高考英语语法总复习(共15个专题附练习及答案)

语法复习专题一——名词

一、考点聚焦

1.可数名词单、复数变化形式

（1）规则变化。

①单数名词词尾直接加-s。如：boy — boys, pen — pens。

①以s、x 、ch 、sh结尾的单词一般加-es。如：glass — glasses,box— boxes, watch — watches, brush — brushes。

特例：stomach — stomaches。

①以“辅音字母+ y”结尾的变“y”为“i”再加“-es”。如：

baby — babies, lady — ladies, fly — flies。

①以“o”结尾的多数加-es。如：tomato — tomatoes, potato — potatoes, hero — heroes。但以两个元音字母结尾的名词和部分外来词中以o结尾的词只加-s。如：radio — radios, zoo — zoos, photo — photos, piano — pianos, kilo — kilos, tobacco — tobaccos。

①以“f”或“fe”结尾的名词复数形式变“f”或“fe”为“v”，之后再加-es。如：wife — wives, life — lives, knife — knives, wolf— wolves, self — selves, leaf — leaves 等。特例：handkerchief— handkerchiefs, roof — roofs, chief — chiefs, gulf — gulfs, belief — beliefs, cliff — cliffs。

①改变元音字母的。如：man — men, mouse — mice, foot — feet,

woman — women, tooth — teeth, goose — geese, ox — oxen。特例：child — children。

①复合名词的复数形式。（A）在复合词中最后名词尾加-s。如：armchair — armchairs, bookcase — bookcases, bookstore — book-

stores。（B）man和woman作定语修饰另一个名词时，前后两个名词都要变成复数。如：man doctor — men doctors, woman driver — women dri- vers。（C）与介词或副词一起构成的复合名词应在主体名词部分加-s。如：brother-in-law — brothers-in-law, passer-by — passers-by。

①有的名词有两种复数形式。如：zero — zeros 、zeroes, deer —

deers 、deer。penny的两种复数形式含义有所不同。如：pence（便士的钱数），pennies(便士的枚数)。

（2）不规则变化。

①单、复数同形。如：means, aircraft, deer, fish, Chinese,

Japanese, sheep, works（工厂）,cattle。

①合成名词的复数。如：boy-friend — boy-friends, go-between— go-betweens(中间人)，grown-up — grown-ups。

①有些名词通常只用作复数。如：glasses眼镜，clothes衣服，goods

货物，trousers裤子，belongings所有物,wages工资，riches财富, surroundings 环境，ashes灰尘, campasses圆规，cattle家畜，congratulations祝贺，have words with sb. 同某人吵架，in high spirits以很高热情地，give one’s regards to sb.向某人问侯，in rags衣衫破烂，It is good manners to do sth.有礼貌做某事。

①集体名词的数。有些集体名词通常只用作复数，如：people,

cattle, police; 有些名词只用作单数，如：machinery, furniture, mankind, jewellery;有些名词既可用作单数又可用作复数，单数看做整体，复数看做集体的各个成员。如：The crew is large.船员人数很多（指整体）；The crew are all tired.船员们都累坏了（个体）。

2、不可数名词的数

（1）一般说来抽象名词为不可数名词，但当抽象名词表示具体的东西时，可用作可数名词且词义发生变化，主要类型如下：

①抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。如：

抽象名词（不可数）具体化（个体名词，可数名词）

in surprise惊讶地 a surprise一件令人惊讶的事

win success获得成功 a success一个(件)成功的人(事)

win honor赢得荣誉an honor一个(件)引以为荣的(事)

Failure(失败)is the mother of success a failure失败者

失败是成功之母。

by experience靠经验an experience一次经历

youth青春 a youth一个青年人

have pity on sb.怜悯某人 a pity可惜的事情

with pleasure乐意 a pleasure乐事

①抽象名词与a(an)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。如：

A knowledge of English is a must in international trade.

Would you like to have a walk (swim, bath, talk) with me?

It is waste of time reading such a novel.

She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings.

(2)物质名词是不可数名词，但表示数量或种类之多时，可以用作可数名词。如：

①物质名词有形或数的相应物体，有单、复数。如：some coffee一些咖啡，

a coffee一杯咖啡，three coffees三杯咖啡，some drink一些饮料, a drink一杯饮料，three drinks三杯饮料，his hair他的头发，a few grey hairs几根白发，glass 玻璃，a glass一只玻璃杯。

①物质名词有前置后置修饰时，前面要使用不定冠词。

have breakfast The road is covered with snow.

have a wonderful breakfast They have a heavy snow every year.

Time and tide wait for no man.

We had a wonderful time last night.

(3)有复数形式的不可数名词

①有些抽象名词往往以复数形式出现，起到一种丰富语言感情色彩或强调某种特殊状态的作用。如：

Use your brains, please.

They have smoothed away the difficulties.

Have you made preparations for tomorrow’s meeting?

Many thanks for your kindness.

No pains, no gains.

After many failures, they finally succeeded.

①有些物质名词以复数形式出现，表示数量之多，范围之广。如：

The boy burst into tears at the bad news.

The rising waters did a lot of harm to the crops.

The stone bridge broke down in heavy rains.

3.名词所有格

（1）“’s”所有格的特殊表示形式有：

①用于表示时间、距离、价格、重量等的名词后，如：today’s

newspaper, five minutes’ walk(drive),five pounds’ weight, ten dollars’ worth of coffee。

①用于表示国家、世界、城市等地方的名词后。如：the earth’s planet, the word’s population, China’s industry, New York’s parks。

（2）“of”所有格的特殊表示方式有：

①表示“部分”时，一般在所修饰的名词前有一个表示数量的词（a、two、several、some、no、many等），如：Some students of Mister Zhang’s have gone to college.张老师的一些学生已经上大学了。

①表示“其中之一，其中一部分”的意思时，用：a friend of Tom’s

汤姆的一个朋友（许多朋友中的一位）。

①表示赞扬、批评或厌恶等感情色彩时，应该用：that/this/these/

those + 名词（单、复数）of Mary’s/yours/his/hers。如：

That invention of hers belongs to the world. 她的那项发明是属于全世界的（表赞赏）。

4、名词作定语

英语中有些名词没有其对应的同根形容词，这些名词可以直接用来作定语修饰另一个名词。

（1）分类意义。

air pollution 空气污染boy friend男朋友

coffee cup咖啡杯income tax所得税

tennis ball网球song writer歌曲作家

body language身体语言road accident交通事故

Nobel Prize诺贝尔奖

（2）时间、地点、称呼等。

Doctor Jack杰克医生Professor Li李教授

evening school夜校winter sleep冬眠

street dance 街舞country music乡村音乐

village people村民school education学校教育

China problem中国问题

（3）表目的、手段、来源，所属意义。

reception desk接待台sports field田径场

stone table石桌color TV彩电

weather report天气预报

二、精典名题导解

选择填空

1. It is generally believed that teaching is ___________it is a science. (NMET 2001)

A. an art much as

B. much an art as

C. as an art much as

D. as much an art as

解析：答案为D。当名词前有what、so、as、too、quite等词修饰时，其形容词被这些词修饰，组成下列结构，如：What a nice book! This is too heavy a box for me to carry. He is not as honest a boy as Mike.等，应采取too/how + 形容词（副词）+ a(an) + 名词的形式。要记住一些类似的特殊结构，并加以分析。

2. The police are offering a __________to anyone who can give information about the lost key.（NMET 1999）

A. price

B. prize

C. reward

D. money

解析：答案为C。price 价格，价钱；prize奖金。Ｄ项是钱，属不可数名词，题中所要填的是“酬金，报酬”。注意正确理解名词的含义及其搭配是活用语言的基础，在复习备考中要熟练掌握考纲中一些名词的词义、搭配、习惯等，才能更好辨析名词，从而选择最符合句意的选项。

3.You’ll find this map of great _____________in helping you to get round London.（NMET 1998）

A. price

B. cost

C. value

D. usefulness

解析：答案为C。本题考查特定语境中名词的词义及“be of + 抽象名词”结构。Price (价格)，cost（价钱，费用，成本）不符合题意，value作“quality of being useful or desirable”解时，常与of搭配，在句中作表语或补语，意为“有用，有价值”。故选择value。注意名词词义辨异及惯用法表达，题中“of + 抽象名词”相当于该名词的形容词形式。

4.If you buy more than ten, they knock 20 pence off .

A. a price

B. price

C. the price

D. price

解析：答案为C。本题考冠词和名词。全句合理句意应是：如果你买超过10个，他们从（现在标出的）价格上减价20便士。此处价格是特指的定价，所以C项最佳。

5.The journey around the world took the old sailor nine moths, the sailing time was 226 days.

A. of which

B. during which

C. from which

D. for which

解析：答案为B。辨析名词语义, a distance of +数字“……距离”。

6. I keep medicines on the top shelf, out of the children’s .

A. reach

B. hand

C. hold

D. place

解析：答案为A。“out of reach”是“超出某人够得着的范围”，即“够不着”的意思，药品应放到孩子够不到的地方。

语法复习专题二——冠词

一、考点聚焦

1.不用冠词的情况

（1）专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前，一般不加冠词。

China, America, Smith

Air is matter.

（2）可数名词前有物主代词、指示代词、名词所有格等限制时，不加冠词。

This dictionary is mine.

（3）季节、月份、星期、节日、假日、一日三餐名称前一般不加冠词。

March, May Day, National Day, Children’s Day, Women’s Day

Have you had supper?

Spring is the best season of the year.

（4）称呼语或指家用雇用的nurse、cook等名词前及表示头衔职务的名词作宾语、补语及同位语时，一般不加冠词。

What’s this, Father? We made him our chairman.

Ask nurse to put the child to bed. Professor Li.

（5）学科名称、球类、棋类名称前不加冠词。

Do you study physics?

He likes playing football/chess.

（6）复数名词表示泛指一类人或事物时前不用冠词。

They are peasants/ workers.

（7）在与by连用的交通工具名称前不加冠词。

by car, by bus,by bike, by train, by air/ water/ land

但：take a bus, come in a boat, on the train/ bus需注意。

（8）某些固定词组中不用冠词。

①名词词组中：

husband and wife, brother and sister, body and soul, day and night, knife and fork

①介词词组中：

to(at, from) school, in (to)class, in (to,at, from)university（college）,to（in, into, from）church, to(in,into, out of)prison(hospital, bed), to(at, from, out of)work, to(in, from) town,at (from)home, to(at)sea, at night(noon, midnight), by car (bus, bicycle, plane), on foot

注意：在有些词组中，有无冠词含义不同。

in hospital 住院（因病）

in the hospital在医院（工作、参观等）

in front of在前面，指某物体之外

in the front of在前部，指某物之内

in charge负责，主管out of question没问题

in the charge由……负责out of the question不可能

（9）as引导的让步状语从句中，作表语的名词不带冠词。

Child as she is, she knows a lot of French.

（10）系动词turn（作“变成”解）后作表语的单数可数名词前习惯不用冠词。

The young girl has turned writer.

= The young girl has become a writer.

（11）在单数名词+ after + 同一单数名词（表示“一个接一个”）结构中，单数可数名词前不加冠词。

She did experiment after experiment.

类似的还有：shop after shop, mistake after mistake

（12）形容词的最高级前、序数词前也有不用定冠词的情况。

①“most + 形容词原级”作“十分、非常、极”解时，前面不用定冠词。

Oh, it’s most beautiful.

①当两个形容词最高级并列修饰同一个名词时，第二个形容词前通常不用定冠词。

She is the tallest and fattest girl in our school.

①当形容词最高级作表语，不表示与其他人或物相比时，其前不用定冠词。

The market in the country is busiest in winter.

①形容词最高级前有名词所有格或物主代词时，不能用定冠词。

A wolf in a sheep’s skin is our most dangerous enemy.

①序数词前面一般加定冠词表示“第……”之意，但在second、third等词前加不定冠词表示“又一，再一”之意。

…why you took a second arrow

注意：下句中“a first”表示“第一名、冠军”。

He is a top student in our class; he often gets a first in maths.

（13）no与such连用时应放在such之前，such后面的名词不用冠词。

No such thing has ever happened in this village.

（14）never、ever置于作主语的名词前，这些名词前不用冠词。

Never did student study so hard.这个学生从未学得这么认真。

（15）有时为了节省空间、时间、金钱和精力，或为了引起注意力，省去a(n)或the,这主要用于新闻标题、工商业文件、广告、电报、公告、提纲、书名等。

Conference opens.会议召开了。

2.定冠词的使用情况

（1）使用定冠词的一般情况。

①特指或第二次提到。

①序数词前、最高级前、独一无二的东西前。

①用于表示发明物的单数名词前或某些专有名词前。

（2）定冠词使用特殊的场合。

① He hit him in the face.

beat sb. on the nose, take sb. by the arm, pat sb. on the head① the rich, the poor, the wounded 富人，穷人，伤员

① the elder of the two, he more beautiful of the two两者中较年长的一位，较漂亮的一个

① The sooner, the better.越快越好。

① He got paid by the hour.他是按小时付工钱的。

by the yard/the dozen/the month/the year…

但：by weight按重量

① in the 50s /in the 1870s（表示年代）

① the Smiths/the Whites（表示一家人或夫妇俩）

① in the water/field/light/shade/distance/middle/country/rain

① tell the truth/on the other hand/on the way home

① 当抽象名词表示某一特定内容，特别是当它有一限定性修饰语时，

它与定冠词连用：

She is fond of music.

He is playing the music written by Beethoven.

Good advice is beyond price.

I’m sorry not to have taken the advice he gave.

3.不定冠词常用的几种情况

（1）表示“一”相当于“one”。I’ll return in a day or two.

（2）表示“每”相当于“per”。We have three meals a day.

（3）表示“同一性”相当于“the same”。The children are of an age.

（4）表示类指，表示“某类”。He wants to he a doctor.

（5）表示泛指，相当于“any”。A horse is a useful animal.

（6）表示某一个，相当于“a certain”。A Mr. Smith is asking to see you.

（7）与抽象名词连用，可以表示“一场、一次、一件”，如：a pleasure一件乐事，a surprise一件令人惊讶的事，a joy一件高兴的事，a pity一件遗憾的事，an honour一个（件）经以为荣的人(事)。

（8）与物质名词连用，表示“一种，一阵、一份”。

What a heavy rain!

What a good supper!

Please give me a black coffee!

4.冠词表类别的常见方式

（1）定冠词+ 单数可数名词，表示一个，代表一类。

The computer was invented in 1945.

The TV set was invented by Joan Baird.

The horse is a useful animal.

（2）不定冠词+ 单数可数名词（表示任意一个，某一个）。

A pen is a tool for writing.

A square has four sides.

A horse is a useful animal.

注意：man, woman表示泛指时，不用冠词，且常用单数。如：

Man is fighting a battle against pollution.

Man tries to be the protector of woman.

（3）可数名词或不可数名词，指类别（考虑到同类中的各个情况）。

Horses are useful animals.

Rice is a kind of food.

5.冠词位置问题

（1）不定冠词+ 副词+ 形容词+ 名词。

This is a very interesting story.

（2）such、what、both、all、quite、rather +不定冠词+形容词+名词。

I’ve never seen such a film!

Half a pound of pork,please!

What a good idea it is!

（3）as、so、too、how、however、enough+形容词+不定冠词+名词。

It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent.

I can’t finish the task in so short a time.

This seems not too long a distance.

We wonder how difficult a problem he worked out.

However low te price you paid,you waste your money.

He is brave enough a hunter to kill the bear.

（4）定冠词位置。

①half、twice、three times + the + 名词

He paid twice the price for it.

Their house is three times the size of yours.

①all、both、double + the + 名词

Both the blind men were mistaken.

All the students in our class are eager to know the secret.

I offered him double the amount, but he still refused.

二、精典名题导解

选择填空

1. The warmth of ______sweater will of course be determined by the sort of ____wool used.（NMET 2001）

A．The ; the B．the ; / C．/; the D．/; /

解析：答案为B。第一空格为特指，交待the warmth的内容，第二空格为泛指，the sort of wool used所用羊毛的种类。此题有三点需注意：①正确理解sweater 这一句词在句中的类别。①掌握determine在句中作“决定”、“取决于”这个意思。

①掌握定冠词表特指的基本用法。

2. Most animals have little connection with_________animals of___________different kind unless they kill them for food.（NMET 2000）A．the … a B．/ … a C．the … the D．/ … the

解析：答案为B。名词复数表类别，其前不用冠词，故第一个空格不填冠词，表不定概念的“一种”，“某种”要用不定冠词a。要准确掌握冠词表类别的三种表达方式和不定冠词常用的几种情况，见前面要点考点聚焦内容。

3. Paper money was in___________use in China when Marco Polo visited the country in __________thirteenth century.（NMET1999）

A．the … / B．the … the C．/ … the D．/ … /

解析：答案为C。题中in use是固定搭配，意为“在使用”，use为抽象名词，其前不用冠词。后者是序数词前用定冠词the。要牢记一些固定搭配如in use、under construction（在建设中）、in debt（欠债）、come to power（执政）、on fire （着火）、at table（用餐）、out of work（失业）等。

4. When you come here for your holiday next time don’t go to hotel; I can find you bed in my flat.

A. the; a

B. the; 不填

C. a; the

D. a; 不填

解析：答案为C。考定语从句。主句部分应是The English play at the New Year’s party was a great success. 从句补全为独立句子就是my students acted in the play.所以应选in which，其余介词不妥。

5.—John, there is Mr. Wilson on the phone for you.

—I’m in bath.

A. a; the

B. the; a

C. a; 不填

D. the; 不填

解析：答案为A。本题考查冠词用法。a+姓名，表示“一个叫……的人”；in the bath在浴室。

6. Tom owns larger collection of books than any other student in our class.

A. the; 不填

B. a; 不填

C. a; the

D. 不填; the

解析：答案为B。考冠词，collection是可数名词，须填冠词，被比较级修饰，但是大范围的比较，故填不定冠词，后一空是泛指的表类别的书，且已用了复数，不填冠词。故选B。

语法复习专题三——代词

一、考点聚焦

代词分为九类：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、指示代词\疑问代词、连接代词、不定代词、关系代词。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的作用。

1、人称代词

（1）人称代词作主语用主格，作宾语、表语用宾格，但应注意以下4中情况：

①作主语的人称代词如果孤立地使用于无谓语动词的句子中，或在这种句子中与动词不定式连用，常用宾格。

—Does any of you know where Tom lives?

—Me.

What! Me (to) play him at chess? No!

①句子中代词作宾语或宾语补足语时，与所替代的名词在人称、数、格在意义上一般要保持前后一致。

The thief was thought to be he.(the thief是主格，故用he代替)

They took me to be her.他们误以为我是她。（me是宾格，故用her替代）

①作表语人称代词一般用宾格，但在强调句型中，被强调部分代词的格不变。

I met her in the hospital.→It was her who I met in the hospital.

①在比较级的句子中than、as后用主格、宾格都可以。如：He is taller than me(I).但在下列句中有区别。

I like Jack as much as her.=I like both Jack and her.

I like Jack as much as she.=I like Jack and she likes him, too.

(2)两个以上的人称代词并列，其次序排列原则：

①在并列主语中，“I”总是放在最后，排列顺序为：二三一（人称）。宾格me也一样。

You ,she and I will be in charge of the case.

Mr.Zhang asked Li Hua and me to help him.

①第三人称，男女两性并用，男先女后。

He and she still don’t agree to the plan.

(3)几个人称代词的特殊用法。

①we/you(口语)常用来泛指一般人。

①she可以代表国家、船只、大地、月亮等。

The “Titanic”was the largest, wasn’t she?

2.物主代词

（1）名词和形容词性物主代词各自的语法功能。

（2）one’s own…=...of one’s own句式的转换。

（3）某些固定结构中常用定冠词代替物主代词。

如：take sb. by the arm, be wounded in the leg.

3.反身代词

（1）反身代词的语法功能：宾语、表语、主语或宾语的同位语。

（2）反身代词和某些动词连有，构成固定短语。

enjoy oneself, feel oneself, make oneself at home, make oneself understood

（3）反身代词还可用于某些成语中。

for oneself为自己或独立地，of oneself自然地，自动地

by oneself独自地，in oneself本身性质，beside oneself喜怒哀愁至极

This problem gets a chapter to itself.这个问题占了一章（独有）。

Just between ourselves, I don’t think much of him.私下地说我并不怎么看重他。

They were discussing about it among themselves.（相互共同）

Left to himself he began to write.别人走后只留下他，他写了起来。

I’m very angry with myself.生自己的气。

4.相互代词（each other, one another）

相互代词无人称、数和格的区别，在句中作宾语。其所有格分别为each other’s 、one another’s ,作定语。

一般来说，each other指两者之间，one another指三者或三者以上之间，但现在区分已不明显。

5.指示代词（this, that , these, those, such, same）

指示代词具有形容词和代词两种词性，在句子中可以作定语、主语、宾语或表语等。

（1）指示代词this和that的区别。

①this (these)一般指时间或空间上较近的人或物；that(those)常指时间或空间较远的人或物。

This is my desk and that is yours.

In those days they could not go to school.

①this常指后面要讲到的事物，有启下的作用；that则指前面讲到过的事物，有承上的作用。

I want to tell you this:the English party will be held on Saturday afternoon.

He hurt his leg yesterday. That’s why he didn’t come.

①为了避免重复，常用that或those代替前面已提过的名词。

The weather of Beijing is colder than that of Nanjing.

The ears of a rabbit are longer than those of a fox.

①this在电话用语中作自我介绍，that询问对方；this和that可以当副词用，意思相当于副词so。

（2）such和same的用法。

①such指“这样的”人或事，在句中作主语和定语。

Such was the story.

We have never seen such a tall building.

①same指“同样的”人或事，在句中作主语、表语、宾语和定语，same的前面要用定冠词the.

The same can be said of the other article.

另一篇文章也是同样的情况。（主语）

Whether he can do it or not,it is all the same to me.

他是否能做这事，对我来说都一样。（表语）

6、疑问代词（who,whom,which,what,whose）

疑问代词在句中作主语、宾语、定语和表语。

（1）who/what

①询问姓名或关系。——Who is he? ——He is my brother./He is

Henry.询问职业或地位。——What is he？——He is a lawyer/teacher.

①What/who 作主语时，谓语动词的数取决于说话人的视点，可单数也可复数。

What is /are on the table?

Who is/are in the library?

(2)which与who、what

which表示在一定范围内，而who、what则无此限制。

I found two books on the desk.Which is yours?

7.连接代词和关系代词

连接代词与疑问代词的形式相同，主要有who、whom、whose、what、which 以及它们与ever合成的代词whoever、whomever、whatever、whichever等。它们用来引导主语从句，宾语从句和表语从句，即连接复合句中的主句和从句，并在从句中担任一定的句子成分，以连接代词引起的名词性从句前不能再加that.

关系代词是用来引导定语从句的代词，它们包括who、whom、whose、which、that等。这两类代词的用法详见“名词性从句”和“定语从句”部分。

8、不定代词

不定代词主要有：all、each、every、both、either、neither、one、none、little、few、many、much、other、another、some、any、no等。还有由some、any、no 和every构成合成代词，不定代词具有名词和形容词的性质，并有可数和不可数之分，在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、同位语、定语、状语等（every、no只能作定语）。下面介绍几组主要不定代词的用法与区别。

（1）some与any

一般用法：some、any可与单、复数可数名词及不可数名词连有。some一般用于肯定句，any多用于疑问、否定或条件句。

He has some Chinese paintings.(定语)

Some like sports,others like music.(主语)

Ask me if you have any questions.(定语)

Do you have any questions to ask?(定语)

I don’t know any of the students.（宾语）

特殊用法：

①any用于肯定句表示“任何”的意思。

Any child can do that.（定语）

You may take any of them.（宾语）

①some用于单数可数名词前表示“某一”。

Smith went to some place in England.（定语）

①在期待对方回答yes 时，some用在表示请求或邀请的问句中。

Would you like some bananas?（邀请）

Mum,could you give me some money?(请求)

①some 用于否定句表示部分否定。

I don’t know some of the students.（宾语）

some和any在句中还可作状语，作副词。some意为“大约”相当于“about”,

而any则表示程度，意为“稍，丝毫”。如：

There are some 300 workers on strike.

Do you feel any better today?

(2) One, both, all

①one作定语、表语、主语或宾语，可以指人或物，表示“一个”的意思，其复数为ones,指人时，其所有格是one’s，反身代词是oneself.

One should try one’s best to serve the people.(主语、定语)

This is not the one I want.(表语)

one、ones可以代替上文提到过的名词，以免重复，one、ones前面分别可以用this、that、these、those或the、which等词修饰。如：

These books are more interesting than those ones.

Here are three pens.Which one is yours,this one or that one or the one in the pencil-box?

①both用作定语、宾语、主语和同位语，可以指人或指物，表示“两者都”的意思。

This maths problem can be worked out in both ways.(定语)

Both of the boys are here.(主语)

We both are students.(同位语)

注意：both用于否定句，表示部分否定；表示完全否定时，用neither。如：Both of us are not teachers.我们俩并不都是教师。

Neither of us is a teacher. 我们俩都不是教师。

both不能放在the、these、those、my等之后，而应放在它们的前面。如：Both my parents like this film.

Both the /these boys are tall.

①all用作主语、表语、宾语、定语、同位语，指“全部的”、“整个的”，可与可数或不可数名词连用，除少数情况外，一般不与单数可数名词连用，与复数名词连用时，表示“所有的”、“全部的”，指三个或三个以上的人或物。

He gave me all the money.他把全部的钱给了我。

All the schools are flooded.所有的学校都被淹了。

I told him all about it. 我把一切都告诉了他。

That’s all for today.今天就在这儿。

They have all been to Xi’an.他们都去过西安。

注意：all 用于否定句，表示部分否定，完全否定用none。如：

Not all the ants go out for food.(or:All the ants don’t go out for food.)并不是所有的蚂蚁都出去寻找食物。

None of the money is mine.这钱一分也不是我的。

（3）many和much

many和much都表示“许多”，但many修饰或代替复数可数名词，much修饰或代替不可数名词。它们在句中可作主语、宾语、定语。much有时用作状语。

（4）few, little; a few, a little

few和little表示没有多少，含否定意义；而a few 和a little表示有一些，有几个，含肯定意义。另外，few、a few 修饰可数名词；little、a little修饰不可数名词。它们在句中常用作定语、主语和宾语。

（5）no和none

no=not any,表示“没有”，用来修饰可数名词或不可数名词，通常作定语，none 代替不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；代替可数名词作主语时，谓语动词可用单数也可用复数形式。none还可以在句中作宾语。

注意：none既可以指人又可以指物，no one只能指人。

（6）each和every

each（各个），指两个或两个以上的人或物，侧重个体，在句中作主语、宾语、定语和同位语。every（每个），指三个或三个以上的人或物，侧重整体，在句中只能作定语。

Every student it our class has a dictionary.(定语，强调班上“所有的人”)

Each student in our class has a dictionary.（定语，强调各个个体）

Each of them has been there.（主语）

The teacher gave each of the students a new textbook.（宾语）

We each got a ticket.（同位语）

（7）either和neither

either是“两者中任何一个”的意思，可修饰或代替单数可数名词，neither是“两者中没有一个”的意思，可以修饰或代替单数可数名词，它们可在句在作主语、宾语或定语。如：

Here are two pens. You may take either of them.(宾语)

Neither boy knows French.(定语)

注意：①either也作副词，其意为“也”，用于否定句的句末。He doesn’like tea, and I don’t either.（状语）①either与or构成连词，意为“不是……就是……”或“要么……要么……”。He is either Japanese or Chinese. ①neither用作副词，意为“也不”，即“not…either”。He can’t do it, neither can I. ①neither可与nor构成连词，意为“既不……也不”。Neither he nor you are a student.

（8）other和another, the others 和others

the other表示“两者中的另一个”；“the other + 复数可数名词”

表示“其余（他）的……”；the others表示“其他的人或物”。“others及other + 复数名词”泛指“其他的（别的）人或物”。这些词语在句中可作主语、宾语和定语。如：

He got two books; one is textbook, the other is a novel.

Five of the pencils are red, the others(the other pens)are yellow.

Some are singing, others are dancing.

another修饰或代替单数可数名词，意为“（三个或三个以上的）另一个”，不能指两者中的另一个，在句中可作宾语和定语。

This coat is too dark. Please show me another.(宾语)

Please give me another book.（定语）

注意：another修饰复数名词时，意为“再，又”。如：Please give me another ten minutes. one … another(a second)… a third…the other…意为“一个……一个……一个……一个”用于三者或三者以上的排列。some…others…others…，意为“一些……一些……一些”。

二、精典名题导解

选择填空

1. The Parkers bought a new house but__________will need a lot of work before they can move in.(NMET 2001)

A. they

B. it

C. one

D. which

解析：答案为B。分析题意可知，they显然不合，which多引导从句，从此为并列句式，one表示泛指，而此处空格内容指代前面提到的the new house。要仔细区别代词的所指范围，是人还是物，单数还是复数，另应注意句式。

2．If you want to change for a double room you’ll have to pay_________$ 15.（NMET 2000）

A. another

B. other

C. more

D. each

解析：答案为A。本题考查不定代词用于表示数量附加的用法。“another + 数

字+ 复数名词”结构通常用来表示在原有数量上的附加。若选C，正确结构是“数词+ more + 复数名词”。掌握another和more与数字搭配的位置是此题关键。another放在数字前，more放在数字后。NMET 1995中第25小题命题思路与此题一致。

3. Few pleasures can equal ___________of a cool drink on a hot day.(NMET 1999)

A. some

B. any

C. that

D. those

解析：答案为C。本题考查替代词that的用法。that通常在句中替代同类的、特定的但不是同一的事物。本句中that替代the pleasure。句意为“在炎热的夏天几乎没有任何乐趣能与饮一杯冷饮的乐趣相比”。that指代单数或不可数名词，复数用those，表示特指，以避免重复，在比较句型中较为常用，代替可数名词时可换用the one。

4. I like in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright.

A. this

B. that

C. it

D. one

解析：答案为C。本句考惯用法及代词。Like是及物动词，需要宾语。此处“it”指模糊的情形或环境，无具体指代，其余项均不可。又如：I like it here（我喜欢这儿）。

5.That’s an unpleasant thing to say about your father after he’s done for you.

A. something

B. anything

C. all

D. that

解析：答案为C。本题考代词及定语从句。整句意思；在你父亲为你做了所有一切之后再说你父亲（的坏话）是件令人不愉快的事。

6.We needed a new cupboard for the kitchen. So Peter made from some wood we had.

A. it

B. one

C. himself

D. another

解析：答案为B。考代词。全句意为：我们需要为厨房填个橱柜，所以Peter 用我们所拥有的木头做了一个。代词one替代上文的名词a cupboard,非特指的指代，正合题意。it应指代上文提到的同一事物，为特指，故不可。C项离题意太远，D项指“又”，“再”的意思，亦不可。

语法复习专题四——形容词和副词

一、考点聚焦

1、形容词、副词的作用与位置

形容词是用来修饰名词的，常被放在名词前作定语，或放在系动词后面作表语。而副词则用来修饰形容词、动词，其他副词或者句子，一般位于形容词之前，动词之后或句子之首。以下属几种特殊情况，须牢记；

（1）形容词短语作定语，定语后置。

a language difficult to master, a leaning tower about 180 feet high

（2）表语形容词（afraid、alike、alone、asleep、awake、alive等）作定语，定语后置。如a man alive。有些表身体健康状况的形容词如well、faint、ill只作表语。sick既可作表语又可作定语，ill如作定语意为“bad”。

（3）用作定语，修饰由不定代词one、no、any、some和every构成的复合词如anything、something等时，通常后置。如：

I have something important to tell you.

（4）else常用作疑问代词和不定代词的后置定语。

（5）enough、nearby修饰名词前置或后置，程度副词一般位于形容词、副词前面，enough修饰形容词、副词时，必须后置。

（6）几个副词并列作状语时，其顺序较灵活，但一般是：方式→地点→时间。如：

We had a good time together outdoors last Sunday.

（7）频度副词如often、always、usually等在be动词后，行为动词前。

（8）副词作定语，定语后置。如：

The person there is waiting for you.

（9）几个并列的形容词作定语，其语序通常为：限定语（The、A）+ 描绘性形容词+ size（大小）+ shape（形状）+ age（年龄、时间）+ color（颜色）+ origin（国籍、来源）+ material（材料）+ purpose（目的）+ 名词。如：

a heavy black Chinese steel umbrella,

the man’s first tow interesting little red French oil paitings

（10）以-ly结尾的词性辨析。

①下列单词以-ly结尾，但却是形容词而非副词：lively、lonely、lovely、deadly、friendly、ugly、silly、likely、brotherly、timely等。

①表愿意（无-ly）和引申意(有-ly)的副词：

deep深

wide宽广high高low位置低deeply深入地widely广泛地highly高度地lowly地位卑微

①有无-ly意义大不相同的副词：

dead完全，绝对be dead asleep

deadly非常be deadly tired

pretty相当be pretty certain that…

prettily漂亮地be prettily dressed

close近Don’t sit close.

closely密切地Watch closely!

late晚、迟arrive late, come late

lately最近I haven’t seen him lately(recently).

2、复合形容词的构成

（1）形容词+ 名词+ ed

kind-hearted好心的，white-haired白发的

(2)形容词+ 形容词

red-hot炽热的，dark-blue深蓝的

（3）形容词+ 现在分词

good-looking好看的，easy-going随和的

（4）副词+ 现在分词

hard-working勤劳的，fast-moving快速转动的

（5）副词+ 过去分词

hard-won得来不易的，newly-made新建的

（6）名词+ 形容词

life-long终生的，world-famous世界闻名的

（7）名词+ 现在分词

peace-loving爱好和平的，fun-loving爱开玩笑的

（8）名词+ 过去分词

snow-covered白雪覆盖的，hand-made手工的

（9）数词+ 名词+ ed

four-storeyed 4层楼的，three-legged 3条腿的

（10）数词+ 名词（名词用单数）

ten-year 10年的,two-man两人的

3、形容词和副词的比较等级

（1）原级的构成和用法。

构成：形容词、副词的原级即本身。

用法：表示双方在程度、性质、特征等某方面相等时，用“as + 原级形容词/副词+ as”的结构；表示双方不相等时，用“not so(as) + 原级形容词/副词+ as”的结构；表示一方是另一方的若干倍时，用“倍数+ as + 原级形容词/副词+ as”的结构。如：

Xiao Wang is as tall as Xiao Y u.

This building looks not so (as)high as that one.

Miss Xu speaks English as fluently as you .

This room is three times as large as that one.

（2）比较级和最高级的构成。

掌握比较级和最高级的变化规则，熟记少数不符合规则的特殊形容词和副词。

（3）比较级的用法。

①对方比较，表示一方超过另一方时，用“比较级+ than”的结构表示。如：

This picture is more beautiful than that one.

①表示一方不及另一方时，用“less + 原级+ than”的结构表示。如：

This room is less beautiful than that one.

①表示一方超过另一方的程度或数量时，可在比较级前加表示程度的状语，如even、a lot、a bit、a little、still、much、far、yet、by fay等修饰。如：He works even harder than before.

注意：英语的比较级前如无even、still或yet等时，译成汉语时可用“较”或“…一些”或不译出，一般不可有“更”。如：

She is better than she was yesterday

Please come earlier tomorrow.

另注意：by far通常用于强调最高级。用于比较级时，一般放在比较级的后面，如在前面，应在二者中间加“the”。如：

He is taller by far than his brother.

He is by far the taller of the two brothers.

①表示一方随另一方的程度而变化时，用“the + 比较级（主语+ 谓语），the + 比较级（主语+ 谓语）”的结构（意为“越……越……”）。如：The harder he works, the happier he feels.

①不与其他事物相比，表示本身程度的改变时，用“比较级+ and + 比较级”的结构。如：

The weather is getting colder and colder.

The girl becomes more and more beautiful.

①某些以-ior结尾的形容词进行比较时，用to代替than。这些词有inferior （劣等的，次的）、superior（较好的，优于……）、junior（资历较浅的）、senior （资格较老的）、prior（在……之前）等。

He is superior to Mr.Zhang in chemistry.

①在比较从句中为了避免重复，我们通常用that(those)、one(ones)代替前面出现的名词。that指物,one既可指人又可指物。that可代替可数名词单数和不可数名词，而one只能代替可数名词。

The book on the table is more interesting than that(或the one)on the desk.

A box made of steel is stronger than one made of wood.

①倍数表达法。（A）A is three(four, etc.)times the size(height, length etc.)of B. 这座新楼是那座旧楼的四倍大（高）。The new bui9lding is four times the size(the height)of the old one.这座新楼比那座旧楼大三倍（高三倍）。（B）A is three(four, etc.)times as big(high, long, etc.)as B. Asia is four times as large as Europe.亚洲比欧洲大三倍。（C）A is three (four, etc.)times bigger(higher, longer, etc.)than B. Your school is three times bigger than ours.你们的学校比我们的学校大三倍。用times 表倍数通常用于三倍以上，两倍可以用twice或double.

(4)最高级的用法。

①三者或三者以上相比，表示最高程度时，用“the + 最高级”的结构表示。这种句式一般常有表示比较范围的介词短语。如：

Zhang Hua is the tallest of the three.

He works(the)hardest in his class.

①最高级可被序数词以及much、by far、nearly、almost 、by no means、not quite、not really、nothing like等词语所修饰。如：

This hat is by far / much / nearly / almost / not nearly / by no means / not quite / nothing like the biggest.

How much did the secon most expensive hat cost?

①表示“最高程度”的形容词，如excellent、extreme、perfect等，没有最高级，也不能用比较级。

①形容词最高级修饰作表语或介词宾语的名词、代词时，被修饰的词往往省略。如：

He is the tallest (boy) in his class.

①作状语的副词最高级前可以不加定冠词。如：

Of all the boys he came (the) earliest.

(5)形容词和副词前面使用冠词的情况。

①形容词最高级前一般要加定冠词，副词最高级前可不加冠词。

①形容词最高级前有时加不定冠词，或不加冠词，不表比较，表示“非常”。如：

He is a most clever young policeman.(a most=very)

The film is most interesting.(most=very)

①表示两者间“较……的一个”比较级前加the。如：

who is the older of the tow boys?

①在“the + 比较级…，the + 比较级…”结构中。

①在same前一般要加the。

①有些形容词前加the 成为名词。如the poor、the rich 等。

（6）由as / so组成的形容词或副词短语。

①as much as + 不可数名词数量。

Each stone weighs as much as fifteen tons.

She could earn as much as ten dollars a week.

①as many as + 可数名词数量多达

I have as a many as sixteen referrence books.

①as early as早在

As early as the twelfth century the English began to invade the island.

①as far as远到；就……而知（论）

We might go as far as (走到)the church and back.

As far as I know（就我所知），he has been there before.

①may (might, could)as well不妨、不如

Then you might as well stay with us here.

①as … as can be到了最……的程度，极其

They are as unreliable as they can be.他们极其不可信。

①as … as one can

He began to run, as fast as he could.

①as … as possible

Just get them to finish up as quickly as possible.

(7)几组重要的词语辨析。

①very 和much的区别。（A）可分等级的形容词和副词前使用very不用much。

(B)表示状态的过去分词前用very。a very frightened boy, a very tired child, a very complicated problem, 一般的情况下，以-ing、-ed结尾的分词多用much、very much / greatly等修饰。如：We were greatly shocked by the news about Tom. I was much amused by Jack’s attitude。(C)已转化为形容词的现在分词前用very。如：very interesting / worrying / exicting。（D）too前用much或far,不用very。You are much / far / a lot too nice.另外，在too many / much, too few / little前用far。There’s far too little opportunity for adventue these days.We’ve got far too many eggs and far too few egg cups.（E）关于原级形容词要记住下列固定的修饰结构：（a）修饰绝对意义的形容词，一般不用very,而用quite completely、well、entirely。如：quite wrong(mistaken, sure)、completely dead、quite impossible、quite perfect等。（b）修饰以a-开头的形容词，多有特殊的修饰词：quite alone, very much alone, wide awake, fast asleep, very much afraid。(c)修饰一些特殊形容词的修饰语有：be well worth, much the same, freezing cold, quite different, terribly cold / frightening。

①so … that … 与such … that … 的区别。

so + 形容词/ 副词+ that …

so + 形容词+ a（n）+ 单数可数名词+ that …

so + many / much / little / few + 名词+ that …

such + a(n)+ 形容词+单数可数名词+ that …

such + 形容词+ 不可数名词+ that …

such + 形容词+ 复数名词+ that …

注意：下列结构中只能用so不可用such,当名词前有many、much、little、few等表示“多、少”的词修饰时，如so much progress、so many people、so little food、so few apples等。但当little表示“小”时用such。如：These are such little boys that they can’t dress themselves.下列so的用法是错误的：so a diffcult problem,so difficult problems, so hot weather。

①其他几组词的辨析。（A）ago、before:ago表示以现在为起点的“以前”；before 指以过去或将来的某时刻为起点的“以前”。泛指“以前”用before而不用ago。（B）already、yet、still:already表示某事已经发生；yet表示期待某事发生；still表示某事还在进行，主要用于肯定句。

(C)too、also、either:too和also用于肯定句，too多用于口语，also多用于书面语，either用于否定句。(D)good、well:与good不同的是，well作形容词，只能在系动词后作表语，表示“身体状况好”，也作副词修饰动词。(E)quick、fast:作形容词皆表“快”。fast多指运动的物体，含持续的意思。quick多指一次动作的敏捷、突然，而且持续的时间较短。(F)real、true:形容词表“真的”。real强调真实存在的而不是幻想的，在句中常作定语；true指与事实标准和实际情况相符合，在句中作表语或定语。(G)hard、difficult:均表“困难”，但hard通常指体力上困难；difficult则指智力或技能上的困难，困难程度大于hard。它们都可作定语和表语。

二、精典名题导解

选择填空

1. It is generally believed that teaching is ___________it is a science.（NMET 2001）

A. an art much as

B. much an art as

C. as an art much as

D. as much an art as

解析：答案为D。本题可从考查形容词的同级比较点入手。在同级比较as…as 句式中，如果as后面的形容词作定语且其所修饰的名词前有不定冠词时，该冠词须置于形容词之后，即形成“as + 形容词+ a / an + 单数可数名词+ as”结构。这道题在名词专题中也有解析，不同的是观察视角不同，应注意培养发散思维。

2. It is always difficult being in a foreign country, __________if you don’t speak the language.(NMET 2000)

A. extremely

B. naturally

C. basically

D. especially

解析：答案为D。本题考查副词的词义辨析。注意掌握词语的准确含义，结合语境进行分析。A项意为“极端地”；B项意为“自然地”；C项“基本上”；D项“尤其，特别地”。根据句意“如果你不会讲（它的）语言，在国外你就总会困难重重”可知答案。

3. Professor White has written some short stories, but he is ______known for his plays.(NMET 1998)

A. the best

B. more

C. better

D. the most

解析：答案为C。本题考查副词的比较级和最高级。要把握句式之间的联系，抓住句子的隐藏信息，结合语境进行分析。根据句意，句中but后应有一词组be well known for…。同时，应注意到前后两个分句把professor White的短篇小说和戏剧进行了对比，故应用well的比较级。

4.I must be getting fat—I can do my trousers up.

A. fairly

B. hardly

C. nearly

D. seldom

解析：答案为D。本题考副词，且继续使用了破折号，对前句解释说明。句中的“do up”指“系上、扣上、包扎上”等意，故全句合理的意思是：我几乎系不上裤子了，（因此）我一定在发胖。B项hardly是“几乎不”的意思，正合题意。

5. The house smells as if it hasn’t been lived in for years.

A. little white wooden

B. little wooden white

C. white wooden little

D. wooden white little

解析：答案为A。本题考名词前置定事的排序。多个词同时作前置定语时，排列规律一般是：代词性定语+冠/指示/物主/所有格+数词（先序后基）+形容词+国籍/材料/用途形容词或名词或动名词+被修饰的名词，其中数个形容词同时出现时，多用下列顺序：性质+大小+形状+新旧+颜色，有时也要看与名词的密切关系，越密切，越靠近名词。按上文所述，wooden表材料，放在最后，white 表颜色，放在little之后，故选A。

6. That doesn’t sound very frightening, Paul. I’ve seen . What did you like most about the film?

A. better

B. worse

C. best

D. worst

解析：答案为B。考查比较级的用法，由句意可知，我还见过比frightening 更糟的，故选B。

语法复习专题五——介词和连词

一、考点聚焦

1、介词的分类与语法功能

（1）介词是虚词，不能单独作句子成分，必须与名词、代词（或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句等）构成介词短语，在句中充当一个成分。介词分为：简单介词，如at、in、for等；合成介词，如within、inside、onto、througout 等；短语介词，如according to、out of、because of、by means of、in spite of、instead of等。双重介词，如from behind / above / under、until after等。分词介词，如considering、including、judging(from / by) 等。

常见的介词宾语：名词、代词、动名词、从句、不定式等。如：

①It is going to rain this afternoon according to the weather forecast.

义的动词与of 连用)

①supply us with food / fill the glass with wine （“供给”意义的动词与with 连用） ①make a desk of wood / make bread from flour / make the material into a coat （“制作、制造”意义与of 、from 、into 连用）

①介词 + the + 部位与动词的关系（=动词 + sb.’s + 部位，可换用） strike him on the head(“击，拍，碰，摸”意义与on 连用) catch him by the arm(“抓，拉，拿，扯”意义与by 连用)

hit the boy in the face （“肚，胸，眼，脸”等人体前部与in 连用） ①prevent(stop, keep)sb. from doing sth.(“阻止，禁止”意义与from 连用) ①persuade(advise, warn)sb. into doing sth.（“说服，建议”意义与into 连用） ①buy sb. for sth.(leave 、get 、win 、gain 、lose 等“得失”意义与for 连用) ①tell sth.to sb.(show 、teach 、sing 、write 、read 等“告知”意义与to 连用) ①give sth. to sb.（give 、allow 、promise 、pass 、hand 等“授予”意义与to 连用） 注意：①①①可换成buy sb.sth.双宾结构。

①say to sb.(suggest 、explain 、apologize 、murmur 、whisper 与“对象”连用必须用to)不可说suggest sb.sth.。

同一动词与不同介词搭配意义不同。

for （寻找） to sth. of(听说) on(拜访) look to (眺望) agree with sb. hear call for(需要) at （看） on sth. from(收到信) in(请) 同一介词与不同动词搭配，意义各异。

reply to the letter 回信，sing(dance)to the music 和……唱（跳），amount to 达到，加起来有……，devote to 把……贡献给，drink to 为……干杯，object to 反对，look forward to 渴望，come to 苏醒，belong to 属于，search for 搜……，ask … for … 寻找，use … for 用作，leave for 前往，take … for 误以为，call of 倡导，wait for 等待，care for 喜欢，make up for 弥补损失，turn to 求助（救）于，help oneself to 随意，agree to 同意，compare … to 把……比作，send for 派人去请（拿）……，sail for 驶向，航向，set out for 动身去，go in for 爱好……。

（2）常见“形容词 + 介词”搭配。

of 担心…… about / at sth. afraid angry

for 替……而担心 with sb.

for sth.渴望…… from 与……不同

amxious different

about sth. / sb 担心…… to … 不关心……

sorry for … 替……后悔 disappointed at sth.失望 from 缺席 rich in 富有…… absent

in 离开此地去了……

worthy of 值得的，glad about sth. for sb.为某人某事高兴，far from 离……远，grateful for sth. to sb.为某事感激某人，free from 没有……（免除……），proud of(take pride in)自豪，satisfied with (by)满意，sure of / about 确信，fond of 喜欢，fit for 适合，busy with sth.(in doing sth.)忙着干某事，full of 充满，ready for 准备，similar to 相似，wrong with 不对；有毛病……

（3）“名词 + 介词”要注意习惯搭配和意义区分。 the absence of water 缺水 the hope of success 成功的希望

have a chance of (for) entering college 上大学的机会 take pride in them 为他们感到骄傲 the key to the question 问题的答案 a medicine for cough 治咳嗽的药 the ticket for tomorrow 明天的票

in Beijing 去了北京 his abesence from Beijing 不在北京

to study 学习方法

the way

of studying maths 学习教学的方法

3、核心介词用法归纳与辨析

（1）表示时间的介词in 的用法如下。

表示在某一较长时间内，如世纪、年、月、季、周等一般用介词in ， 如：in the 1990s, in the year, in January, in(the) winter / summer / fall / spring, in the first week of May 。

还可以用时段名词组成固定短语或词组。如：in a while, in no time, in the daytime, in a short while, in time, in the morning (afternoon, evening)。但要注意：

①at night / at noon, in the day(在白天),in the night （大夜间）。 ①in five days （weeks, months, years ）中in 意思是“在……以后”。

①in 和during 表一段时间内两词可互用。如：in the night, during the night, in the war, during the war 。但略有区别：当接表示“活动”的抽象名词时多用during ，接“活动”的动名词及短语时用in 。如：

during the discussion

in discussing the problem during her stay in Hubei in playing basketball during the course of in digging the tunnel （2）在具体的某一天或某天上午、晚上、前夕，常用on 。 on Sunday(s).on Tuesday morning

on Christmas Day(但at Chrismas),on Christmas Eve, on Children’s Day

on March 8, on the morning (afternoon, evening)of Oct.1

early on the morning of Oct.1(区别：in the late / early morning of Oct.1) on a rainy night, on warm winter days

(3)表示某一时刻或某一点时间用at,如小时、分钟等。 at breakfast(supper, lunch),at six

at noon (sunrise, sunset, midday, night, midnight, dawn) at the age of 15, at the time of war,但in time of danger/ trouble 。 注意：有些时间名词前不接介词。如： next day 、last Sunday 、that morning 、these years

one 、each 、any 、every 、some 、all 修饰时,一般不用介词,如some day one day 、yesterday / afternoon,the night before （4）till 、until 、to 的用法。

①till(until)与持续动词连用一般用于肯定句中，与短暂动词连用一般用在否定句中。如：

He waited for me till twelve o’clock.

He didn’t get up till (until) 10 a.m. (不可用to).

但注意：在句首出现或强调句型中一般不用till 而用until 。如： Not until 9 a.m.did Mr.Smith come back to school.

①to 表“终结”时常用和from 连用，但要注意不与from 连用时的意义。如：from July to September, from six to(till)eight （从……到……为止），但from morning till night （从早到晚），不能用to 。from … to 常构成习惯搭配，不可换用其他介词。（A ）表持久连续、传递、转移的含义。from time to time(不时，有时)，from day to day (天天),from hand to hand(不断传下去)，from place to place （处处，到处），from side to side(左右摇摆)，from door to door （家家户户），from house to house （挨家挨户），from shop to shop （一个商店接一个商店）。(B)表起始终止的全过程或程度加深、状态变化。from beginning to end(从头到尾，自始至终)（from the beginning to the end of…）;from hand to mouth(仅能糊口)，from bad to worse(越来越糟)，from head to foot(从头到脚),from top to bottom （整个地，彻底地），from top to toe(全身)，from start to finish （自始至终，从头到尾）。（C ）from one + 名词 + to another 表示“依次”。如from one car to another （顺着车厢依次地）。（D ）名词 + by + 同一单数名词，表示“一个一个地”，要与from … to 短语区别开：one by one 一个一个地；little by little(bit)一点一点地；step by step 一步一步地，逐渐地（但by and by 不久以后）；sentence by sentence 逐句地；day by day 一天一天地；side by side(with…)(和……)并肩，一起；shoulder to shoulder 肩并肩地，齐心协力；hand in hand 手拉手，紧紧地;face to face 面对面。

（5）in 、after 、later

①in + 一段时间：表示说话时为起点一段时间之后，与一般将来时连用；但表示“在……之内”时，用于各种时态。

①一段时间 + later(later 是副词)：表示某一具体时间或某一方面具体时间算起的一段时间后。

①after + 一段时间表示：“在……之后”，用于一般过去时；但时间为点时间

时，只能用after,即after + 点时间，用于各种时态。

The doctor will be with us in six minutes.

She graduated in 1981, and eight years later she became the manager of the factory.

He received her letter after four weeks.

另外，in + 一段时间 + ’s + time 与 within + 一段时间的用法如下： in a week’s time = in a week

They will arrive in three days’ time.(与将来时连用) My brother’s birthday is in two weeks’ time.（作表语）

I’ll finish the book within two weeks.(within = in less than…用于各种时态，不超出，在……之内)

（6）地点介词at 、on 、in 、to 、across 、through 、over 、under 、below 。 ①at 在较小的场所，in 在较大的场所，on 在……的平面上。如at the door 、at the airport 、at the station 、at 55 Park Street 、in China 、in the north 、in Asia 、on the desk 、on the wall 等。

①on 、at 、in 还可以表示两地相对位置。若A 地属于B 地，用in;A 地位于B 地的外面且有边缘衔接用on ；无边缘的衔接有to 。如：

Japan lies to the east of China.(范围之外)

Taiwan lies in the southeast of China.（范围之外） Hunan province lies on the west of Hubei province.(毗邻) The island lies off the coast of China.(相隔一定距离)

①地点介词的引申、比喻意义：in the sun 在阳光下，in the dark(ness)在黑暗中，in the dark 不知道，in freezing weather 在严寒天气中，in the mud 在泥中，in the earth 在地下,in the desert 在沙漠中,in a heavy rain 在大雨中，in the snow / wind 在雪/风中,in public 当众，in trouble 在困境中，get into trouble 陷入困境，out of trouble 摆脱困难，beyond hope 绝望。

①across 在物体表面“穿过”；through 则表示在三维空间内部“穿过”。如： They walked across the playground. I walked through the forest. ①over / under / above / below 。

over 、above 译作“在……之上”；under 、below 译作“在……的下面”，其区别在于over 、under 表示一种直接的、垂直的上下关系；而above 、below 则表示一般的“高于”或“低于”，不一定是垂直“在上”或“在下”。如：

A little boat is now under the bridge. There is a bridge over the river.

The sun sinks below the horizon(地平线) The window is well above the tree. ①表示地点介词的静态性和动态性

He walked to the station （静态，表示方向和目的地） He walked towards the station.(动态，只表示方向) He is kind to (towards)us.（两者通用） He is at the station.(静态，表示地点) They arrived at the station.(动态，表示地点) He swam away from the ship.(动态“离开”) He stood away from the shop.(静态“远离”) He fell onto the floor.(动态“到地面”)

The city is on the Changjiang River.(静态“平面”) Go off the road.偏离了道路（动态“离去”）

Come along the river.沿着河过来（线）

across the fields 跨过田野……，over the desert跨越沙漠

across the river横跨这条河……，over the hill翻过这座山

be in the house(静态，在这里……)stay out of the car(静态，在……外)

go into the house(动态，进入)fly out of the country(动态，离开)

（7）表示方式、手段、工具的介词

①by the year/hour/day按年/小时/天。如He rent a house by the year(day,hour).(按by+the+单位名称)但to the pound按磅算，to the ton按吨计。

①表泛指的方式、手段

by post/mail邮寄，by telephone(radio),但on the phone/on the radio/on TV(电讯器材)，by electricity用电，by machinery用电器，by hard work,learn sth.by heart,through the satellite,through practice,through his own efforts,through experience,through the telescop

②交通工具类

by bus/train/car/taxi(road)

by bike/bicycle,on horse back/on foot

by plane/jet/spaceship,by air

by ship/boat/lifeboat,by sea/by water

另外：by means of 用……方法，by way of 经由，取道于，用……方法，with the help (permission)of sb./with sb.’s help (permis-

sion)。

①表方式、手段的其他用法

He beat the dog with a whip.(with+工具机器)

One smells with his nose.(with+人体器官，但by hand“手工，用手”)

He stood up with pride.(with+情绪、情感、态度的名词)

注意：使用语言、材料、文字等用in。如in English(ink,pencil)。另外如：in high (good,low)spirits,in anger,in joy,in comfort,in sorrow,in safety,in danger,in need,in debt,in love,in fun,in pain,in tears,in surprise,in good(poor)health,in good order,in flower,in a way,in a low voice,in silence,in(with)satisfaction,in a hurry,in(with)words,live/feed on food,kneel on one’s knee,take(catch)sb.by surprise(出其不意)

（8）表示“除……之外”的几组常用介绍比较。

①besides 除……以外，（还有）。作副词时意思是“而且，更何况”。

Well all went to the cinema besides Shaw.除了肖外，我们都去了电影院。

It was too late to see a film, and besides, I was tired.

①except除去，除……之外（不再有）。

We all went except John.我们都去了，约翰没有。

在否定句中，两词可以换用，如：

He has no other hats except / besides this one.

①except for除了……（对句子主题进行细节校正或附加说明）后接名词、代词或what从句，此时与except that + 句子意思相同。

He was very clever except for carelessness.

①except that … 除了……一点以外。

He has not changed except that he is wearing dark glasses.

①but与except

but和except在表示“除了……以外”时可以通用，但应注意以下三点：

①前面有不定人词、疑问代词在意义上对称时，多用but。

All but one are here.

Nobody but I likes making model ships.

①后接不定式短语为排除对象时，多用but。

He has nothing to do but wait.（前有do,后省to）

①but与一些固定结构连用。

have no choice but to do sth.只得做某事，can not but do sth.不得不,can not help but do sth.不得不……，but for … 如不是……

（9）between与among.

between通常指两者之间。也可以用于三者以上的两者之间。如：

Ann is between Tom and Bill.

Switzer land lies between France, Germany, Australia and Italy.

They soon finished the work between themselves.(共同，合作)

She was busy between cooking, washing, sewing and looking after the baby.(表示接连不断地，一个接一个地忙这忙那)

A horse can be seen between trees now.

among表示三者以上之间。如：

The story is said to have happened in a village among the hills.

He was happy to be among friends again.

We must agree among ourselves.(一起，共同)我们必须达成共识。

London is among the largest cities.( = one of与最高级连用)

（10）表原因的介词for、because of、due to。

He didn’t come to the meeting because of his illness.

The reason for his coming late is that he was ill.

He was praised for his bravery and courage.

The accident is due to your careless driving.

(11)不定式复合结构中的for、of。

这里所说的不定式复合结构形式指的是for 或of加上人或事，作动词不定式逻辑主语的结构。

①It is clever of you to answer it like that.

①It is quite hard for me to explain why.

注意：两句中的of和for的使用，表语形容词能够说明不定式逻辑主语的性质、特征与面貌时用of,如果说明不定式行为本身的性质、状态等则用for。

（12）兼作连词和副词的介词。

①after、since、till / still、before这些词既是介词，又是连词。

The children went home at once after school.

They went to bed after they had finished the job.

①in、on、along、down、up、after、before、along、beyond等介词可兼作副词。

He ran down the hill.（介词）

Can you lift that box down from the shelf for me ?(副词)

①有的介词可以兼作连词和副词。

All the students got to school before me.(before为介词)

We do want to buy something now before prices go up.(连词)

Haven’t I seen you before?(before为副词)

（13）介词的省略。

①表示时间的介词on、at 、in的省略。在next、last、yesterday、tomorrow、each、one、any、every、all等词之前，可以省略，也可以不省略。如（at）last weekend、（on）that day等。

①介词for表示时间的省略要求。（A）以all开头的名词短语，for要省略。如：I stayed with her all he morning.（B）表示一段时间的短语之前，for可以省略，也可以不省略。如：I have been waiting hereI (for) more than three hours.（C）否定句中，表示时间的短语前的for不能省略。如：I haven’t seen you for thirty years.(D)时间状语在主句之前，for不能省略。如：For the whole morning,the old man kept reading.

①某些动词短语之后的介词可以省略。

Nothing can prevent me(from)doing the job.

She spent nearly two hours(in)translating it.

（14）某些名词与介词构成的固定搭配。

①要求接to的名词有：key、answer、visit、entrance、apology、introduction、road等。

①要求接in 的名词有：interest、satisfaction、expert等。

He is expert in teaching small children.

(15)几个常用的并列连词。

①both … and, either … or, neither … nor

both … and“双方都”，连接句子的两个主语时，其后谓语动词通常用使用复数形式。either … or与neither … nor注意采取“就近原则”。

①not only … but also, as well as

注意：两者强调对象不同，not only … but also强调的是but also之后部分，而as well as则强调其前面的部分。not only … but also采取“就近原则”，而as well as只是一个插入语，采取“就远原则”。如：

Mr.Smith, as well as his wife and children, has come to Nanjing for a visit.

not only … but also结构中的not only可用于句首，连接两个分句时，第一个从句主谓要倒装。

Not only is he clever ,but also he is hard working.

（16）几个常用的从属连词。

①when、while、as都表示“当……时候”，when引导的从句的动作与主句的动词可同时发生，也可先后发生；as、while引导的从句则强调主句和从句的动作同时发生。如：

When I go to the station, the train had already left.

He sang merrily as he was working.

①till、until均表示“到……时候止”，肯定句中的谓语必须是延续性动作。如：

I worked till late at night.若主句谓语是终止性动词，则主句要用否定形式，意为动作“到……才……”开始发生。如：

She didn’t get up until her mother came in.

注意：till和until通常情况下可以互换，只是在句首时until比till更常用。

①though、although均引导让步状语从句，意为“虽然……”，although较正式，though最常用。如：

Thouth (Although)he was tired,he kept on working.

注意：though、although引导的从句不能与but、however连用，但可以与yet、still连用。though还可以与别的词结合使用，如even though、as though,而although则不能这样搭配。

①no sooner … than、hardly … when、as soon as三者都表示“一……就”，“刚刚……就”的意思。（A）as soon as 置于主句前后都可以，而且有备各种时态。如：As soon as she gets here I’ll tell her about it. Mary left as soon as the finished the work.(B)hardly … when、no sooner … than不能表示将来的事，其主句的谓语动词一般用过去完成时，从句用过去时。若将hardly或no sooner放在句首，句子要倒装。如：No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.

①某些表示时间的名词（词组）也可用作从属连词。它们是：the moment, the minute,the instant, the day, the time, the first (second, third …) time, the spring (summer, autumn,winter), every(each, next, any) time(day),by the time,都可引导时间状语从句。如：

His mother died the spring he returned.

Call me up the minute he arrives.

二、精典名题导解

选择填空

1. The home improvements have taken what little there is _________my spare time.(NMET 2001)

A. from

B. in

C. of

D. at

解析：答案为C。本题考查句子结构中介词of的有法。what引导的从句作谓语have taken的宾语，而从句中的基本句型为“there is little of …”,表示“……有很少”，what 修饰little提到了从句句首。注意正确把握句子结构和介词用法，要明白of my spare time和in my spare time的区别。

2. ____________ production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year.(NMET 2000)

A. As

B. For

C. With

D. Through

解析：答案为C。本题考查with的复合结构作状语的用法。“with + 名词+ 不定式/分词/名词/形容词/介词短语等”可在句中作伴随、时间、原因、条件等状语。本题中with的复合结构作伴随状语。

3. The changes in the city will cost quite a lot, ___________they will save us money in the long run.（2000春季高考题）

A. or

B. since

C. for

D. but

解析：答案为D。本题考查并列连词or、for、but和从属连词的意义和用法。并列连词or通常表示选择关系；for表示因果关系；but表示转折关系；从属连词since表示原因。通过比较前后两个分句意思可知，它们是转折关系。

4. After she considered the problem, she got a tall box to stand ________.

A. on

B. up

C. above

D. by

解析：答案为A。不定式“to stand + 介词”作定语修饰a tall box,其中被修饰词在逻辑意义上是不及物动词，只有加上吊尾介词，句子意思才完整。吊尾介词往往由于受到汉语的影响而缺少，吊尾介词使用的场合有：

（1）定语从句中，先行词被一个不及物动词所修饰，不及物动词后要接介词，先行词被“动词+ 介词”组成的短语动词所修饰，介词常在句尾。

He is the man I just spoke to.

(2)what、whose、who、whatever等引导的宾语从句，宾语从句出现吊尾介词。

I can’t imagine what it is like.

(3) 强调句型，特殊疑问句中由于被强调部分和疑问词位置变更，常出现吊尾介词。

It was the poor boy that we gave the books to.

What for? Where to? Who with?

(4)不及物动词的不定式修饰表“涉及对象、场合、工具、方式、材料”等意义的名词时常带吊尾介词。

a room to live in, a bench to sit on

There is nothing to worry about.

She is a good girl to work with.

(5)某些形容词后接不定式或“动词+ 介词”型短语，动词的不定式形式表“反射”，常用吊尾介词。

①fit、easy、hard、comfortable、difficult、heavy等形容词后。

①The river is good to swim in.

The box is too heavy to carry.

①be worth doing sth.,be worthy of being done / to be done, want/

require / need doing

5.Roses need special care they can live through winter.

A. because

B. so that

C. even if

D. as

解析：答案为B。本题考状语从句。全句意为：玫瑰花需要特殊关心，以便过冬（为了安全度过冬天）。其余选项不合逻辑。

6. you call me to say you’re not coming, I’ll see you at the theatre.

A. Though

B. Whether

C. Until

D. Unless

解析：答案为D。本题考状事从句，全句意为：我将在剧院门口等你，除非你打电话说你不来了。D项表条件，符合句意。A项表让步，意为尽管；B项表让步，意为“不管……（还是……）；”C项表时间，意为“直道……（才……）”，均不和逻辑。

7.Several weeks had gone by I realized the painting was missing.

A. as

B. before

C. since

D. when

解析：答案为B。本题考查连词的用法。时间had passed(gone)by before S + did…在不知不觉中过……（已过去了）。

语法复习专题六——数词

一、考点聚焦

1、序号表示法

（1）单纯的序号，可在基数词前加number,简写为No.。如：No.1第一号（2）事物名词的序号表达法有什所不同：

①对于一些小序号可有序数词也可用基数词表达，形式分别为：the +

序数词+ 名词；名词+ 基数词。如：第一次世界大战可以表示为the First World War或World War One。

①对于一些大序号我们通常只用一种表达法，即名词+ 数词。如：501号房间表示为Room 501, 538路公共汽车表示为Bus 538。

①可用a / the + number + 基数词+ 名词。如：a No.5 bus一辆五路公共汽车，the No.8 bus那辆8路公共汽车。

2、倍数的表达方式

一般情况下我们用以下三种倍数表达方式：

（1）倍数用在as + 形容词/ 副词（原级）+ as结构之前。如：

They have three times as many cows as we do.

（2）倍数放在形容词或副词的比较级之前或by + 倍数用在比较级之后。如：

This rope is four times longer than that one.

They produced more products in 2001 than those in 2000 by twice.

（3）倍数用在表示度量名词前，其基本结构为：倍数+ the + size / length / weight … + of + 表示比较对象的名词，也可用于倍数+ what引导的从句中。如：This room is three times the size of that one.

The college is twice what it was 5 years age.

You can’t imagine that rats eat 40 to 50 times their weight.

3、大约数的表示方法

（1）用ten、dozen、score、hundred、thousand、million等数词的复数后加of短语来表示几十、几百、上千、成千上万等大约数概念。如：The little boy buys dozens of pencils every term.

Thousands of people died in the earthquake.

Every year tens of thousands of people go to work in Guangdong Province.

（2）用、less than、under、below、almost、nearly、up to 等来表示小于或接近某数目。如：

He is good at English, so he can finish the paper in less than two hours.

（3）用more than、over、above、beyond、or more等来表示超过或多于某个数目。如：

Peking University has a history of more than 100 years.

（4）用or、or so、about、around、some、more or less等表示在某一数目左右。如：

About 50 people were present at that time.

（5）用to、from … to…、between … and表示介于两数词。如：

His salary rises from 20 dollars a week to 35 dollars a week.

（6）注意事项：dozen、score、hundred、thousand、million作数词表示确切数量时，不用复数。如：three score, five dozen, seven million等。

4、分数的表达方式

（1）分子用基数词，分母用序数词，分子大于1时，分母用复数。如：one-third 三分之一，three-sevenths七分之三。

（2）分子与分母之间加in, 分子在前，分母在后，分子分母都用基数词。如：one in ten 十分之一，five in eight八分之五。

（3）分子与分母之间加out of , 分子在前，分母在后，分子分母都用基数词。如：one out of ten十分之一，five out of eight八分之五。

5、百分数的表示法

（1）表示百分数直接将数词放在单词percent前面即可，如：twenty percent 百分之二十。

（2）分数和百分数后面不能直接接名词或代词，而用以下形式：分数/百分数＋of + 冠词/ 限定词+ 名词/ 代词，其谓语动词与of后的名词在人称和数上保持一致，如：

Two-thirds of the money was spent on food.

About seventy percent of the earth surface is covered by water.

6、小数的表示法

小数的表示法，小数点前的总值发同其他数词一样，小数点用point,小数点后面的数读成个位数，如：9.65表示为nine point six five。218.39表示为two hundred and eighteen point three nine。

二、精典名题导解

选择填空

1. ____________ people in the world are sending information by E-mail every day.(2001年上海春季高考卷)

A. Several million

B. Many millions

C. Several millions

D. Many million

解析：答案为A。本题考查的是million表示确切数量的用法。million前需用数表确切数量，而不用many这类词，但可说many millions of（上百万的），故本题中用Several million。

2. The number of people invited __________ fifty, but a number of them __________ absent for different reasons.(NMET 96)

A. were ; was

B. was ; was

C. was ; were

D. were ; were

解析：答案为C。本题考查的是the number of + 名词与a number of + 名词作主语时谓语的单复数问题。the number of是“……的数目”，作主语时谓语动词用单数，而a number of 后接可数名词的复数形式，作主语时谓语动词用复数形式，故此题最佳选项为C。

3. Shortly after the accident, two ___________ police were sent to the sport to keep order .(NMET 92)

A. dozens of

B. dozens

C. dozen

D. dozen of

解析：答案为C。此题考查的是数词dozen表示确切数量时的用法，dozen 表示确切数量时用其单数形式，当dozens的复数后接of时则表示不确切数量，本题答案为C。

语法复习专题七——动词时态和语态

一、考点聚焦

1、动词时态考查要点简述

（1）一般现在时考点分析

①表示客观事实或普通真理（不受时态限制）

The geography teacher told us the earth moves around the sun.

Water boils at 100o C.

①表示现状、性质、状态时多用系动词或状态动词；表示经常或习惯性的动作，多用动作动词，且常与表频率的时间状语连用。

Ice feels cold.

We always care for each other and help each other.

①表示知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时：see、hear、smell、taste、feel、notice、agree、believe、like、hate、want、think、belong seem等。如：

I know what you mean.

Smith owns a car and a house.

All the students here belong to No.1 Middle School.

①在时间、条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。但要注意由if 引导的条件状语从句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”，但不表示时态。

If you will accept my invitation and come to our party, my family will be pleased.如果你愿意接受并参加我们的舞会，我的家人会非常高兴。

①少数用于表示起止的动词如come、go、leave、arrive、fly、return、start、begin、pen、close、end、stop等常用一般现在时代替将来时，表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作。当be表示根据时间或事先安排，肯定会出现的状态，只用一般现在时。

The shop closes at 11:00 p.m. every day.

Tomorrow is Wednesday.

（2）一般过去时的考点分析（考核重点）。

①一般过去时的基本用法：表示过去的事情、动作或状态常与表示过去具体的时间状语连用（或有上下文语境暗示）；用于表达过去的习惯；表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事通常用过去式。如：

I met her in the street yesterday.

I once saw the famous star here.

They never drank wine.

I thought the film would be interesting,but it isn’t.

①如果从句中有一个过去的时间状语，尽管从句中的动作先于主句发生，但从句中的谓语动词连用过去式。如：

He told me he read an interesting novel last night.

①表示两个紧接着发生的动作，常由以下词语连接，用一般过去时。如：but, and, when, as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute。

The moment she came in, she told me what had happened to her.

He bought a watch but lost it.

①常用一般过去时的句型：

Why didn’t you / I think of that?

I didn’t notice it.

I forgot to tell you I had been there with my brother before.

I didn’t recognize him.

（3）一般将来时考点分析。

①表示未来的动作或状态常用will / shall + 动词（常与表示将来的时间状语边用如tomorrow、next week等）。

①表示一种趋向或习惯动作。

We’ll die without air or water.

①表示趋向行为的动词如come、go、start、begin、leave等词常用进行时的形式表示将来时。

①be going to与will / shall, be to do, be about to do用法及区别：

be going to 表示现在打算在最近或将来要做某事，这种打算往往经过事先考虑，甚至已做了某种准备；shall / will do表示未事先考虑过，即说话时临时作出的决定。

be going to 表将来，不能用在条件状语从句的主句中；而will则能，表意愿。如：

If it is fine, we’ll go fishing.(正确)

If it is fine, we are going to go fishing.(错误)

be to do sth.表按计划、安排即将发生的动作，还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止，可能性等。

A meeting is to be held at 3:00 o’clock this afternoon.

be about to do sth.表示“即可，就要”，后面不能接时间状语或状语从句。

Autumn harvest is about to start.

（4）现在进行时考点分析。

①表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作；表示现阶段但不一定是发生在讲话时；表近期特定的安排或计划；go、come等起止动作可用进行时代替将来时。如：It is raining now.

He is teaching English and learning Chinese.

I am meeting Mr. Wang tonight.

We are leaving on Friday.

At six I am bathing the baby.(I start bathing the bady before six.)

The girl is always talking loud in public.(与always、often等频度副词连用，表经常反复的行动或某种感情色彩)

①下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时。（A）表示心理状态、情感的动作：like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need。（B）表存在的状态的动词：appear, exist, lie, remain, seem belong to, depend on。（C）表示一时性动作的动词：allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, complete。（D）表示感官的动词：see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste, look。

（5）过去完成时考点分析（考核重点）。

①常用过去完成时的几种情况：（A）在by、by the end、by the time、until、before、since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句以前发生的动作。如：By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars. The train had left before we reached

the station. (B)表示曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等。常用had hoped / planned / meant / intended/

though / wanted / expected等或用上述动词过去式接不定式完成式表示即：hoped / planned … + to have done。（C）“时间名词+ before”在句子中作状语，谓语动词用过去完成时；“时间名词+ ago”在句中作状语，谓语动词用一般过去式。如：He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before. Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago.（D）表示“一……就”的几个句型：Hardly / No sooner / Scarcely had + 主语+ 过去分词+ when / than / before + 一般过去时。如：We had no sooner been seated than the bus started. = No sooner had we been seated than the bus started.

①在before或after引导的时间状语从句中用一般过去时态代替过去完成时。

After he (had) left the room, the boss came in.

We arrived home before it snowed.

（6）过去将来时考点分析。

参照一般将来时对比：用would do、was / were going to do sth.表过去将来；come、go、leave等过去进行时表过去将来时；was / were to do sth.和was / were about to do sth.表过去将来。

（7）过去进行时考点分析。

①过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某一阶段内发生或频繁发生。

①某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生，其中一个在由when或while引导的时间状语从句中。

（8）现在完成时考点分析。

①现在完成时除可以和for、since引导的状语连用外，还可以和下面的介词短语连用：during / in /over the last(past)few years (months, weeks)、in recent years 等。

①下列句型中常用现在完成时

It is (has been) + 一段时间+ since从句

This(That / It)is the first(second…)time that + 完成时

This(That / It)is the only … + that + 完成时

This(that / It)is the best / finest / most interesting … + that 从句+ 完成时

①在时间或条件状语从句中，现在完成时可以代替一般将来时。如：

I shall post the letter as soon as I have written it.

If you have done the experiment, you will realize the theory better.

Don’t get off the bus until it has stopped.

（9）注意几组时态的区别：

①一般过去时与现在完成时：时间上有差异：凡有过去时间的均用过去时态，不能用完成时态，如含有ago、last year、just now、the other day等。

结果上有差异：现在完成时强调的是对“现在”的影响和结果，动作到现在刚完成或还在继续；一般过去时强调的是动作发生在“过去”，和现在毫无关系。

①过去完成时与一般过去时：过去完成时强调的是“过去的过去”；如出现同一主语连续几个动作（“连谓”）形式则只用一般过去时即可。

2、被动语态考查要点简述

被动语态的构成方式：be + 过去分词，口语只也有用get / become + 过去分词表示。被动语态的基本用法：不知道或没必要提到动作的执行者是谁时用被动语态。强调或突出动作的承受者常用被动语态（by短语有时可以省略）。

（1）使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题。

①主动变化被动时双宾语的变化。看下列例句。

My friend gave me an interesting book on my birthday.

An interesting book was given to me(by my friend)on my birthday.

I was given an interesting book (by my friend)on my birthday.

①主动变被动时，宾补成主补（位置不变）；（作补语的）不定式前需加to。

The boss made him work all day long.

He was made to work all day long(by the boss)

①短语动词变被动语态时，勿要掉“尾巴”。

The children were taken good care of (by her).

Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to.

①情态动词和be going to、be to、be sure to、used to、have to、had better等结构变被动语态，只需将它们后面的动词原形变为be +过去分词。

①当句子的谓语为say、believe、expect、think、know、write、consider、report 等时，被动语态有两种形式：（A）谓语动词用被动语态，动词不定式作主补。（B）用it作形式主语，真正的主语在后面用主语在后面用主语从句来表示。如：People say he is a smart boy.

It is said that he is a smart boy.

He is said to be a smart boy.

People know paper was made in China first.

It is known that paper was made in China first.

Paper was known to be made in China first.

类似句型有：It is said / known / suggested / believed / hoped/ thought that …

（2）不能用被动语态的几种情况。

①所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中。

①表示状态的谓语动词，如：last、hold、benefit、contain、equal、fit、join、mean、last、look like、consist to等。

①表示归属的动词，如have、own、belong to等。

①表示“希望、意图”的动词，如：wish、want、hope、like、love、hate等。

①宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态，不能用被动语态。

①宾语是同源宾语，不定式、动名词等谓语动词不用被动语态。

①有些动词以其主动形式表示被动意义，特别是当主语是物时，常见的动词有sell、write、wash、open、lock等。

（3）主动形式表被动意义。

①当feel、look、smell、taste、sound等后面接形容词时；当cut、read、sell、wear、write等词带状语修饰语时；当动词表示“开始、结束、关、停、转、启动”等意义时。

This kind of cloth washes easily.这种布易洗。

These novels won’t sell well.这些小说不畅销。

My pen writes smoothly.我的钢笔写起来很流畅。

The door won’t lock.门锁不上。

The fish smells good.鱼闻起来香。

①当break out、take place、shut off、turn off、work out等动词表示“发生、关闭、制定”等意思时。

The plan worked out successfully.

The lamps on the wall turn off.

①want, require, need后面的动名词用主动表示被动含义。

①be worth doing用主动形式表示被动含义。

①在“be + 形容词+ to do”中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动代被动。

This kind of water isn’t fit to drink.

The girl isn’t easy to get along with.

另外：be to blame(受谴责)，be to rent（出租）也用主动形式表被动。

（4）被动形式表示主动意义的几种情况。

①be seated坐着

He is seated on a bench.（He seats himself on a bench.）坐在凳子上。

①be hidden躲藏

He was hidden behind the door.(He hid himself behind the door.)他藏在门后。

①be lost迷路

①be drunk喝醉

①be dressed穿着

The girl was dressed in a red short skirt.

（5）被动语态与系表结构的区别

被动语态强调动作；系表结构表主语的特点或状态。如：

The book was sold by a certain bookstore.(被动语态)

The book is well sold.(系表结构)

二、精典名题导解

选择填空

1. Visitors ________not to touch the exhibits.(NMET 2001)

A. will request

B. are requested

C. are requesting

D. request

解析：答案为B。此题的时态是不难判断的，因为说的是一条规定，所以用一般现在时，而visitor与request之间是动宾关系，即request visitors not to touch the exhibits,究竟是谁要求他们这样做呢？不清楚，也不必知道，因此需要用被动语态。分析visitors与request之间的关系是此题的解题关键。

2. Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology __________ so rapidly.(NMET 2001)

A. is changing

B. has changed

C. will have changed

D. will change

解析：答案为A。此题考查现在进行时态的用法。句意为“选择一部移动电话不是一件容易的事，因为科技发展得十分迅速。”本句的主句一般现在时表达的是目前的情况，而“科技发展迅速”也是现阶段正存在的一种状态，不是在过去，也不是在将来，因此只能用现在进行时表达。

3. All the preparations for the task ___________, and we’re ready to start.（2000年春季高考）

A. completed

B. complete

C. had been completed

D. have been completed

解析：答案为D。现在完成时表示过去年做的事对现在的影响。从and we’re ready to start句意可知，一切准备工作已经就绪，可以开始工作了。complete是及物动词，与句子的主语是被动关系，所以需要用被动语态表达。注意①分清complete与主语之间的关系；①结合语境选择正确时态。

4.My mind wasn’t on what he was saying so I’m afraid I half of it.

A. was missing

B. had missed

C. will miss

D. missed

解析：答案为D。本句考时态和语境。全句意思是；我的心没在他说的话上，所以恐怕他说的话我有一半没听到。整个事情是过去的事，且是做过的事，所以选一般过去时D。

5.The discussion alive when an interesting topic was brought in.

A. was coming

B. had come

C. has come

D. came

解析：答案为D。come alive“变得活跃”。照顾时间状语从句时态一致时。

6.—I hear Jane has gone to the Holy Island for her holiday.

—Oh, how nice! Do you know when she ?

A. was leaving

B. had left

C. has left

D. left

解析：答案为D。考查动词时态，由现完成时的用法，可知动作发生在过去，故选D。

语法复习专题八——情态动词

一、考点聚焦

1、情态动词的基本用法

(1)can、be able to 和could

①can和be able to都表示能力，意思上没多大区别。但can只有现在和过去时，而be able to则有更多的形式。但当成功地完成某一具体动作时，通常不用could而用was/were able to来表示。这时was/were able to 相当于managed to，表示经过一番努力，终于能够完成某事。如：

Can you use chopsticks?

The wounded man still was able to get to the village and was saved in the end.

①can和could

can和could都可以表示能力、技能、许可、建议或请求和可能性。但比较委婉客气地提出问题或陈述看法，一般用could，回答时则用can。如：Could you help me carry the bag?

Can I help you?

(2)may/might

①may/might表示可能，但may比might可能性大。如：-Why isn’t he in class?

He may be sick.(生病的可能性较大)

—

He might be sick.(生病的可能性较小)

①may/might表示“允许”，may用于现在时或将来时，might常用在间接引语中表过去时，但might也可用于现在时间，表示比较委婉的语气，回答用may。如：

He says we may leave.

He said we might leave.

①may / might 表示建议或请求，但might比may更客气，意思更肯定而无过去时态的含义。

Yes, you can / may.

—May / Might I use your bike? —

No, you mustn’t

（3）must

①must表示必须，应该，没有时态变化。如：

You must do everything as I do.

①must表示肯定的推测。如：

The light is still on, so he must be at home.

①mustn’t 表示禁止做某事。如：

You mustn’t smoke in the office.

（4）have to

have to 表示“必须、不得不”，是由于某种外界（客观）原因而“必须”，“不得不”做某事，也可表示经常的或习惯性的事“必须”做。have to的否定形式表示不必。have to可用于多种时态中。如：

You will have to clean your own boots when you join the army.

I have to be at my office every evening.

（5）should / ought to

①should和ought to表示应当、应该，前者比后者语气轻。如：

You should / ought to work hard.

①should / ought to work hard.

Since she is not here, whe should / ought to be in the classroom.

①should / ought to的否定形式表示禁止之意。如：

Children shouldn’t smoke.

①should可表示陈述意见，推出建议或请求；而ought to可以表示

劝告之意。如：

You ought to respect your parents.

He suggested that they should leave at once.

（6）will / would

①will 用于各种人称表示“意志”、“意愿”或“决心”等，否定式won’t

+ 动词。如：

I will tell you all about it.

Tom won’t do such a thing.

①will用于疑问句中，常用在第二称时表示说话人向对方提出“请求”或“询问”如：

Will you please tell her the news when you see her?

①will 表示习惯性的动作，有“总是”、“惯于”的含义。如：

Fish will die out of water.

①would 表示客气的请求、建议或意愿。如：

Would you please be quiet?

Would you like coffee?

①would 表示过去反复发生的动作。如：

When I passed my school I would see my teachers who taught me 5 years ago.

（7）need

need 作“必要”讲，既可作情态动词，也可作实义动词。作实义动词时后面的动词不定式要带to，其变化与一般动词相同。如：

I need to think it over.

—Need you go now? —Yes, I must./No, I needn’t

（8）dare

dare表示“敢”的意思。作为情态动词时，主要用在疑问句和否定句中。dare 若作实义动词，后面可带to的不定式，此时to也可以省略。dare与need的用法相似。如：

How dare you say that?

She doesn’t date(to)ask her father.

（9）used to

used to表示过去常常发生的动作或存在的习惯，但现在已不复存在了。如：He used to smoke.

（10）shall

①shall作为情态动词用于第二、三人称，表示说话人的意愿，有“命令”、“警告、威胁、强制”和“允许”等意思。如：

We shall do as our teacher says.

You shall have the book as soon as I finish it.

①在疑问句中，shall用于征求对方的意见或请求指示，常用于第一、第三人称。如：

Where shall he wait for us?

Shall we go out for a walk?

2、情态动词表示推测或判断的用法

下表即是表示推测的情态动词使用的场合：

例如：

It must have rained last night.

She may not be at home. = It is possible that she is not at home.

She can’t be at home. = It is impossible that she is at home.

They should be there right now.

3、情态动词在虚拟语气中的用法

情态动词用于虚拟语气中表示责备的感情色彩，用法如下：

（1）should have done表示“本来应该做某事而实际上未做”，而shouldn’t have done则表示“本不应该做某事而实际上做了”。如：

You should have told me about it earlier.

You shouldn’t have said such words to your parents.

（2）ought to have done也表示“本应该……”而ought not to have done则意为“本不应该……”。如：

You ought to have told me about it earlier.

You ought not to have said such words to your parents.

（3）needn’t have done表示“本无必要做某事而实际上做了”。如：

You needn’t have walked so quickly since time was enough.

（4）could have done表示“本来有可能……而事实上未做到”。如：

I could have come on time, but my car broke on the way.

二、精典名题导解

选择填空

1. I was really anxious about you. You________home without a word.(NMET 2001)

A. mustn’t have

B. shouldn’t have left

C. couldn‘t have left

D. needn’t have

解析：答案为B。本题考查的是情态动词在虚拟语气中的用法。题目给出的条件是“我确实非常担心你”，因此后面可知应是责备you不应该没说一句话就离开了。

2.—Are you coming to Jeff’s party?

—I’m not sure. I__________ go to the concert instead. (NMET 2000)

A. must

B. would

C. should

D. might

解析：答案为D。本题考查情态动词的基本用法。由题目中“I’m not sure”,表明我可能去Jeff’s party，也可能去音乐会，故用might。

3. —Will you stay for lunch?

—Sorry, ____________. My brother is coming to see me.(NMET 99)

A. I mustn’t

B. I can’t

C. I needn’t

D. I won’t

解析：答案为B。本题考查表示请求的英语口语，用will来向第二人称提问的疑问结构，是表示一种请求和意愿，是用疑问的形式来表达较为婉转的祈使语气，意思是“请你……，好吗”，对于这种问句的肯定回答是：Suree! Gertainly! Yes, of course. I’d be glad to 等；否定回答通常是：I’m sorry, I can’t. No, I’m afraid I can’t. I’m sorry, but … I’d like to, but …等。注意情态动词表客气的用法及其在一般疑问句中的问与答。

4.—Isn’t that Ann’s husband over there?

—No, it be him I’m sure he doesn’t wear glasses.

A. can’t

B. must not

C. won’t

D. may not

解析：答案为A。本题考查情态动词表推测。问：那边的难道不是Ann的丈夫吗？答：不是。不可能是他，我确信他不戴眼镜。

5.You be tired－you’ve only been working for an hour.

A. must not

B. won’t

C. can’t

D. may not

解析：答案为C。本题考查情态动词。句中破折号后的内容对前一句进行解释说明：你只工作了一个小时，所以你不可能累的。表否定推测时用can’t。A 项表禁止（不许），B项表未来，D项表不允许。均不可用，故选C。

6.I often see lights in that empty house. Do you think I report it to the police？

A. should

B. whatever

C. whichever

D. whenever

解析：答案为A。本题考情态动词。在空房子里看到灯光，是一件奇怪而令人生疑的事，故问：你是否认为我应当把这事儿报告给警察？应用A。

语法复习专题九——非谓语动词

一、考点聚焦

1、非谓语动词的句法功能

2、动词不定式复心中应注意的几个问题

（1）不定式作表语与“be + to do sth.”的异同。不定式作表语说明主语的内容或性质。

His job is to guard. (说明内容)

be + to do sth.(表示按计划要做的事)

（2）带不定式作宾语的词语。

下列词语常不定式作宾语：afford、promise、refuse、expect、hope、learn、offer、wish、want、fail、plan、agree、forget、like、prefer、decide、manage、try、arrange、determine、desire等。

下列动词后可接疑问词+不定式：teach、decide、wonder、show、learn、forget、ask、find、out、advise、discuss等。

（3）如何理解和使用不定式作宾补。

①动词see、watch、notice、hear、listen to、observe、feel、taste、smell、make、let、have等的宾补用动词原形，变被动时要加to,此时的不定式就是主语补足语。

①常用带不定式作宾补的几种情况：

主语+ ask / require / tell / order / force / get / want / like + sb.to do sth.

①主语+ think / judge / suppose / believe / consider /imagine/

consider / feel + sb. + to be/ to have done

①主语+ call on / upon / depend on / wait for / ask for + sb.+ to do sth.

（4）不定式作定语的特殊用法。

①下列词语后常接不定式作定语：chance、wish、right、courage、need、promise、time、opportunity、way、the first、the second、the last、the only等。

①不定式作定语和所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系。

There is no one to look after her.

①不定式与被修饰的名词在逻辑上有动宾关系。

She is now looking for a room to live in.

（5）不定式作状语的用法。

不定式作状语，修饰动词，在句中表示行为目的、结果、原因。only to do 表示出人意料的结果。

We hurried to the classroom only to find none there .

in order(not)to,so as(not)to用来引导目的状语,enough,too, so… as to do, such + 名词… as to do作结果状语，如:The girl was so kind as to help the old man off the bus.

I’m not such a fool as to believe that.

（6）不定式的完成时的特殊用法。

①表示不定式中谓语动词发生的动作先于主句的谓语动词发出的动作。

The novel was said to have been published.

I regret to have been with you for so many years.

seem、appear、be said、be supposed、be believed、be thought、be known、be reported等动词常用于上面句型。

此外，glad、happy、satisfied、sorry、surprised、disappointed后也接完成时，但要注意与一般时的区别。

I’m sorry to keep you waiting for a minute.对不起，请稍等。（说话时还未等）I’m sorry to have kept you waiting.对不起，让你久等了。（说话时已等了很久）

①不定式的完成时还可表示“过去本想做某事但未做”的虚拟语气。（A）should like to / would like to / would love to + 不定式的完成时。（B）was / were to + 不定式的完成时，表示该做某事或想做但未实现。（C）expect / hope / mean / promise / suppose / think / want/ wish + 不定式完成时，表示过去未曾实现的愿望。

（7）不定式的省略。

①同一结构并列由and或or连接。

I want to finish my homework and go home.

I’m really puzzled what to think or say.

特例：To be or not to be,this is a question.

He is better to laugh than to cry.(表示对比)

①不定式作表语，其前面的主语从句中含有do时，后面的to省略。

What he did was lose the game.

①句中含有动词do时，but、except、besides、such as等后面to可省略。即“前有do,后省to”。

Don’t do anything silly, such as marry him.

①主句含有不定式，后面有rather than, rather than后省to。

①Why not、had better、would rather、can’t but等词后省to。如：

He could not but walk home.

（8）不定式的替代。

（1）动名词作宾语。

①下列动词后只能接动名词：suggest, finish, avoid, stop, can’t help, mind, enjoy, require, practise, miss, escape, pardon, advise, consider, imagine, keep, appreciate, eacape, permit 。

①下列动词短语接动名词：leave off, put off, give up, look forward to, feel like, have trouble / difficulty(in) doing sth. devote to, get used to, pay attention to, be fond of, be worth 。

①介词后要接动名词。what about 、how about 、without 、be fond of 、be good at 等介词后接动名词。注意on / upon doing sth. = as soon as 引导的从中。作此意讲时on / upon 后也可以接名词。如on his arrival…。

①动名词作宾语和动词不定式作宾语的区别：

begin, start, continue, like, love, dislike, hate, prefer, can’t stand

remember, forget, regret, try

want, require, need

4、分词复习应注意的几个问题

（1）现在分词在句中作时间、原因、伴随、条件、结果等状语。 ①时间状语（分词作状语前面可加when, while 等） Hearing the good news, he jumped with greatjoy. Not having finished her work in time, the boss fired her. ①原因状语

Seeing nobody at home, he decided to leave them a note ①伴随状语

The girls came in, following their parents. ①结果状语

The poor old man died, leaving nothing to his children.

注意：现在分词作状语的几个特性。①时间性。与谓语动词同时发生，用一般时，如发生在谓语动作之前时则用完成式having done 。①语态性。与句子的主语之间的关系，是主谓关系或动宾关系。遵循的规则“主动进行，被动完成”。①人称一致性。分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。

（2）分词作表语。

S. + be + 动词-ed 表示被动，主语是人；S. + be + 动词-ing 表示主动，主语是物。分词作宾补不定式作宾补的区别：

感官动词 动词原形→做了某事 S ．+ + 宾语 + 现在分词→正在做某事 使役动词 过去分词→做了或被做 5、复习过去分词应注意的几个问题

过去分词作状语，相当于一个状语从句，有来说明原因、时间、条件等。 （1）过去分词作原因状语 Tired by the trip, he soon feel asleep.

= Because he was tired by the trip, he soon fell asleep. Lost in thought, he almost ran into a car.

=As he was lost in thought, he almost ran into a car. （2）作时间状语

Seen from the hill, the city looks like a garden.

=When the city is seen from the hill, it looks like a garden. （3）作条件状语

Given more time, I would have worked out the problem.

=If I have been given more time, I would have worked out the problem. （4）伴随状语

The teacher came in, followed by some students. =The teacher came in and was followed by some students.

分词短语作状语时，通常与主句中的主语在逻辑上一致，但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑上的主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构。如：

Her grandfather being ill, she had to stay at home looking after him. 二、精典名题导解

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