签证身份证英文翻译模板

身份证英文翻译模板

(背面Back side)

中华人民共和国居民身份证

Citizen Identity Card of the People's Republic of China

签发机关：XX省XX市XX区（县）公安分局

Authority: Public Security Sub-Bureau of XX District (Cou nty), XX City, XX Provi nee

有效期限：2008.05.18 -- 2028.05.18

Valid through (或Duration of Validity，或Period of Validity) : 2008.05.18 -2028.05.18

户口本英文翻译模板

Household Register Under Supervision of The Ministry of Public Security of P.R.C. Points for Attention 1. The Household Register has a legal force to identify the status of a citizen and the relationship of family members. It is a main basis for the household registration office to make residence investigation and check. When the household registration office makes residence investigation and check, the householder or anyone of the family members shall bring forth on his/her own initiative the Household Register. 2. The Household Register shall be under proper keep of the householder. No alter, transfer and lease is allowed. The loss of the Household Register must be reported to the household registration office promptly. 3. Only the household registration office has the power to make registration on the Household Register. No any other units and individuals are allowed to make any records on it. 4. Any increase or decrease of family members in the household or any alteration of the registration items shall be registered on the Household Register by reporting to the household registration office. 5. If the whole family has moved out of the jurisdictional area of the residence, the Household Register shall be submitted to the household registration office for cancellation.

完税证明-证明范本.doc

完税证明-证明范本 第一篇：完税证明 证明 兹有（单位或个人名称）为我单位实施工程，合同造价为肆万壹仟玖佰伍拾贰元整（41952元）。现工程已完工，验收合格。请贵单位办理完税手续。特此证明。 单位盖章 时间 第二篇：完税证明 完税证明 兹有本单位职工冯云，性别：男，身份证号码 532*********6061832 ，为我所专职律师，现本单位和冯云提出解除合同关系，冯云税务均由单位代缴，不欠税费！ 特此证明。 用人单位盖章年月日 第三篇：完税证明

完税证明 林西县统壹工贸有限责任公司于2014年增值税完成情况：销项税额：17，061，413.86元 进项税额：15，339，617.86元 应缴增值税额为： 拖欠税款。 特此证明 ，721，796.00元，此税款已于当年全部交清，无林西县国家税务局2014年7月30日1 完税证明 林西县统壹工贸有限责任公司于2014年地方税完成情况：城建税：86，089.80元 教育附加费：51，653.88元 地方教育附加费：17，217.96元 印花税：30，108.37元 水利建设基金：100，361.25元

以上税款已经全额缴纳，无拖欠税款。 特此证明 林西县地方税务局2014年7月30日 第四篇：完税证明 证明 我辖区陕西燕氏农牧科技发展有限公司，纳税识别号： 610*********7091，该企业属区级龙头企业。该企业财务制度规范，自开业以来按照税收相关法律要求，照章纳税，无拖欠税款情况。 特此证明 故市税务所 2014年4月7日 第五篇：完税证明 完税证明 债权人承建我校工程项目，工程款已付清，工程税款已完税。 特此证明。

05 英文翻译模板 供参考

毕业设计（论文） 外文翻译 题目一种配电网小电流故障 选线新方法 专业电气工程及其自动化 班级 学生 指导教师 年

一种配电网小电流故障选线的新方法 I. Zamora, Member, IEEE, A. J. Mazón, Member, IEEE, K. J. Sagastabeitia, and J. J. Zamora 摘要：在配电网系统中，故障点经经高阻接地或者中性点经消弧线圈接地使得故障电流比较小。以前高的故障电阻主要由于非有效接地或者绝缘降低引起。到后来，中性点就不接地或者经消弧线圈接地，然而，由于这样使得故障电流很小，无法使传统的过流继电器动作或者熔断熔断。本文提出了一种适用于辐射状配电网的基于特定频率电压信号叠加原理的单相接地故障选线新方法，计算机仿真和实验室试验都证明这种方法对于任何形式的接地故障选线都比较准确。 关键词：配电网，故障诊断，小电流接地，信号叠加 符号说明 R fbi馈线i单相对地电阻 Iresi 馈线i残余电流 VNG中性点电压 VpG相电压 Vh参考电压 Ki 馈线i的不对称度 △Kri 馈线i对称度的相对变化率 (a) Prefault situation 故障前 (b) Superposition situation叠加信号时

1简介 配电网的维护和运行里面两个必须要考虑的关键问题是公网安全和电能质量。在最大限度内输送电能必须协调好电能质量和苛刻的安全极限之间的矛盾。所有这些实现都要以新的立法形势和把握好技术改进和经济维护为前提。 然而，设计一种完全可靠的电力系统是不可能的，所以就要发展在最短时间内找到故障点并恢复供电的各种技术，短路故障情况下，短路电流变化比较明显，所以很容易找出故障线路。但是，由于故障的特殊性，配电网中的小电流接地不能被通常的保护监测到。 小电流接地故障通常发生在于高阻接地或有中性点有补偿装置的系统中。在第一种情况下，间接接地或弧光接地使得故障电阻很大，从而限制了故障电流。在第二种情况下，独立的系统或者中性点经电抗接地的系统在发生单相接地故障时，允许系统急需运行相负荷供电一段时间。 无论如何，如果对小电流接地不进行监控，有可能使巨大的电能危及人身安全和设备安全，即使短路电路很小，对设备来说是安全的，但是故障时刻的高电压已经威胁到人身的安全。因此，研究小电流接地选线装置对公众安全是必要的。 目前，有很多人从事这方面的研究工作，期望找出最好的办法来解决这个问题。利用神经网络，小波变换和人工智能的方法已经越来越重要了。低频信号分析也已经被用来分析故障特征，在中性点经消弧线圈接地系统中，利用改变消弧线圈的档位或者在中性点向系统注入工频电流信号，通过检测其对地的流通回路，但是，大部分这种技术只是用于一些小电流接地故障或者仅仅用于特定的情况下和特定类型的配电网中。 本文提出了一种基于电压信号叠加原理来监测小电流故障的的新方法，该方法适用配电网中的任何接地故障类型。

学士学位证书及毕业证英文翻译模板

学士学位证书及毕业证英文翻译模板 附录：今天老师给我们留了个作业，让我们把本科毕业证书翻译成英文的，怎么翻译啊~所以请大家帮帮忙吧~谁能给我提供一个毕业证书的英文模版啊~本科毕业证书的啊~越快越好，如果老师满意，多少钱我都不在乎~包括专升本证书，能有工商管理硕士的最好！学士学位证书英语翻译与毕业证英文翻译模板，为爱大学本科生及研究生提供英文毕业证翻译样本。首先请看《办理中英文成绩单、英文毕业证学位证书的须知》。涉及中文或英文成绩单翻译，含英文毕业证书学位证书的证明。学生学位证书英文翻译模板BACHELOR’S DEGREE CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Ms. Wang Danli, born in October 1977, has studied in the Department of Law, xxx University with a specialty of Law from September 1996 to June 2000. Upon completing and passing all the required courses of the 4-year undergraduate program, she is granted graduation. In accordance with the academic degree act of the People’s Republic of China, the aforesaid student is awarded the Bachelor’s Degree in Law. xxx Chairman of Degree Appraising Committee of xx University June 30, 2000 Certificate No.: 103354003888 本科毕业证书翻译模板DIPLOMA This is to certify that Ms. Wang Lan, born on February 29, 1980, has studied in the Department of Foreign Languages,xxxUniversity with a specialty of English from September 1997 to June 2000. Upon completing and passing all the required

完整户口本英文翻译模板

ANNOUNCEMENTS 1.Household register has the legal validity that certifies the attorneyship of a citizen and the relationship of family members, and it is the main reference for the censor and checkup of domiciliary register which is undertaking by the household registration authority. When the functionary of household registration authority censor and verify the household register, the familia and members of this family shall take the initiative in presenting the household register. 2.The familia shall take the household register in safekeeping, the household register is prohibited to be alterred, transferred and leased. In case of that the household register is lost, the household registration authority should be informed. 3.The right for registering the household register shall be performed by the household registration authority, any other unit and individual shall not make any records on the booklet. 4.The member of this family shall go to the household registration authority for transacting the declaration and registration, applying bring with the booklet, in case of the increase and decrease of the members and the alteration of registration items. 5.In case of that the whole family moves out of the residency, the Household register shall be turned in and cancelled.

完税证明格式.doc

关直接征收税款的(如个体户生产经营所得、自行纳税申报纳税的)、纳税人申请开具完税凭证的，税务机关应当为纳税人开具通用完税证或缴款书、完税证明。 凡是扣缴义务人已经实行扣缴明细申报，且具备条件的地区，从2010年起应当向纳税人告知个人所得税纳税情况。具体方式为直接为纳税人开具完税证明;通过税务网站，由纳税人网络查询、打印纳税情况，并告知纳税人开具完税证明的方法和途径;通过手机短信等方式告知纳税人纳税情况，并告知纳税人到税务机关开具完税证明的方法和途径;各地也可以结合实际，确定告知纳税人纳税情况的方式。 对扣缴义务人未实行全员全额扣缴明细申报和实行明细申报但不具备开具条件的地区，税务总局在通知中明确，应积极创造条件，推广应用个人所得税管理系统，扩大全员全额扣缴明细申报覆盖面，尽快实现直接为纳税人开具完税证明。同时，要做好宣传解释工作，说明不能直接开具完税证明的原因，并采取有效措施，保护纳税人的税收知情权。 通知要求各地税务机关要督促扣缴义务人履行告知义务。一方面，要督促扣缴义务人在发放工资扣缴个人所得税后，在工资单上注明个人已扣缴税款的金额;另一方面，纳税人要求扣缴义务人开具代扣、代收税款凭证的，扣缴义务人必须开具。 国家税务总局所得税司相关人士在接受采访时表示，由税务

机关直接向个人所得税纳税人开具完税凭证，告知其纳税情况，是贯彻落实“服务科学发展、共建和-谐税收”的工作要求的具体体现，是优化纳税服务的客观需要，更是进一步推动全员全额扣缴明细申报、提升个人所得税征管质量和效率的重要举措，也为个人所得税制改革奠定基矗各级税务机关要进一步统一思想，提高认识，按照“明确目标、全力推进、多措并举、逐步到位”的基本原则，以强化全员全额扣缴明细申报为契机，创造条件，采取多种方式，坚定不移地推进完税凭证的开具工作，加大工作力度，切实满足纳税人税收知情权的诉求。

英文翻译样本

Tailored by ： Date ： Proofread by ： Date ： Approved by ： Date ： Effective Date ： Expiry Date ： First Delay ： Second Delay ：

Document Revision History

Catalogue Page 1. Purpose (04) 2. Scope and Equipment description (04) 3. Handling procedure (04) 4. Notes (05) 5. Reference (06) 6. Involving SOP (06) 7. Attachments (06)

Making a description of cleaning method of the B+S vial washing machine. This SOP is suitable for the cleaning of Formulation Workshop2 B+S vial washing machine. 3.1 Cleaning before washing the vials 3.1.1 The cleaning of the vial washing machine Open the air compress valve and the machine to operating the power source, turn the 3 on the right side on the control table to raise the machine’s cover as the pattern show n. 3.1.1.1 Check up if there are some last used Penicillin vials, scrap vials, scrap glasses been left in the machine and clean up. First use totally clean cloth with injection water to wipe the direct contact parts between the machine and Penicillin vials (such as the vial entering revolving stage, vial entering track, vial emerging track, the module used for seizing the vial ), wiping at least three times until we cannot see anything dirty on it.

个人所得税完税证明翻译模板

中华人民共和国个人所得税完税证明 Certificate of Individual Income Tax Payment People’s Republic of China （2009）京地税个征05688310 No. (2009)BLTI-05688310 填发日期： 译法说明： 一、关于“完税”：译为tax payment或tax clearance均可。 二、关于完税证明编号的翻译：此处“（2009）京地税个征05688310”译为“No. (2009)BLTI-05688310”，其中BLT表示“北京地方税务”、I表示“个人所得税”，仅供参考。怎么译都可以，只要像那么回事。 三、关于“税款所属时期”：这里按其涵义译为“charging period of tax”。此外，译者还见过描述性译法，如“which period of time the taxation belongs to”，也是可以的，只不过生硬了一些，belong to不如charge专业和贴切一些。 四、关于“工资薪金所得”：不建议单独用salary或wage。在英语里，salary指公职人员或公司白领工人按星期、月度等固定时段所领的固定报酬；wage指工厂蓝领工人的计件、计时工资。除此之外，加班工资、补贴、津贴等也属于劳动报酬性收入。这些都统称labor compensation。国外很多大公司的工资单、工资条，上面用的就是compensation。 五、关于“实缴税金”：译为paid-in tax / cleared tax等均可。此处译为amount of tax payment。

英文翻译模板

毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译 题目Knowledge management component in managing human resources for enterprises 在知识管理组件型企业的人力资源管理 作者姓名 专业名称信息管理与信息系统 学科门类管理学 指导老师刘小豫 提交翻译日期二〇一四年十二月

Knowledge management component in managing human resources for enterprises 在知识管理组件型企业的人力资源管理 Abstract Both human resources and knowledge are valuable assets for enterprises; therefore, effective management of these assets becomes inevitably critical for business success. While human resource management systems have been a research topic for more than two decades, knowledge management systems applied to human resource management are relatively new to both academia and industry. This study examines the use of knowledge management in a business environment such as human resource management. The evolution of information systems and information processing in the human resource management domain is presented, and a knowledge-based decision support system for human resource management is proposed. Keywords：Human resource management ；Knowledge management；Intelligent information processing ；Decision support system 1 Introduction Ever since the computer technology was 摘要人力资源和知识是企业宝贵的资产；因此，这些资产的有效管理不可避免的成为企业成功的关键。而人力资源管理系统是已经超过二十年的一个研究课题，知识管理系统被应用到人力资源管理在学术界和工业界是相对较新的。本研究探讨知识管理在商业环境如人力资源管理的使用。在人力资源管理领域的信息系统和信息处理的发展提出了一个基于知识的决策支持系统，并对人力资源管理提出了建议。 关键词：人力资源管理；知识管理；智能信息处理；决策支持系统 1引言 自从计算机技术被开发和被应用到商业业

税务英语

个人所得税完税证明：The People’s Republic of China Individual Income Tax Certificate 税务登记证Certificate of Taxation Registration 地税编号local tax code 国税编号national tax code 地税字号这么翻译：DSZH 成就工资(Merit Pay):绩效工资来自于英文中的Merit Pay但在中国更为贴切的说法提法应该是绩效提薪. 股权(Stock): 福利(Benefit): 津贴(allowance): 奖金(incentive pay): 成就工资(Merit Pay): 基础工资(Base Pay): 以职位为基础(Pay for Job)的基础工资和以能力为基础(Pay for Competency)的基础工资 Salary:从事管理工作和负责经营等的人员按年或月领取的固定薪金. Wages:工人按件,小时,日,周或月领取的工资. 收入差(pay ranges 1,pay structure: 2,pay grades: 3,pay ranges: 4,overlap: 重叠 年终红利(annual bonus 岗位工资post wages 岗位技能工资与岗位效益工资之优劣Discussion on Merits and Demerits of Skill Wages and Benefit Wages of Post 隐性报酬（intrinsic compensation）和显性报酬（extrinsic compensation）。 1.基础工资:Foundation wages 2.职务等级:Duty rank 3.级别工资:Rank wages 4.工资工龄:Wages job seniority 5.职务岗位津贴:Duty allowance 6.特殊岗位津贴基础津:Special allowance 7.基础津贴:Foundation allowance 8.综合补贴:Synthesis subsidy 9.岗位补贴:Post subsidy 10.目标奖:Goal prize 基础工资: Basic Wage (or Salary) 职务等级: Occupation Classification 级别工资: Classification Allowance 工资工龄: Long Service Allowance 职务岗位津贴: Occupation Benefit

外文文献翻译封面格式及要求(模版)教学提纲

毕业论文外文文献翻译 院 年级专业： 2009级XXXXXXXXXXX 姓 名：学 号：附 件： 备注：（注意：备注页这一整页的内容都不需要打印，看懂了即可）

1.从所引用的与毕业设计（论文）内容相近的外文文献中选择一篇或一部分进行翻译（不少于3000实词）； 2.外文文献翻译的装订分两部分，第一部分为外文文献；第二部分为该外文文献的中文翻译，两部分之间用分页符隔开。也就是说，第一外文文献部分结束后，使用分页符，另起一页开始翻译。 3.格式方面，外文文献的格式，除了字体统一使用Times new roman 之外，其他所有都跟中文论文的格式一样。中文翻译的格式，跟中文论文的格式一样。 （注意：备注页这一整页的内容都不需要打印，看懂了即可,定稿后,请删除本页.） 范文如下：注意,下面内容每一部份均已用分页符分开了,如果用本模板,请将每一模块单独删除,直接套用到每一模板里面,不要将全部内容一次性删除. 【Abstract】This paper has a systematic analysis on outside Marco-environment of herbal tea beverage industry and major competitors of brands inside the herbal tea market. Based on

the theoretic framework, this paper takes WONG LO KAT and JIA DUO BAO herbal tea as an example, and researches the strategy on brand positioning and relevant marketing mix of it. Through analysis on the prevention sense of WONG LO KAT herbal tea, it was positioned the beverage that can prevent excessive internal heat in body, a new category divided from the beverage market. the process of brand positioning of it in Consumers brain was finished. Based on this positioning strategy, WONG LO KAT reasonably organized and arranged its product strategy, price strategy, distribution strategy and promotion strategy, which not only served for and further consolidated the position of preventing excessive internal heat in body, but also elevated the value of brand. The JDB and WONG LO KAT market competition brings us enlightenment. Reference the successful experience from the JDB and lessons from the failure of the WONG LO KAT.，Times New Roman. 【Key Words】Brand positioning; Marketing mix; Positioning Strategy; enlightenment, lessons；ABC （本页为英文文献摘要，关键词两项一起单独一页，字体为：Times New Roman，小四号，1.5倍行距）

(整理)中英文对照版合同翻译样本.

1.Sales Agreement The agreement, (is) made in Beijing this eighth day of August 1993 by ABC Trading Co., Ltd., a Chinese Corporation having its registered office at Beijing, the People’ Repubic of China (hereinafter called “Seller”) and International Tradi ng Co., Ltd., a New York Corporation having its registered office at New York, N.Y., U.S.A. (hereinafter called “Buyer”). 2.WITNESSETH WHEREAS, Seller is engaged in dealing of (product) and desires to sell (product)to Buyer, and WHEREAS, Buyer desires to purchase(product) from Sellers, Now, THEREFORE, it is agreed as follows: 3.Export Contract This Contract is entered into this 5th day of August 1993 between ABC and Trading Co., Ltd. (hereinafter called “Seller”) who agrees to sell, and XYZ Trading Co., Ltd. (hereinafter called “Buyer”) who agrees to buy the following goods on the following terms and condition. 4.Non-Governmental Trading Agreement No. ＿＿This Agreement was made on the＿day of＿19＿, BETWEEN ＿ (hereinafter referred to as the Seller) as the one Side and ＿ (hereinafter referred to as the Buyer) as the one other Side. WHEREAS, the Seller has agreed to sell and the buyer has agreed to buy ＿ (hereinafter referred to as the Goods ) the quantity, specification, and price of which are provided in Schedule A. IT IS HEREBY AGREED AS FOLLOWS: 5.Contract For Joint-Operation Enterprise ＿＿ COMPANY LTD., a company duly organized under the Law of ＿＿ and having its registered office at (hereinafter called “Party A”) AND ＿＿ COMPANY LTD., a company duly organized under the Law of ＿＿ and having its registered office at (hereinafter called “Party B”) Party A and Party B (hereinafter referred to as the “Parties”) agree to jointly form a Co-operation Venture Company (hereinafter referred to as the “CVC”) in accordance with “the Laws of the People’s Republic of China on Joint Ventures Using Chinese and Foreign Investment” and the “Regulations for the Implementation of the Laws of the People’s Republic of China on Joint Ventures Using Chinese and Foreign Investment” and other applicable laws and regulations. 6.MODEL CONTRACT Contract No. Date: Seller: Signed at: Address: Cable Address: Buyer: Address: Cable Address: The Seller and the Buyer have agreed to conclude the following transactions according to the terms and conditions stipulated below: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/de16969659.html, of Commodity: 2.Specifications: 3.Quantity: 4.Unit Price: 5.Total Price: U.S.$: 6.Packing: 7.Time of Shipment: days after receipt of L/C. 8.Loading Port & Destination Port: From via to . 9.Insurance:

【2018最新】什么是完税证明-范文模板 (5页)

本文部分内容来自网络整理，本司不为其真实性负责，如有异议或侵权请及时联系，本司将立即删除！ == 本文为word格式，下载后可方便编辑和修改！ == 什么是完税证明 第1篇第2篇第3篇第4篇第5篇更多顶部 目录 ?第一篇：什么是完税证明 ?第二篇：交通管理什么是车辆购置税完税证明或者免税凭证 ?第三篇：完税证明 ?第四篇：完税证明 ?第五篇：完税证明 ?更多相关范文 正文 第一篇：什么是完税证明 什么是完税证明 完税证明是税务局开出来的,证明企业或个人已交纳税金的一份凭证. 企业每月申报,凭税务申报表及财务报表去申报(也可以电子报税),并交入银行 税款,就可以拿到完税证明. 个人要开发票或想纳个人所得税,凭协议或合同及开票申请,身份证复印件等去 税务局办理相关手续,交纳税金后,也可以立即取得完税证明. 完税证明是税务局开出来的，证明企业或个人已交纳税金的一份凭证。。《中 华人民共和国税收征收管理法》第三十四条规定：“税务机关征收税款时，必 须给纳税人开具完税凭证。扣缴义务人代扣、代收税款时，纳税人要求扣缴义 务人开具代扣、代收税款凭证的，扣缴义务人应当开具。” 《中华人民共和国税收征收管理法》第三十四条规定：“税务机关征收税款时，必须给 北京市地税局个人所得税完税证明纳税人开具完税凭证。扣缴义务人代扣、代 收税款时，纳税人要求扣缴义务人开具代扣、代收税款凭证的，扣缴义务人应 当开具。”

根据《税收征管法实施细则》的规定，完税凭证的种类有：各种完税证、缴款书、印花税票以及其他完税证明。 常见的完税证明有个人所得税完税证明、境外公司企业所得税完税证明、车船 购置完税证明、契税完税证明等。 企业每月申报，凭税务申报表及财务报表去申报(也可以电子报税)，并交入银 行税款，就可以拿到完税证明。 个人要开发票或想纳个人所得税，凭协议或合同及开票申请，身份证复印件等 去税务局办理相关手续，交纳税金后，也可以立即各种完税证，作为完税证明 使用。 个人所得税完税证明 个人所得税完税证明，是缴纳个人所得税的人，获得的税务机关开出的一份缴 纳税收额度的一个证明。纳税人需要开具完税证明的，应由本人提供合法的身 份证明，主管税务机关根据纳税人在本局缴纳的 个人所得税完税证明 税额为其开具。代扣代缴义务人在代扣税款时为纳税人开具的《中华人民共和 国代扣代收税款凭证》、自行申报纳税人缴纳税款时取得的《中华人民共和国 税收通用完税证》或《中华人民共和国税收缴款书》，是缴纳税款的完税凭证，与完税证明具有同等证明作用。个人所得税完税证明对纳税者来说具有十分重 要的作用。如在办理贷款、购房、出国、移民、求职、保险等事项的手续过程中，个税完税证明都是不可或缺的重要凭证。 北京市开具个人所得税完税证明有3种方式：首先，凡是缴纳个人所得税的北 京市民，拿着身份证到区县地方税务局分局的服务大厅(或税务所)，填一个简 单的申请单，由税务机关核对后开具一张你所要求期限的个人所得税完税证明，当时立等可取;其次，通过所在单位的财务和办税人员，集体到税务机关开一个单位的批量完税证明，时日不长，由企业财务代办，办完了把完税证明给纳税人;最后，国家税务总局就有一个代收代扣税款凭证，这个是由代扣代缴单位开具的，在纳税人每月缴税时，可向代扣代缴单位的办税人员索取，办税人员的 凭证是由当地的主管税务机关给的。 车船购置税完税证明 中华人民共和国境内购置本条例规定的车辆的单位和个人，为车辆购置税的纳 税人，应当依照本条例缴纳车辆购置税。车辆购置税的征收范围包括汽车、摩 托车、电车、挂车、农用运输车。纳税人应当持主管税务机 车船购置税完税证明

英文翻译模板

英文翻译 学院：计算机工程学院专业：计算机科学与技术学生：陈操 学号：201011033 指导教师：赵慧然

Methodology Amethodology (sometimes simply called a method) is a set of processes and heuristics used to break down the complexity of a programming problem. Many OOP methodologies have been formulated since the dawn of object-oriented programming. This section will give you a feel for what you’re trying to accomplish when using a methodology. Especially in OOP, methodology is a field of many experiments, so it is important to understand what problem the methodology is trying to solve before you consider adopting one. This is particularly true with Java, in which the programming language is intended to reduce the complexity (compared to C) involved in expressing a program. This may in fact alleviate the need for ever-more-complex methodologies. Instead, simple methodologies may suffice in Java for a much larger class of problems than you could handle using simple methodologies with procedural languages. It’s also important to realize that the term “methodology” is often too grand and promises too much. Whatever you do now when you design and write a program is a methodology. It may be your own methodology, and you may not be conscious of doing it, but it is a process you go through as you create. If it is an effective process, it may need only a small tune-up to work with Java. If you are not satisfied with your productivity and the way your programs turn out, you may want to consider adopting a formal methodology, or choosing pieces from among the many formal methodologies. While you’re going through the development process, the most important issue is this: Don’t get lost. It’s easy to do. Most of the analysis and design methodologies are intended to solve the largest of problems. Remember that most projects don’t fit into that category, so you can usually have successful analysis and design with a relatively small subset of what a methodology recommends.[1] But some sort of process, no matter how small