subject to用法解析

The obligations of the Company under the Guarantee (a) will be subject to the laws from time to time in effect relating to the bankruptcy, insolvency, liquidation, possessory liens, rights of set off, reorganization, merger, consolidation, moratorium or any other laws and legal procedures, whether of the similar nature or otherwise, generally affecting the rights of the creditors; (b) will be subject to the statutory limitation of the time within such proceedings may be bought; (c) will be subject to the principles of equity and, as such, specific performance and injunctive relief, being equitable remedies, may not be available; (d) may not be given effect to by a British Virgain Island court, whether or not it is applying the foreign laws, is and to the extent they constitute the payment of an amount which is in the nature of a penalty and not in the nature of liquidated damages;

译文：

解析：

以上是我们在翻译实物中遇到的，无论是原文表达还是翻译及修订，都比较经典，所以特摘录下来与大家一起交流学习。

本段落考查：

（1）法律翻译中常见的subject to 的用法，在此句子中，"subject to + laws（statutory limitation of time, the principles）”译为“受…….的法律(诉讼时效，原则)的限制（约束）”；（2） subject to一般有两种用法：

一、以介词短语形式出现，后跟“agreement”, “contract” “regulations”等法律文件名或文件中特定条款名等名词配合使用; 通常可翻译成“根据……规定”及“在不抵触……的情况下”;

二、以介词短语/动词短语（be subjected to，较少见）出现，后接法律文书或条款以外的其它名词；一般译为“使…..面临/遭受……..” 或“…..服从或接受” 等, 例:

（1） Subject to the provisions of Clause 5.4.1, the contributions of Party A and Party B to the Company’s registered capital shall be made in one ins talment by no later than six (6) months after the Establishment Date. The Parties shall make their respective capital contributions to the registered capital of the Company on the same date.

根据5.4.1 条款的规定，甲乙双方对公司注册资本的出资必须在成立日之后最晚6个月内一次性付清。双方必须在同一天支付各自对注册资本的出资。

（2）员工应服从公司有关部门领导的安排与指导。

The Employee shall be subject to the reasonable arrangement and direction by

appropriate officers of the Company.

初中五种基本句型的用法及其运用讲义(无答案)

学科教师辅导教案 学员编号：年级：新初三课时数：学员姓名：辅导科目：英语学科教师：课程主题：初中五种基本句型授课时间：2018.7.24 学习目标 1.掌握五种基本句型的用法以及它们在用法上的区别 教学内容

一、知识精讲 五种基本句型是句子最基本的组成部分。掌握了这五种基本句型，在阅读中当我们遇到较复杂的句子时，运用这些基本句型，对句子的分析就会变得容易多了。在写作中，首先要能运用好这些基本句型，才能得到高分。 （一）五种基本句型的句子成分： 1. 句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分包括主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语等。 2. 主语（subject）：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。 【例句】 We often speak English in class. 我们在课上经常说英语。 Smoking does harm to the health. 吸烟对健康有害。 The rich should help the poor. 富有的人应该帮助贫困的人。 3.谓语（verb）：谓语可用来说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词常在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。分及物动词和不及物动词两种。 【例句】 He practices running every morning. 他每天早晨练习跑步。 I have caught a bad cold. 我得了重感冒。 We like helping the people in trouble 我们喜欢帮助那些处于困境中的人。 4.宾语（object）：宾语在句中表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词或介词后面。 【例句】 They went to see a film yesterday. 他们昨天看了一场电影。 She often helps her mother with their housework. 她经常帮助她的妈妈做家务。 I enjoy listening to popular music. 我喜欢听流行音乐。 5. 表语（predicative）：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词构成。 【例句】 The weather has turned cold. 天气变得冷了。 His job is to teach English.

非谓语动词用法归纳语法

非谓语动词用法归纳 一、表格的用法 1. doing 的用法 （1）在要求动词后（作宾语）：avoid 避免appreciate 感激/欣赏acknowledge 承认/自 认admit 承认advocate 提倡/ 主张consider 考虑can't help 不禁can't stand 受不了contemplate 细想complete 完成confess 坦白dislike 不喜欢，讨厌deserve 值得delay 延迟deny 否认dread 可怕defer 拖延detest 嫌恶enjoy 享有/喜爱envy 嫉妒endure 忍受excuse 借口escape 逃跑/ 逃避finish 完成forgive 原谅fancy 幻想/ 爱好favor 造成/ 偏爱figure 描绘/ 计算hate 讨厌imagine 设想involve 卷入/ 包含keep 保持miss 错过mention 说到/ 讲到mind 介意pardon 原谅/ 饶恕permit 允许postpone 推迟practice 实行/实践prevent 阻止quit 放弃停止risk 冒险recall 回想resist 抵抗/ 阻止resume 恢复repent 悔悟resent 怨恨stand 坚持/ 忍受suggest 建议save 营救/ 储蓄tolerate 忍受

worth 值得 You should try to avoid making mistakes. The book is worth reading. The book deserves reading. （2）表进行 Walking on the grassland, I saw a snake.=When I was walking on the grassland, I saw a snake. The man speaking English is Tom. = The man who is speaking English is Tom. （3）表主动 The man speaking English is Tom = The man who speaks English is Tom. = The man who spoke English is Tom. Nobody dinks boiling water but boiled water.= Nobody dinks water that is boiling but the water that has boiled. （4）表伴随 I stand outside waiting for Mr. Chen. I lie in bed reading a novel. （5）表性质；特点 The film is very moving. She is understanding, so you had better discuss your business with her. 6）概括性, 一般性 Climbing mountain is very interesting.

struggle的用法和短语例句

struggle的用法和短语例句 【篇一】struggle的用法 struggle的用法1：struggle的基本意思是“奋斗”,即为实现某一目的而尽力做某事。常指遇到有力的反抗而在逆境中拼搏或努力从 束缚中解脱出来。有时含有“挣扎”的意味。 struggle的用法2：struggle也可表示“(与某人)争斗,搏斗,打斗”,还可表示“艰难地(朝某方向)行进”。 struggle的用法3：struggle是不及物动词,与介词against连用,表示“同与之对立或对抗的人或物实行斗争”; 与介词for连用,表示“为…而斗争”。 struggle的用法4：struggle可接动词不定式作目的状语。 struggle的用法5：struggle的基本意思是“斗争”,表示抽象的行为,用作不可数名词; 表示具体的“打斗,搏斗,战斗,斗争”时,可用作可数名词。 struggle的用法6：struggle作“努力,奋斗”解时,一般用单数形式。 【篇二】struggle的常用短语 struggle against (v.+prep.) struggle along1 (v.+adv.) struggle along2 (v.+prep.) struggle for (v.+prep.) struggle in (v.+prep.) struggle on (v.+adv.)

struggle out (v.+adv.) struggle with (v.+prep.) 【篇三】struggle的用法例句 1. It's a constant struggle to try to keep them up to par. 要让他们达标，需要持续努力。 2. Curiously, the struggle to survive has greatly improved her health. 奇怪的是，她拼命求生的抗争使得她的健康状况大有好转。 3. He grandly declared that "international politics is a struggle for power". 他一本正经地宣称“国际政治是一场权力之争”。 4. This age-old struggle for control had led to untold bloody wars. 这场由来已久的对控制权的争夺已经引发了无数流血的战争。 5. It is only a hobby, not a life or death struggle. 这仅仅一项爱好，不需要拼死拼活地努力。 6. There is a ceaseless struggle from noon to night. 从中午到夜晚，争斗没有停歇。 7. He is currently locked in a power struggle with his Prime Minister. 他当前陷入了一场同的权力之争当中。 8. He praised her role in the struggle against apartheid.

subjectto用法解析

The obligations of the Company under the Guarantee (a) will be subject to the laws from time to time in effect relating to the bankruptcy, insolvency, liquidation, possessory liens, rights of set off, reorganization, merger, consolidation, moratorium or any other laws and legal procedures, whether of the similar nature or otherwise, generally affecting the rights of the creditors; (b) will be subject to the statutory limitation of the time within such proceedings may be bought; (c) will be subject to the principles of equity and, as such, specific performance and injunctive relief, being equitable remedies, may not be available; (d) may not be given effect to by a British Virgain Island court, whether or not it is applying the foreign laws, is and to the extent they constitute the payment of an amount which is in the nature of a penalty and not in the nature of liquidated damages; 译文： 解析： 以上是我们在翻译实物中遇到的，无论是原文表达还是翻译及修订，都比较经典，所以特摘录下来与大家一起交流学习。 本段落考查： （1）法律翻译中常见的subject to 的用法，在此句子中，"subject to + laws（statutory 的法律(诉讼时效，原则)的限制（约束）”；limitation of time, the principles）”译为“受……． （2） subject to一般有两种用法： 等法律文件名或文件中一、以介词短语形式出现，后跟“agreement”, “contract”“regulations” 特定条款名等名词配合使用; 通常可翻译成“根据……规定”及“在不抵触……的情况下”；二、以介词短语/动词短语（be subjected to，较少见）出现，后接法律文书或条款以外的 或“…..服从或接受”　等, 例: 其它名词；一般译为“使…..面临/遭受……..”　 （1） Subject to the provisions of Clause 5.4.1, the contributions of Party A and Party B to the Company’s registered capital shall be made in one instalment by no later than six (6) months after the Establishment Date. The Parties shall make their respective capital contributions to the registered capital of the Company on the same date. 根据5.4.1 条款的规定，甲乙双方对公司注册资本的出资必须在成立日之后最晚6个月内一次性付清。双方必须在同一天支付各自对注册资本的出资。 （2）员工应服从公司有关部门领导的安排与指导。 The Employee shall be subject to the reasonable arrangement and direction by appropriate officers of the Company.

subject_to_浅谈

首先将subject 和to 单独理解，subject的主要和常用意思是： 1. As a noun, a person owing loyalty to a certain state or royal ruler: a subject of the United Kingdom. 作名词，指对某个国家或统治者表示忠诚的人，用常用汉语表述为“臣民、国民”；如：英国国民。 2. As a noun, something being considered, as in a c onversation: Don’t change the subject; answer the question. 作名词，指如在一个谈话中正在讨论、考虑的东西，汉语表述为“话题、主题、论题”；如：不要改变话题，回答这个问题。从翻译的角度来讲，这句话可以用更好的中文表述：不要东拉西扯，回答这个问题；不要罔顾左右而言它，回答这个问题。 3. As a noun, a branch of knowledge studied, as in a system of education: she’s taking 3 subjects in her examinations. 作名词，所学知识的一个分支，如在教育系统中的学科，汉语表述为“科目、学科”：她在参加三门学科的考试。 4. As a noun, a cause: his strange cloth was a subject for amusement. 作名词，（事情的）起因，汉语表述为“起因、原因、缘由”：他奇怪的服饰是大家取笑的原因（直译）；他奇怪的服饰成了大家的笑料。 5. As a noun, the main area of interest treated in a work, esp. written: a book on the subject of love. 作名词，著作中的主题思想，尤其是在书面作品中，汉语表述“主题、主体、题材”：一本以爱情为主题的书。 6. As an adjectiv e, governed by some one else; not independent: a subject race. 作形容词，（被）统治的，不独立的；汉语表述为“隶属的、统治的、管辖的、服从的”：一个隶属民族。 7. As a verb, to cause to be controlled or ruled: These people have been subjected by another tribe. 作动词，被统治、控制；汉语表述为“统治、控制”：这些人被另外一个部落统治着。 我们都知道“to”在英语中都作介词使用，主要意思是：向、去、到、达到、比、对、在等等。 当subject 和to连用，构成短语subject to，其意思发生了很大变化，尤其是和它的名词形式。因而Subject to 是英语中一个很常见、很重要但很难把握的短语。特别是在商务合同、法律和税收等中出现的频率很高，不少人由于没有真正了解它的用法，而不能正确理解、翻译和使用它。下面谈谈subject to的用法： 一、作形容词用 1.基本含义是“应服从……的……”、“受制于……”。英语解释：owing obedience to, 示例： All the foreigner friends are subject to the law of our country． 所有外国朋友都应服从我们国家法律。 2.基本含义是“有……倾向”、“易受……”。英语解释为：prone to，vulnerable to。 Wenchuan and Qingchuan counties in Sichuan province are subject to earthquakes as they are located on Longmenshan Earthquake Zone． 四川省的汶川和青川县易受地震的影响，因为它们位于龙门山地震带上。 A weak man is subject to cold． 体质不好的人易感冒。

最新英语非谓语动词用法总结(完整)

最新英语非谓语动词用法总结(完整) 一、单项选择非谓语动词 1．Students surf the internet _______ more information about the university they are dreamt of. A．found B．finding C．having found D．to find 【答案】D 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：学生们上网是为了找到他们理想大学的更多的信息。此处表示目的用不定式，指上网的目的。故选D。 2．Look over there! There is a long, winding path ________ up to the house. A．lead B．leading C．led D．to lead 【答案】B 【解析】 【详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：看那边!有一条长长的蜿蜒小路通向那所房子。分析句式可知，这是个there be 句型，因此，此处用非谓语动词，path与lead是主动关系，因此用现在分词，故选B。 3．______ to nuclear radiation, even for a short time, may influence genes in human bodies. A．Having exposed B．Being exposed C．To expose D．Exposed 【答案】B 【解析】 【详解】 考查动名词。句意：暴露于核辐射中甚至很短时间都会影响人体的基因。分析句子成分发现even for a short time是插入语，may influence是谓语，前面的部分应该是主语，be exposed to“暴露于”，要用动名词Being exposed to。故B选项正确。 4．The lecture, _______at 7:00 pm last night, was followed by an observation of the moon with telescopes. A．starting B．being started C．to start D．to be started 【答案】A 【解析】 选A start与逻辑主语the lecture之间为主动关系，故排除B、D两项。不定式作定语时，常表示动作尚未发生，故排除C项，此处用现在分词作后置定语，表示主动。 第四步：根据与谓语动词的先后关系确定时态 非谓语动词表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前用过去分词或v.-ing形式/不定式的

高中英语单词天天记struggle素材

· struggle · v. ['str?gl] ( struggles; struggled; struggling ) · · 双解释义 · vi.斗争,奋斗,努力fight; try to overcome difficulties, etc.; make great efforts · 基本要点 ? 1.struggle的基本意思是“奋斗”,即为实现某一目的而尽力做某事。常指遇到有 力的反抗而在逆境中拼搏或努力从束缚中解脱出来。有时含有“挣扎”的意味。 2.struggle也可表示“(与某人)争斗,搏斗,打斗”,还可表示“艰难地(朝某方向) 行进”。 3.struggle是不及物动词,与介词against连用,表示“同与之对立或对抗的人或物 进行斗争”; 与介词for连用,表示“为…而斗争”。 4.struggle可接动词不定式作目的状语。 ? · 词汇搭配 ? ?struggle bravely 勇敢地斗争 ?struggle desperately 拼命地斗争,绝望地挣扎 ?struggle furiously 激烈地搏斗 ?struggle successfully 成功地作斗争 ?struggle wildly 疯狂地挣扎 ?struggle on 勉强支持下去,竭力维持下去 ? ?struggle against 与…作斗争

?struggle against difficulties 同困难斗争 ?struggle against tyranny 与暴政作斗争 ?struggle for 为…而斗争 ?struggle for a living 为生计而挣扎 ?struggle for freedom 为自由而斗争 ?struggle for independence 为独立而奋斗 ?struggle for recognition 为获得承认而奋斗 ?struggle in sb's arms (小孩)在母亲怀里挣扎 ?struggle through the snowstorm 冒着暴风雪行进 ?struggle to one's feet 挣扎着站起来 ?struggle with 与…作斗争 ? · 常用短语 ? struggle against(v.+prep.) 为反对…而斗争 oppose sth with difficulty ▲struggle against sb/sth He struggled against those who opposed his plan.他与那些反对他计划的人进 行了斗争。 In Chinese history the peasants kept struggling against the rule of the feudal class.在中国历史上,农民不断地与封建阶级的统治作斗争。 What is the use of trying to struggle against the system?力图反对这种制度有什么用? The swimmer struggled against the tide.游泳者逆流而上。 We must struggle against this prejudice for a more tolerant attitude to our beliefs.我们必须反对这种偏见,以争得对我们的信仰采取更为宽容的态度。 The workers have been struggling against bad conditions for too long.很久以来,工人们就在为反对恶劣的工作条件而进行斗争。

Otherwise与定语从句

Learning Corner 学习频道 ◎ 文 / 张满胜 本期我们来分析otherwise 在定语从句中的用法。首先请看2013年考研英语(一)完型填空中的一句话。 This might sound small, but to undo the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been necessary. 本句的难点是than would otherwise have been necessary 这一部分，其中的otherwise 用在定语从句结构中，并与虚拟语气搭配使用。之所以要用虚拟语气，是因为otherwise 的基本含义是“在相反的情况下”或“要不然的话”，表达的是与前面提到的真实情况相反的一个假设情形。Otherwise 的这一用法既可以出现在that/which/who 引导的普通定语从句(下文统称为“that 定语从句”)中，也可以出现在than 引导的特殊定语从句(下文简称为“than 定语从句”，关于than 引导的定语从句讲解请见本刊2008年12月号和2009年1~2月合刊)中。下面我们分别来看otherwise 在that 定语从句和than 定语从句中的用法特点。 Otherwise用于that定语从句 would 等情态动词，而相应的if 虚拟条件句被省去了。 在that would otherwise be uneconomical 这个定语从句中，that 指代services ，因此这个定语从句相当于一个虚拟主句：“The services would be uneconomical.”既然有了虚拟主句，那么if 虚拟条件从句在哪里？这就涉及该句型的第二个特点。 特点二：定语从句中出现的otherwise 是针对主句所述情形进行的相反假设，相当于虚拟条件从句“if it were not for …”。 例1中的主句they support the services 可以写成虚拟条件从句if it were not for their support ，或者写成if they didn’t support the services ，这也就是otherwise 所表达的含义。将这个虚拟条件从句与上面的虚拟主句结合起来，就构成这样一个完整的虚拟句：“The services would be uneconomical if it were not for their support.”所以，例1的句子相当于下面的两句话。 在此类定语从句中，关系代词that 可以充当定语从句的主语或非主语(如宾语、表语)，otherwise 所表达的虚拟可以是对现在虚拟，也可以是对过去虚拟。下面我们来具体分析。 That 充当定语从句的主语 在关系代词t h a t 充当主语的定语从句中，如果otherwise 表达的虚拟是对现在虚拟，otherwise 就相当于虚拟条件从句“if it were not for …”，此时that 定语从句的结构为“that would otherwise +动词原形”。请看下面的例句。 1. They support the services that would otherwise be uneconomical. 他们对这些服务提供了极大的支持，要不然的话，这些服务将会花费不菲。 下面就利用这个例句来向大家揭示otherwise 用于that 定语从句时的用法特点。 特点一：定语从句相当于一个虚拟主句，常用到 New Oriental English . 13

非谓语动词用法归纳

否定形式: not +不定式,not + 动名词,not + 现在分词

1.不定式与动名词作主语得区别 (1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作;而不定式作主语表示具体动作。 smoking is prohibited(禁止)here.这里禁止抽烟。(抽象) it is not very good for you to smoke so much.您抽这么多烟对您身体很不好。(具体) (2)动名词作主语时,通常用以表示一件已知得事或经验。

不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成得事或目得。 climbing mountains is interesting.爬山很有趣。(经验) driving a car during the rush hour is tiring.在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验) (3)不定式做主语,一般用it当形式主语,把作主语得不定式短语后置。 it took me only five minutes to finish the job、 动名词或不定式都可以在句中作主语,但在下列句型中常用动名词作主语。 it is / was no use / good + doing sth、 it is / was not any use / good + doing sth、 it is / was of little use / good + doing sth、 it is / was useless doing sth、 it is no use crying over spilt milk、覆水难收。 it is of little good staying up too late every day、 每天都熬夜没有什么好处 2.不定式与动名词作宾语得区别 英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式,也可跟动名词作直接宾语,但有些动词要求: (1)不定式做宾语与宾语补足语 1)下面得动词要求不定式做宾语 afford, agree, arrange, choose, decide, hope, expect, offer, plan, promise, determine, demand, manage, fail, prepare, refuse, pretend, seem 常跟不定式作宾语得动词歌诀: 三个希望两答应,两个要求莫拒绝, 设法学会做决定,不要假装在选择。 hope; wish; want ; agree; promise demand; ask; refuse manage; learn; decide pretend ; choose 想要拒绝命令,需要努力学习,期望同意帮助,希望决定开始。

高中英语：解析目的状语的几种用法

高中英语：解析目的状语的几种用法 一、用to do sth表目的用不定式表目的是最简单也是最常用的方法，它既可以用于句末，也可用于句首，但比较而言，用于句首时，其强调意味较浓。如： After missing a term through illness he had to work hard to catch up with the others. 他因病一学期未上课，得努力赶上其他同学。 To avoid any delay please phone your order direct. 为免延误，请直接打电话预订。 To keep themselves awake they sat on the floor and told each other stories. 为了不至于睡着，他们坐在地板上轮流着讲故事。 To avoid back problems，always bend your knees when you lift heavy objects. 为了不使背部受伤，你在扛重东西时，一定要将膝盖弯曲着。 不定式的否定式为not to do sth，而不是to not do sth。如： She had to struggle not to give in to a desire to laugh. 她极力控制自己不要笑出来。 Then there was the mad rush not to be late for school. 然后就是匆忙往学校赶，以免迟到。

I went to France not to study French，but to study architecture. 我去法国不是为了学法语，而是为了学建筑。 He claimed he had bought the cigarettes for home consumption，not to sell them. 他声称他买烟是为了自家享用，不是为了出售。 二、用so as to do sth表目的 so as to do sth是to do sth的变体，意思是“以便”“为了”“为的是”等。用so as to do sth表示目的时，它通常用于句末。如： I left a message so as to be sure of contacting her. 我留下了张条子以便与她取得联系 The two lovers dropped back so as to be alone. 那对情人落在后面，为的是两人好单独在一起。 I always keep fruit in the fridge so as to keep insects off it. 我总是把水果放在冰箱里，以防虫子叮咬。 表示目的的so as to do sth有时也可放在句首（但是若so as to do sth 是表示结果，则不可放在句首）。如： So as to show his boss what a careful worker he was，he took extra trouble over the figures. 为了向老板显示他是个工作非常细心的人，他在这些数字上费了比平常更多的力气。

otherwise用法解析

otherwise用法解析 otherwise 是个常用词，也是一个多义词。在不同的语境中，otherwise 的含义和用法有着很大的差异，现将它的用法归纳如下。 一、otherwise 用作连词，意思为“否则；要不然”，相当于or，or else 或if not . 例如：We’ll go early，otherwise we may not get a seat. 我们得早点去，要不然就没有座位了。 Seize the chance，otherwise you will regret it. 抓住机会，要不然你会后悔的。 I was ill that day，otherwise I would have taken part in the sports meet. 那天我病了，否则我会去参加运动会的。 We didn’t know you were in trouble at that time，otherwise we would have given you a hand. 我们当时不知道你遇到了困难，要不然我们会帮助你的。 二、otherwise 用作副词，具有下列意义： 1. 意为“另外；别样”。相当于differently 或in another way .例如： He evidently thinks otherwise. 他显然有不同的想法。 She is otherwise engaged. 她另外有事。 We were going to play football，but it was so hot that we decided to do otherwise. 我们原打算踢足球，可是天气太热，我们就决定去干别的事情了。 2. 意为“在其他方面”。相当于in other or different ways. 例如： The rent is high，but otherwise the house is satisfactory. 房租是贵，可这房子在别的方面倒令人满意。 He is noisy，but otherwise a nice boy. 他爱吵闹，但在其他方面倒是个好孩子。 The article is long，but not otherwise blameworthy. 这篇文章就是长，其他倒没什么不好。 3. 意为“相反地；要不然；否则”。相当于in the other way 或on the contrary .例如： He is guilty until proved otherwise. 在证明他无罪之前他是有罪的。

介词to的用法归纳

一：表示相对，针对 be strange (common, new, familiar, peculiar, distinct, sensitive,immune, vulnerable, indispensable) to Air is indispensable to life. Aircrafts are vulnerable to interference caused by radiation. This injection will make you immune to infection. 二：表示对比，比较 1：以-ior结尾的形容词，后接介词to表示比较，如：superior ,inferior,prior,senior,junior The quarrel happened prior to my arrival. 2: 一些本身就含有比较或比拟意思的形容词，如equal，similar，equivalent，analogous A is similar to B in many ways. 3：表示一些先后顺序的形容词，如：second,subsequent,next,preliminary,preparatory Subsequent to the war,they returned to their hometown. 4: to也偶尔出现在个别动词之后,与动词形成固定词组,表示比较,如:prefer to,compare to,incontrast to compare to sth.表示比喻或比拟,而compare with sth.表示比较,如: World is usually compared to a stage Compared with his past,he has changed a lot. Prefer的正确句型是:prefer A to B或prefer doing A to doing B,但当prefer后接动词不定式时,表示比较的介 词to就要改成rather than ,如: The undaunted soldier preferred death to surrender. Many people prefer spending money to earning money. They prefer to pursue careers rather than remain home as house wives. 5: to与及个别的名词构成比较之意,如:alternative Going to an under water concert is a great alternative to going to dinner. 三: 表示修饰关系 1: 表示回复,反应意思的词,如:answer to question, solution to problem,response to inquiry,reaction to proposal,reply to letter 2: 表示建筑构件的词汇,如: entry,entrance,approach,access,passage,exit,vent,path the approach to a bridge引桥 the approach to science Half of the population was estimated to have no access to the health service. The access to education 接受教育的机会 The access to medical care 享受公费医疗的权利 3: 表示人物职位和官衔的词,如:assistant to manager, ambassador to Spain, successor to tradition,heir to throne,deputy to the National People’s Congress advisor to the Prime Minister 4: 表示权利和许可的词汇,如:right,admission The employee finally got the admission to the boardroom. Everyone has an equal right to …….. 5: 表示栅栏或障碍的词汇,如:bars to development,the barrier to progress 6: 表示与书籍,文本相关的词,如:introduction to passage.

非谓语动词用法归纳(语法)

一、表格的用法 1.doing 的用法 （1）在要求动词后（作宾语）：avoid避免appreciate 感激/欣赏acknowledge承认/自认admit 承认advocate 提倡/主张consider 考虑can't help不禁can't stand受不了contemplate细想complete完成confess坦白dislike 不喜欢，讨厌deserve值得delay延迟deny否认dread可怕defer拖延detest嫌恶enjoy享有/喜爱envy嫉妒endure忍受excuse借口escape逃跑/逃避finish完成forgive原谅fancy幻想/爱好favor 造成/偏爱figure描绘/计算hate讨厌imagine设想involve卷入/包含keep保持miss错过mention说到/讲到mind 介意pardon原谅/饶恕permit允许postpone推迟practice 实行/实践prevent阻止quit放弃停止risk冒险recall回想resist抵抗/阻止resume恢复repent悔悟resent怨恨stand坚持/忍受suggest建议save营救/储蓄tolerate忍受worth值得You should try to avoid making mistakes. The book is worth reading. The book deserves reading. （2）表进行 Walking on the grassland, I saw a snake.=When I was walking on the grassland, I saw a snake. The man speaking English is Tom. = The man who is speaking English is Tom. （3）表主动 The man speaking English is Tom = The man who speaks English is Tom. = The man who spoke English is Tom. Nobody dinks boiling water but boiled water.= Nobody dinks water that is boiling but the water that has boiled. （4）表伴随 I stand outside waiting for Mr. Chen. I lie in bed reading a novel. （5）表性质；特点 The film is very moving. She is understanding, so you had better discuss your business with her. （6）概括性,一般性 Climbing mountain is very interesting. Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring．在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(概括性,一般性) Our work is serving the people． （7）动名词的逻辑主语为；①人称代词的所有格+动名词；②名词's+动名词。例如： Tom insisted on my going with them．他坚持要我和他们一起去。 He dislikes his wife's working late．他不喜欢他妻子工作得很晚。