词汇学 define the following terms with examples

1.inflectional affixes：A inflectional affix serves to express such

meanings as plurality, tense, and the comparative or superlative degree. E.g. -s, -ed, -er, -est

2.derivational affixes：When they are added to another

morpheme, they derive a new word.E.g. re+write, mini+car, super+market, modern+ize, work+er

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/d517252966.html,pounding 复合法:Compounding is a word-formation

process consisting of combining two or more bases to form a compound word

4.derivation 派生法: Derivation or affixation is generally defined

as a word-formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix or a suffix or both to the base

5.conversion 转化法: Conversion is a word-formation process in

which a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix.

6.Initialism首字母缩略词: It is a type of shortening, using the

first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase.

7.acronym首字母缩略词：Acronyms are words formed from the

initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, etc. Acronyms differ from initialisms in that they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters.

8.blending拼缀：Blending is a process of word-formation in

which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms.

9.clipping截短词：The process of clipping involves the deletion of

one or more sy llables from a word (usually a noun), which is also available in its full form.

10.back-formation逆生法：Back-formation is a term used to refer

to a type of word-formation by which a shorter word is coined by the deletion of a supposed affix from a longer form already present in the language.

11.Conventionality：most words are conventional, arbitrary

symbols; consequently, there is no intrinsic relation between the sound-sy mbol and its sense.

12.motivation 理据：The connection between word symbol and

its sense.

13.grammatical meaning：Grammatical meaning consists of

word-class and inflectional paradigm.

14.World-class: it describes the word’s lexical meaning and also

gives what is traditionally known as the part of speech of the word, which modern linguists.

15.lexical meaning：Lexical meaning is dominant in content words,

whereas grammatical meaning is dominant in function words, but in neither is grammatical meaning absent.

16.denotative meaning指示意义：is sometimes called the

conceptual meaning. It is the central factor in linguistic communication. One of the functions of words is to designate or describe something, such as an object, a prope rty, a process or a state of affairs. Users of a language cannot talk about their knowledge of a phy sical object or a natural phenomenon, unless this knowledge is express in words which have the same meaning for all speakers of a given community.

17.connotative meaning内涵意义：refers to the emotional

association which a word or a phrase suggests in one’s mind；

it is the supplementary value which is added to the purely denotative meaning of a word.

18.stylistic meaning 社会意义：What a word convey s about the

social circumstances of its use

19.affective meaning：It is concerned with the expression of

feelings and attitudes of the speaker or writer.

20.Absolute （Complete）Synonyms——are words，which are

identical in meaning in all its aspects，i.e. both in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning，including conceptual and associative meanings. Absolute （Complete）Sy nonyms are restricted to high-specialized vocabulary.For instance，composition / compounding. They have the perfect same meaning in Lexicology.

21.Relative （Near）synonyms——are similar or nearly the same

in denotation but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality. E.g. Change/alter/vary Take stagger/reel/totter for example.Stagger implies unsteady movement characterized by a loss of balance and failure to maintain a fixed course. E.g. stagger under a heavy load；Reel suggests a sway ing or lurching so as to appear on the verge of falling. E.g.The drunken man reeled down the hall；T otter indicates the uncertain，faltering steps of a feeble old person or of an infant learning to walk.

22.Contrary/gradable terms (对立反义词)——a scale running

between two poles or extremes. The two opposites are gradable and one exists in comparison with the other.E.g. rich —（well-to-do）—poor；old –（middle-aged）—young，open–（ajar）—close，beautiful –（good-looking）–（plain）–ugly，hot—（warm，cool）—coldverbs. E.g. love–（attachment）–（liking）–（indifferent）–（antipathy）—hate

23.Homophones（同音词）（most common）——are words

identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning.

e.g. Dear/dear Right/rite Son/sun

24.Homographs（同形词）——are words identical only in spelling

but different in sound and meaning. e.g. Bow/bow Sow/sow

25.Perfect Homonyms（完全同形同音词）——are words identical

both in sound and spelling，but different in meaning. e.g.

bank/bank bear/bear date/date

26.Polysemy(多义关系)（识记）—poly semy is a common feature

peculiar to all natural languages. When a words is first coined，it always monosemic，but tin the course of development ，the same word may have two or more different meanings.

e.g. The word “flight”may mean “passing through the air”，

“power of fly ing”，“air of journey”，etc.

27.Hyponymy(上下义关系)—deals with the relationship of

semantic inclusion. That is，the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word. These specific words are known as hyponyms（下义词）. For instance，tulip and rose are hyponyms of flower. The general word flower is the superordinate term（上义词）and the specific ones tulip and rose are the subordinate terms（下义词）.

28.Extension （generalization）of meaning—is a term referring to

the widening of meaning. It is a process by which a word，which originally had a specialized meaning，has now become generalized.

29.Degeneration/Narrowing（specialization）词义的缩小——is a

term referring to the shrinking of meaning. It is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense.

Turn into a proper nouns. For economy，some phrases are shortened and only one element of the original is left to retain the meaning of the whole. e.g. a private = a private solider

a general = a general officer an editorial = an editorial

article

30.Elevation or amelioration（词义的升华）——refers to the

process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance.

31.Transfer—— words which were used to designate on thing but

later changed to mean something else.

32.Degradation or pejoration of meaning（词义的降格）——It is

a process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation

or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense. 33.The extra-linguistic（non-linguistic）context (非语言语境)may

extend to embrace the people ,time, place, and even the whole culture background.

34.Linguistic context can be subdivided into lexical context and

grammatical context

Lexical Context–refers to the words occur together with the word in question. The meaning of the word is often affected and defined by the neighboring word.

Grammatical context–The meanings of a word may be inflected by the structure in which it occurs.

Generally speaking，the immediate verbal context，either

lexical or grammatical，will suffice for interpreting meaning of a word. As indicated. however，there are cases where the meaning of a word may remain a puzzle until a whole paragraph，a chapter or even a whole book covered. The role of context content has three major function.

35.Idiom—idioms consist of set phrases and short sentences，

which are peculiar to the language in question and loaded with the native cultures and ideas. Strictly speaking，idioms are expressions that are not readily understandable from their literal meanings of individual elements. In a broad sense，idioms may include colloquialisms，catchphrases，slang expressions，proverbs，etc.

英语词汇学教程参考题答案(杨信彰)

《英语词汇学教程》参考答案 Chapter 1 1. The three definitions agree that lexicology studies words. Yet, they have different focuses. Definition 1 focuses on the meaning and uses of words, while definition 2 on the overall structure and history. Definition 3 regards lexicology as a branch of linguistics and focuses on the semantic structure of the lexicon. It is interesting to note that the three definitions use different names for the object of study. For Definition 1, it is words, for Definition 2 the vocabulary of a language, and for Definition 3 the lexicon. 2. (1) They can go into the room, and if they like, shut the door. (2) You boys are required to give in your homework before 10 o’clock. (3) I watch the football match happily and find it very interesting. 3. (1) W hen it follows ‘-t’ and ‘-d’, it is pronounced as [id]; (2) When it follows voiceless consonants, it is pronounced as [t]; (3) When it follows voiced consonants and vowels, it is pronounced as [d]. 4. (1) They are words that can be included in a semantic field of “tree”. (2) They represent the forms of the verb “fly” and have a common meaning. (3) They belong to a lexical field of “telephone communication”. (4) They are synonyms, related to human visual perception. Specifically, they denote various kinds of “looking”. 5. (a) 'blackboard: a board with a dark smooth surface, used in schools for writing with chalk (the primary stress in on black); 'blackbird: a particular kind of bird, which may not necessarily be black in color (the primary stress in on black); 'greyhound: a slender, swift dog with keen sight (the primary stress in on black); 'White House: the residence of the US President in Washington (the primary stress in on black). (b) 'black 'board: any board which is black in color (both words receive primary stress); 'black 'bird: any bird which is black in color (both words receive primary stress); 'grey 'hound: any hound that is grey in color (both words receive primary stress); 'white 'house: any house that is painted white (both words receive primary stress). 6. There are 44 orthographic words, i.e. sequences of letters bounded by space. There are 24 open class words and 20 closed class words. 7. (a) The ‘bull’ is literal, referring to a male bovine animal. (b) ‘Take the bull by the horn’is an idiom, meaning (having the courage to) deal with someone or something directly. (c) ‘Like a bull in a china shop’is an idiom, meaning doing something with too much enthusiasm or too quickly or carelessly in a way that may damage things or upset someone.

现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter

现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料c h a p t e r 文件管理序列号：[K8UY-K9IO69-O6M243-OL889-F88688]

Chapter 9 Changes in Word Meaning 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning 9.2 Four Tendencies in Semantic Change 9.3 Semantic Development or Change Resulting from the Figurative Use of Words Definition: Change of meaning refers to the alteration of the meaning of existing words, as well as the addition of new meaning to established words. 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning A.Historical cause 历史原因 It often happens that though a word retains its original form ,its meaning has changed because the object which it denotes has changed . *Changes of meaning because of increased knowledge of the object described are common in the history of science. Eg. pencil ==is from a Latin word meaning “a little tail” or “a fine brush”, like our Chinese “pen”毛笔.Later, when it was made of wood and graphite ,it was still called a “pencil”. atom ==It was borrowed though Latin and French from Greek arouos,invisible. Thus atom meant originally “an particle too small to be divided”. This meaning is now out-of-date, because scientist have found out that atom can be split.

关于高中英语词汇记忆的学习心得共4页文档

关于高中英语词汇记忆的学习心得 高中英语要求掌握的词汇量更多，单词的构成与使用方法也更加复杂。长期以来单词记忆都是我们学习英语的一个难题。不少同学都习惯死记硬背，往往造成词汇学习效果“事倍功半”。由于记不住单词，影响了后续英语的学习，也让不少同学失去了对英语学习的热情。这种现象在高中阶段应该是普遍存在的。那么，我们应该如何来学习单词呢？本文结合笔者的学习体会，着重论述了英语单词的记忆方法与技巧，以供同学们参考。 一、联想记忆法 此法的含义是通过某种特定的联系将不同的单词个体组合在一起记忆，能够从一个单词进而联想到与之相关的其它单词，从而快速增加词汇量[1]。具体来讲有以下几种联想方法： （一）同义词/反义词联想 英语单词中包含了很多同义词或反义词，将这些有联系的单词联系起来构成多个小组，采用小组记忆法。比如，以单词accumulate（累积）为例，同义词就有collect（收集）、assemble（聚集）、gather（集合）等，反义词有waste（浪费）、spend（花费）、dissipate（挥霍）。这样通过同义词或反义词的联想便构成了一个网络，可获得一叶知秋的效果。 （二）相似发音联想 英语中有很多读音相同或相似的单词，我们可将这些单词结合在一起记忆。比如，发音相同的单词有bear（熊）-bare（赤裸的），altar（祭坛）-alter（改变）。发音相似的就更多了，如board与broad，前者为写

字板，后者为乘坐交通工具；pork与park，前者为猪肉，后者为公园。我们通过这种联想记忆法有助于掌握不同单词间的发音差别以及相同发音单词的不同含义。这有助于提高我们的听力与语感。 （三）形似单词的对比记忆 英语中有的单词往往只有一两个字母不同，容易混淆。为此，我们可将这些单词放在一起，分析其差异之处，对比记忆[2]。如contract（合同）、contact（接触）、contrast（对比）。 二、利用单词构词法记忆 英语词汇构成方面存在着不少规律可循，因此，可采用单词构词法来记忆。 （一）缀合法 英语中的词缀与我们汉字中的偏旁部首较为类似。通过掌握一些常见的前后缀我们便可猜出单词的含义[3]。英语单词中常见的否定前缀包括il-、in-、un-、non-、dis-、de-等等；常见的否定后缀通常有三个，包括-free、-less、-proof。 （二）合成法 汉?Z中含有很多由两个简单字构成的词语，比如“吃饭”、“下雨”等。英语中有部分词汇也是这样的构词法。在看到一个陌生的单词时应先分析它的结构，寻找是否有认识的熟词，再利用中式思维一般就能猜到单词的意思了。 （三）省略法 在我们汉语中经常将一些较长的词语省略一部分创造出一个新的简

商务英语词汇与翻译

Unit 1 外资企业foreign enterprise 合资企业joint venture 合作企业cooperative enterprise 龙头企业 a locomotive 国有企业state-owned enterprise 私营企业privately-owned enterprise 荣誉企业honorable enterprise 优质企业qualified enterprise 一级企业class A enterprise 跨国公司multinational company 母公司parent company 子公司subsidiary company 总公司head office 分公司branch office 代表处representative offices 上市公司listed company 私人股份有限公司private limited company 拳头产品core product 环保产品environment-friendly product 专业生产经营specialize in, engage in, handle a range of business including… 占地面积cover an area of… 年产量with an annual output 具有自营进出口权being entitled to self-import and self-export rights 奉行坚持..原则；以..宗旨,在…方针指 导下 abide by the principles of …, adhere to the aims of…, based on the motto of the company 产品销往products have been distributed to 获得奖项rank the titles 通过ISO9000 质量认证 be granted the Certificate of ISO9000 International Quality System unit 2 ?维持升幅to an increase sustain) ?到达最高点to reach a peak ?保持不变to remain constant/ stable ?降到最低点to bottom out ?正值…之际on the occasion of ?代表on the behalf of ?承蒙盛情邀请at the gracious invitation of ?年会annual meeting ?商界的朋友们friends from the business community ?marketing presentation营销报告会 ?sales representative 销售代表 ?sales record 销售记录 ?customers’satisfaction顾客满意度 ?manufacturer 生产商 ?retailer 零售商 ?merchant wholesaler 批发商 ?commission agent 佣金代理商 ?facilitating agent 服务代理商 ?经销渠道distribution channel ?营销目标marketing objective ?战略营销strategic marketing ?目标市场target market ?潜在的风险和potential threats and opportunities ?可控因素controllable components ?销售业绩sales performance Unit 3 1、Business relations and cooperation business connections business cooperation technological cooperation scope of cooperation mutually beneficial relations close relationship to cement / continue / enlarge / promote / improve / maintain / interrupt / restore / speed up / reactivate business relationship to reach an agreement to make a deal 2、Investment a heavy /a long-term/ a profitable/ a safe and sure investment foreign direct investment (FDI) portfolio investment investment environment investment intent/ partner exclusively foreign-owne enterprise joint venture cooperative enterprise equity joint venture contractual joint venture 3、Form of Trade merchandise exports and imports service exports and imports bilateral trade leasing trade processing with supplied material processing with imported materials processing with supplied sample assembling with supplied parts 4、Describing products genuine article imitation low-priced goods low quality goods inferior goods superior quality unfinished products top grade goods showy goods high-tech products durable consumer goods modern and elegant in fashion complete in specifications sophisticated technology attractive and durable skillful manufacture 5、Credit commercial credit trade reputation

英语词汇学教程(练习答案)(1)解析

《英语词汇学教程》（2004 年版）练习答案 Chapter 1 7. Choose the standard meaning from the list on the right to match each of the slang words on the left. a. tart: loose woman b. bloke: fellow c. gat: pistol d. swell: great e. chicken: coward f. blue: fight g. smoky: police h. full: drunk i. dame: woman j. beaver: girl 8. Give the modern equivalents for the following archaic words. haply = perhaps albeit = although methinks = it seems to me eke = also sooth = truth morn = morning troth = pledge ere = before quoth = said hallowed = holy billow = wave / the sea bade = bid 12. Categorize the following borrowed words into denizens, aliens, translation loans, and semantic loans. Denizens: kettle, die, wall, skirt, husband Aliens: confrere, pro patria, Wunderkind, mikado, parvenu Translation loans: chopstick, typhoon, black humour, long time no see Semantic loans: dream Chapter 2 1. Why should students of English lexicology study the Indo-European Language Family? The Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European have more or less influence on English vocabulary. Knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately. 2. Make a tree diagram to show the family relations of the modern languages given below.

英语词汇学课本与译文

Introduction 绪论 0.1 The nature and Domain of English lexicology 英语词汇学的定义及研究范围 Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words. 词汇学是语言学的一个分支，研究词汇的起源和意义。 English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages. 英语词汇学研究英语词汇的形态结构、词的对应及其语义结构、词义关系、词的历史演变、词的构成及词的用法等。 English lexicology is a theoretically-oriented course. 英语词汇学是一门理论性课程。 It is chiefly concerned with the basic theories of words in general and of English words in particular. 该课程主要论述词汇学的基本理论，特别是英语词汇的理论知识。 However, it is a practical course as well, for in the discussion, we shall inevitably deal with copious stocks of words and idioms, and study a great many usage examples. 但是，英语词汇学也是一门实践性课程，在该书的论述中，我们将遇到大量的词汇和习语，学习大量词汇用法实例。 Naturally, there will be a large quantity of practice involved. 当然，同时还要接触到大量的词汇练习。 0.2 Its Relation to Other Disciplines 英语词汇学与其它学科的关系 English lexicology itself is a subbranch of linguistics. 英语词汇学是语言学的一个分支。 But it embraces other academic disciplines, such as morphology, semantics, etymology, stylistics, lexicography. 但它却与其他学科相关，如形态学、语义学、词源学、文体学和词典学等。 Each of them has been established as a discipline in its own right. 而这些学科都各成一门学科。 Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words, primarily through the use of morpheme construct. 形态学是语法学的一个分支，主要通过运用词素（形位）结构研究词的结构或形式。 This is one of the major concerns of lexicology, for we shall discuss the inflections of words and word-formation and examine how morphemes are combined to form words and words to form sentences. 这是词汇学研究的主要内容之一，因为研究词汇就必需讨论的屈折变化和构词法，考察词素如何构成词、词如何构成句子。 Etymology is traditionally used for the study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words. 词源学研究词的形式和意义的起源及其历史变化。 Modern English is derived from the languages of early Germanic tribes with a fairly small vocabulary. 现代英语源于词汇量颇小的古日尔曼语。 We shall study how this small vocabulary has grown into a huge modern English vocabulary and explain the changes that have taken place in the forms and meanings of words. 我们将研究这门词汇量很小的语言是如何发展成为词汇量庞大的现代英语，并解释英语词汇的形式和意义是如何变化的。 Stylistics is the study of style. 文体学研究文体。 It is concerned with the user’s choices of linguistic elements in a particular context for special effects. 主要对语用者在特定语境中如何选择语言要素（即如何选择用词、句型等）以达到特定的表达效果进行观察研究。 Among the areas of study: lexis, phonology, syntax, graphology, we shall concentrate on lexis, exploring the stylistic values of words. 在文体学所研究的词汇、音系学、句法学和书写法范围中，我们主要研究词汇，探讨词汇的文体价值。Lexicography shares with lexicology the same problems: the form, meaning, origins and usages of words, but they have a pragmatic difference. 词典学和词汇学探讨同样的问题：词汇的形式、意义、词汇的起源及用法，但两者在语用上还有差异。 A lexicographer’s task is to record the language as it is used so as to present the genuine picture of words to the reader, providing authoritative reference, whereas the student of lexicology is to acquire the knowledge and information of lexis so as to increase their lexical awareness and capacity of language use. 词典学家的任务是实录词汇的用法并把词汇用法的真实情形呈现给读者，为其提供权威性的参考；而词汇学家则是研究词汇的知识和信息，以增强读者对词汇的了解和语言的使用能力。 Though English lexicology has a wide coverage of academic areas, our task is definite and consistent. 英语词汇学的研究范围很大，但我们的任务是明确而系统的。 That is to study English words in different aspects and from different angles. 即从不同角度研究英语词汇的各个方面。0.3 Method of Study 英语词汇学的研究方法 There are generally two approaches to the study of words, namely synchronic and diachronic. 一般来说，词汇研究有两种

词汇学学习心得

现代汉语词汇学学习心得 本篇文章分为二个部分，第一部分主要来谈谈学习现代汉语词汇学课程的感想和收获，第二部分阐述我在学习了这门课程后对于如何进行对外汉语词汇教学的一些思考。 一．学习现代汉语词汇学课程的感想和收获 对于现代汉语词汇我们不是第一次接触了，早在大一的现代汉语课上就已经有所涉及。但那都是很笼统的讲到，并没有做具体的分析研究,到了大三下学期才单独开设了现代汉语词汇学这门课程。在上这门课程前，就听学姐学长讲过词汇学很难，在学了这门课之后深有体会。记得在一开始的练习中就碰到了困难，如分析哪些是词自己就有点糊涂了，原因是自己还没有弄清楚词的具体该概念，即确定词的的一般方法，尤其是在扩展法上会出现问题。但后来经过讨论，老师讲解，自己终于有所领悟。虽然在学习的当中会碰到很多难题，但通过一学期的学习，自己也有很多收获。 首先来谈谈教材，我们词汇学选符准青的《现代汉语词汇》增订本就是一本很好的教材。它的编订很合理，内容很详细，每章后都附有练习，有助于我们巩固我们所学的知识。除了解决词汇学中的一般问题，另外还提出了很多疑难问题让我们注意，这是其他教材很难做到的。例如第一章节疑难问题就提出具有争议的问题，如何确定述补结构（吃饱打倒）等是不是词的问题，这些疑难问题对于我们真正把握词的概念，拓展我们的思维有很大帮助。 其次，我也非常庆幸遇到一位优秀的老师来教授我们这么课程。老师

有着扎实的专业基础知识和丰富的对外汉语教学经验，所以知道怎样使我们很好的接受那些词汇学知识，更重要的是我们能够将学到的知识理论应用于实际。在学习的过程，老师并没有像填鸭子似地把知识抛给我们，而是时不时的给我们提一个问题，让我们去思考，虽然最后我们的答案并不尽人意，但至少给了我们一个锻炼思考能力及分析问题的机会。在学习过程中老师一直强调我们不要读死书，要学会思考，这本书固然有它的优点，也存在一定的缺点，我们要取其精华，剔其糟粕。例如在学习第七章词汇划分问题上，老师就告诉我们书上的词汇划分不科学，对于基本词汇和一般词汇的定义模糊，但在基本词汇的特点上有可取之处，基本词汇具有普遍性，稳固性和构成新词的基础，这一点很可取。 再者，学习这门课程后我认识到词汇学的重要性，词汇学最为一门单独的专业课程开设是很有必要的。现代汉语词汇是不断丰富发展变化着的。社会生活的发展，包括新事物的出现，旧事物消灭，阶级斗争的发展；人的思想意识的发展；语言内部各个因素的相互作用等等。现代汉语词汇是历代积累传承下来的大量词语和和不断产生的大量词语组合起来的整体。学习现代汉语词汇有着十分重要的意义，它让我们意识到词汇的重要性，提高我们的表达能力、语言能力，而且有助于语文教学，词汇教学在语文教学中占有重要位置。要引导学习者掌握丰富的词语，正确理解词语的意义，正确运用词语，就要利用现代汉语词汇学所学的各种知识。因此，一定要通过自身的努力学好掌握好这门学问。 最后，通过这门课程的学习，我对怎样才能学好现代汉语词汇学有了一些体会。虽然这门课程即将结束，但学问是无穷无尽的，这门课程只是为我们打开了学习词汇学的一个窗口，在平时我们还应当坚持课后自主学习，因此掌握一些学习词汇学的方法尤为重要。

大学英语词汇学教程参考答案

《英语词汇学教程》参考答案 (注：参考答案仅供参考。有些题目的答案并非是唯一的) Chapter 1 1. The three definitions agree that lexicology studies words. Yet, they have different focuses. Definition 1 focuses on the meaning and uses of words, while definition 2 on the overall structure and history. Definition 3 regards lexicology as a branch of linguistics and focuses on the semantic structure of the lexicon. It is interesting to note that the three definitions use different names for the object of study. For Definition 1, it is words, for Definition 2 the vocabulary of a language, and for Definition 3 the lexicon. 2. (1) They can go into the room, and if they like, shut the door. (2) You boys are required to give in your homework before 10 o’clock. (3) I watch the football match happily and find it very interesting. 3. (1) when it follows ‘-t’ and ‘-d’, it is pronounced as [id]; (2) when it follows voiceless consonants, it is pronounced as [t]; (3) when it follows voiced consonants and vowels, it is pronounced as [d]. 4. (1)They are words that can be included in a semantic field of “tree”.

现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习chapter

Chapter 9 Changes in Word Meaning 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning 9.2 Four Tendencies in Semantic Change 9.3 Semantic Development or Change Resulting from the Figurative Use of Words Definition: Change of meaning refers to the alteration of the meaning of existing words, as well as the addition of new meaning to established words. 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning A.Historical cause 历史原因 It often happens that though a word retains its original form ,its meaning has changed because the object which it denotes has changed . *Changes of meaning because of increased knowledge of the object described are common in the history of science. Eg. pencil ==is from a Latin word meaning “a little tail” or “a fine brush”, like our Chinese “pen”毛笔.Later, when it was made of wood and graphite ,it was still called a “pencil”. atom ==It was borrowed though Latin and French from Greek arouos ,invisible. Thus atom meant originally “an particle too small to be divided”. This meaning is now out-of-date, because scientist have found out that atom can be split. B.Social cause 社会原因 Change in word meaning resulting from a constant verbal traffic between common words and various technical words is referred to as social

研究影响英语词汇语义变化的因素

研究影响英语词汇语义变化的因素 摘要：这篇论文的目的是分析影响英语词汇语义变化的因素。其原因是多种多样的。本文试图从词汇的角度阐释在不同的方面，词的语义变化，为何会发生词的语义变化。语义变化的原因是什么? 这篇文章主要介绍影响因素的两个方面：语外因素和语内因素。语外因素包括历史因素，阶级因素，心理因素，社会因素。语内因素包括词义扩大，词义缩小，褒义化，贬义化。 关键词：英语词汇；语内因素；语外因素 Abstract: This articler aims to analyze the influential factors that effect the semantic change of the English vocabulary. The reasons are various. From a lexical perspective，this paper analyzes the semantic change of words in different respects as why semantic change of words happens. What factors that influence the semantic change? This article mainly introduces two aspects of the factors: extra-linguistic factors and linguistic factors. Extra-linguistic factors contain historical factors, class factors, psychological factors, social factors. Linguistic factors consist of generalization, specialization, amelioration, pejoration, transference. Key words: English vocabulary; internal-linguistic factor; extra-linguistic factor 0. 引言 众所周知，人类社会在不断转变，语言作为人类交流和表达思想的工具也在发生变化。在语言发展的过程中，不断淘汰旧的词汇，而新的词汇如雨后春笋般出现。本文研究的重点就是词的语义变化，例如：从词汇的角度探讨语义变化的因素。通过从不同的方面分析语义变化，一些实际价值接踵而至：对于英语学习者而言获得更加完整的英语单词意义的理解相当有帮助。 考虑到英语词汇中语义变化的研究，很多语言学家致力于发现语义变化的规则，例如：Lehmann简要定义了词汇意义变化被定义为语义变化，因为我们需要定义语义学结构整体的特点。Sommerfelt 从社会环境的角度处理词的意义。然而Bloomfield 声明语义变化应该被定义为只是改变词汇意义的创新性。 然而，以前关于英语词汇语义变化的研究存在一些缺点。例如：很少谈论受因特网的影响，语义变化给英语带来的后果是没有空间来说明。因此，本文将会强调语义变化是如何发生的。 1. 语外因素 1.1 历史因素 由于语义学的原因一些词的意义被词义缩小或扩大。语义变化被看成是由于文化修饰

学习《英语词汇学》的心得体会

学习《英语词汇学》的心得体会 外语系：张颖

词汇学学习之初，有必要去澄清一些关于词和词汇的基本概念。词语 word 是一个难以捉摸的概念，需要在开始就认真关注。发音和意义之间的关系，声音和形式之间的关系，词语和词汇之间的关系。词语是什么？多年来已经引起了语言学家的关注。争议较大。尽管已经提出了很多的定义，没有一个是最好的。学者们仍然没有在词语的定义上达成一致。当我们谈起一个词语，我们倾向于根据视觉条件来思考。在这个角度，一个词可以被定义为平印在或者写在纸上的字母的有意义的集合。当根据口语定义的时候，词被看成是一个发音或发音的集合，是由人的发音器官自由的发出的。根据语义学家的意见，一个词是一个意义单位。语法学家，则认为一个词是在句中起作用的自由形式。等等。总结起来，词语的定义包含以下几点： （1）一个最小的自由形态 （2）一个发音的集合体 （3）一个意义单位 （4）能独自影响句子的形式 因此，我们能说“词语是语言最小的自由形式，拥有固定的声音和意义以及句法作用。” 所有一种语言中的词构成了它的词汇。术语“词汇”使用在不同的地方。他不仅用来代表一种语言中的单词总数，他还能代表所有特定历史时期的单词，例如古代英语词汇，中古词汇和现代英语词汇。我们也用他来代表所有特定方言的词汇，一本书的词汇，一种学术的词汇和一个人的词汇。英语是高度发展的世界语言之一。自然词汇是最大最丰富的之一。今天的英语笼统估计词汇量超过 100万。许多学者认为写作的许多困难实际上是缺乏表达词汇造成的(Raimes 1985 ,Zamel 1983) 。内容贫乏、词不达意、上下文不联贯、句型单调等都与词汇贫乏有直接的联系词汇在语言能力中至关重要。词汇量的大小直接影响听说读写各项能力的发展。语言能力在本文中指运用语言进行交际的能力 ,主要表现在听、说、读和写四个方面。文秋芳(1993)的研究表明词汇学习可以促进英语水平的提高。学生只有具备了充足的词汇量 ,才能读懂和听懂 ,从而也有可能为写作提供“可理解的输入”。学生的词汇量越大 ,阅读和听力的水平就越高。 词汇是构成语言的基本要素之一，词汇对于英语学习者来说，其作用极其重要，可以说是建立每一个学习者英语王国的基石。因此作为英语专业的专业必修