余志远《英语国家概况》(2015年版)复习笔记和课后习题详解(第10章 美国人口)【圣才出品】

第10章美国人口

10.1复习笔记

【知识框架】

Ⅰ.The American Population

Ⅱ.Immigration

Ⅲ.Population Movement

Ⅳ.Racial and Ethnic Minorities

1.White Americans

2.African Americans

3.Hispanics

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/dd5430091.html,n Americans

5.Indians

【重难点归纳】

Ⅰ.Introduction

1.As of August13,2014,the United States has a total resident population of 318,554,000,making it the third-most populous country in the world.

2.It is very urbanized,with81%residing in cities and suburbs as of2014(the worldwide urban rate is54%).

3.The total fertility rate in the United States for2013was1.87children per woman, which was lower than that of France,Australia and the United Kingdom.

4.Whites constitute the majority of the US population.

5.The American population almost quadrupled during the20th century,and immigrants and their US-born descendants are expected to provide most of the US population gains in the decades ahead.

Ⅰ.简介

1.截至2014年8月13日，美国常住人口318,554,000人，居世界第三位。

2.它高度城市化，截至2014年，81%的人居住在城市和郊区（全球城市人口比例为54%）。

3.美国2013年的总生育率为平均每位妇女生育1.87个孩子，低于法国、澳大利亚和英国。

4.美国人口大多数是白人。

5.美国人口在20世纪几乎翻了两番，预计在未来几十年里，移民及其在美国出生的后代将

为美国人口增长贡献大部分。

Ⅱ.Immigration

1.The first of these waves began in the mid-1810s and reached the highest point in 1845.

2.The second wave covered the period between1860and1890.

3.The third wave,the largest of the three waves,took place between1890and 191

4.

4.The Immigration and Nationality Act of1965,also known as the Hart-Cellar Act,

abolished the system of national-origin quotas.

Ⅱ.移民

1.第一波移民潮始于19世纪10年代中期，在1845年达到了高潮。

2.第二波移民潮涵盖了1860年到1890年的时期。

3.第三波移民潮是最大的移民潮，发生于1890年到1914年之间。

4.1965年的《移民与国籍法》(Immigration and Nationality Act)，也被称为《哈特-塞

勒法》(Hart-Cellar Act)，废除了国别配额制度。

Ⅲ.Population Movement

1.Mobility is considered to be one of the characteristics of the American people.

2.There are four great population movements in the history of the United States.Ⅲ.人口流动

1.流动性被认为是美国人民的特点之一。

2.美国历史上有四次巨大的人口流动高潮。

Ⅳ.Racial and Ethnic Minorities

1.White Americans

Traditionally,the mainstream Americans were called WASPs,that is,White Anglo-Saxon Protestants.Today,white Americans make up about72.4%of the total population.

Ⅳ.种族和少数民族

1.白色人种

传统上，主流美国人是WASPs，即白人盎格鲁-撒克逊新教徒。白色人种占美国总人口的72.4%。

2.Blacks

(1)The largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the U.S.,is the blacks who

number about30.9million,or12.1per cent of the population.

(2)The slave system was formally ended by Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation in

1863and the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution in1865.

(3)Throughout most of their history in America,the black people put up a lot of resistance.

(4)The current situation of black Americans presents a mixed picture.

2.黑人

(1)黑人是美国最大的种族和少数族裔，约有1090万人，占美国总人口的12.1%。

(2)1863年林肯的《解放黑人奴隶宣言》和1865年的《宪法第十三条修正案》正式结束了奴隶制。

(3)在美国历史的大多数进程中，黑人受到了很多阻力。

(4)美国黑人的现状是比较复杂的。

3.Hispanics

(1)Three major Hispanic groups historically have had the greatest influence on the

United States.Mexican-Americans make up the largest group.The next largest group is the Puerto Ricans.In the third place are the Cuban-Americans.

(2)Many Hispanics are in lower-paying jobs and they are getting organized today to fight for equal treatment.

3.西班牙裔

(1)三个主要的西班牙裔对美国的影响最大。墨西哥裔美国人数量最多，其次是波多黎各人，

第三大人群是古巴裔美国人。

(2)许多西班牙裔从事着低收入的工作，现在他们组织起来争取平等待遇。

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/dd5430091.html,n-Americans

(1)The Asian-Americans are the fastest-growing racial and ethnic group in the United States.

(2)Experts say three Asian traditions best explain the success of Asian-Americans:

education,hard work,and family.

4.亚裔美国人

(1)亚裔美国人是美国增长最快的种族和民族。

(2)专家说最能解释亚裔美国人成功的原因是教育，努力工作和家庭。

5.Indians

(1)The social and economic conditions of the Indians are often poor.One fourth of

the Indian families live below the poverty level.

(2)Since the1960s,a militant social movement,the American Indian Movement, has arisen.

5.印度人

①印度人的社会和经济状况很差。四分之一的印度家庭生活在贫困线以下。

②1960年代以来，一场激进的社会运动——美国印第安人运动出现了。

10.2课后习题详解

1.What is the population of the United States today?Why do we say that the US is

a very urbanized country?

Key:(1)As of August13,2014，the United States has a total resident population of 318,554,000,making it the third-most populous country in the world.

(2)It is very urbanized,with81%residing in cities and suburbs as of2014(the worldwide urban rate is54%).

2.Who were the first immigrants in American history?Why did they go to America? Key:The first immigrants in American history came from England and the Netherlands,some running away from religious and political persecution,some coming as adventurers from the Old World(Europe)to seek a better life,some as indentured servants who had to work for a fixed term for their masters to repay the cross-Atlantic fare and debts.

3.What were the three immigration waves in the US?Say something about the third wave,which was the largest of the three waves.

Key:The first of these waves began in the mid-1810s,grew steadily during the 1830s and40s and reached the highest point in1845.The second wave covered the period between1860and1890.The third wave,the largest of the three waves, bringing to the United States a total of15million immigrants between1890and