not been ill, I would have written the paper before.); A true friend would have acted differently. (=A friend, if he had been true, would have acted differently.) 6. 注意介词短语 without, but for, in the absence等表示虚拟条件。

大学英语语法直播课第二讲

简单句 谓语动词的变化-时态 So Charles was ahead of the game there, too. （CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section A) The marketers are also seeing big opportunities. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 2) 这些以竹为食的动物正面临许多威胁。(CET 4, 2014.12,Translation) The bamboo-eating animals are facing a lot of threats. … the process of urbanization will only accelerate in the decades to come… (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 1) But the Internet ’ s tremendous impact has only ju st begun. (CET 4, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 1) The royal environmentalist has been promoting radical ideas for most of his adult life. （CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section A) 谓语动词的变化-情态- 3 - …we can reduce urbanization ’s impact on the environment. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 1) 谓语动词的变化-语态 They are only limited by their curiosity and ambition. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 2) Silicon Valley executives are being shamed into adding women to their boards. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 2) 谓语动词的变化-否定 Governments don ’ t need informers any more. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 2) Sports cannot explain these similarities in performance. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section B) 谓语动词的变化-综合 The urbanization wave can ’ t be stopped … (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 1) 土豪和大妈可能会被收入新版牛津（Oxford）英语词典。(CET 6, 2014.06,Translation) The words tuhao and dama may be included in the new edition of Oxford English Dictionary. 主语宾语表语的变化 名词作主语 Many students entering college have weak skills in mathematics. (CET 4, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section A) That change is the rapid acceleration of urbanization. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 1) doing作主语 Finding ways to improve the lives of the remaining 20 percent seems more realistic than trying to restore an imaginary golden age. (CET 4, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 2) to do作主语

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大学英语语法专项练习题 一、时态 1. By the end of April Peter here for three months. A. will have stayed B. will stay C. stays D. has stayed 2. I'm awfully sorry, but I had no alternative. I simply _____ what I did. A. ought to have done B. have to do C. had to do D. must do 3. We ________our breakfast when an old man came to the door. A. just have had B. have just had C. just had D. had just had 4. Ever since the family moved to the suburbs last year, they________ better health. A. could have enjoyed B. had enjoyed C. have been enjoying D. are enjoying 5. I bought a new house last year, but I ______my old house yet, so at the moment I have two houses. A. did not sell B. have not sold C. had not sold D. do not sell 6. I decided to go to the library as soon as I ________. A. finish what I did B. finished what I did C. would finish what I was doing D. finished what I was doing 7. He _________when the bus came to a sudden stop. A. was almost hurt B. was hurt himself C. was to hurt himself D. was hurting himself 8. I suppose that when I come back in ten years' time all those old houses _______down. A. will have been pulled B. will have pulled C. will be pulling D. will be pulled 9. Bob's leg got hurt ________the Purple Mountains. A. while he is climbing up B. while we were climbing up C. while we climbed up D. while he climbed up 10. Pick me up at 8 o'clock. I _______ my bath by then. A. may have B. will be having C. can have had D. will have had 11. If you smoke in a non-smoking section people________. A. will object B. objected C. must object D. have objected 12. By the end of this month, we surely _______ a satisfactory solution to the problem A. have found B. will be finding C. are finding D. will have found 13. We __________to start our own business, but we never had enough money. A. have hope B. hope C. had hoped D. should hope 14. The gray building is where the workers live, and the white one is where the spare parts______ A. are producing B. are produced C. produced D. being produced 15. While people may refer to television for up-to-the-minute news, it is unlikely that television __________the newspaper completely. A. will replace B. have replaced C. replace D. replaced 16. It's reported that by the end of this month the output of cement in the factory ________by about 10%. A. will have risen B. has risen C. will be rising D. has been rising 17. Until then, his family___________ from him for six months. A. didn't hear B. hasn’t been hearing C. hasn't heard D. hadn't heard

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