胡壮麟《语言学教程》笔记第10-11章

Chapter 10 Language and Computer

1. 计算机语言学

计算机语言学可以看作是应用语言学的分支，即通过计算机处理人类语言。计算机语言包括：对语言数据的分析，建立一个序列，通过它，语言学习者可以获得各种语法规律或某一特定词项的出现频率；人工语言的电子生成和人类语言的自动识别；它也包括不同自然语言之间的自动翻译和语篇处理；人与计算机的交流。

2. CAI, CAL & CALL

2.1. CAI：计算机辅助教学，就是在教学过程中使用计算机。

2.2. CAL：计算机辅助学习，强调在教和学两方面使用计算机，通过学生自己的推理和和实践，帮助学习者达到教学目标。

2.3. CALL：计算机辅助语言学习，如果说CAI,和CAL是处理一般的教和学，那么CALL是用来处理语言教学的。它特别是指将计算机运用到第二语言或外语的教学中去。

3. 机器翻译&人工翻译

3.1. 定义

机器翻译是指使用机器将语篇从一种自然语言翻译至另一种自然语言。机器翻译可分为两类：不需要辅助的和需要辅助的。

3.2. 机器翻译&人工翻译

在新世纪之初，很明显，机器翻译和人工翻译能够且将会相对协调地同时存在。

我们仍旧需要那些人工翻译者所作出的贡献。当翻译不得不讲究“可发行”质量时，机器翻译和人工翻译都具有各自的作用。对语篇翻译来说，在对输出的质量要求不高的地方，机器翻译是一种理想的解决方法。

对信息的一对一交换而言，人工翻译家可能总是会有作用的。至于口语翻译，一定会是人工

翻译者的市场。

4. 计算机语料库

4.1. 语料库(corpus)

A collection of linguistic data, either compiled as written texts or as a transcription of recorded speech. The main purpose of a corpus is to verify a hypothesis about language--- for example, to determine how the application of a particular sound, word, or syntactic construction varies.

语料库是一个语言数据的集合，可以有书面文本构成，也可以由录音言语的转写本构成。语料库的主要目的是鉴定关于语言的假说---例如，确定一个特定的语音、单词，或句法结构的使用是如何变化的。

4.2. 语料库语言学(corpus linguistics)

Corpus linguistics deals with the principles and practice of using corpora in language study. A computer corpus is a large body of machine-readable texts.

论述语言研究中使用语料的原理和实践。一个计算机语料库是机器可读文本的重要躯干。

4.3. 共现索引(concordance)

A computer has the ability to search for a particular word, sequence of words, or perhaps even a part

of speech in a text. The computer can also retrieve all examples of a particular word. It can also calculate the number of occurrences of a certain word so that information on the frequency of the word may be gathered. We may also be interested in sorting the data in some way---for example, alphabetically on words occurring in the immediate context of the word. This is usually referred to as concordance.

计算机有能力搜索一个特定的词，词串，甚至一个语篇里的某一个言语部分。计算机还能检索一个词所有的实例。它还能计算一个词出现的次数，从而收集到有关这个词的频率信息。

然后我们可以以某种方式对数据分类---例如，按紧接被索引词词语的字母顺序进行分类。这通常被称为共现索引。

5. 计算机中介交际及其形式

5.1. 计算机中介交际

计算机中介交际重点在研究网络中的语言和语言应用，并通过使用话语分析方法来解释它所关注的重点。

5.2. 计算机中介交际的形式

电子邮件、新闻、博客、幻灯片、聊天室和表情符号。

Chapter 11 Linguistics and Foreign Language Teaching

1. 语言学与语言教学的关系

1.1. 应用语言学

⊙广义：应用语言学是对语言、语言学与语言相关的问题的研究，例如词典编纂学，翻译等。

⊙狭义：应用语言学是指对第二语言和语言教学的研究，例如研究语言和语言学与语言教学的关系。

1.2. 关系

①语言教学是应用语言学的一部分，而应用语言学是语言学的一个分支。

②掌握一些语言学的知识不仅有助于进一步认识语言本质，也有助于跟深入理解如何教好语言。

③语言学理论直接或间接地影响着语言教学的途径和方法。

2. 语言学与语言学习

2.1. 输入

①真实性输入

那些更强调意义的语言教学者主张提供真实性输入。即输入要与现实生活紧密相连，这种输入通常忽略语法。

②可理解的输入（INPUT HYPOTHESIS 1985）

克拉申的语言输入假设认为，学习者掌握语言是理解了输入的结果。他提出了“i+1”概念：学习者所接触到的语言应该和学习者的水平保持一定的距离，大部分的内容可以理解但仍然有一些对他们来说是具有挑战性的。输入对学习者来说，既不应该太难也不应该太容易。

2.2. 中介语

①正处于学习过程中的二语或外语学习者够的语言通常被称为中介语。中介语通常被理解为结语目的语和学习者母语之间的语言。②与目的语相比，中介语还不够完善，但它也不只是学习者母语的简单翻译。③我们也不能把中介语看成是母语和目的语的过渡阶段或者二者的简单混合。

④中介语是一个动态的语言系统，它不断地从初级水平向地道的母语水平发展。

3. 语言学与教学大纲设计

3.1. 交际能力

交际能力是指学习者在具体的语境中恰当并且有效的运用语言进行交际的能力。

交际能力包括语法词汇知识、会话规则以及怎样运用和回答不同类型的言语行为和社会习俗，以及怎样恰当得体地运用语言。

3.2. 基于语篇的语言教学的利弊

⑴以语篇为基础的语言观认为，语言范式存在于语篇之中。以语篇为基础的语言观关注的是口头和书面的完整语篇以及这些语篇所在的社会和文化背景。

⑵基于语篇的语言教学强调培养学习者的语篇能力，这是与众所周知的交际能力很相近的一种能力。

⑶不足：①它过分强调了语言习得过程中的外部因素，而没有对内部因素给予足够的重视。

②把环境因素和语言输入视为语言习得的核心。

③过于关注语言习得中的学习能力和语言功能的作用，却没有注意到指导语言习得的一些普遍规律。

4. 教学大纲设计

4.1. 教学大纲(syllabus)

教学大纲用来指教室中具体发生的活动，通常包括教学的目标和内容，有时也指教学方法。

4.2. 课程计划(curriculum)

课程计划所提供的原则是：对语言理念，语言学习和语言教学的基本原理的概括；对教学目的和目标的具体说明；教学计划的具体实施。

从某种意义上说，教学大纲是实施课程计划的一部分。

5. 教学大纲的类型

5.1. 结构教学大纲

The structural syllabus

⊙结构教学大纲主要以语法教学为导向，以语言结构为基础。

⊙主要缺点：

①注重语法形式和单个词语的意思，认为不论在什么语境下整句话的意思都是显而易见的

②没有教授学生们如何在真真实的语境下使用这些句子。

③经过结构教学大纲训练出来的学生通常是缺乏实际交际能力的。

5.2. 情境教学大纲

The situational syllabus

⊙特点

①没有坚实的语言学理论基础，编写者们是语言为一种交际工具。②目的是要具体区分目的语

使用的不同场景。③语言的选择和组织都是以情景为线索的。④情境教学大纲更具优势，开始关注了学习者直接的交流需要。

⊙不足

①依附于已有的结构主义语言观

②仍然是以语法为主线

③情景的组织安排没什么系统性可寻。

5.3. 交际教学大纲

The communicative syllabus

5.4. 任务型教学大纲

The task-based syllabus

6. 对比分析与错误分析

6.1. 对比分析

①语言迁移（language transfer）

⊙语言迁移是指先前学习的心理过程转移至新的学习环境。

⊙指由于目的语与先前（可能不完全）习得的其他任一门语言之间的异同所导致的影响。

②对比分析(contrastive analysis)

对比分析是通过对比不同语言（如第一语言和第二语言）来确定潜在错误地方法，从而把第二语言学习环境下必须学习的和不必学习的东西最终区分开来。

6.2. 错误分析(error analysis)

①错误与失误

⊙错误(error)

错误通常是由于学习者知识的不足所致。换言之，由于学习者不知道正确的形式或不能正确地

使用语言而出现的错误。

⊙失误(mistake)

由于学习者没能发挥出自己的能力而出现的差错。也就是说，学习者学会了某种知识或技能，但是由于不注意或者其他因素的影响而没能正确地使用语言。

6.3. 不同类型的错误

①语际错误&语内错误

语际错误（interlingual errors）

学习者由于误用与母语有共同特征的语言项目而产生的错误。

⊙语内错误（intralingual errors）

在目的语内部所犯的错误（也称发展性错误）。

②错误地性质

省略、添加、双重标记、形式错误和顺序错误。

③错误分析的步骤

⊙识别

⊙描述

⊙解释

7. 二语学习者的主要障碍

8. Explain the following terms

Applied linguistics

Interlanguage

Contrastive analysis

9. Short answer questions

⑴What are the 4 obvious barriers to adult L2 acquisition?

10. Essay questions (p172)

⑴Krashen’s Input Hypothesis and Language Learning.

⑵What’s communicative competence? How should we develop it in our foreign language learning?

语言学教程第四版第二章 胡壮麟 主编

Chapter 2 Speech sounds Contents ?How sounds are made? ?Consonants and vowels ?Phonological processes, phonological rules and distinctive features ?Suprasegmentals 超音段 ?Two major areas for studying speech sounds: phonetics and phonology ?Phonetics: it studies how speech sounds are made, transmitted and perceived. ?Three branches of phonetics: ?Articulatory phonetics发声语音学 is the study of the production of speech sounds. ?Acoustic phonetics声学语音学 is the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech. Auditory phonetics听觉语音学 is concerned with the perception of speech sounds ?Phonology：it deals with the sound system of a language by treating phoneme 音素 as the point of departure. ?It studies the sound patterns and sound systems of languages. ?Ultimately it aims to discover the rules that underlie the sound patterns of all languages. How speech sounds are made? ? speech organs 言语器官 ?Speech organs are also known as vocal organs（发音器官）. ?Parts of human body involved in the production of speech sounds: lungs, trachea (windpipe) 气管, throat, nose, mouth ? organs of speech (Figure 2.2, p.26 on our books)

胡壮麟《语言学教程》第四版笔记

Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics 1.3 Design features of language The features that define our human languages can be called design features which can distinguish human language from any animal system of communication. 1.3.1 Arbitrariness Arbitrariness refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meanings. 1.3.2 Duality Duality refers to the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. 1.3.3 Creativity Creativity means that language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. Recursiveness refers to the rule which can be applied repeatedly without any definite limit. The recursive nature of language provides a theoretical basis for the possibility of creating endless sentences. 1.3.4 Displacement Displacement means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of conversation. 加1 Each sound in the language is treated as discrete. 加2 the direct/non-arbitrary/non-symbolic relation between meaning and form. There are resemblances between the language form and what they refer to. That relationship is called icon. Iconicity exists in sounds, lexicons and syntax. It is the motivation between language forms and meanings. It is a relation of resemblance between language form and what they refer to. 1.5 Functions of language As is proposed by Jacobson, language has six functions: 1. Referential: to convey message and information; 2. Poetic: to indulge in language for its own sake; 3. Emotive: to express attitudes, feelings and emotions; 4. Conative: to persuade and influence others through commands and entreaties; 5. Phatic: to establish communion with others; 6. Metalingual: to clear up intentions, words and meanings. three metafunctions: 1. function: to convey new information, to communicate a content that is

(完整版)胡壮麟《语言学教程》测试题及答案

胡壮麟《语言学教程》（修订版）测试题 第一章：语言学导论 I. Choose the best answer. (20%) 1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human A. contact C. relation B. communication D. community 2. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary? A. tree C. crash B. typewriter D. bang 3. The function of the sentence “ Waterboils at 100 degrees Centigrade. i”s A. interrogative C. informative B. directive D. performative 4. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say “碎碎(岁岁)平安”asa means of controlling the forces which they believes feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform? A. Interpersonal C. Performative B. Emotive D. Recreational 5. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation? A. Transferability C. Displacement B. Duality D. Arbitrariness 6. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language? —A nice day, isn 't it? Right! I really enjoy the sunlight. A. Emotive C. Performative B. Phatic D. Interpersonal 7. __________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language usesr knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances. A. Performance C. Langue B. Competence D. Parole 8. When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists hear and now.

胡壮麟语言学教程(修订版)一至三单元课后名词解释中英对照

语言学教程chapter1-3 1.design feature: are features that define our human languages,such as arbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,cultural transmission,etc. 本质特征：决定了我们语言性质的特征。如任意性、二重性、创造性、移位性等等。 2.function: the use of language to communicate,to think ,https://www.wendangku.net/doc/db15104488.html,nguage functions inclucle imformative function,interpersonal function,performative function, emotive function,phatic communion,recreational function and metalingual function. 功能：运用语言进行交流、思考等等。语言的功能包括信息功能、人际功能、施为功能、感情功能。3.etic: a term in contrast with emi c which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics.Being etic means making far too many, as well as behaviously inconsequential,differentiations,just as was ofter the case with phonetic vx.phonemic analysis in linguistics proper. 非位的：相对于“位学的”源于美国语言学家派克对于语音学和音位学的区分。 4.emic: a term in contrast with etic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics.An emic set of speech acts and events must be one that is validated as meaningful via final resource to the native members of a speech communith rather than via a ppeal to the investigator’s ingenuith or intuition alone. 位学的：相对于“非位的”源于美国语言学家派克对于语音学和音位学的区分。言语行为和事件中的位学系统必须是有效而有意义的，是通过言语社会中的本族语者而不仅仅是调查者的聪明和直觉获得的。5.synchronic: a kind of description which takes a fixed instant(usually,but not necessarily,the present),as its point of observation.Most grammars are of this kind. 共时：以一个固定的时间（通常，但非必须，是现在）为它的观察角度的描写。大多数的语法书属于此类型。 6.diachronic:study of a language is carried through the course of its history. 历时：在语言的历史过程中研究语言。 7.prescriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how ought to be,https://www.wendangku.net/doc/db15104488.html,ying down rules for language use. 规定式：规定事情应该是怎样的。如制定语言运用规则。 8.descriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are just described. 描写式：描述事情是怎样的。 9.arbitrariness: one design feature of human language,which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. 任意性：人类语言的本质特征之一。它指语言符号的形式与意义之间没有自然的联系。 10.duality: one design feature of human language,which refers to the property of having two levels of are composed of elements of the secondary.level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. 二重性：人类语言的本质特征之一。拥有两层结构的这种特性，底层结构是上层结构的组成成分，每层都有自身的组合规则。 11.displacement: one design feature of human language,which means human language enable their users to symbolize objects,events and concepts which are not present (in time and space),at the moment of communication.

胡壮麟《语言学教程》笔记和考研真题及典型题详解(第二语言和外语教学)【圣才出品】

第11章第二语言和外语教学 11.1 复习笔记 本章要点： 1. The relation between linguistics and language teaching 语言学与语言教学之间的关系 2. Grammar, input and language learning 语法、输入与语言学习 3. Interlanguage in language teaching 语言教学中的中介语 4. Linguistics and syllabus design 语言学与教学大纲设计 5. Contrastive analysis and error analysis 对比分析与错误分析 6. Corpus linguistics and language teaching 语料库语言学与语言教学 常考考点： 语言学与语言教学的关系；语言学与语言学习；语言学与教学大纲设计；二语学习者的主要障碍；对比分析与错误分析；中介语；语料库语言学与语言教学等。

本章内容索引： I. Definition of Applied Linguistics II. The Relation between Linguistics and Language Teaching III. Linguistics and Language Learning 1. Grammar and Language Learning 2. Input and Language Learning 3. Interlanguage in Language Learning IV. Linguistics and Language T eaching 1. The discourse-based view of language teaching 2. The universal grammar (UG) and language teaching V. Syllabus Design 1. Syllabus and curriculum 2. Theoretical views behind syllabus design 3. Types of syllabus (1) The structural syllabus (2) The situational syllabus (3) The communicative syllabus (4) The task-based syllabus 4. Current trends in syllabus design (1) The co-existence of the old and the new (2) The emphasis on the learning process

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胡壮麟语言学重难点 Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics 常考考点：1. 语言: 语言的定义；语言的基本特征；语言的功能；语言的起源 2. 语言学：语言学的定义；现代语言学与传统语法学研究的三个显著区别；语言学研究的四个原则及简要说明；语言学中的几组重要区别；每组两个概念的含义、区分及其意义；普通语言学的主要分支学科及各自的研究范畴；宏观语言学及应用语言学的主要分支及各自的研究范畴。 1. 语言的定义特征 1.1. 任意性 1.2. 二重性 1.3. 创造性 1.4. 移位性 1.5. 文化传递性 1.6. 互换性 2. 语言的功能 1.1. 信息功能 1.2. 人际功能 1.3. 施为功能 1.4. 感情功能 1.5. 寒暄功能 1.6. 娱乐功能 1.7. 元语言功能

3. 微观语言学 3.1. 语音学 3.2. 音系学 3.3. 形态学 3.4. 句法学 3.5. 语义学 3.6. 语用学 4. 宏观语言学 4.1. 心理语言学 4.2. 社会语言学 4.3. 应用语言学 4.4. 计算语言学 4.5. 神经语言学 5. 重要概念及其区分 5.1. 描写式&规定式 5.2. 共时&历时 5.3. 语言&言语 5.4. 语言能力&语言应用 5.5. 唯素的&唯位的 5.6. 传统语法&现代语法 5.7. 语言潜势&实际语言行为 Chapter 2 Speech Sounds

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语言学教程胡壮麟(第四版) 第3章

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