英汉语言对比 习题·+答案
英汉语言对比
Synthetic vs. Analytic
Ⅰ. Answer Questions
Directions: Answer the Questions in English briefly, with examples if necessary. 1.What are synthetic languages(综合语)? How are they characterized? According to Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary, A synthetic language is “Characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms to express
grammatical relationships”
2.What are analytical languages（分析语）? How are they characterized? According to The Random House College Dictionary, An analytic language is “Characterized by a relatively frequent use of function words, auxiliary verbs and changes in words order to express syntactic relations, rather than of inflected forms”.
3.Why English language is more flexible in word order（语序）? Why is it not so in
Chinese?
Because word order is more connected with the formal changes. If the form change is more flexible, the word order is more flexible. Chinese language is an analytic language, the word order cannot be change at random, in which the relationship between the words are closely related with word order and function words.
4.What is the usual word order in English sentences? What are the nine types of
inversion in English sentences?
The usual word order in English sentence is Subject-Verb-Object. The nine types of inversion in English sentences include: interrogative inversion, imperative inversion, exclamatory inversion, hypothetical inversion, balance inversion, link inversion, signpost inversion, negative inversion, metrical inversion.
1. 5.What are the E—C differences in formal words（形式词）?
English language is featured in its abundant function words, of which is article. Articles are frequent employed. To use an article or not, and to use a definite one or an indefinite one, makes great difference in expression of meaning. Auxiliary are more frequently used in Chinese. Chinese language contains auxiliary for tense, structural and mood. This last category is especially unique in the language for the richness for delineation of emotions, like the letters 呀、啦、哦、嘛、呢，and others.
6.How many kinds of formal words （形式词）are there in English language?
2.There are five types of formal words, that is:
i.article, including a, an, and the;
ii.preposition, like on, in, to, for, as, at, of, with, from, across, etc.;
iii.auxiliary verb, like will, do, have;
iv.coordinator, including and, but, or;
subordinator, like unless, after, for, due to, etc.
7.Why Chinese is called Tone Language（声调语言）?
Chinese tone can be used for indicating the change of meaning and is not suitable for
expressing the certainty, completeness, independence or finality.
Ⅱ. Fill in the Blanks
Directions: Fill in the blanks with the best answer you have found in the textbook.
1.11.综合语的特征是经常性、系统性的运用曲折形式来表现语法关系为特
征的语言，分析语的特征是分析语的特征是相对频繁地使用功能词，助词和改变词序来表达句法关系，而不用曲折形式来表达。
12.英语有形态变化，词序比汉语灵活，但相对固定。
13.英语属于综合分析语言语言。
14.形态变化、词序和虚词是表达语法意义的三大手段。
15.形态变化就是词的形式变化，包括构词形态和构形形态。
16.现代英语的变化主要包括性、数、格、时、体、语态语气、比较级、人称、
词性等变化。
17.汉语的数量助词有们，动态助词有着、了和过等。
18.汉语结构助词的、地、得类似于应用英语形态变化，但缺乏普遍性。
19.英汉语在主谓宾的排列上都是主-动-宾（表）顺序。
20.汉语的定语一般放在名词的后面，英语的定语一般放在名词的前面。
21.汉语没有形态变化，少用或不用关联词词，没有定语从句，名词之前定语
的长度不宜太长。
22.汉语的实践顺序和逻辑顺序是按照由先到后、由因到果、由假设到推论、
由事实到结论的顺序。
23.英语的虚词包括冠词、介词、助动词、并列连接词、和从属连接词。
24.汉语的虚词包括介词、助词和连词。
25.英语的语音系统由元音、辅音、重读和语调组成。
26.汉语的语音系统由声母、韵母和声调组成
Ⅲ.Translate between E/C Languages
Directions: Translate the Chinese/English sentences into their target language. Pay attention to the use of omission strategy. Try to make your translation brief.
27.中国人也好，外国人也好，死人也好，活人也好，对的就是对的，不对的就
是不对的。What is right is right, and what is wrong is wrong, no
matter a Chinese or foreigner, dead or alive he is.
28.她有野心，她姐姐野心更大，想成为一个大明星。Her ambition is bigger
than her sister. She wants to be a super star.
29.在当今中国，人人都在练功夫，功夫课也成为中国中部地区一些中学的必
修课。In present China, all the people are practicing Chinese
kongfu, which has become a compulsory course in some middle
schools in the central part of China.
30.上学的，上学了；下海的，下海了。Some went to college, and some got
into business.
31.这是一部美国的热门影片。This is a hot American film.
32.周恩来举止优雅，待人体贴。Chou Enlai is elegant and considerate.
33.如蒙早日寄来样品和报价，我方将不胜感激。We would appreciate it if
you can send us the sample and quotation early.
34.我们大家都看出他能说会道。All of us found him eloquent.
35.这笔资金注入，将给这个城市带来活力。The capital will invigorate the
city.
36.骄傲使人落后。Pride keeps one from progress.
37.一把大火把整个村子烧成了白地。The fire has turned the whole village
into a ruin.
38.我们必须阻止陌生人靠近。We must keep the strangers away.
41.这种结果真让我郁闷。The result really depressed me.
42.该型汽车速度快，效率高，行动灵活。The new cars are fast, efficient
and handy.
43.新疆产地毯图案新颖，色调雅致，备受青睐。The carpets made in Xinjiang
are beautiful and magnificent for their novel design and elegant
colors.
44. According to John, my cousin, London was most beautiful
then.
45. In three hours we reached Washington monument, our
destination
46. Chinese understandably spoke with proud of their
achievements in the last decade.
47. I asked him to teach me French.
48. I invited him for a dinner at my home.
49. The earthquake reduced all the houses into pieces.
42 根据我表哥约翰的说法，这个时候伦敦最漂亮。
43 三小时后，我们达到了目的地华盛顿纪念馆。
44 中国人对过去十年取得的成就感到自豪，这是可以理解的。
45 我要他教我法语。
46 我邀请他到我家吃饭。
47 地震把所有房屋变成了废墟。
Chapter 2
Ⅰ. Answer Questions
Directions: Answer the Questions in English briefly, with examples if necessary. 1.Why English is called compact（聚集）language while Chinese diffuse（流散）
one?
This is because English language has rigid rules on sentence structure centered on subject-predicate；English sentences are developed from subject-predicate structures.
2.What is the basic structure in English sentence?
The simplest English sentence consists of only a subject and a predicate, based on which many components are attached or derived. And the verb is the core, the number of nouns attachable to the verb is cal led the verb’s valence. As Chinese language focuses on internal theme instead of external representation, Chinese
sentences can hardly be classified according to verb variation like English
sentences are.
3.How many basic sentence types are there in English language?
SV, SVP,SVO, SVOO,SVOC
4.In which way English sentences can be enlarged?
Declarative, interrogative, imperative and exclamative.
5.In which means can the compactness of English sentence be guaranteed?
A) to add modifiers; B) to extend the elements in the basic sentence
a) grammatical concord; b) notional concord; c）principle of proximity
6.Which is the characteristic of Chinese predicates?
It can be verbs, nouns, or adjectives; it can be one verb or more than one verbs or nor verbs; it can be one word or word phrases. Nouns and pronouns （包括代词
7.What are the regular types of Chinese sentence?
Theme sentences; transitive sentence; relative sentences; exclamative sentence;
existential sentence; ownership sentence; descriptive sentence; and explicative sentence
8.Why there are many illogical expressions in Chinese? Give some examples.
In summary, Chinese sentences are characterized in three uncertainties—Uncertainty of subject; uncertainty of predicate; uncertainty in the relation between subject and predicate.
9.How is Chinese sentence variation embodied?
Chinese sentence variation is embodied by large number of ambiguous sentences and full sentence and minor sentences. For example: 他欠你的钱；是前天发的电报；房间干干净净。
9.How do you understand the quotation in the end of the paragraph?
Jespersen points out, analysis means suppleness, and synthesis means regidity; in analytic language you have the power of kaleidoscopically arranging and rearranging the elements that in synthetic forms are in rigid connexion.
Ⅱ. Fill in the Blanks
Directions: Fill in the blanks with the best answer you have found in the textbook.
11.英语的主谓结构由名词性短语和动词性短语组成。
1.1
2.英语的主谓结构。可以归结为五种基本句型，即主语+谓语、主语
+动词+表语、主语+动词+宾语、主语+动词+直接宾语+间接宾语和主语+
动词+宾语+宾语补足语。
13.英语基本句型的变式有陈述句变疑问句、肯定句变否定句和主动句变被动
句。
2.14.英语基本句型的扩展可以通过增加修饰语和扩展基本句型的成分
进行。
15.英语句子不流散的原则是一致原则，包括语法一致、意义一致和就近一致。
Ⅲ.Translate between E/C Languages
Directions: Translate the Chinese/English sentences into their target language. Pay attention to the choice of subject in your translation. Try to make your
translation brief.
16.The unexpected return of his wife gave him a big surprise.
妻子突然回家，使他感到很吃惊。
17.I am glad that you close the door when you leave.
离开时请顺手关门。
18.He who pollutes pays.
谁污染谁负责。
19.The town was visited by a storm.
暴风雨袭击了这个村庄。
20.Punishment should be given to the violators of laws.
违法者应受到惩罚。
21.这种自行车价廉物美，在中东很畅销。
This bicycle is cheap and fine and sells well in Middle East.
22.中国地大物博人口众多，中国人过去也常常以此自豪。
Chinese people were proud of their country with vast territory and abundant resources and great population in the past.
23.教高年级的翻译课，我不是很有经验。
I am a green hand in teaching translation for the senior students.
24.婚姻的事，年轻人自己做主了。
The young men will decide for themselves for their marriage
25.女儿的心事，做娘的清楚得很。
Mother are fully conscious the worries in her daughter
26.这件事我还被蒙在鼓里呢。
I am still in the dark for this matter.
27.钱，我来想办法。
As for money, I will try to borrow.
28.改革的目的是为了发展生产力。
The aim of reform is to develop the productive force.
29.她很喜欢中国画。
She likes Chinese painting.
30.他点点头，意思是他听见了，但没表示同意或不同意。
He nodded, indicating he heard what you said, but show no sign of agreement or not.
31.我们深信，我方的产品会受到欧洲市场的欢迎。
We firmly believe that our product will be welcomed in the European market. 32.我很荣幸今天有机会参加这个派对。
It is a great honor for me to participate in such a party today.
33.一个外表和谈吐都很美国化的中年人，坐到了车里。
A young man who talks and looks like American entered the car.
34.吃苦在前，享受在后。
To bear hardship before you enjoy the comforts.
5Chapter 3
Ⅰ. Answer Questions
1.What is the definition of hypotaxis（形合）?
Hypotactic is defined as the dependent or subordinate construction relationship or relationship of clauses with connectives, for example, I shall despair if you don’t come
2.What is the definition of parataxis（意合）?
Paratactic is defined as the arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them. Example: The rain fell; the river flooded; the house washed away.
3.What is relative? What is conjunction? What are their functions?
Relative includes relative pronoun, relative adverb, conjunctive pronoun and
conjunctive adverb, such as who, that, which, when, how and etc. It is used to
connect the main clause with the attributive clause, the object clause, the subject clause and the predicative clause. Conjunction includes coordinating conjunction and subordinating conjunction, such as and, but, so, however, until so…that and etc.
It is used to connect words, phrases, clauses or adverbial clauses.
4.What are the functions of preposition?
Preposition is used to show the relation of a noun or substitute for a noun to some other word in a sentence. Prepositions appear constantly in English speech and writing
5.What are the advantages of hypotaxis in your opinion?
Hypotaxis frequently occurs in English sentence-making. Hypotaxis stresses the overt cohesion and the sentence form which is structural completeness and meaning-overt.
6.Why does Chinese tend to use covert coherence?
It is because in Chinese there are few hypotactic means. Chinese, as a language different from English, dose not contain those frequently-used relative pronouns, relative adverbs, conjunctive pronouns and conjunctive adverbs in English.
Moreover, Chinese has prepositions in a small number to about 30, and has no form changes like English.
7.What are the regularities in Chinese language organization?
Chinese language stress the paratactic means other than the hypotactic means. The grammatical meaning and logic connection between language parts are always sensed in the words
8.What means of parataxis are used in Chinese language?
Means of parataxis used in Chinese include (i ) sentence order, (ii) repetition, parallelism, antithesis, and contrast and so on, (iii) contracted sentence, and (iv) four-character structure.
9.How to turn English into Chinese in terms of their meaning and structure?
As to the translation of English into Chinese, only after the analysis of the form and structure of the sentences can the meaning and function be clearly judged.
10.What are the characteristics in hypotactic structure?
a)There are four characteristics in hypotactic structure: (i ) emphasis on overt
cohesion, (ii) emphasis on sentence form, (iii)emphasis on structural
completeness, (iv) emphasis on revealing meaning through form.
Ⅱ. Fill in the Blanks
11. 汉语意合法采取的手段包括语序、反复\排比、对偶和对照等。
12. 英译汉时，往往要先分析句子的结构、形式，才能确定句子的功能、意义。
13. 英语的形合手段包括关系词和连接词、介词和其它连接手段。
14. 关系词包括关系代词、关系副词、连接代词和连接副词。
15. 英语常常综合应用关系词、连接词、介词和其它连接手段把各种成分连接起
来，构筑成长短句子，表达一定的语法关系。
Ⅲ.Translate between E/C Languages
16.他很有能力。
He is an able man.
17. 这个问题至关重要。
This question is of great importance.
18. 中国成功地加入了WTO，对世界的经济格局造成了深刻的影响。China’s successful entry into the WTO caused a profound effect on the world’s economic patterns.
19. 中国正在发生着日新月异的变化。
China is undergoing great changes with each passing day.
20. 克林顿总统的演说给人的印象深刻。
President Clinton’s speech is quite impressive.
21. 柯灵，生于1909年，浙江绍兴人，中国现代作家。
Ke Ling, born in Shaoxing, Zhejiang in 1909, is a modern Chinese writer.
22. 孟轲慢慢长大了，但是他非常贪玩，不爱学习。
MengKe grew up, but he liked to play and hated to study.
23. 尽管如此，我们仍应小心从事。
Nevertheless, we should still be cautious.
24. 我在上海工作的时候认识她的。
I made her my acquaintance when I was working in Shanghai.
25. 我谨代表你们所有的美国客人向你们表示感谢，感谢你们无与伦比的盛情
款待。
On behalf of all the American guests, I would like to thank you for your incomparable hospitality.
26. 他们兄弟二人自小就是孤儿。
He and his brother are orphaned at a young age.
27. 是人都会犯错误。
To err is human
28. It is the goal to be realized in near future.
这就是近期要实现的目标
29. The device should meet/satisfy the condition required.
设备必须达到（满足）条件要求。
30. The guests present include some foreign visitors.
出席的嘉宾包括一些外国客人。
31. The teacher who is having class is a new comer.
有趣的是,这位作者说他从未反对浪漫主义。
32. Interestingly, the writer said that he had never been against romanticism.
有趣的是,这位作者说他从未反对浪漫主义。
33. The football match was put off because of rain.
由于下雨，足球赛推迟了。
34.In spite of the title, the article will really on how not to grow old.
尽管标题这样写，这篇文章实际上是关于如何减缓衰老。
英汉语言对比练习
Chapter 1 Ⅰ. Answer Questions Directions: Answer the Questions in English briefly, with examples if necessary. 1. What are synthetic languages(综合语)? How are they characterized? 2. What are analytical languages（分析语）? How are they characterized? 3. How man formal changes are possible to English words? Is there any formal change（形态变化）in Chinese language? 4. Why English language is more flexible is word order（语序）? Why is it not so in Chinese? 5. What is the usual word order in English sentences? Which are the nine types of inversion in English sentences? 6. What are the E—C differences in formal words（形式词）? 7. How many kinds of formal words （形式词）are there in English language? 8. How is English phonological system(语音系统) formed? How is Chinese one? 9. Does Chinese phonological and characteristic system have any advantage in literary forms? 10. Why Chinese is called Tone Language（声调语言）? Ⅱ. Fill in the Blanks Directions: Fill in the blanks with the best answer you have found in the textbook. 11.综合语的特征是，分析语的特征是。 12. 英语有变化，词序比汉语，但相对。 13. 英语属于语言。 14. 、和是表达语法意义的三大手段。 15. 形态变化就是词的变化，包括形态和形态。 16. 现代英语的变化主要包括、、、、、、、等变化。 17. 汉语的数量助词有，动态助词有、和等。 18. 汉语结构助词、、类似于应用英语形态变化，但缺乏普遍性。 19. 英汉语在主谓宾的排列上都是顺序。 20. 汉语的定语一般放在名词的，英语的定语一般放在名词的。 21. 汉语没有形态变化，少用或不用词，没有从句，名词之前定语的长度。 22. 汉语的事件顺序和逻辑顺序是按照、、的顺序。 23.英语的虚词包括、、、、。 24.汉语的虚词包括、和。 25. 英语的语音系统由、、和组成。 26. 汉语的语音系统由、和组成 Ⅲ.Translation between E/C Languages Directions: Translate the Chinese/English sentences into their target language. Pay attention to the use of omission strategy. Try to make your translation brief. 27. 中国人也好，外国人也好，死人也好，活人也好，对的就是对的，不对的就是不对的。（what is right is right, what is wrong is wrong, no matter he is a Chinese or foreigner, dead or alive）. 28. 她有野心，她姐姐野心更大，想成为一个大明星。 29. 在当今中国，人人都在练功夫，功夫课也成为中国中部地区一些中学的必修课。 30.上学的，上学了；下海的，下海了。(some went to college, and the other got into business) 31. 这是一部美国的热门影片。 32. 周恩来举止优雅，待人体贴。 33. 如蒙早日寄来样品和报价，我方将不胜感激。
英汉语言对比与翻译练习
英汉语言对比与翻译练习 注意事项： １．英汉语言句法／句式差别； ２．体会英汉互译句式转换规律； Sentences: 1.In praising the logic of the English language we must not lose sight of the fact that in most cases where, so to speak, the logic of facts or of the exterior world is at war with the logic of grammar. 2.邢夫人携了黛玉坐上，众老婆们放下车帘，方命小厮们抬起，拉至宽处，加上训骡，出 了西脚门往东，过荣府正门，如一黑油漆大门内，至仪门前，方下了车。 3.When about three hundred men had been landed from these vessels and were marching rapidly to camp, the Morini, who had been left by Caesar in a state of peace when he set out for Britain, were fired by the hope of booty, and surrounded the troops, at first with no very large number of folk, bidding them lay down their arms if they did not wish to be killed. 4.I had spent a long day on a hired mule before the mail carrier who had been my guide pointed to a cabin on the far side of a stream, mutely refused the money I offered, and rode on. 5.Mr. Kennedy apparently was hit by the first of what witness believed were three shots. 6.And he knew how ashamed he would have been if she know had known his mother and the kind of place in which he was born, and the kind of people among whom he was born.. 7.The original members of the United Nations shall be the states which, having participated in the United Nations conference on International Organization at San Francisco, or having previously signed the Declaration by United Nations of 1 January 1942, sign the present charter and ratify it in accordance with Article 110. 8.After watching the fish for some time, they asked me for pairs of several different kinds, pointing them out as they walked down the row of tanks. I netted their choices into a traveling container and slipped it into an insulated bag for transport, handing it to the boy. “carry it carefully,” I cautioned. 9.Sickness had robbed her of her confidence that she could carry the load. 10.Loneliness held the great masses of immigrants together, and poverty kept them down. 11.Starvation was a remote threat. 12.There is a crying need for a new remedy. 13.There was a mumbled conversation in the background. Then a man’s voice came on the phone. 14.The whole devastating experience sharpened my appreciation of the world around me. 15.She was always a crier any way. 16.The car wound through the village and up a narrow valley, following a thaw-swollen stream. 17.The boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he was very hungry because he had had no food for two days. 18.A long course of poverty and humility, of daily privations and hard words, of kind office and no returns, had been her lot ever since womanhood almost, or since her luckless marriage with George Osborne.(Vanity Fair chapter 57) 19.The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities is compounded by the paucity of the information media.
英汉语言差异比较研究
英汉语言差异比较研究 廖国强夏宏钟 （四川理工学院，四川643000） 摘要：在经济全球化的当今世界，我们对外交往中跨文化的言语交际显得愈发重要。本文通过对英汉语言的对比研究，就两种语言中常见的差异点进行了分析与归纳。 关键词：英语汉语差异 语言是文化的载体, 不同的文化氛围自然会呈现不同的文化形态，而这种文化差异反映到语言层面上则表现为语言差异。著名语言学家赵元任认为，“所谓语言学理论，实际上就是世界各民族语言综合比较分析研究得出的科学结论。”通过对比分析和研究，我们不仅可以进一步认识外语和母语的特性与差异，认识不同语言的各个层面的相似性和差异性，而且能够有意识地注意不同语言各自的表现方法，有利于跨文化交际中防止语言表达错误，避免运用失当，从而达到成功交际的目的。 1. 谱系的差异 作为世界通用语言的英语，属于印欧语系（Indo-European language family）,是一种拼音（alphabetic）文字，单词有重音、次重音等，没有四种声调（tone）,但句子可以有不同的语调（intonation）；汉语属于汉藏语系（Sino-Tibetan language family），是一种表意（ideographic）文字，音节有四种声调变化，语调也很丰富。 2. 语言类型的差异 英汉语言从形态学分类来看，英语属于综合分析语（synthetic-analytic language），是从综合型向分析型语言发展的语言，即主要通过词本身形态变化（inflected forms）来表达语法意义；汉语是以分析型为主的语言（analytic language），即语法关系不是通过词本身的形态变化来表达，而是通过虚词和词序（word order）等手段来表示。 3.词汇的差异 1）功能上的差异 英语的冠词和汉语的量词、助词为各自语言所独有，通常无直接对应。英语中无汉语中的助词，但可通过动词的时态和体式、句式陈述与疑问等与汉语的助词功能相对应；汉语中也没有英语中的关系词和反身代词，但可通过词组、短句和相应的词汇运用来替代；英语中谓语动词的使用要受一定限制，汉语中动词的使用灵活，受限小，因而导致汉语多用动词，英语多用名词的现象；英语中的连词和介词的使用频率比汉语中更高；英汉语言都有许多相同的构词手段，但重叠法汉语常用，如千千万万、家家户户、干干净净等，英语罕用；英语的典型特征是词缀丰富，汉语的典型特征是形态变化少；英语多代词，汉语多实称；英语多变化，力戒重复，常常用替代、省略和变换的表达方法避免重复。汉语用词不怕重复，常常运用实称、还原、复说的表达方法。如：He hated failure，he had conquered it all his life，risen above it, despised it in others. 他讨厌失败，他一生曾战胜失败，超越失败，并且藐视别人的失败。 2）词序上的差异 英语句中单词修饰语一般放在中心词前面，短语和从句一般放在中心词后面，汉语定语无论单词还是词组一般放在中心词前面；英语的谓词状语一般可出现在动词前后，汉语的谓词状语常在动词之前；英语中叙述和说明事物时，习惯于从小到大，从特殊到一般，从个体到整体，从近到远。汉语的顺序一般则是从大到小，从一般到特殊，从整体到个体，从远到近，两者顺序完全相反。 3）词义上的差异
英汉语言对比与翻译2
幻灯片1 课后练习 ●blue films ●bluebottle ●Greenfly ●common criminal ●common informer ●hard labor ●free love ●blue-eyed boy ●bluestocking 幻灯片2 参考翻译 ●blue films 蓝色电影（×） ●淫秽电影（√） ●bluebottle 蓝瓶子（×） ●绿头苍蝇（√） ●greenfly 绿苍蝇（×） ●蚜虫（√） ●common criminal 普通罪犯（×） ●臭名昭著的罪犯（√） ●common informer 一般的告密者（×） ●职业告密者（√） 幻灯片3 参考翻译 ●hard labor 艰苦的劳动（×） ●（监禁）苦役（√） ●free love 自由恋爱（×） ●（无婚约的）自由性爱（√） ●blue-eyed boy 蓝眼睛男孩（×） ●宠儿（√） ●blue sky research/thinking 蓝天研究/思维（×） ●天马行空式的（√） 幻灯片4 翻译的原则与标准
1. 支谦与《法句经序》（229年） “天竺言语，与汉异音。云其书为天书，语为天语，名物不同，传实不易。” 开篇即强调了佛经翻译之难，即语言不同，语境不同，名物不同，翻译起来确实不易。幻灯片5 翻译的原则与标准 2. 道安与“五失本，三不易” 源自其在公元382年所作 《摩诃钵罗若波罗蜜经抄序》 译胡为秦，有五失本也。 一者，胡语尽倒，而使从秦，一失本也。 二者，胡经尚质，秦人好文，传可众心，非文不合，斯二失本也。 幻灯片6 翻译的原则与标准 三者，经委悉，至于叹咏，叮咛反复，或三或四，不嫌其烦，而今裁斥，三失本也。 四者，胡有义说，正似乱辞，寻说向语，文无以异，或千五百，刈而不存，四失本也。 五者，事已全成，将更傍及，反腾前辞，已乃后说，而悉除此，五失本也。 幻灯片7 ●“五失本”是： ●一、佛经词序多是颠倒的，汉译时改从汉语语法，容易失本； ●二、佛经文字质朴，而汉人喜欢文采，为适合汉语读者，译文作了润饰，容易失本； ●三、佛经的论述，往往不厌其烦，颂文更是翻三覆四，翻译时删繁就简，容易失本； 幻灯片8 ●四、佛经有“义说”（长行之后，另加的偈颂复述）类似汉人韵文后的“乱辞”（总结），
从英汉对比的角度看被动的翻译
从英汉对比的角度看被动的翻译 发表时间：2015-02-02T13:45:31.063Z 来源：《教育学文摘》2014年12月总第142期供稿作者：武亚萍[导读] 东西方文化风俗和语言习惯的差异导致二者在字形系统、词汇系统和语法结构系统等方面表现出了截然不同的特色。武亚萍山西大学商务学院外语系山西太原030006 摘要：英汉两种语言由于隶属于不同的文化体系所以在语言结构和表达上存在诸多的差异，两种语言系统对被动语意的表达差别巨大。相较于汉语的表达方式而言，被动语态在英语语言系统中的运用更为普遍，所以对英语被动语态的翻译更加受到英语研究学界的重视，而如何在尊重两种语言系统差异的情况下合理地对英语被动句进行翻译是近年来英语语言学研究的重点课题。本文在汉英两种语言系统被动语态进行对比的基础上，对英语被动翻译的策略进行了探讨，以期能够促进两种语言系统更好地交流融合。关键词：英语英汉对比被动翻译 英语和汉语在世界语言系统中是两种有着较大差异的语言，分别隶属于西方语系和东方语系。东西方文化风俗和语言习惯的差异导致二者在字形系统、词汇系统和语法结构系统等方面表现出了截然不同的特色。而被动语态是构成两种语言系统必不可少的因素，在两种语系中均有着重要的地位。从英汉对比的角度看，英语语系对被动语态的使用较之于汉语语系更为广泛和深刻，著名的语言学家就曾经指出英语语系对被动语态的广泛使用是英语语系区别于汉语语系最重要的特色。所以对英语被动语态的翻译首先应该从英汉两种语系在被动语态上的对比入手，在掌握两种语言系统中被动语态区别的基础上，对英语被动语态的翻译进行准确的把握。 一、英汉被动语态的对比 英语语言系统在具体表达上注重句式的“型合”，句式结构的变化更为丰富复杂，特别是在be和动词的过去分词这一被动语态的组合中，句式的“型合”表现得更为明显。英语对被动语态的表达通过类似的句式展现出来，明显具有显性的特点。而对于汉语被动语态来说，汉语的语意表现更为含蓄，对被动语态的表达也通常会借助句子的内部连接或句意之间的逻辑关系来展示意义上的被动，具有隐性的特点。 1.英汉结构被动句对比。英汉两种语系的被动语态在结构上存在着相同点，在两种形式的被动句中句子的主语一般都是意义上的受动者，而意义上的施动者则不太重要，可以在句子中表现出来，也可以隐去。但是两种被动句的结构存在巨大的差异。例如在“Many soldiers were killed in the war”一句中，由于句子的阐述者不能明确语意的施动者，所以采用被动句的形式进行表述。而与英语被动句的结构不同，汉语被动句的动词没有时态上的变化，所以汉语被动句不会以动词的过去分词为被动标志，汉语被动式常用能够直接表现被动的“被”字作为结构式被动句的构成条件。例如“糖果被吃掉了”一句中，采用了受动者、“被“字和动词相结合的结构表现被动意义。汉语被动句中的标志词除了“被”以外还有“叫”、“让”等，都能在反映被动意义的基础上构建被动句结构。 2.英汉意义被动句对比。英汉两种语系不仅在结构被动句上存在差异，在语意被动句上也有着明显的不同。当被动句的受动者不会被错认成施动者时，汉语一般选择使用意义被动句。常见的意义被动有两种：一是常见于古文或口语中的逻辑关系上的被动，如“看病难这一问题总算得到解决了”。二是具有感情色彩的“挨、获、遭、承蒙”等词与及物动词相结合表现被动意义，如“承蒙关照，在此表示深深的感谢”。而英语的意念被动句则有所不同，在这种句式中虽然句子仍为主动句的结构，但是句子的主语在意义上却是受动者，常常用于描绘事物的属性状态等，被动意义比较弱。例如“Brazilian fruit tastes delicious”一句利用“taste”表示整个句子的被动意义，而“My father is difficult to request”一句也在主动句的句型中用“difficult”加具有被动意义的不定式结构来表现被动的概念。 二、英语被动翻译的策略 对英语被动句进行翻译可以遵循两种方法，即直译法和意译法。直译法具体来说就是在句子中没有出现施动者时对句子各部分结构的意思按主要成分的顺序进行翻译，直接翻译成带有“被”或其他结构被动句标志的句子。例如在对“Candy has been eaten by harry”一句进行翻译时可以直接利用“被”字翻译成“糖果被哈利吃掉了”。而运用意译法进行翻译时，在句子中有施动者的情况下，可以将句子的施动者直接翻译成汉语句子的主语，将受动者翻译成句子的宾语，如可以将“The mouse was killed by Peter”翻译成“彼得把老鼠打死了”；而当句子中没有施动者时，可以根据句子上下文的内容合理地在翻译中增加施动者，如在对“It maybe asked why I killed them”一句进行翻译时可以根据内容增加主语，合理地翻译为“也许有人会问我为什么将他们杀了”。 三、结语 本文从英汉对比的角度对英语被动翻译进行了探讨，简要说明了英汉被动存在的差别和对英语被动句进行翻译的策略，希望能为相关的英语被动句翻译提供理论借鉴。 参考文献 [1]Nord·Christiane Translating as a Purposeful Activity: Functionalist Approaches Explained (Translation Theories Explored).New York: Routledge,2014,5。 [2]钟小芳英汉被动语态对比与互译方式[J].吉林省教育学院学报（学科版），2012，28，(2)。 [3]樊斌基于双语语料库的英汉对比与翻译初探[J].重庆科技学院学报（社会科学版），2012，(5)。 [4]朱旭双英汉被动意义表达形式对比及翻译策略分析[J].教育教学论坛，2014，(20)。
英汉语言对比研究论文
摘要 随着科学技术的迅猛发展和经济全球化，各国人们之间的交流已是一个必然趋势，我们对外交往中，跨文化的言语交际也显得愈发重要。 语言是文化的载体，文化差异反映到语言层面上则表现为语言差异，不同的国家和民族的语言表现出的文化背景和思维模式都有所不同，因此我们有必要把英语与母语进行对比分析，进一步认识英语和母语的特性与差异，从而促进文化交际。 本文将从语言与文化、综合语与分析语、刚性与柔性、形合与意合，四个角度对英汉两种语言进行对比与分析，从细节之处去感受两种语言的微妙差别，从而对英语的学习有更深刻的认识。 关键词：语言与文化综合语与分析语刚性与柔性 形合与意合英汉两种语言
内容 一、引言 二、教材篇 1.语言与文化 2.综合语与分析语 3.刚性与柔性 4.形合与意合 三、课堂篇 四、疑惑篇 五、结语
英汉对比研究 语言是一面镜子，它反映着一个民族的文化，揭示该民族文化的内容；语言既是社会的产物，又是人类历史和文化的结晶。同时语言与文化互相影响，互相作用;理解语言必须了解文化，理解文化必须了解语言。 汉语和英语则是在不同的历史背景和社会形态中形成 的两种截然不同的语种，本质上都浸透着各自民族文化的特征，但是由于东西方不同的历史文化背景又使得汉英两种语言在交流中产生了碰撞。 本文将从语言与文化、综合语与分析语、刚性与柔性、形合与意合，四个角度对英汉两种语言进行对比与分析，进一步认识英语和母语的特性与差异从而对英语的学习有更 深刻的认识，进而促进文化交际。 一、教材篇 1.语言与文化 语言和文化之间有着必不可分的内在联系：一方面，语言是文化的一个重要的因素，另一方面，文化的许多要素需要借助语言来表达，即：语言是文化的重要载体，文化是语言的管轨。语言是文化的基石——没有语言，就没有文化；语言又受文化的影响，反映文化。可以说，语言反映一个民
英汉语言对比与翻译作业
英汉语言对比与翻译作业 1. It is flattering to believe that they are too profound to be expressed so clearly that all who run may read, and very naturally it does not occur to such writers that the fault is with their own minds which have not the faculty of precise reflection. 翻译：认为自己的思想深奥，不可能表达得很清楚，让任何人都能理解，这是一种虚荣的念头。这样的作家当然不会想到，问题还是出在自己脑子缺乏精确思考的能力。 2. He had a disconcerting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession. 翻译：他有一种令人不安的习惯：一会儿一个看法，自相矛盾，变化无常。 3．While the present century was in its teens, and on one sunshiny morning in June, there drove up to the great iron gate of Miss Pinkerton’s academy for young ladies, on Chiswick Mall, a large family coach, with two fat horses in blazing harness, driven by a fat coachman in a three-cornered hat and wig, at the rate of four miles an hour. (Thackeray)翻译：(当时)这个世纪刚过了十几年。六月的一天早上，天气晴朗。契息克林阴道上平克顿女子学校的大铁门前面来了一辆宽敞的私人马车。拉车的两匹肥马套着雪亮的马具，一个肥胖的车夫带了假头发和三角帽子，赶车子的速度是一小时四英里。（萨克雷）
英汉语言对比练习答案2
1．翻译下列句子，注意调整语序 1）A reader’s perception of the loose, slangy, colloquial, shirt-sleeved quality of much modern prose will be sharpened if he has experienced the conscious elegance of eighteenth-century writers and the solemn lecture-hall pronouncements of the Victorians. （按照逻辑顺序译） 【译文】如果一位读者读过18世纪作家的作品，体会到其刻意追求典雅的语言风格，又读过维多利亚女王时代的人在演讲大厅上所作的庄严的发言，他定能更深刻地理解很多现代散文作品那种结构松散、口语色彩浓、好用俚语、不拘形式的语言风格。 2）He felt a qualm in his stomach, and it was more in memory of his own loneliness than anticipation of hers.（按照信息中心译） 【译文】他感到一阵心酸，与其说是预见了她的凄凉，倒不如说是想到了他自己的孤独。 3）Based on national realities and taking reasonable aspects of foreign economies, Chinese economists are working to establish socialist market economy, which ensures economic activities follow the requirements of the law of value and the changing relationship between supply and demand. （按照搭配需要译） 【译文】在立足本国实际和借鉴海外经济合理成分的基础上，中国经济学者正致力于建立社会主义市场经济，要保证经济活动遵循价值规律的要求，适应供求关系的变化。 4）For example, a girl student who had difficulty studying made dramatic strides when she got a better desk lamp and moved her desk away from her bed.（按照时间顺序）【译文】例如，有位女学生，原来学习很吃力，但自从换了一盏好台灯，并把桌子从床边搬开以后，学习就取得了长足的进步。
英汉语言对比-练习题-2-reference answers
Chapter 2 Ⅰ. Answer Questions 15This is because English language has rigid rules on sentence structure centered on subject-predicate；English sentences are developed from subject-predicate structures. 16The simplest English sentence consists of only a subject and a predicate, based on which many components are attached or derived. And the verb is the core, the number of nouns attachable to the verb is called the verb’s valence. As Chinese language focuses on internal theme instead of external representation, Chinese sentences can hardly be classified according to verb variation like English sentences are 17SV, SVP,SVO, SVOO,SVOC 18Declarative, interrogative, imperative and exclamative. 19A) to add modifiers; B) to extend the elements in the basic sentence a) grammatical concord; b) notional concord; c）principle of proximity 20It can be verbs, nouns, or adjectives; it can be one verb or more than one verbs or nor verbs; it can be one word or word phrases. Nouns and pronouns （包括代词） verbs：吃饭好 words referring to time, location, conditions：只有下定决心才行preposition：由你负责此事 phrases：我疯了怎么可能？我就这样怎么了？ 21Theme sentences; transitive sentence; relative sentences; exclamative sentence; existential sentence; ownership sentence; descriptive sentence; and explicative sentence 22In summary, Chinese sentences are characterized in three uncertainties—Uncertainty of subject; uncertainty of predicate; uncertainty in the relation between subject and predicate. 23Chinese sentence variation is embodied by large number of ambiguous sentences and full sentence and minor sentences. For example: 他欠你的钱；是前天发的电报；房间干干净净。 24Jespersen points out, analysis means suppleness, and synthesis means regidity; in analytic language you have the power of kaleidoscopically arranging and rearranging the elements that in synthetic forms are in rigid connexion. Ⅱ. Fill in the Blanks 25名词性短语和动词性短语 26.主语+谓语；主语+动词+表语；主语+动词+宾语；主语+动词+
英汉语言对比研究期末复习重点
综合语:A synthetic language is “characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms to express grammatical relationships”. 分析语:An analytic language is “characterized by a relatively frequent use of function words, auxiliary verbs, and changes in word order to express syntactic relations, rather than of inflected forms.” 名词化：Nominalization refers to the replacement of clauses,which contain finite verbs,with complex structures consisting of nouns and noun adjuncts. 词化：lexicalization refers to the device that one word is used to express the meaning that one clause or phrase denotes. 形合：The dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives ,for example,I shall despair if you don’t come. 意合：The arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them. 1.英语、汉语语篇模式 英语：演绎式是英语语篇结构的基本模式。英国人习惯开门见山，一落笔就点明主题、交代要点。然后再逐层细叙、分析推理，较常按照从一般到细节、从概括到具体、从整体到个体的原则。 汉语：比较注重话题，注重意识流，注重事理和先后顺序，常常采用非演绎式的、往往是领悟式的归纳型或是螺旋式的思维模式 英译汉时破局重组化繁为简 Eg ;In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colors. 门口放着一推雨伞，少说也有十二把，五颜六色，大小不一。 门口放着至少有十二把五颜六色、大小不一的雨伞。 2 形合意合表现在哪些方面 英语形合：关系词和连接词介词形态变化形式等其他连接手段 汉语意合：语序反复、排比、对偶、对照紧缩局四字格 3英语句子扩展表现在那些方面 增加句子修饰语 扩展基本句型的成分 基本句型的组合 4名词作形容词举例注意那些方面 报刊标题Job Opportunity Discrimination 科技文章space shuttle flight test program 注意方面 名词定语与被修饰词之间存在种种不同的语义关系 名词定语与被修饰词之间的语义关系常常不能从字面上判断出来也不能简单的把前一个名词理解为修饰语而已 要正确理解其含义，往往还要联系其语境甚至社会文化背景知识 过分堆积名词，认为这会使语言失去活力，缺乏动态感，有时还会造成语义含混，甚至产生歧义 几个名词连用，也会让人分不清修饰词与被修饰词，甚至分不清词类。
英汉语言十大差异
英汉语言十大差异 语言毕竟是文化的载体，语言与文化，甚至历史、地理、风俗、政治、经济等常常水乳交融，它们无孔不入地反作用于语言，使语言打上深深的文化烙印。英汉翻译者，若不知英汉各自的特点，不知两者的差异，是不能想象的。不要以为，汉语是我们的母语，从牙牙学语开始，便开始接触汉语，因此，就想象自己很了解汉语。其实，这是一种误解。汉语到底有什么特点? 就汉语论汉语，因为没有距离，就看不真切，因为没有比较，就看不明白!只有当汉语和英语比肩而立，碰撞交流，才会燃爆出绚丽的火花，两者之差异，才会赫然呈现。 目前，从事英汉对比研究的学者和专著在我国并不少，但是，当我们放眼这个领域，就觉得有必要正面回答一个问题：英汉对比研究的目的是什么? 弄明白英汉的差异，并不是我们研究的最终目标，至多只能是一种手段而已，而手段总得服务于一定的目的。英汉对比研究的一个重要的目的应该是：服务于翻译。 译界的实践证明：只有对英汉之差异了然于心，译者才能做到下笔如有神。下面结合英汉翻译的实际，对英汉之间的明显差异作鸟瞰式分析和归纳。 1．英语重形合(Hypotaxis)，汉语重意合(Parataxis) 汉语重意合，结构松弛，多以意思连接的积累式分句(Accumulative Clause)或独立的单句(independent Sentence)，其彼此的逻辑关系多以句序之先后加以暗示。 有的语言学家以“竹节句法”写英句，所谓“竹节”，则指其断不可缺的种种连接词(Connectives)；有以“流水句法”写汉句，所谓“流水”，指少用乃至不用连接词的行文流畅。 美国的翻译学家Eugene A．Nida在其Translating Meanings (1983)一书中曾经深入浅出地说明了英汉这一差异： 就汉语和英语而言，也许在语言学上最重要的一个区别就是形合和意合的对比，在英语以及大多数的印欧语言中，句子的从属关系大多是用连接词如，although，because，when，in order that，so及so that等词明确地表达出来。但是，这同一概念，我们用意合的方法基本上也可以表达出来；那就尽说，将两个句子放在一起并无连接词表明其相互关系，而从句子本身的意思中体现出来。例如，我们说because it is late，I must leave．在这里两个句子的逻辑关系是用连接词 because加以表达的。然而我们也可以说it is late，I must leave．在这里，虽然无明确的词汇表明彼此的关系，但是这种关系显然是存在的。 以上Nida所言，有一点需要加以纠正。他说：“我们也可以说It is 1ate，I must leave．” 此议不妥，因为这样缺乏连接词的英句是不合其表达习惯的，至少也是拙句(C1umsy Sentence)。比如： An Englishman who could not speak Chinese was once travelling in China． 译文：一个英国人，不会说中国话，有一次在中国旅行。 英语原句是一个典型的形合句，而相应的汉译则是意合句。假如，将英语原句改成意合句，那读上去还有英语味吗? There was an Englishman．He could not speak Chinese．He was once travelling in China．同理，假如我们将此句译成：一个不会说中国话的英国人有一次在中国旅行。读上去便稍有绕口之嫌。 从语法范畴分析， 英语动词的时体显得极为丰富，从理论言，英语有十六个时态。若就“形态结构”的视角进行观察比较，似又可得出这样一个结论：英语是一种更为形式化的语言，它注重形式的变化。就语法范畴言，英语的代词（名词）可以有性、数或格的形态变化， 动词还可有时、体、态、气等形态变化，等等。
英汉语言对比
Comparative Studies from a Macroscopic View Point According to some linguists, noticeably Mr. Lian Shuneng in his Contrastive Studies on English and Chinese, ten contrasts indicate the disparity between the English and the Chinese languages. 1. Synthetic vs. Analytic English is a synthetic language marked with inflexions (曲折变化形式) while Chinese is an analytic language without any inflection, which is usually implied in the context or explicitly shown in such words as “着、了、过”etc. For example: ?During the wartime, years like these would have meant certain death for many people. Many would have become beggars and others would have been compelled to sell their children. ?Thus encouraged, they made a still bolder plan for the next year. 2. Compact vs. Diffusive