英语语法专题 名词和冠词

专题一名词和冠词

名词的种类：

1、专有名词：

1）China, Japan, Beijing, London, Tom, Jack（不加冠词）

2）the Great Wall, the Yellow River, the People’s Republic of China, the United States等。（由普通名词构成的专有名词，要加定冠词。）

2、普通名词：

1）不可数名词

物质名词：，，，…

抽象名词：，，，，…

water rice oil paper

health trouble work pleasure honor

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注意：①不可数名词前一般不加冠词，尤不加不定冠词：若加a(an)则使之具体化了。

如：have a wonderful time.

②不可数名词作主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。

③不可数名词一般无复数形式。部分物质名词在表不同类别时，可用复数形式。

如：fishes, newspapers, waters, snows……

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各种各样的鱼各种报纸河湖、海水积雪

④有些抽象名词也常用复数，变为可数的具体的事物。如：times时代，works著作，difficulties 困难

⑤在表数量时，常用“of”词组来表示。如：

a glass of milk, a cup of tea, two pieces of paper….

2）可数名词：

①可数名词除用复数形式表一类之外，一般都要加冠词：A bird can fly.

The frog is a kind of hibernating animal.

Vegetables sold at this shop are usually fresh.

②有复数形式：

a）规则变化——加“s”或“es”（与初中同，略）

b）不规则变化——child (children), foot (feet), tooth (teeth), man (men),

woman (women), mouse (mice), goose (geese), Englishman (Englishmen), phenomenon(phenomena)…

注意：c）单、复数同形：sheep, deer, Chinese, Japanese, fish（同一种鱼）……。如，

a sheep, two sheep

d）只用复数形式：thanks, trousers, goods, clothes, socks, shoes,…

e）形复实单：physics, politics, maths, news, plastics（塑料），means.

f）形单实复：people (人民，人们），the police, cattle等

g）集合名词如：family, public, group, class等。当作为整体时，为单数；当作为整体中的各个成员时，为复数。如：

My family is a big one.

My family are music lovers.

h）复合名词变复数时，a）只把复合名词中的主体各词变为复数形式。如：

sister(s)-in-law嫂子，弟妹；step-son (s)继子；editor (s) -in-chief总编辑。

b）如没有主体名词则在最后一个词的后面加“s”。如：grown-up(s)成年人，go-between(s)中间人

c）woman, man作定语时，要与被修饰的名词的数一致。如：a man servant—men servants, a woman doctor—women doctors名词的所有格：

1、表有生命的东西（人或动物）的名词所有格，一般在名词后加“’s”。如：Mike’s bag, Children’s Day, my brother’s room, women’s rights…

注意：1）名词复数的词尾是-s或-es，它的所有格只在词后加“s”。如：Teachers’ Day, the workers’ rest-home（工人疗养院），the students’ reading-room

2）复合名词的所有格，在后面的词后加“’s”。如：her son-in-law’s photo（她女婿的照片）；anybody else’s book（其他任何人的书）

3）如果一样东西为两人或两人以上共有，则在最后的一个名词后面加“’s”；如果不是共有，则每个词后都要加“’s”。如：Jane and Helen’s room. 珍妮和海伦的房间（共有）. Bill’s and Tom’s radios. 比尔的收音机和汤姆的收音机（不共有）

4）表地点（店铺，某人的家等）的名词所有格后面，一般省去它所修饰的名词。如：

the tailor’s (裁缝铺) the d octor’s (诊所) Mr Brown’s (布朗先生的家)

5）有些表时间、距离、国家、城镇的无生命的名词，也可加“’s”表所有格。

如：half an hour’s walk (半小时的路程)

China’s agriculture (中国的农业)

2、表示无生命的东西的名词一般与of构成词组，表示所有格。如：the cover of the book

3、表示有生命的东西的名词也可以用of，特别是名词较长，有较多的定语时。如：

the story of Dr Norman Bethune

Do you know the name of the boy standing at the gate?

4、“of词组+所有格”的用法：

在表示所属物的名词前有冠词、数词、不定代词或指示代词（如：a, two, some, a few, this, that, these, those等）时，常用“of词组+所有格”的形式来表示所有关系。如：

a friend of my father’s 我父亲的一位朋友。

some inventions of Edison’s 爱迪生的一些发明

those exercise-books of the students’ 学生们的那些练习本。

名词的普通格作定语

表材料、地点、用途、性质、泛指时间、整体等普通名词可以作定语，一般用单数形式。e.g. stone figures（石像）；paper money（纸币）；country music（乡村音乐）；table cloth（桌布）；river bank（河岸）；school gate（校门口）；book stores（书店）；traffic lights（交通灯）；summer holidays（暑假）；evening dress（晚礼服）。

但在个别情况下，也有需用复数的。

e.g. sports meet（运动会）；the United States government（美国政府）；students reading-room （学生阅览室）；goods train（货车）；two men doctors（两个男医生）。

冠词是一种虚词，无词义，也没有数和格的变化，不能独立使用，常常放在名词前，帮助说明这个名词的意义。复习冠词须把握好以下三个原则：

其一：单数可数名词用不定冠词a/an表示泛指；

其二：复数可数名词及不可数名词表示泛指时，其前不加冠词；

其三：无论可数名词还是不可数名词，表示特指其前都要加定冠词the。

一、不定冠词的用法

1.不定冠词表示数量“一”，与one相近。如：

I will finish this work in a day.我一天就要完成这项工作。

2.不定冠词用在首次提到的人或物之前，表示泛指。如：

There is a park on the corner of the street.在这条街的拐角处有个公园。

3.不定冠词用在单数可数名词前，表示一类人或事物。如：

A teacher mu st love his students.教师必须热爱学生。

4.不定冠词表示单位，有“每一”之意。如：

This cloth is 5 yuan a metre. 这种布料5元一米。

5.不定冠词用在物质名词、抽象名词之前，表示“一阵，异常，一种……”等等，也可以表示引起某种情绪的事，即抽象名词具体化使用。如：

Honesty is a virtue. 诚实是一种美德。

It’s a pity that you missed this chance.你错过这次机会是件很遗憾的事。

6.不定冠词用在人名前，表示说话者对此人不认识，相当于a certain，也可以指与某人名有类似性质的人或物。如：

A Mr Wang came to see you this morning.今天早上一位王先生来找过你。

7.用在有名词中的地名前，表示“一个……样的地方”。如：

She is now a dif fe rent China from what she was twenty years ago.

8.用在带有修饰词的、表示三餐饭的名词之前，表示“一顿……的午（晚）饭”等。如：

He likes to have a quick breakfast. 他喜欢吃快早餐。

注：在餐名前通常不用冠词。但由于受定语quick的影响，其前用不定冠词，表示“某种”。此时的不定冠词通常有“a kind of” 之意。

9.用在“a most+adj.”结构中，表示“很……”，其中most用来加强语气，表示“很”,“极,非常”。如：

It’s a most important meeting，and everyone must attend it.

这是一次重要会议，每个人都必须参加。

Hangzhou is a most beautiful city，where you can see the famous West Lake.该句不含比较意义，因此在most之前不加the;而West Lake为专有名词，但其前有修饰语，所以此处应表示特指。

10.用在序数词之前，表示“又一,再一”。如：

Would you like a second cup of tea? (a second cup=another cup)

你想再来一杯茶吗？

The cakes are delicious.He’d like to ha ve a third one because the second one is rather too small.序数词与定冠词连用表示顺序，而与不定冠词连用表示“再一，又一”。

11.用在一些固定搭配之中。如：

for a while，once upon a tim e，as a rule，all of a sudden，on an average，as a whole，in a hurry，have/take a rest，keep an eye on，in a way，make it a rule，once in a while，with a smile，lend a hand，make a living，make a promise，dream a ...dream，live a ...life，get in a word，have a pain，make an effort，make an apology，pay a visit to等

二、定冠词的用法

定冠词the与指示代词this，that同源，有“那（这）个”的意思，但较弱，可以和一个名词连用，来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。

1.特指双方都明白的人或物。如：

Take the medicine. 把药吃了。

2.上文提到过的人或事。如：

He bought a house.I’ve been to the house.

他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。

3.指世上独一物二的事物。如：

the sun太阳，the sky天空，the moon月亮，the earth地球

4.与单数名词连用表示一类事物。如：

the dollar 美元;the fox 狐狸；

或与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人。如：the rich 富人;the living 生者。

5.用在序数词和形容词最高级及形容词only，very，same等前面，如：

Where do you live I live on the second floor.你住在哪？我住在二层。

That’s the very thing I’ve been looking for.那正是我要找的东西。

6.与复数名词连用，指整个群体，如：

They are the teachers of this school.（指全体教师）

They are teachers of this school.（指部分教师）

7.表示所有，相当于物主代词，用在表示身体部位的名词前，如：

She caught me by the arm.她抓住了我的手臂。

8.用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前，如：

the People’s Republic of China中华人民共和国

the United States美国

9.用在表示乐器的名词之前，如：

She plays the piano.她会弹钢琴。

10.用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人，如：

the Greens格林一家人（或格林夫妇）

11.用在惯用语中：

in the day，in the morning（afternoon，evening），the day after tomorrow

the day before yesterday，the next morning

in the sky（water，field，country）

in the dark，in the rain，in the distance

in the middle（of），in the end

on the whole，by the way，go to the theater

考点2：定冠词的用法

1．特指某(些)人或某(些)事物，这是定冠词的基本用法

①The books on the desk were published last month．桌子上的那些书是上个月出版的。

②The factory I mentioned has installed a new assembly line．我提到的那家工厂已经安装了一条新的装配线。

③We were all lost in the beauty of nature．我们都被大自然的美所陶醉。

2．再次提到前面已出现的人或事物，表示特指

He told us a story，but 1 was not interested in the story．他给我们讲了一个故事，但我对这个故事不感兴趣。

3．指谈话双方都知道的人或事物。

We went to the station to see the manager off．我们去车站为经理送行。

4．用在某些可数名词单数前，用来指事物的整体(总称)以将其与其他事物区别开来

①The telephone was invented by Bell．电话是贝尔发明的。

②The elephant is much stronger than the horse．象比马强壮得多。

5．用在表示某国人的名词前

the Chinese中国人；the French法国人；the English英国人；

the Spanish西班牙人；the Japanese日本人。

6．某些形容词或分词前加定冠词the表示一类人(表示复数)the homeless无家可归的人；the rich富人；the poor穷人；the blind盲人；the old老年人；the young年轻人；the strong强者；the weak弱者；the sick病人；the wounded伤者。

7．在序数词前要加定冠词the(有时在序数词前加不定冠词，表示“再”“又”)

She lives on the twelfth floor．她住在十二楼。

8．在形容词最高级及形容词only(唯一的)，very(正是那个)，sanle(同样的)等前加定冠词the

①This is the most interesting film I have ever seen．这是我看过的最有趣的电影。

②He must be the only student who has ever been to the city in our class．他一定是我们班唯一去过那座城市的学生。

③That’s the very thing I’ve been looking for．那正是我要找的东西。

9．在表示一些独一无二的东西的名词前要用定冠词the

the earth地球；the moon月亮；the sun太阳；the sky天空；the universe宇宙；the world世界；the air空中；the ground地面。

It is the east，and Juhet is the sun．那是东方，而朱丽叶就是太阳。

10．用于时间、重量等单位名词之前，表示每一个单位

①The boat is hired by the hour．小船按小时出租。

②nere are two or three apples to the pound．每磅有两三个苹果。

11．在表示方位、方向的名词前用定冠词the

in the east/south/west/north在东/南/西/北方；on the right/left在右/左边。

12．在表江河、海洋、山脉、群岛、沙漠、海峡、海湾等专有名词前，要用定冠词the

the Yellow River黄河；the Rhine莱茵河；the Pacific太平洋；the Red Sea红海；the Himalayas 喜马拉雅山脉；the British Isles不列颠群岛；the Taiwan Strait台湾海峡；the Sahara Desert 撒哈拉沙漠。

13．用在逢“十”的数词前，指世纪的某个年代

in the 1980s/1980’s在20世纪80年代。

14．乐器名称前用定冠词the

She plays the piano best in her class．她钢琴在班上弹得最好。

15．在姓氏的复数形式前加定冠词the表示“……一家”

the Browns布朗一家；the Lis姓李的一家。

16．用在“动词+sb+介词+the+表身体部位的名词”这一固定结构中

hit sb in the face打某人的脸；

take sb by the arm/hand抓住某人的胳膊/手；

pat sb on the shoulder拍某人的肩；

hit sb on the head打某人的头。

特别提示

在该结构中，不能用物主代词替代定冠词，常用于该结构的动词有pat，strike，beat，hit，catch，put，take等。

17．在短语搭配中

in the end最后；come to the point谈到正题；on the contrary相反；in the morning在早晨；in the distance在远处；in the water在水中；on：the subject of关于……的主题；on the air在广播。

三、不用冠词的情况

1.国名，人名前通常不用定冠词：如：

England，Mary

2.泛指的复数名词，表示一类人或事物时，可不用定冠词；如：

They are teachers.他们是教师。

3.抽象名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词；如

Failure is the mother of success.失败乃成功之母。

4.物质名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词，当表示特定的意思时，需要加定冠词；如：Man cannot live without water.人离开水就无法生存。

5.在季节、月份、节假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前，不加冠词；如：

We go to school from Monday to Friday.我们从星期一到星期五都上课。

6.表示独一无二的职位、职务的名词用作表语、同位语或补足语时，名词前不加冠词。常见的名词有president，chairman，mayor，head，boss,secretary，leader，monitor，professor等。如：

The guards took the American to General Lee.

士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。

7.在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前，或者man意为“人类”，word意为“消息”时，不加冠词。如：

have breakfast吃早饭，play chess 打牌

Word came that our Women Football Team won the second prize in the World Cup.

我们的女足获得世界杯第二的消息传来。

8.当两个名词同指一个人或物时，后面的名词前不用冠词。如：The teacher and writer has come to the meeting.那个老师，也是作家已来到会议现场。

9.当by与火车等交通工具连用，表示一种方式时，中间无冠词。如：

by bus乘公共汽车，by train乘火车

10.有些个体名词不用冠词。如：

school，college，prison，market，hospital，bed，table，class，town，church，court等个体名词，直接置于介词后，表示该名词的深层含义。如：

go to hospital去医院看病

go to the hospital去医院（并不是去看病，而是有其他目的）

11.不用冠词的序数词。

序数词前有物主代词。如：my first trip

序数词作副词。如：He came first in the race.

在固定词组中。如：at（the）first，first of all，from first to last

四、冠词的位置

冠词一般放在名词之前，名词之前若有形容词，冠词放在形容词之前。下列情况例外：

1.不定冠词用于下列副词加形容词之后：as，how，however，so，too等。如：

He is as good a soldier as he was.他和以前一样是个好士兵。

2.不定冠词置于such，what，many，not，too，much of等之后。如：

Many a little pickle makes a nickel.积少成多。

3.定冠词通常放在all，both，double，exactly，just等词之后。如：

I offered him double the amount，but he still refused.

4.不定冠词常用于quite和rat her之后，但如果另有形容词修饰时，不定冠词既可放在第二位，也可放在第一位，但最常见的仍是第二位。如：

She is quite a woman.她真是个女人

It was quite/rather a cold day.很冷的一天(同It was a quite/rather cold day.)

5.当名词前的比较级被no，all，far，much等修饰时，也要后置。如:

He is no less a man than the President.

6.定冠词要放在half，twice,much等之后，如：

He paid twice the price for it. 他花了两倍的钱买了它。

7.如果名词被副词hardly，scarcely，barely，exactly所修饰，或和一个形容词共同修饰时，冠词要放在上述副词之后、形容词之前。如：

This is hardly a right thing to do. 这几乎是不能做的事。

二、【思维导航】

做题时还要注意以下解题技巧：

一、整体把握，注意语境

从近几年的高考试题来看，高考单项填空对名词和冠词的考查通常设置具体的语境，在语境中考查对名词和冠词。做题时，要全面整体地看题干，切不可把题干中的某一部分割裂开来。

1. （2011江苏苏北四市第一次调研）Feng Jun, ______president of Aigo Technolody Company,is the second chinese billionaire to promise______all-donation after Chen Guangbiao.

A.the;不填

B.a;an

C.the;the

D.不填；an

【解析】选D。考察冠词。president表示职位，在句中充当同位语，前面不用冠词；all-donation 意思是“裸捐”，根据句意可知冯军是继陈光标之后的第二个“裸捐”的中国亿万富翁，因此第二空前用不定冠词an。

二、辨析词义，注意搭配

单项选择对名词的考查主要是词义辨析，特别是同义词和近义词的辨析。这些选项从汉语翻译上看可能是同义词或近义词，但其英语含义不同，而且可能有不同的习惯搭配。因此要从英语的真正含义上和这个名词的用法上考虑答案，不能看其汉语字面意义就随意作出选择。如：

3.The kind of office equipment will certainly make a(n) to the way I do my job.

A. sense

B. difference

C. effect

D. meaning

【解析】B。句意为这样的办公设备无疑将会对我的工作方式产生影响。make sense有意义，讲得通；make a difference to sb／sth对……产生影响；have an effect on sth对…·有影响。故答案选B。

冠词常见考点：

冠词是历年高考的常考点。主要考查冠词在具体语境中的运用，考查内容包括定冠词和不定冠词的用法区别，名词前不用冠词的情况，特指与泛指以及习语中的冠词用法。

考点1 不定冠词的用法

1．指人或事物的某一类，这是不定冠词的基本用法

A car runs faster than a truck．小汽车比卡车跑得快。

2．表示数量“一个”，但一般不能与one互换

Rome was not built in a day．罗马不是一天建起来的。

3．指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人或何物

A Mr Li is waiting for you outside．一位李先生在外面等你。(不知道那位李先生是谁)

4．用于表示次数、速度、价格等意义的名词前，表示“每一”

①He goes home to see his parents once a month．他每月回家一次去看父母。

②He can galn five yuan an hour in the shop．他在这家商店每小时挣五元钱。

5．表示三餐的名词前有形容词修饰时，用不定冠词

①I only want a small supper because of cold．由于感冒晚饭我只想吃一点东西。

②People usually have quite a good dinner on festivals．人们在过节时通常会吃一顿相当丰盛的大餐。

6．有时在序数词前加不定冠词，表示“再…又”

①She invited him to come to the party a second time．她再次邀请他来参加聚会。

②Then a third boy came to join US．接着又一个孩子加人了我们。

7．有些物质名词以及抽象名词具体化时，可用不定冠词

a paper一份报纸；a tea一杯茶；a beauty一个美人；a surprise一件意想不到的事；a pity一件遗憾的事；an honor一个(件)光荣的人(事)

8．不定冠词还可以用于“a most+adj’．+n．”结构，注意在此结构中没有表示可比较的范围状语，“most”相当于“very”

Xiamen is a most beautiful coastal city and I’11 come for a second time．厦门是个非常美丽的海滨城市，我还要再来一次。

9．不定冠词还可以用于“a+比较级+名词”结构，与否定词连用时，表示“从来没有比这更……”，具有最高级含义

I have never spent a more worrying day．我从未有过比这更烦人的一天。

10．用于短语搭配中

(1)“have/take+a(n)+与动词同形的名词”，表示动作的一次。如：

have/take a rest休息一会儿

have/take a look看一下

have/take a bath洗个澡

(2)“go out for a(n)+名词”，表示从事某项活动。如：

go out for a picnic去野餐

(3)用于习惯搭配中。如：

come to an end结束；drop sb a line给某人写信；at a disadvantage处于不利地位；in a way从一方面说；in a word总之；in a sense就某种意义来说；with a view to为了，鉴于。

1.(2010高考英语江苏卷）The visitors here are greatly impressed by the fact that_______ people from all walks of life are working hard for_____ new Jiangsu.

A.不填; a

B. 不填;the

C. the; a

D. the; the

【答案】A

【解析】本题考察冠词的用法。第一空,来自社会各阶层的人. 是不特指,不用冠词. 第二空, 在Jiangsu 前有形容词new 因此,应加冠词a.表示一个全新的江苏。

考点3 不用冠词的情况

1．可数名词复数表示泛指时，以及抽象名词和物质名词表示一

①Where there’s smoke，there’s fire．无风不起浪。

②Many hands make light work．人多好做事。

2．三餐、球类运动、娱乐名称、节日、星期、月份和日期前一般不用冠词，表季节的名词前用不用the意思没有区别

①play football/basketball/volleyball踢足球/打篮影打排球；play chess/cards下棋/打牌；New Year’s Day元旦(“the Spring Festival春节”例外)。

②He had nothing for breakfast this morning．他今天早上没有吃早饭。

特别提示

有时在星期、月份和日期前加不定冠词，表示泛指。如：on a Monday在一个礼拜一；a very wet April一个雨水很多的四月。

3．在学科、语言、称呼语、大部分疾病名称或表头衔的名词前，不用冠词

①I think physics is more interesting than maths．我认为物理比数学有趣。

②What’s the matter，Granny?奶奶，出什么事了吗?

③Cancer is a terrible disease．癌症是一种可怕的疾病。

4．在turn(作“变成”解)后作表语的名词前，不用冠词

He has turned doctor．他已是名医生了。

5．在as，though引导的倒装分句中，名词前不用冠词Child as/though Tom is，you can’t fool him．虽然汤姆是个孩子，但你不能欺骗他。

6．在专有名词(洲名、人名、城市名、街道名、港口名、航空站名、火车站名、公园名、机关名及院校名)之前，一般不用冠词

Asia亚洲；Mary玛丽；Shanghai上海；Wau Street华尔街；

Pearl Harbor珍珠港；Beihai Park北海公园；Beijing University北京大学。

7．在一些固定短语中，名词前不用冠词

at night在夜里；at home在家；day after day 日复一日；bytelephone打电话；in danger在危险中；on purpose故意地。

考点4 有无冠词，意义不同

by day在白天by the day按天计算

in case of以防in the case of就……来说

in charge of负责，管理in the charge of由……负责

in office执政in the office在办公室

in sight(of)看见in the sight(of)在……看来

go to sea去当水手go to the sea到海边去

out of question毫无疑问out of the question不可能

take advice征求意见take the advice听从劝告

be of age成年be of all age同龄

go to church去做礼拜go to the church去教堂

in prison坐牢in the prison在监狱

特别提示

当地点名词表示地点时，其前用定冠词；表示在这一地点所发生的活动时，其前不加冠词。如：

He went to the bed and fetched me a magazine before he went to bed,他睡觉前到床边给我拿了本杂志。

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