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at a Manhattan restaurant when Alfred Bloomingdale and his colleague

Francis McNamara dreamed up the idea of creating a third party to cover

checks at restaurants.They called it Diners Club.But the scheme

faced a"chicken-and-egg problem".Consumers didn't want card until

stores accepted it,and merchants wouldn't accept it until consumers

carried it.

To solve the problem,and to work around federal laws that Geng

duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian

xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu

qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi prevented banks

from operating across state lines,banks joined together to form

"network joint ventures",such as Visa and MasterCard.Under these

arrangements,some member banks recruited consumers,others

recruited merchants.The banks on both ends earned fees,and they

shared the costs of maintaining the networks.

Because of an antitrust dispute twenty-five years ago,Visa

allows its member banks to join up with MasterCard as well.But it

refuses to allow them to collaborate with any other network.The

Justice Department is less appreciative.In October1998—shortly

before Paying with Plastic went to press—the government charged Visa

and MasterCard with violating the Sherman Antitrust Act.(Wal-Mart

and a group of big retailers have filed a related suit,charging that

Visa and MasterCard have colluded to keep fees on their debit cards unfairly high.)The trouble is that today Visa and MasterCard have pretty much the same member banks.Do two ventures with the same owners really have an incentive to compete?

According to the government's complaint,in1987MasterCard was prepared to introduce the first"smart card"—a card with an integrated circuit that could store personal data.But MasterCard's board refused to proceed without Visa's go-ahead.Today both brands are still developing a smart card,sharing information all the while. The situation doesn't exactly encourage competition.As Visa International's president and chief executive put it in an unguarded moment in1992,"If you have got one foot firmly placed on both sides of the street,who cares?"

Some people insist that the Visa-MasterCard partnership does not harm competition or innovation.They point to Visa and MasterCard's rival advertising campaigns and to Citibank's recent decision to switch its primary allegiance from Visa to MasterCard because only MasterCard would allow it to relegate the network insignia to the back of its plastic cards.The reason no one has introduced smart cards, says Evans,is because the chip technology is too expensive."It is a silly argument,"he says."The Justice Department is trying to fix something that isn't broken.This industry is extraordinarily successful."

Indeed,however the case turns out,the most popular complaint

against the consumer-credit business is likely to remain what it was a century ago:The industry succeeds all too well at putting expensive credit in the hands of weak-willed shoppers.(466words)

21.The phrase"chicken-and-egg problem"in paragraph1most probably means______.

A.consumers didn't want card until stores accepted it

B.merchants wouldn't accept it until consumers carried it

C.both consumers and merchants are very important

D.it is hard to say which side should take the initial step

22.According to the text,which of the following may be considered as Visa’s violating Antitrust Act?

A.Allowing its member banks to join up with MasterCard.

B.Keeping fees on their debit cards unfairly high.

C.Developing a smart card,sharing information all the while.

D.Sharing the costs of maintaining the networks.

23.Which of the following is NOT true of"smart card"?

A.It was officially issued1987.

B.It contains an integrated circuit.

C.It could store personal data.

D.It is being developed by both Visa and MasterCard.

24.Why are people reluctant to accept smart cards according to Evans?

A.Because it is too popular.

B.Because it is too inconvenient.

C.Because the chip itself is too expensive.

D.Because it's cost to produce the chip is too expensive.

25.The best title for the text may be_______.

A.Legend of the First Credit Card

B.A"Chicken-and-egg Problem"

C.Credit Card and Its Problems

D.Miraculous Credit Card

Text5

21.D，"chicken-and-egg problem"：先有鸡还是先有蛋的问题。结合上下文我们可知，此处是谁先迈出第一步之意。

22.B，其借贷收费一直高得不合理。其余几个选项都与违犯反托拉斯法无关。

23.A，不是1987年正式发行，而是准备发行。见第四段第一句：in1987 MasterCard was prepared to introduce the first"smart card"

24.D，因为其芯片的技术成本很高。见第5段倒数第4句：because the chip technology is too expensive;(C)不正确，因为芯片本身(chip itself)并不昂贵。

25.C信用卡及其问题。根据第一段Consumers didn't want card until stores accepted it,and merchants wouldn't accept it until consumers carried it，第二段To solve the problem，以及最后一段的主题句Indeed, however the case turns out,the most popular complaint against the consumer-credit business is likely to remain what it was a century ago，便可知道答案为C。

本文由“育明考博”整理编辑

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