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词汇学资料 3

1. There are two approaches to the study of polysemy. They are（）

A. primary and secondary

B. central and peripheral

C. diachronic and synchronic

D. formal and functional

2. Which of the following is NOT a stylistic feature of idioms?（）

A. Colloquial

B. Slang

C. Negative

D. Literary

3. Synonyms can be classified into two major groups, that is:（）

A. absolute and relative

B. absolute and complete

C. relative and near

D. complete and identical

4. In the early period of Middle English, English,（）existed side by side.

A. Celtic and Danish

B. Danish and French

C. Latin and Celtic

D. French and Latin

5. A monomorphemic word is a word that consists of a single （）morpheme.

A. formal

B. concrete

C. free

D. bound

6. Which of the following groups of words is NOT onomatopoeically motivated?（）

A. croak, drum

B. squeak, bleat

C. buzz, neigh

D. bang, trumpet

7. LDCE is distinctive for its（）

A. clear grammar codes

B. usage notes

C. language notes

D. all of the above

8. From the historical point of view, English is more closely related to （）

A. German

B. French

C. Scottish

D. Irish

9. Which of the following is NOT an acronym?（）

A. TOEFL

B.ODYSSEY

C. BASIC

D. CCTV

10. In the course book, the author lists（）types of context clues for inferring word meaning.

A. eight

B. six

C. seven

D. five

11. Sources of homonyms include（）

A. changes in sound and spelling

B. borrowing

C. shortening

D. all of the above

12. The written form of English is a(an)（）representation of the spoken form.

A. selective

B. adequate

C. imperfect

D. natural

13. Structurally a（）is the smallest meaningful unit of a language.

A. morpheme

B. stem

C. word

D. compound

14. Unlike affixes,（）are often free morphemes.

A. suffixes

B. prefixes

C. inflectional morphemes

D. roots

15. The four major foreign contributors to the English vocabulary in earlier times were French, Latin,（）

A. Scandinavian and Italian

B. Greek and Scandinavian

C. Celtic and Greek

D. Italian and Spanish

Ⅱ. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book. (10%)

16. The name given to the widening of meaning which some words undergo is___________.

17. Longman Lexicon of Contemporary English is a___________ dictionary.

18. When a new word appears for the first time, the author usually manages to give hints or ___________ in the context to help the readers. 19. Radiation and ___________ are the two coinages which the development of word meaning follows from monosemy to polysemy.

20. Middle English refers to the language spoken from 1150 to___________. Ⅲ. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) word origin, 2) word formation, and 3) types of synonyms or antonyms. (10%)

A B

( ) 21. skill A. back-formation

( ) 22. babysit B. blending

( ) 23. telequiz C. French origin

( ) 24. composition/compounding D. Scandinavian origin

( ) 25. government E. clipping

( ) 26. same/ different F. relative synonyms

( ) 27. gent G. Germanic

( ) 28. English H. absolute synonyms

( ) 29. change/ alter I. Contradictory terms

( ) 30. big/ small J. contrary terms

Ⅳ. Study the following words or expressions and identify 1) types of bound morphemes underlined, 2) types of meanings, 3) processes of meaning development, and 4) formation of compounds. (10%)

31. neck→primary meaning: that part of man joining the head to the body;

a secondary meaning: the narrowest part of anything. ( )

32. contradict ( )

33. mother: love, care ( )

34. upcoming ( )

35. window shopping ( )

36. radios ( )

37. property developer ( )

38. candidate→earlier meaning: white-robed;

later meaning: a person proposed for a place, award etc.

( )

39. handsome ( )

40. northward ( )

Ⅴ. Define the following terms. (10%)

41. encyclopedia

42. borrowed words

43. blending

44. extension

45. phrasal verb

Ⅵ. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below. (12%)

46. What is the difference between prefixation and suffixation? Explain with two examples.

47. What is extra-linguistic context?

48. What is polysemy? Illustrate your points.

Ⅶ. Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below. (18%)

49. Study the following sentence and try to guess the meaning of the word

in italics. Then explain what contextual clues help you to work out the meaning.

Carnivores are very dangerous. Not long ago, a tiger escaped from the zoo and killed a dog in the street and ate it.

50. Connotative meaning is not stable. Comment on this statement with one example.

1.C

2.C

3.A

4.D

5.C

6.A

7.D

8.A

9.B 10.A

11.D 12.C 13.A 14.D 15.B

16．extension 或generalization 17．specialized

18．clues 19．Concatenation 20．1500

21．D 22．A 23．B 24．H 25．C 26．I 27．E 28．G 29．F 30．J 31．radiation 32．bound root

33．connotative meaning 34．adv+v-ing

35．n+v-ing 36．inflectional affix／inflectional morpheme

37．n+v-er 3.concatenation

39．collocative meaning 40．suffix／derivational affix

41．An encyclopedia provides encyclopedic information concerning each headword；it is not concerned with the language per se.

42．Borrowed words,also，known，as loan words，are words taken over from foreign languages．

43．It refers to the formation of new words by combining parts of two words

or a word with a part of another word．

44．Extension is a process by which a word which originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized．

45.idiom composed of a verb plus a preposition and／or a particle．46．Prefixation does not generally change the word-class of the stem；

it only modifies its meaning. e.g．treat--maltreat

Suffixation，On，the other hand，changes the word-class instead of its meaning.e.g．employ—— employer

47.(1)Known as non-linguistic context or context of situation．

(2)components

a.participants(addresser and addressee) writer and reader

speaker and listener／hearer

b.time and place

c.cultural background

48.要点：1)a common feature peculiar to all natural languages．

2)have more than one sense．

3)The problem of polesemy Can be dealt with from two angles：diachronic approach and synchronic approach．

49(1)tiger is a hyponym，of carnivore

(2)carnivore is a superordinate of tiger

(3)tiger feeds on meat as known by all

(4)carnivore may feed on meat

(5)therefore，a carnivore is a meat-eating animal

50.(1)connotative meaning，known as connotation，refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning．

(2)connotative meanings are not given in the dictionary．but associated with the word in actual context to particular readers or speakers．Thus they are unstable.varying considerably according to culture，historical period and the experience of the individual．

(3)For example，home may remind one child of warmth，safety or love，while to another child who is often scolded or beaten at home,it may mean indifference，hatred，or even hell．

1. Degradation can be illustrated by the following example[ ]

A. lewd → ignorant

B. silly → foolish

C. last → pleasure

D. knave → boy 2. Homophones are often employed to create puns for desired effects

of: [ ]

A. humour

B. sarcasm

C. ridicule

D. all the above

3. The four major modes of semantic change are _____. [ ]

A. extension, narrowing, elevation and degradation

B. extension, generalization, elevation and degradation

C. extension, narrowing, specialization and degradation

D. extension, elevation, amelioration and degradation

4. The use of one name for that of another associated with it is rhetorically called _____. [ ]

A. synecdoche

B. metonymy

C. substitution

D. metaphor

5. Idioms adjectival in nature function as _____. [ ]

A. adjectives

B. attributes

C. modifiers

D. words

6. Grammatical context refers to _____ in which a word is used. [ ]

A. vocabulary

B. grammar

C. semantic pattern

D. syntactic structure

7. In the idiom 'in good feather', we change 'good' into 'high, full' without changing meaning. This change of constituent is known as _____ .

A. addition

B. replacement

C. position-shifting

D. variation

8. The word "laconic" is _____. [ ]

A. onomatopoeically motivated

B. morphologically motivated

C. semantically motivated

D. etymologically motivated

9. CCELD is distinctive for its _____. [ ]

A. clear grammar codes

B. language notes

C. usage notes

D. extra columns

10.Which of the following words is NOT formed through clipping? [ ]

A. Dorm

B. motel

C. Gent

D. Zoo

11.Old English has a vocabulary of about _____ words. [ ]

A. 30,000 to 40,000

B. 50,000 to 60,000

C. 70,000 to 80,000

D. 80,000 to 90,000

12. _____ are bound morphemes because they cannot be used as

separate words. [ ]

A. Roots

B. Stems

C. Affixes

D. Compounds

13. Besides French words, English also absorbed as many as 2,500

words of _____ in the Middle English period. [ ]

A. Dutch origin

B. Danish origin

C. Latin origin

D. Greek origin

14. A word is a symbol that _____ . [ ]

A. is used by the same speech community

B. represents something else in the world

C. is both simple and complex in nature

D.shows different ideas in different sounds

15.Some words in the basic word stock are said to be stable because they _____. [ ]

A. are complex words.

B. are technical words

C. refer to the commonest things in life.

D. denote the most important concepts.

第二部分非选择题

II. Complete the following statements with proper words or

expressions according to the course book（10％）

16. The same idiom may show _____ differences when it

is used in

different meanings including affective meaning.

17. LDCE is a _____ dictionary.

18. Antonyms are classified on the basis of _____.

19. The opposite of semantic elevation in meaning change is called _____.

20. Pronouns and numerals enjoy nation-wide use and stability, but have limited _____.

III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1）types of meaning changes;2）types of meaning;3）language branches and 4）features of idioms （10％）

A B

21. grammatical meaning ( ) A. Scottish

22. reading-lamp ( ) B. neither fish, flesh, nor fowl

23. pen ( ) C. morphologically motivated

24. alliteration ( ) D. head of a state

25. difference in connotation ( ) E. answer/ respond

26. elevation ( ) F. etymologically motivated

27. degradation ( ) G. garage ( a place for storing cars)

28. narrowing ( ) H. thing (any object or event)

29. extension ( ) I. part of speech

30. Celtic ( ) J. knave (a dishonest person)

IV. Study the following words and expressions and identify 1）types

of bound morphemes underlined;2）types of word formations;3）types of

meaning and 4）types of meaning of idioms.（10％）

31. heart and soul ( )

32. father—male parent ( )

33. mother—female parent ( )

34. city-bred ( )

35. lip-reading to lip-read ( )

36. headache ( )

37. antecedent ( )

38. preview ( )

39. receive ( )

40. called ( )

V. Define the following terms（10％）

41. specialized dictionary

42. collocative meaning

43. transfer

44. morpheme

45. old English

VI. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short Write your answers in the space given below.（12％）

46.What's the fundamental difference between radiation

and

concatenation? Illustrate your points.

47. What is dismembering?

48. What is collocative meaning? Give one example to

illustrate your

point.

VII. Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below.（18％）

49. The 'pen' is mightier than the 'sword'.

Explain what 'pen' and 'sword' mean respectively using the theory of

motivation.

50. Study the following sentence, paying special attention to the

words in italics. If you find anything wrong, please explain why and

then improve the sentence.(100 words)

The police were ordered to stop drinking about midnight.

B D A B A D B D D B B

C A B C 16. stylistic 17.monolingual

18.semantic opposition 19. degradation 或 pejoration

20.productivity and collocability

I C F B E D J G H A

31. adverb idiom/ idiom adverbial in nature

32. conceptual meaning 33. conceptual meaning

34. n+v-ed 35. backformation

36. n+v 37. bound root

38. prefix 39. bound root

40. inflectional affix/morpheme

41. Specialized dictionary refers to a dictionary which concentrates on a particular area of language or knowledge. (内容 1.5分；语言0.5分)

42. Collocative meaning is that part of the word meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion. (内容1.5分；语言0.5分)

43. Words which were used to designate one thing but later changed

to mean something else have experienced the process of semantic

transfer.

44. the minimal meaningful unit of a language.

45. the language used in England from 450 to 1150.

46. 要点： Radiation Concatenation

i) primary meaning i) first sense

ii）次要意义由主要意义辐射 ii）由此意义连续转换；特点为链接

iii）名词语义互不依赖 iii）最后意义与第一意义失去联系的迹象

47. 要点：

（1）break up an idiom into pieces（2分）

（2）an unusual case of using idioms（1分）

（3）in literature or popular press for special effect（1分）

48. Collocative meaning consists of the associations a word acquires

in its collocation. In other words, it is that part of the word-meaning suggested by words before or after the word in discussion. For example, 'pretty' and 'handsome' share the conceptual meaning of 'good looking', but are distinguished

by the range of nouns they collocate with: pretty handsome

49. 答案要点

1）Motivation accounts for the connection between the linguistic

symbol and its meaning.（2分）

2）Semantic motivation, one of the four major types of motivation,

explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative

sense of the word.(3分)

3）In this sentence, 'pen' reminds one of the tool to write with,

thus suggesting writing; 'sword' reminds one of the weapon to fight

with, thus suggesting war.(4分)

50.要点：

（1）it is ambiguous（2分）

（2）ambiguity caused by the structure（2分）

（3）stop drinking can be understood as

1）police stop drinking by themselves (1分 )

2）police stop people drinking (1分)

（4）improvement（3分）

1）The police were ordered to stop people drinking about midnight.

2）The police were ordered to stop drinking by themselves about

midnight.

1.In Old English there was _______ agreement between sound form.（） A. more

B. little

C. less

D. gradual

2.Both LDCE and CCELD are _______.（）

A. general dictionaries

B. monolingual dictionaries

C. both A and B

D. neither A and B

3.The word "MINISKIRT" is _______.（）

A. morphologically motivated

B. etymologically motivated

C. semantically motivated

D. none of the above

4.The most important way of vocabulary development in present-day English is _______.（）

A. borrowing

B. semantic change

C. creation of new words

D. all the above

5.Beneralization is a process by which a word that originally had

specialized meaning has now become ________.

（）

A. generalized

B. expanded

C. elevated

D. degraded

6.Some morphemes have _______ as they are realized by more than one morph according to their position in word.

（）

A. alternative morphs

B. single morphs

C. abstract units

D. discrete units

7.Old English vocabulary was essentially _______ with a number of borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian.（）

A. Italic

B. Germanic

C. Celtic

D. Hellenic

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/d116330448.html,pounds are different from free phrases in all the following ways EXCEPT _______.（）

A. semantics

B. grammar

C. phonetics

D. lexicology

9.If two main constituents of an idiom share the same initial

sound, it is called _______.（）

A. repetition

B. alliteration

C. rhyme

D. none of the above

10.Which of the following words is a functional word?（）

A. Often

B. Never

C. Although

D. Desk

11.Rhetorical features are shown in such respects of phonetic and lexical manipulation as well as _______.

（）

A. semantic unity

B. structural stability

C. idiomatic variation

D. figure of speech

12.The advantage of classifying idioms according to grammatical functions is to _______.（）

A. use idioms correctly and appropriately

B. understand idioms correctly

C. remember idioms quickly

D. try a new method of classification

13.Borrowing as a source of homonymy in English can be illustrated by _______.（）

A. long（not short）

B. ball（a dancing party）

C. rock（rock'n'roll）

D. ad（advertisement）

14.The change of word meaning is brought about by the following internal factors EXCEPT _______.（）

A. the influx of borrowing

B. repetition

C. analogy

D. shortening

15.Which of the following is NOT a component of linguistic context?（

A. Words and phrases.

B. Sentences

C. Text or passage

D. Time and place

第二部分非选择题

Ⅱ.Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.（10%）

16.Word-meaning changes by modes of extension, narrowing,

degradation, elevation and ___________________.

17.The language used in England between 450 and 1150is called _________________.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/d116330448.html,ELD is a ________________ dictionary.

19.In the phrase "the mouth of the river",the word "mouth" is _________________ motivated.

20.Physical situation or environment relating to the use of words is ________________ context.

Ⅲ.Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1)types of meaning changes;2)types of meaning;3)language branches and 4)meaning and context.（10%）

A B

21.Scandinavian（）https://www.wendangku.net/doc/d116330448.html,l（place where things are made）

22.Germanic（）B.grammatical

23.extension（）C.double meaning

24.narrowing（）D.Swedish

25.linguistic（）https://www.wendangku.net/doc/d116330448.html,prehend/understand

26.ambiguity（）F.Dutch

27.participants（）G.degermined

28.difference in denotation（）H.pigheaded

29.appreciative（）I.non-linguistic

30.pejorative（）J.iron（a device for smoothing clothes）

Ⅳ.Study the following words or expressions and identify 1）types of bound morphemes underlined, and 2）types

of word formation or prefixes.（10%）

31.predict（） 32.motel（） 33.potatoes（） 34.blueprint（）35.preliminaries（36.Southward（）37.demilitarize（）

38.hypersensityve（）

39.retell（）40.multi-purposes（）

Ⅴ.Define the foll owing terms.（10%）

41.acronymy 42.native words

43.elevation 44.stylistic meaning 45.monolingral dictionary

Ⅵ.Answer the following questions. Your answers should the clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below.（12%）

46.How many types of motivation are there in English? Give ONE

example for each type.

47.What are the major sources of English synonyms? Illustrate your points.

48.What are the clues generally provided in verbal context?

Ⅶ.Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below.（18%）

49.analyze the morphological structures of following words and point

out the types of the morphemes. Recollection, nationalist, unearthly

50.Pick out the idioms in the following extract and explain its

origin and the effect of using this form. "Well, it's the old story of the stitch in time," he said.

1.A

2.C

3.A

4.C

5.A

6.A

7.B

8.D

9.B10.C 11.D 12.A 13.B14.B15.D

16.transfer 17.OLD English 18.monolingual

19.semantically 20.extralinguistic/non-linguistic

21.D22.F 23.A 24.J 25.B 26.C 27.I 28.E29.G30.H

31.bound root 32.（head+tail）blinding

33.inflectional affix/morpheme 34.a+n

35.full conversion 36.suffix 37.reversative prefix

38.prefix of degree 39.prefix 40.number prefix

41.The process of forming new words by joining the initial letters

of names of organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.

42.Native words, also known as Anglo-Saxon words, are words brought

to Britian in the 5th century by the Germanic tribes.

43.The process by which words rise from humble beginnings to

positions of importance.

44.The distinctive stylistic features of words which make them

appropriate for different context.

45.A dictionary written in one language, or a dictionary in which entries are defined in the same language.

46.There are four types of motivation:

1）Onomatopoeic motivation, e.g. cuckoo, squeak, quack, etc.

2）Morphological motivation, e.g. airmail, reading-lamp, etc.

3）Semantic motivation, e.g. the mouth of the river, the foot of the mountain, etc.

4）Etymological motivation, e.g. pen, laconic, etc.

47.Key points:borrowing; dialects and regional English; figurative

and euphemistic use of words; coincidence with idiomatic expressions.

48.Key points:definition; explanation; example; synonymy; antonymy;

hyponymy; relevant details and word structure.

49.1）Each of the three words consists of three morphemes, recollection （re+collect+ion）,nationalist（nation+al+ist）,unearthly（un+earth+ly）. 2）Of the nine morphemes, only "collect","nation" and "earth" are

free morphemes as they can exist by themselves.

3）All the rest re-,-ion,-al,-ist,un- and -ly are bound as none of them can stand alone as words.

50.1）the stitch in time ----- a stitch in time saves nine（3分）

2）proverbs are concise, forcible and thought-provoking（1分）

3）using an old saying is more persuasive（2分）

4）the short form saves time, more colloquial（2分）

5）indicates intimacy or close relationship（1分

1.According to the degree of similarity, homonyms can be classified

into( )

A. perfect homonyms

B. homonyms

C. homophones

D. all the above

2.Transfer as a mode of semantic change can be illustrated by the

example( )

A. ad for “advertisement”

B. dish for “food"

C. fond for

“affectionate” D. an editorial for “an editorial article"

3.It is a general belief that the meaning does not exist in the word

itself, but it rather spreads over( )

A. the reader’s interpretation

B. the neighbouring

words C. the writer's intention D. the etymology of the word

4.Which of the following is a prefix of time and order?

A. extra-

B. pro-

C. re-

D. semi-

5.Which of the following dictionaries is not a specialized

dictionary?

A. The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology

B. Chamber's Encyclopedic English Dictionary

C. Longmont Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs

D. Webster's New Dictionary of Synonyms

6.Which of the following statements is Not true?

A. Reference is the relationship between language and the world.

B. The relationship between a word and its referent is arbitrary.

Concept is universal to all men alike.

D. Sense denotes the relationships outside the language.

7.The words which occur before or after a word and may affect its

meaning form( ) A. physical context B.

grammatical context C. lexical context D. linguistic context

8."Smith is an architect. He designed World Trade Center. "The clue

provided in the context is( )

A. definition

B. explanation

C. example

D. hyponym

9.The term "vocabulary" is used in different ways because of all the following reasons EXCEPT that( )

A. it can refer to the common core of a language

B. it can refer to the total number of the words in a language

C. it can represent all the words used in a certain historical period

D. it can stand for words in given dialect or field

10.The idiom "a dark horse" is a( )

A. simile

B. metaphor

C. metonymy

D. personification

11.An idiom differs from a free phrase in that the former is ( ) and the latter is not.

A. structurally changeable

B. semantically analyzable

C. structurally fixed

D. easily understood

12.We can work out the meaning of heliocentric and geocentric

according to( )

A. morphological structure

B. relevant details

C. grammatical structure

D. physical context

13.What causes the ambiguity of the sentence ”I like Mary better than Janet"? ( )

A. Vocabulary

B. Situation

C. Structure

D. None of the above

14.Early Modern English refers to the language spoken( )

A. from 1066 to 1500

B. from 1150 to 1500

C. from 1500 to 1700

D. from 1600 to 1800

15.Affixes added to the end of words to indicate grammatical

relationships are known as ( )

A. bound roots

B. free morphemes

C. inflectional morphemes

D. derivational affixes

第二部分非选择题

Ⅱ.Complete the following statements wi th proper words or expressions according to the course book.(10%)

16._________________meaning refers to the part of speech, tenses of verbs, etc.

17.The word __________has the old meaning "servant" and the elevated meaning "head of a ministry".

18.The relationship between sound and meaning is arbitrary or

______________.

19.When a word with more than one meaning is used in unclear context, it creates _______________.

20.Almost all affixes are __________morphemes because few can be used as independent words.

Ⅲ.Match the words in Column A with those in Colu mn B according to

1)rhetorical features of the idioms; 2)sense relations;

3)assimilation degree; 4)characteristics of the basic word stock and

5)motivation.(10%)

A B

21.reiteration ( ) A. high and low

22.repetition ( ) B. pick and choose

23.juxtaposition ( ) C. face to face

24.perfect homonym ( ) D. Failure is the mother of success.

25.personification ( ) E. hiss

26.portus ( ) F. bear; bear

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/d116330448.html,e ( ) G. twitter

28.heart ( ) H. cat

29.birds ( ) I. port

30.snakes ( ) J. heart and soul

Ⅳ.Study the following words and expre ssions and identify 1)types of context clues; 2)types of word formation;

3)types of word-meaning changes and 4)rhetorical features of idioms.(10%)

31.making a restatement of a new word or concept in familiar words (

)

32.sitcom ( )

33.the usual amenities such as a pub, a post office and a school (

34.form cradle to grave ( )

35.might and main ( )

36.fax ( )

37.disobey,impolite, ( )

38.hussy:"housewife"→"a woman of low morals"( )

39.disease:"discomfort"→"illness"( )

40.fond:"foolish"→"affectionate"( )

Ⅴ.Define the following terms.(10%)

41.dictionary

42.pejoration

43.idioms nominal in nature

44.Germanic

45.allomorph

Ⅵ.Answer the following questions. Yo ur answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below.(12%)

46.What are the stylistic features of idioms?

47. How would you explain the difference between back formation and suffixation? Give examples to illustrate your point.

48. How do you distinguish inflectional affixes and affixes?

Ⅶ.Analyze and comment on the follow ing. Write your answers in the space given below.(18%)

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/d116330448.html,ment on the following pairs of sentences in terms of superordinate and subordinates.

a. The man said he would come to our school next week.

b. The visiting scholar said he would visit our university next Monday.

50.Analyes the morphological structures of the following words and point out the types of the morphemes.

unbearable, international, ex-prisoner

1.D

2.B

3.B

4.C

5.B

6.D

7.C

8.C

9.A 10.B

11.C 12.A 13.C 14.C 15.C

Ⅱ.Complete th e following statements with proper words or expressions

according to the course book.(10%)

16. Grammatical 17. minister 18. conventional 19.

ambiguity 20. bound

Ⅲ.Match the words in Col umn A with those in Column B. (10%)

21.B 22.C 23.A 24.F 25 .D

26.I 27.H 28.J 29.G 30 .E

Ⅳ.Study the following words and expressions and identify 1)types of

context clues; 2)types of word formation; 3)types of word-meaning

changes and 4)rhetorical features of idioms.(10%)

31.explanation

32.head+head blending

33.hyponymy/hyponym

34.figure of speech; metonymy

35.phonetic manipulation/alliteration

36.back clipping

37.affixation, prefixation or negative prefixes

38.degradation

39.narrowing

40.elevation

Ⅴ.Define the following terms.(10%)

41. Dictionary is a book which presents in alphabetical order the

words of a language, with information as to their spelling,

pronunciation, meaning usage, etc.

42. Degradation or pejoration of meaning is the opposite of semantic

elevation. It is a process whereby words of good origin fall into

ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory

sense.

43.(1)Each idiom has a noun as the key word.

(2)Each functions as a noun/also knows as

noun idioms.

44.a term used to refer to a branch of the Indo-European language

family, which consists of English, German, Dutch, etc.

45.one of the variants that realize a morpheme

Ⅵ.Answer the following questions.(12%)

46.(1)Many idioms were created in different professions, so they

were trade-or profession-related, colloquial and informal.

(2)Now most become a part of the common core, neither formal nor

informal.

(3)There are still many colloquialisms, slang expressions,

literary expressions comparatively small in number.

47.A)Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to

bases.

B)Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of

suffixation; it's the method of creating words by removing the

supposed suffixes.

48.Inflectional affixes are affixes (1) attached to the end of

words; (2) to indicate grammatical relationships, while derivational

affixes are affixes; (3) added to other morphemes; (4) to create new

words.

Ⅶ.Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and

short Write your answers in the space given below.(18%) 49.要点：

Superordinate Subordinate

1) man scholar

2) come visit

3) school university

4) week Monday

50.

1)Each of the three words consists of three morphemes

unbearable(un+bear+able), international (inter+nation+al),

ex-prisoner(er+prison+er).

2)Of the nine morphemes, only bear, nation and prison are free

morphemes as they can exist by themselves.

3)All the rest un-,-able,inter-,-al, ex-and-er are bound as none of

them can stand alone as words.

词汇学的基本知识

词汇学的基本知识词汇学是研究词语的学问，它是传统语言学（语法、语音、词汇）的一个分支。词汇学的主要研究的内容是：词的性质、词的构成、词义的本质及发展、词的各种关系（同音、同义、反义等）。一、什么是词词是有意义的能够独立运用的造句的最小单位，它具有固定的语音形式。汉语词的划分有一定的困难，因为在书写时词和词之间是不分开的。就“独立运用”而言，许多虚词和量词是不能独立运用的。于是增加了一条补充，一句话中把能独立运用的词划分出去，剩写的也是词。如：“我把这本书包了个书皮。”这个句子中的“本”“个”和“把”也是词。汉语中词和短语的界限也不很清楚。一般可以用扩展插入法来区分。能插入的是短语，不能插入的是词（意义不能变）。比如：钢笔——钢的笔、白菜——白的菜、白布——白的布、吃饭——吃了饭、鸡蛋——鸡的蛋、睡觉——睡不睡觉。“钢笔”不能插入词，“白菜”插入后意思变了，它们肯定是词。“白布”可以插入且意思不变，可以做为短语。“吃饭”可以插入，“鸡蛋”可以插入，但“鸡蛋”的频度很高，可以把它做为词。睡觉可以插入，但两个语素的组合是固定的，把这类词做为离合词（理发、洗澡、打仗等）。一个语素（有意义的汉字）能独立运用就是词。（米、吃、红、个、从）两个语素组合后，意义不是它们的简单相加，就是词。（钢笔、金鱼、）两个语素组合后，不能扩展插入词，就是词。（钢笔，白菜）两个语素组合后，虽能扩展插入词，但它们是不能用别的语素替换的，则是一种特殊的词 ——离合词。两个语素组合后，虽能扩展插入词，但它们的使用频度很高，且大家约定俗成认为它是词。（“鸡蛋”是词、“鹰蛋”就有人认为是短语）。综上所述，汉语的词与短语之间的界限是有模糊地带的。人们对客观世界的认识形成了概念，词是反映概念的，但它们之间的关系不是一一对应的。比如，“月亮”、“月球”对应的是一个概念，“人民”这个词可以对应不同的概念。二、现代汉语词汇的构成词汇由词和固定的短语——熟语、谚语等构成。词可以从不同的角度分类： 1.语法分类——实词、虚词（词类） 2.结构分类——单纯词、合成词 3.音节分类——单音节词、多音节词 4.常用——常用词汇（基本词汇）、一般词汇 5.口语词汇——书面词汇 6.普通话词汇——方言词汇 7.汉语词汇——外来语词汇 8.古词语——新词语熟语可以包括成语、谚语、歇后语等。成语表意凝炼、形象，在书面语中广泛运用。它来源于古代的典故，有的选取原句中最能概括原句意思的成分（乘风破浪——愿乘长风，破万里浪），有的用四个字概括寓言、故事等（刻舟求剑、狐假虎威），有的增加个别字（短兵相接——车错毂兮短兵接）。成语的意思有的是语素义的简单相加（汗流浃背、无稽之谈、自圆其说）；多数成语的意思不是语素义的相加，有的意思是约定俗成的（高山流水——表示知己知音），有的是取字面的比喻义（水落石出——比喻真相毕露了）。

现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter

现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料c h a p t e r 文件管理序列号：[K8UY-K9IO69-O6M243-OL889-F88688]

Chapter 9 Changes in Word Meaning 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning 9.2 Four Tendencies in Semantic Change 9.3 Semantic Development or Change Resulting from the Figurative Use of Words Definition: Change of meaning refers to the alteration of the meaning of existing words, as well as the addition of new meaning to established words. 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning A.Historical cause 历史原因 It often happens that though a word retains its original form ,its meaning has changed because the object which it denotes has changed . *Changes of meaning because of increased knowledge of the object described are common in the history of science. Eg. pencil ==is from a Latin word meaning “a little tail” or “a fine brush”, like our Chinese “pen”毛笔.Later, when it was made of wood and graphite ,it was still called a “pencil”. atom ==It was borrowed though Latin and French from Greek arouos,invisible. Thus atom meant originally “an particle too small to be divided”. This meaning is now out-of-date, because scientist have found out that atom can be split.

词汇学试题(1)

哈尔滨商业大学2009-2010学年第二学期《词汇学》期末考试试卷装题订线内不答要一、单项选择题（本大题共40小题，每小题1分，共40 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement. 1. Argot generally refers to the jargon of _______. Its use is confined to the sub-cultural groups and outsiders can hardly understand it. A. workers B. criminals C. any person D. policeman 2.________ are words used only by speakers of the dialect in question. A. Argot B. Slang C. Jargon D. Dialectal words 3. Archaisms are words or forms that were once in _________use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use. A. common B. little C. slight D. great 4. Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on ______meanings. A. new B. old C. bad D. good 5. Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as_________ words. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals. A. functional B. notional C. empty D. formal 6. In the Indo-Iranian we have Persian , Bengali, Hindi, Romany, the last three of which are derived from the dead language,_______. A. Sanskrit B. Latin C. Roman D. Greek 7. Greek is the modern language derived from _______. A. Latin B. Hellenic C. Indian D . Germanic 8. The five Romance languages , namely, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian, Romanian all belong to the Italic through an intermediate language called _______. A. Sanskrit B. Latin C. Celtic D. Anglo-Saxon 9. The ________family consists of the four Northern European Languages: Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish and Swedish, which are generally known as Scandinavian languages. A. Germanic B. Indo-European C. Albanian D. Hellenic 10. By the end of the _______century , virtually all of the people who held political or social power and many of those in powerful Church positions were of Norman French origin. A. 10th B.11th C.12th D. 13th 11. The prefixes in the words of ir resistible, non classical and a political are called _______. A. reversative prefixes B. negative prefixes C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes 12. The prefixes contained in the following words are called ______: pseudo-friend, mal practice, mis trust. A. reversative prefixed B. negative prefixes C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes 13. The prefixed contained in un wrap, de-compose and dis allow are _________. A. reversative prefixed B. negative prefixes C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes 14. The prefixes in words extra-strong, overweight and arch bishop are _____ . A . negative prefixes B. prefixes of degree or size C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes

英文专业词汇学考试复习资料

Chapter 1 The Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary 1、The Definition of a Word Lexicology focuses on the study of meanings and origins of words. According to semanticists（语义学家）, a word is a unit of meaning. A word is a minimal（最小的）free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function（句法功能）. 2、 Vocabulary All the words in a language make up what is generally known as its vocabulary. 3、 Sound and Meaning The relationship between sound and meaning is no logic 4、 Sound and Form There was more agreement between sound and form in Old English than in Modern English. With the development of the language, more and more differences arose between sound and form. （1）、What is the relationship between sound and meaning? Give examples to illustrate it. The relationship between sound and meaning is arbitrary and conventional. In different languages, the same concept can be shown by different sounds. “Woman”, for example, becomes “Frau” in German, “Femme” in French and “fu nv” in Chinese. On the other hand, the same sound [mi:t] is used to mean “meet, meat, mete”, denoting different things.

大学英语词汇学期末考试重点复习资料整理权威版后附试题

2012词汇学复习资料 The development of the English Vocabulary 1.Indo-European Language Family The Indo-European Language Family is considered as one of the most important language families. It includes most languages of Europe, the Near East, and India. Those languages, which are believed to have originated from this language family and developed alone different lines, show various degrees of similarity to one another. They fall into eight principal groups, which can be grouped into an Eastern Set东部诸语族: Balto-Slavic波罗的-斯拉夫语, Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语族, Armenian 亚美尼亚语族and Albanian阿尔巴尼亚语族; a Western Set: 西部诸语族Celtic凯尔特语族, Italic 意大利语族, Hellenic希腊语族, Germanic日尔曼语族. All the languages in both sets shed some influence on English to a greater or lesser extent because each has lent words into the English vocabulary. Prussian普鲁士语 Lithuanian立陶宛语 Polish波兰语 Balto-Slavic波罗的-斯拉夫语Czech捷克斯洛伐克语 Bulgarian保加利亚语 Slovenian斯洛文尼亚语 Russian Albanian阿尔巴尼亚 Persian波斯语 Hindi北印度语 Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语系Bengali孟加拉语 Romany，吉卜赛语 Armenian亚美尼亚语 Portuguese Spanish Italic意大利语族Italian Roumanian罗马尼亚语 French Indo-European Language Family Irish Celtic凯尔特语Breton Scottish Norwegian挪威语 Icelandic，冰岛语 Danish丹麦语 Germanic Swedish瑞典语日尔曼语言English Dutch Flemish German Hellenic，古希腊语- Greek

词汇学复习重点

词汇学复习重点 1. jargon------ Jargon refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves such as in business. 2. translation loans------ Translation loans are words and expressions formed from the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language. 3. Renaissance------ It is a European movement of learning ancient Greek and Roman classics. 4. Allomorph------ one of the variants of the same morpheme 5. inflectional affix------ an affix that indicates grammatical relationships 6. acronyms------ the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations special noun phrases and technical terms 7. back-formation------ the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes 8. polygsemy------ Polysemy means that one single word has two or more senses at the same time. 9. morpheme------ It is a minimal meaningful unit of a language, or it is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words. 10. grammatical meaning------ that part of the meaning of the word indicates grammatical concept or relationships such as part of speech of words, singular and plural meaning of nouns, tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional forms. 11. homonym------ Homonyms are words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling. 12. reference------what a linguistic form refers to in the real word. It is the relationship between language and the world 13. semantic field------ Semantic field is concerned with the vocabulary of a language as a system of interrelated lexical networks. 14. motivation------ the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning. 15. conceptual meaning------ the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning. 16. amelioration------ or elevation, a process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance. 17. transfer------ a process whereby words which were used to designate one thing have changed to mean something else.

词汇学知识点总结

Language Language is a system of symbol based on physiology, psychology, and physics. It’s a special social action and a carrier of information used for human communication in a society. The relationship between Language, Society, and Thought: 1. any language reflects the culture of the society in a particular period. Therefore language is the mirror reflecting the culture of a society. 2. Language is a product of society. Language is inseparable from human society. 3. Language is used as a means of communication in a society. Outside society there is no language. 4. Society depends upon language for its existence. For example, there are many words connected with carriage. Buggy, a light one-horse carriage with two wheels. Coach, a large closed four-wheel horse-drawn carriage. 5. moreover, man’s thought is indispensable to language just as language is indispensable from society. We know that language is used to express man’s thought. The process of thinking is closely connected with language. That is to say, without thinking, there would be no human language. 6. language serves society as a means of intercourse between people. Linguistics is the scientific study of language. The scope of linguistics include phonology, syntax, semantics, phonetics, philology, lexicology, stylistics, general linguistics, descriptive linguistics…… Lexicology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the study of the vocabulary of a given language. It deals with words, their origin, development, history, structure, meaning, and application. Aim of English Lexicology is to give a systematic description of the English vocabulary. It offers students an insight into the origin and development of the English vocabulary. The significance of English Lexicology: help the learners to enlarge their vocabulary and improve their ability to analyze and use the words. Two approaches to the study of English Lexicology: synchronic and diachronic. Synchronic means describing a language as it exists at one period of time. Diachronic means concerned with the historical development of a language. For example: January, February, march, synchronically, they are the words of the months of one year. Diachronically, they are all borrowed words. Synchronically, we consider words like eventful, talkative as derivatives. Diachronically, they are hybrids, that is, words that are made of two parts, each from a different language. Etymology is the study of the origin and history of words and their meanings. Significance: 1.to provides background information and knowledge about the history, origin and development of the English language. 2. To increase the learner’s enjoyment and real understanding of English words from their changes of forms including their spelling and pronunciation to that of meanings. English is classified as a Teutonic language, that is, a Germanic language. English belongs to the Low West Germanic branch of the Indo-European family. Division of the history of the English language: 1. the period from 450 to 1150 is known as the Old English or Anglo-Saxon period. It’s described as the period of full inflection. 2. The period from 1150 to 1500 is known as the Middle English period, also as the period of leveled inflections. 3. The period from 1500 to the present day is called the Modern English period, also as the period of lost inflection. There are two classes of language in the world: synthetic and analytic. A synthetic language is one which shows the relation of word in a sentence largely by means of inflection. An analytic language is one which indicates the relation of words in a sentence by means of word order, preposition or auxiliary verbs, rather than by inflection. Old English the a synthetic language, while Modern English is an analytic language. Modern English can be divided into two parts: the early Modern English period and the Late Modern English period. Dean Swift was a conservative and he opposed the tendency to shorten words, such as ad

英语词汇学知识点归纳

英语词汇学知识点归纳 Standardization of sany group #QS8QHH-HHGX8Q8-GNHHJ8-HHMHGN#

English Lexicology(英语词汇学) Lexicology（词汇学）: is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words. The Nature and Scope of English lexicology： English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages. The subjects that English Lexicology correlated with and extent to： English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学), etymology(词源学),stylistics（文体论） and lexicography(词典学) The reason for a student to study English lexicology： According to the textbook, English Lexicology will definitely be beneficial for students of English. A good knowledge of morphological structures of English words and rules of word-formation will help learners develop their personal vocabulary and consciously increase their word power. The information of the historical development and the principles of classification will give them a deeper understanding of word-meaning and enable them to organize, classify and store words more effectively. The understanding and their sense relations will gradually raise their awareness of meaning and usage, and enable them use words more accurately and appropriately. A working knowledge of dictionaries will improve their skills of using reference books and raise their problem-solving ability and efficiency of individual study. Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabulary Word（词的定义）: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentence Sound and meaning（声音与意义）: almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself” Sound and form（读音和形式）:不统一的四个原因（1）the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each other （2）the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years（3）some of the difference were creates by the early scribes（4）the borrowings is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary Vocabulary（词汇）: all the words in a language make up its vocabulary Classification of English Words： By use frequency:basic word stock&nonbasic vocabulary By notion:content words&functional words By origin:native words&borrowed words The basic word stock（基本词汇）: is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. Though it constitute a small percentage of the EV, it is the most important part of vocabulary. The Fundamental Features of the Basic Word Stock(基本词汇的特征): 1)All-National character（全民通用性most important） 2)Stability（相对稳定性） 3)Productivity（多产性） 4)Polysemy（多义性） 5)Collocability（可搭配性）没有上述特征的words:(1)Terminology(术语) (2)Jargon（行话） (3)slang（俚语） (4)Argot（暗语）（5）Dialectal words(方言) (6) Archaisms（古语） (7) Neologisms（新词语）:Neologisms means newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings.(email) Content words/notional words实词(cloud, run walk, never, five, frequently) and functional words/empty words虚词(on, of, and, be, but) Native Words and Borrowed Words Native words（本族语词）: known as Anglo-Saxon words (50,000-60,000), are words brought to Britain in the 5th century by the Germanic tribes. (mainstream of the basic word-stocks).Two other features:(1)neutral in style (2)frequent in use

词汇学资料 3

词汇学的基本知识

现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter

词汇学试题(1)

英文专业词汇学考试复习资料

最新英语词汇学期末复习资料资料

大学英语词汇学期末考试 重点复习资料整理 权威版 后附试题

词汇学复习重点

词汇学知识点总结

英语词汇学知识点归纳

大学英语词汇学期末考试重点复习资料整理权威版后附试题