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Unit 8 汉英对比与翻译(一)

Unit 8 汉英对比与翻译(一)
Unit 8 汉英对比与翻译(一)

Unit 8 汉英对比与翻译(一)

课时:

2H

教学目的要求:

掌握句子翻译中的基本元素的翻译,主要掌握主语和谓语的正确确立。

教学重点:

汉英翻译中句子主语和谓语的确立。

教学难点:

如何使译文的主语和谓语符合语法和语言使用规范。

教学内容:

正确确立单句的主干:

(一)主语的确立:英语主语的严格性,只能由名词(或)代词,例如We can solve

the problem. This problem can be solved in many ways.)或具有名词语法功能的语言单位(如动词不定式、动名词、名词性从句>一般指主语从句,例如To solve this problem needs patience. Working ingeniously >adj.有独创性的,具有创造才能的adv. working ingeniously有才能地,巧干> may help you learn English well. It is not known yet whether they will return today.)来充当。试找出下列句子英译的恰当主语,并进行翻译?

●>>直接用原文的主语

1) 如果不适当地处理,锅炉及机动车辆排出的废气就会造成城市空气污染。

Exhaust from boilers and vehicles, unless properly treated, causes air pollution in cities.

2) 如果说,词汇是语言的“建筑材料”,那么,句子便是文章的“基本部件”。

If vocabulary is the “building materials” for language, sentences are the “fundamental parts” of writings.

●>>替换主语以符合英语表达

1) 鲁迅的骨头是最硬的,他没有丝毫的奴颜和媚骨,这是殖民地半殖民地人民最可宝贵的性格。

Lu Hsun was a man of unyielding integrity, free from all sycophancy-拍马屁,奉承or obsequiousness-谄媚; this quality is invaluable among colonial and semi-colonial people.

Lu Hsun’s bones wer e the hardest; he was free from all sycophancy or obsequiousness; this is invaluable among colonial and semi-colonial people.

2) 胎又瘪了。

We’ve got another flat tire.

The tire turns flat again?

3) 人不可貌相,海水不可斗量。

It is impossible to judge people from their appearance, and impossible to measure the ocean by pints. (刘鹗《老残游记》,杨宪益、戴乃迭译) We can’t judge people from their appearance, just as we can’t measure the ocean by pints.

●>>找出译文中合适的主语

1) 在历史上,由于长江不断改道,在武汉地区形成了众多的湖泊。

The constant change of the course of the Changjiang River in history helped form

a great many lakes in the areas around Wuhan-a city in central China.

Because of the constant change of the course of the Changjiang River in history, there have formed>vi.形成a great many lakes(“there be”, “a great many lakes”) in the areas around Wuhan-a city in central China.

2) 健康不佳就无法有效工作。(表示条件的主语用抽象的英语名词短语表达)

Poor health may cause one’s inefficiency at work.

One’s p oor health will incapacitate>使不能胜任him for efficient work (from efficient work).

You cannot work efficiently if you are in poor health. >口语体

3) 北京地区由于近些年加强了植树造林,在一些地方飞来了稀有的鸟类。

The expansion of woods in some places around Beijing these years attracts quite a few rare birds.

Quite a few rare birds come to settle down in some places around Beijing thanks to the expansion of woods there these years.

4) 世纪交替,千年更迭,人类社会的发展正在揭开新的篇章。

The turn of the century has opened a new chapter in the development of human society.

5) 世纪之交,中国外交空前活跃。

The turn of the century finds China most active on the diplomatic arena.

At the turn of the century, China is most active in its diplomatic activities.

●>>主语的客观性

1) 你做这事不费吹灰之力。

It is very easy for you to do such a thing.

2) 决定把这问题提到下次会上讨论。

It was decided to bring the matter up at the next meeting.

3) 这时我激动得说不出话来。

Words fail me here.

I am too excited/stirred/agitated (前一表示激动人心的那种,后两个表示焦躁,不安产生的激动等) to utter any words.

英语多用被动式

1) 成都新改建的府南河两岸将修建许多草坪和居民大楼。

Plenty of lawns and apartment houses will be built along both the banks of the newly-renovated Funan River.

2) 公共场所禁止吸烟。

Smoking is forbidden in public places.

3) 这件事至今还没有得出正确的结论。

So far no correct conclusion has been drawn on the matter.

4) 有明显的迹象表明,一些古老的传统和价值观不再为年轻人所珍藏。

Obvious signs show that some old traditions and values are not cherished by youth any more.

5) 收音机的成本降低了80%。

The cost of radio sets was reduced by 80%.

6) 可以预见,在一个不太长的时间内,中国必在科学技术方面赶上世界最先进的国家。

It can be predicted that China will certainly catch up with the most advanced nations in the world in science and technology in not too long a time.

There be专练

1) 好像有点不大对头。

There seems something wrong about it.

2) 古今中外,在商贸市场上历来都是大鱼吃小鱼。

There exists a law (“there be”, the logical subject to be “a law”, latent in the context) at all times and in all countries that the great fish eat up the small in the world of business.

3) 古今中外,这种情况概莫能外。

There is no exception to this in modern or ancient times, in China or elsewhere. 无主句-增补主语

到了济南府,进得城来,家家泉水,户户垂杨,比那江南风景,觉得更具为有趣。When he reached Jinan and entered the city, there were flowing streams by every house and willow trees by every door, which delighted him even more than the scenery of the south. (刘鹗《老残游记》,杨宪益、戴乃迭译)

(二)谓语的确立

谓语只能由动词(系动词或实义动词)或动词短语担当。

1)北京很好玩。

Beijing is a great city to have fun.

2)北京外来人口逐年增多。

The number of people from other places in Beijing increases year by year.

3)从北京乘火车到郑州要花十多个小时。

It takes more than ten hours to ride by train from Beijing to Zhengzhou, the capital city of Henan province near Beijing.

4)总统明天准备乘专机前往上海参观访问。

The president prepares to go to Shanghai by his special plane for a visit tomorrow.

5)晚上过来跟我们一块打保龄球如何?

Would you come to join us for playing bowling this evening?

注意谓语动词的选择的准确性

1)中央政府不干预香港特别行政区的事务。

The central government has never intervened in the affairs of the HKSAR. (refrain from doing sth> 克制自己不去干预,intervene>不干预也不想干预之意思)

2)中国经济将融入世界经济的大潮。

The economy of China will converge with that of the world. (merge into>意为消没在。。。之中,不恰当)

3)新的景点不断出现,观光人数不断增加,地区经济也有了很大发展。

The emergence of one new scenic spot after another and the influx of more and more tourists have also boosted the economy.

作业:

比较以下译文,哪个更好?

1)本文所讲的内容对通讯工程来说是很有趣的。

a. The content that this paper talks about is of great interest to communication engineers.

b. What this paper discusses is of great interest to communication engineers.

2) 在零售和烹调行业方面,家办企业的买卖完全超过了国家办的。

a. In the retail and catering sectors, household operations have completely outmarketed the state.

b. In the retail and catering sectors, household operations have surpassed that of the state.

3)和古庙正好隔河相对的那坐宝塔据说是明代的建筑。

a. The pagoda that stands facing the ancient temple and is separated from each other by the river is said to have been built in the Ming Dynasty.

b. It is said that the pagoda just across the river from the ancient temple was built in the Ming Dynasty.

4) 我们大为惊奇的是,那幢经受强烈地震而幸存下来的惟一建筑物竟是砖木结构。

a. To our great surprise, the only building that survived the violent earthquake was one of brick and wood structure.

b. To our great surprise, the only building that fortunately existed after the violent earthquake was one of brick and wood structure.

汉英翻译篇章练习

汉英翻译篇章练习 Practice 1 近读报纸,对国内名片和请柬的议论颇多,于是想起客居巴黎时经常见到的法国人手中的名片和请柬,随笔记下来,似乎不无借鉴之处。 在巴黎,名目繁多的酒会、冷餐会是广交朋友的好机会。在这种场合陌生人相识,如果是亚洲人,他们往往开口之前先毕恭毕敬地用双手把自己的名片呈递给对方,这好像是不可缺少的礼节。然而,法国人一般却都不大主动递送名片,双方见面寒喧几句甚至海阔天空地聊一番也就各自走开。只有当双方谈话投机,希望继续交往时,才会主动掏出名片。二话不说先递名片反倒有些勉强。 法国人的名片讲究朴素大方,印制精美,但很少有镶金边儿的,闪光多色的或带香味儿的,名片上的字体纤细秀丽,本人的名字也不过分突出,整张纸片上空白很大,毫无拥挤不堪的感觉。 Practice 2 我想,教师要给学生的,是一把开启知识宝库的钥匙,而不是把学生的脑子变成一个容器。教师的工作是启发学生,通过自己的思考、实践、试验去求得知识,鼓励他们大胆提出问题和不同意见。经过研讨,得出自己的结论,而不是由教师包办代替。 我喜欢那些爱提“怪”问题的学生。提不出问题的,不能算是好学生。 其实,学习就是一个不断出错误和改正错误的过程。年轻人要学,我们自 己也要学。一句话,教育是要使人从无知变成有知,从愚昧变成聪明,从野蛮 变成文明,而不是相反。 就说这流行音乐吧,我就不如年轻人懂得多。我有个习惯,自己不懂得东西,绝不轻易反对,而是努力去学懂它。 你看吧,大街上姑娘们大声谈笑,我行我素;小伙子也穿红戴绿。中国人胆子大起来了,不那么缩头缩脑了。你还能拿年轻人头发长短、裤脚大小来衡量谁是好学生谁是坏学生吗? Practice 3 我所追求的幸福 在西方流传着一句据说是来自古老中国的谚语,只是我在中国从未听说

英汉语言对比与翻译练习

英汉语言对比与翻译练习 注意事项: 1.英汉语言句法/句式差别; 2.体会英汉互译句式转换规律; Sentences: 1.In praising the logic of the English language we must not lose sight of the fact that in most cases where, so to speak, the logic of facts or of the exterior world is at war with the logic of grammar. 2.邢夫人携了黛玉坐上,众老婆们放下车帘,方命小厮们抬起,拉至宽处,加上训骡,出 了西脚门往东,过荣府正门,如一黑油漆大门内,至仪门前,方下了车。 3.When about three hundred men had been landed from these vessels and were marching rapidly to camp, the Morini, who had been left by Caesar in a state of peace when he set out for Britain, were fired by the hope of booty, and surrounded the troops, at first with no very large number of folk, bidding them lay down their arms if they did not wish to be killed. 4.I had spent a long day on a hired mule before the mail carrier who had been my guide pointed to a cabin on the far side of a stream, mutely refused the money I offered, and rode on. 5.Mr. Kennedy apparently was hit by the first of what witness believed were three shots. 6.And he knew how ashamed he would have been if she know had known his mother and the kind of place in which he was born, and the kind of people among whom he was born.. 7.The original members of the United Nations shall be the states which, having participated in the United Nations conference on International Organization at San Francisco, or having previously signed the Declaration by United Nations of 1 January 1942, sign the present charter and ratify it in accordance with Article 110. 8.After watching the fish for some time, they asked me for pairs of several different kinds, pointing them out as they walked down the row of tanks. I netted their choices into a traveling container and slipped it into an insulated bag for transport, handing it to the boy. “carry it carefully,” I cautioned. 9.Sickness had robbed her of her confidence that she could carry the load. 10.Loneliness held the great masses of immigrants together, and poverty kept them down. 11.Starvation was a remote threat. 12.There is a crying need for a new remedy. 13.There was a mumbled conversation in the background. Then a man’s voice came on the phone. 14.The whole devastating experience sharpened my appreciation of the world around me. 15.She was always a crier any way. 16.The car wound through the village and up a narrow valley, following a thaw-swollen stream. 17.The boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he was very hungry because he had had no food for two days. 18.A long course of poverty and humility, of daily privations and hard words, of kind office and no returns, had been her lot ever since womanhood almost, or since her luckless marriage with George Osborne.(Vanity Fair chapter 57) 19.The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities is compounded by the paucity of the information media.

第三讲英汉句式对比与翻译讲义

第二讲英汉句式结构对比与翻译 如果说词是最小的可以独立运用的意义单位,那么句子是语言的基本运用单位。一般情况下,进行语篇翻译时,无论是英译汉还是汉译英,基本上都是以句子为翻译单位的。尤其是英译汉时,即使是一个很长的句子,一般也要将整个句子通盘考虑,搞清整个句子的逻辑关系才能将句子翻译成既能忠实传达原文信息、风格、逻辑关系又能保持通顺的中文。 如果是汉译英,有时句子较长,可以根据意群进行切分,然后将切分开的句子逐句译为英文。将英汉两种语言的句式结构进行对比,了解两种语言在句式结构上的异同之处,对翻译来说是非常重要的一环。 英文句式结构 英文句式结构基本上都可以归纳为主谓结构,即S+V(主语+谓语动词)的结构,即使是祈使句,也不过是省略了主语的句子。英文的句子结构在S+V的结构上可以扩展,但总不外乎五种基本变化。 (1)S+V:He langhed. (2)S+V+O:Mary is reading Harry Potter. 3)S+V+O+O.c. We heard them quarrelling. (4)S+V+I.O+D.C He gave me some first-hand marerial. (5)S+link.V+P He is in dangerous situation. 以上这些句型充分显示出英文的基本句式结构是主谓结构,而且这是一种高度语法化的句式结构,其中主语一般是动作的发出者(doer\agent)或动作的承受者(doee),即整个句子分别为主动语态和被动语态。 用上述主谓结构来套中文的句子模式,有一部分汉语句子与上述英语句子基本是对应的。例(1)至(5)的意思,中文也有与英文相似的结构,分别为: (1)C:他笑了。 (2)C:玛丽在读《哈里.波特》。 (3)C:我们听见他们争吵。 (4)C:他给我一些一手资料。 (5)C:他处于危险的境地。/他处境危险。 二、中文句式结构 (一)主谓结构(S + V ) 例1:他没来。(S + V ) He didin’t come. 例2:全家人都在看电视。(S + V + O) The family are watching TV. 例3:我们看到很多人站在广场上。( S + V + O + O.C ) We saw many people standing on the square. 例4:你能递给我那本书吗?( S + V + I.O + D.C) Would you please pass me the book? 例5:他看上去很失望。(S + link. V + P) He looks disappointed.

汉英数词对比

汉英数词对比 摘要:数词,作为词汇中一个必不可少的组成部分,在汉语和英语中都起 着非常重要的作用。数词在汉语和英语中的语用表达理解功能,既有相同点,也有不同点。这一方面体现了数词在汉英两种语言中相互贯通的关键作用,另一方面两种语言词汇的对比更体现了中西方文化之间同时具有异同点的交叉现象。 关键词:数词,汉语,英语,词汇,对比 数词是词汇中的重要组成部分之一,主要用来表示数目或者顺序。除此之外,数词还经常用于人们的日常交际中,被赋予各种内涵和特殊的意义,比如引申义,比喻义,色彩义;等等。文化是一种历史现象,随人类的发展而不断发展前进。文化具有民族性,不同的民族有不同的文化特征,不同的民族文化之间有差异,也有共性。语言是文化的载体,语言的使用离不开文化这一环境。 对于数词而言,在汉英两种语言中其异同的对比可以解释中西两种文化的异同,也有助于不同民族使用者更好地理解和交际。本文结合数词在汉英两种语言词汇中翻译技巧以及文化内涵等各方面的比较,研究和探索数词在汉英两种语言 中的异同。 汉英数词翻译的异同――是否使用量词 1.汉语中数词和名词连用,一般要有量词连接。 在汉语中,数词和名词连用时,中间往往要有量词起连接作用,这样表达才通顺,也符合汉语的语言习惯。例如,“一个苹果”,“两本书”,“三个人”,“一群犯罪分子”,“几袋粮食”,“写几遍”,“走一趟”;等等。根据赵元任先生的观点,量词可以分为九类(《汉语口语语法》p263);根据黎锦熙先生的观点,量词可以分为三类(《新著国语文法》p84);根据朱德熙先生的观点,量词可以分为七类(《语法讲义》)。此处不做深入阐述。关于汉语量词的起源,至今没有明确的定论,但是根据王力先生的观点,在上古已经可以见到。在《汉语史稿》中,王力先生讲单位词时谈到“第三种方式在上古也是比较少见的,就是把数词放在名词的后面,兼带单位词。”(《汉语史稿》,王力,p235)此处所谓的“单位词”就是指量词。例如,“不稼不穑,胡取禾三百廛兮。”(《诗经·魏风·伐檀》),“子产以幄幕九张行”(《左转·昭公十三年》),“当秦之隆,黄金万镒为用。”(《战国策·秦策》)。由此可见,量词连接数词和名词的用法,在汉语中自古就有。 2.英语中数词和名词连用,一般不需要量词连接。

英汉语言对比与翻译2

幻灯片1 课后练习 ●blue films ●bluebottle ●Greenfly ●common criminal ●common informer ●hard labor ●free love ●blue-eyed boy ●bluestocking 幻灯片2 参考翻译 ●blue films 蓝色电影(×) ●淫秽电影(√) ●bluebottle 蓝瓶子(×) ●绿头苍蝇(√) ●greenfly 绿苍蝇(×) ●蚜虫(√) ●common criminal 普通罪犯(×) ●臭名昭著的罪犯(√) ●common informer 一般的告密者(×) ●职业告密者(√) 幻灯片3 参考翻译 ●hard labor 艰苦的劳动(×) ●(监禁)苦役(√) ●free love 自由恋爱(×) ●(无婚约的)自由性爱(√) ●blue-eyed boy 蓝眼睛男孩(×) ●宠儿(√) ●blue sky research/thinking 蓝天研究/思维(×) ●天马行空式的(√) 幻灯片4 翻译的原则与标准

1. 支谦与《法句经序》(229年) “天竺言语,与汉异音。云其书为天书,语为天语,名物不同,传实不易。” 开篇即强调了佛经翻译之难,即语言不同,语境不同,名物不同,翻译起来确实不易。幻灯片5 翻译的原则与标准 2. 道安与“五失本,三不易” 源自其在公元382年所作 《摩诃钵罗若波罗蜜经抄序》 译胡为秦,有五失本也。 一者,胡语尽倒,而使从秦,一失本也。 二者,胡经尚质,秦人好文,传可众心,非文不合,斯二失本也。 幻灯片6 翻译的原则与标准 三者,经委悉,至于叹咏,叮咛反复,或三或四,不嫌其烦,而今裁斥,三失本也。 四者,胡有义说,正似乱辞,寻说向语,文无以异,或千五百,刈而不存,四失本也。 五者,事已全成,将更傍及,反腾前辞,已乃后说,而悉除此,五失本也。 幻灯片7 ●“五失本”是: ●一、佛经词序多是颠倒的,汉译时改从汉语语法,容易失本; ●二、佛经文字质朴,而汉人喜欢文采,为适合汉语读者,译文作了润饰,容易失本; ●三、佛经的论述,往往不厌其烦,颂文更是翻三覆四,翻译时删繁就简,容易失本; 幻灯片8 ●四、佛经有“义说”(长行之后,另加的偈颂复述)类似汉人韵文后的“乱辞”(总结),

第二章汉英句法、篇章对比

5.汉英句法对比 ?句子的概念 ?汉语句子强调语义,表示语义终止的标点符号根据句子语义和语气来确定,具有突出的“以意统形”的特点。 ?英语句子强调形式和语法结构:首词第一个字母大写,句末用句号、问号或叹号;大多数句子有主语和谓语。 ◆句子的类型 ?汉语句式: 按功能,可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。按结构,可分为单句与复句。 ?英语句式: 按功能,可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。 按结构,可分为简单句与复杂句(并列句和复合句) ?汉英句式异同 ?汉英都有陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句四大类。汉英陈述句基本相同,句尾都用降调。汉英疑问句都是用升调,句尾加问号,这是相同之处。 ?汉语疑问句分特指问、反复问、是非问、选择问和反问五种,而英语只有一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意问句四种。 ?汉语的是非问句和英语的一般疑问句相当,但语序不同。汉语是非句是陈述句式,或在陈述句尾加“吗”、“吧”表示。英语一般疑问句的谓语动词“ to be”,“to have”和助动动词或情态动词都放在主语之前。如:Are you a teacher? 你是老师吗? 汉语的特指问句和英语的特殊疑问句相当,但词序却不尽相同。汉语特指问句的词序和陈述句相同,而英语的特殊疑问句则一定要把疑问词放在句首,其句式是“疑问词+ 一般疑问句”。如:What are you doing? 你在干什么? 汉语的选择问句和英语的选择问句相同,只是词序不同。汉语的选择问句仍然是陈述句的词序,英语则是一般疑问句的词序。如:你去看电影,还是去看戏? Are you going to cinema or to theatre? 对于英语反意疑问句的翻译则要把握原文意思,用最恰当汉语形式来表达。如:He is your teacher, isn't he? 译文(1) 他是你老师吧?(表示猜测) (2) 他是不是你老师?(表示怀疑) (3) 他是你的老师,对吗?(表示没把握) (4) 他是你的老师,不是吗?(表示肯定) 汉语的反复问句是用肯定否定相叠表示疑问的,英语中没有与它相当的形式。译成英语用一般疑问句即可。如:这本书是不是你的?Is this book yours? 汉语的反诘问句可用否定形式表示肯定意思,也可用肯定形式表示否定意思。可以用英语的反意问句或一般问句来翻译。如:她不是没进城吗?She has not gone to town, has she? 你不能走快点吗?Can't you walk a little faster? 汉语的祈使句和英语的祈使句通常都没有主语,句子都用降调,句末用句号,语气较强的用叹

英汉语言对比与翻译作业

英汉语言对比与翻译作业 1. It is flattering to believe that they are too profound to be expressed so clearly that all who run may read, and very naturally it does not occur to such writers that the fault is with their own minds which have not the faculty of precise reflection. 翻译:认为自己的思想深奥,不可能表达得很清楚,让任何人都能理解,这是一种虚荣的念头。这样的作家当然不会想到,问题还是出在自己脑子缺乏精确思考的能力。 2. He had a disconcerting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession. 翻译:他有一种令人不安的习惯:一会儿一个看法,自相矛盾,变化无常。 3.While the present century was in its teens, and on one sunshiny morning in June, there drove up to the great iron gate of Miss Pinkerton’s academy for young ladies, on Chiswick Mall, a large family coach, with two fat horses in blazing harness, driven by a fat coachman in a three-cornered hat and wig, at the rate of four miles an hour. (Thackeray)翻译:(当时)这个世纪刚过了十几年。六月的一天早上,天气晴朗。契息克林阴道上平克顿女子学校的大铁门前面来了一辆宽敞的私人马车。拉车的两匹肥马套着雪亮的马具,一个肥胖的车夫带了假头发和三角帽子,赶车子的速度是一小时四英里。(萨克雷)

翻译材料_第五章_英汉句子对比与翻译

第五章英汉句子对比与翻译 第一节英汉在连贯方式上的“形合”与“意合” 连贯是句子依据合理的语义和逻辑关系,恰当地连为一体的语篇特征,但在重意合的汉语中,这种特征往往隐含在上下文中,呈“隐性”状态,但这并不妨碍汉语读者对其阅读和理解,因为汉语是依靠语篇的语境意义来弥补其在逻辑和连贯方面的不足,而英语语篇中的逻辑和连贯关系则表现出“显性”的特征,既它的逻辑和连贯关系是通过外在的形式,既词法和句法结构来体现的,因此,在翻译过程中,译者就应该注意这种“隐性”和“显性”之间的转换。翻译练习: 1)We crossed the Y angtze and arrived at the station, where I bought a ticket while he saw to my luggage… At the sight of his back tears started to my eyes, but I wiped them hastily so that neither he nor anyone else might see them. 2)As the weather was getting better, we decided to go for an outing the next day. 3)Three month later, when he had spent all his five dollars, he felt obliged to climb onto slow-going freight trains, despite the police’s pursuits or arrests. 4)It was only his legendary travel experiences, especially the experiences of his visit to the northern part of Shaanxi Province 60 years ago that determined his lifetime cause, thus closely connoting his life with the Chinese revolution. 第二节英汉在语义层次表达上的“形合”和“意合” 进行英汉对比研究的学者们常将英语句子比作树木结构,将汉语的句子比作竹子结构。这就是说,英语句子中充满了从属结构,从属结构包括了动词的非限定形式、介词短语和各种分句。从属结构可以比作“枝杈”;汉语句子充满了并立结构,并立分句之间用逗号分开,直直的,每有“枝杈”,像根竹子。汉语的这些并立分句常被称作“流水句”。英语句子的树木结构是英语的形合在语意层次表现上的具体体现:句子的主干(主句)用来表示主要信息,从属结构(枝杈)表示次要信息。这样意义层次在表面结构上就表现出来了,呈显性;汉语句子的竹子结构是汉语的意合在语意层次表现上的具体体现:句子中充满了在形式上并立的分句,语意层次要靠上下文来表示,在表面形式上看不出来,呈隐性。英汉翻译中就应该充分考虑到英文和中文的这些不同特征。翻译练习: 1)X-rays are able to pass through objects and thus make visible details that are otherwise impossible to observe. 2)“How does the human brain work” remains one of the most profound questions confronting modern science. 3)One out of every ten persons in 1978 United States labor force was a teenager, compared with one out of fifteen in 1960.

浅谈英汉数字的文化差异与翻译

浅谈英汉数字的文化差异与翻译 内容摘要 世界上任何一种语言都是植根于特定的文化背景之中,反映着特定的文化内容。语言中数字是反映客观物质世界的规模、大小的数和量,而由于各自语言中所包涵的文化传统、思维观念、以及对数字的感知取向不同,故而赋予数字的社会文化涵义也不尽相同。本文主要针对中西方对数字不同的传统观念、英汉语言中数字包含的内涵意义以及在英汉文学及生活中碰到的有关数字的翻译等,来探讨英汉数字文化的差异,为跨文化交际提供便利。 关键词:英汉数字;内涵意义;翻译;实指义;虚指义;词汇空缺 Abstract Every language in the world takes root in a special cultural background, and the language reflects the contents of the culture. Figure is the count and quantity which reflects the scope and size of the objective world. The social meanings of figure are different because there are some differences in cultural tradition, the concept of thinking and the understanding and using of the figure among all kinds of languages. This paper is to discuss the differences between English and Chinese figure from the traditional conception, the meanings of the figure and the translation with figure between the two languages. The aim from which is expected to make an advantage in cross-cultural communication. Key words: figure in English and Chinese; implied meaning; translation; grammatical meaning; false meaning; vocabulary vacancy “语言与文化有着密切的关系。语言的使用离不开人,而人又离不开某个特定的社会文化。” [1](p477)“在跨文化交际活动中,参与的各方不仅要熟悉本民族的语言和文化,而且要充分了解对方的语言和文化,特别是本民族文化与他民族文化的差异,只有这样才能使交际顺利进行下去。”[2](p480)数字是随着人类文明的产生和发展而产生和发展的。数字作为一种特殊的语言符号,在英汉两种语言中都被赋予了丰富的文化内涵。本文主要从中西方对数字不同的传统观念,英汉两种语言中数字蕴涵的不同意义及英汉文学中和生活中碰到的有关数字的翻译等来探讨英汉数字文化的差异,以便消除英汉交际中的理解障碍。 一、英汉数字的文化内涵差异 在古老的传统中,数字具有神圣的意义,还具有主吉凶的宗教迷信色彩。不同的民族对数字的选择性和不同的偏爱,都有着深刻的民族文化的烙印。下面就几组具有代表性的数字进行对比分析。 (一)、“三”与“九” 1、“三” 汉语中带“三”的习语有很多,如“三思而后行”、“垂涎三尺”、“三人行,必有我师焉”、“三句话不离本行”、“一日不见,如隔三秋”、“余音绕梁,三日不绝”、“三头六臂”、“三教九流”、“三令五申”等。中国人对“三”的垂青是有因可循的。《说文解字》云:“三,天地人之道也”,可见“三”的本义就是代表天、地、人,即上为天,下为地,中为人。在历史进程中,人们还逐渐认识到:时间有昔、今、未之分,空间有上、中、下之分,方位有左、中、右和前、中、后之分,似乎有三就能代表全部,“三”因此隐含完全、完美之意在内,并且积淀在中国人的潜意识中,从而人们在生活中不自觉地运用“三”来归纳事物,指导行动。在古代,“三”的运用更是奥妙无穷,甚至带有某些神秘意味。在政制结构上,有“三公”(西周时指:太师、太傅、太保;西汉时指丞相、太尉、御史大夫;东汉时指太尉、司徒、司空);军事编制上,有“三军”(海军、陆军、空军);教育上有“三学”(述学、评学、考学);科举有“三试”(乡试、会试、殿试);录取有“三甲”(状元、榜眼、探花);祭祀要供“三牲”(牛牲、羊牲、猪牲);敬酒要“三献”(初献、亚献、终献);行礼要“三跪”

英汉语言系统对比与翻译

英汉语言系统对比与翻译 一、被动与主动 (一)英语多用被动式原因 1、施事的原因。 2、句法的要求。 (1)为了使句子承上启下、前后连贯、便于衔接。 (2)为了使句子平衡。 (3)修辞的考虑。 (4)文体的需要。 (二)汉英多主动式原因 1、汉语被动式的使用受到限制。 2、使用受事主语(Receptor subject)导致大量的“当然被动句”。 3、当不需要或不可能说出施事者的时候,汉语可以采用无主句或主语省略句来保持句子的主动形式。 4、当施事者难以指明时,汉语还可以采用通称(generic person)或泛称作主语。 5、当不便使用被动式时,汉语可采用某些转换式来表达被动意义。 (1)处置式(即“把字式”或“将字式”) (2)“为……所”式。 (3)“是……的”式。 (4)“……的是” (5)“……加以/予以”式。 二、物称与人称(Impersonal vs Personal ) (一)、英语常用非人称,主语汉语常用人称主语 1、用抽象名词或无生命的事物名称作主语。 2用非人称代词“it”作主语。代词“it”除了用来代替除人以外的生物或事物之外还广泛用作填补词expletive。 (二)英语常用被动式,采用物称表达法:汉语常用主动式,采用人称、泛称或隐称表达法。 三、静态与动态(Static vs. Dynamic) 1、名词化倾向是英语的特征之一 2、名词作为施事者对动词的替代 3、名词构成标题式短语对形容词的替代 4、名词优势引起的介词优势 5、动词的弱化 6、形容词副词对动词的替代 7、动词连用是汉语的常态 8、动词可以充当汉语的任何句子成份 9、汉语句子中的动词可重复重叠

英汉句子比较与翻译

英汉句子比较与翻译(1) 英汉句子结构比较 英语重形合(hypotaxis),汉语重意合(parataxis) 形合主要靠语言本身语法手段(形式手段),意合主要靠句子内部逻辑联系 ?奈达《译意》Translating meaning: 就汉语和英语而言,也许在语言学中最重要的一个区别就是形合与意合的对比(contrast between hypotaxis and parataxis) 英语注重显性衔接(overt cohesion),汉语注重隐性连贯(covert coherence) ?傅雷:东方人与西方人的思维方式有基本分歧,我人重综合,重归纳,重暗示,重含蓄;西方人则重分析,细微曲折,挖掘唯恐不尽,描写唯恐不周。 ?汉语学家王力:西洋语法是硬的,没有弹性;中国语法是软的,富有弹性。……所以中国语法以达意为主。英国人写文章往往化零为整,而中国人写文章却往往化整为零。 ●由于距离远,又缺乏交通工具,使农村社会与外界隔绝,而这种隔绝,又由于通讯工具 不足而变得更加严重。 A.Because there is a great distance and there are not enough transport facilities, the rural world is isolated. This isolation has become more serious because there are not enough information media. B.The isolation of the rural world, because of distance and lack of transport facilities, is compounded by the paucity of the information media. 英语句子中,名词与介词占优势 主谓机制:抓住了谓语动词就抓住了英语句子的灵魂。 名词与名词之间的联系要借介词来串通 ●Carlisle Street runs westward, across a great black bridge, down a hill and up again, by little shops and meat-markets, past single-storied homes, until suddenly it stops against a wide green lawn. (7个介词) ●卡莱尔大街往西伸展,越过一座黑色大桥,爬下山岗又爬上去,经过许多小铺和肉市, 又经过一些平房,然后突然朝着一大片绿色草地中止了。 ●Inadequate training for farmers and the low productivity of many farms place the majority of country dwellers in a disadvantageous position in their own countries. ●农民缺乏训练,许多农场生产率很低,这就使得大多数农民处于贫穷的境地。 英汉句子重心的差异 ●We believe that it is right and necessary that people with different political and social systems should live side by side—not just in a passive way but as active friends. ●我们认为生活在不同政治社会制度下的各国人民应该共处,不仅仅是消极共处,而是要 积极地友好相处,这是正确而必要的。 汉语的习惯是叙事在前,表态在后。英语的习惯是表态在前,叙事在后。 ●The visit gives me the opportunity which I have long sought, to see for myself the achievements of the Chinese people. 这次访问使我有机会亲眼看一看中国人民取得的成就,这是我向往已久的。 ●I am heartened by the assurance which your Government has repeatedly given that the arrangements for Hong Kong contained in the Agreement are not measures of expediency. ●贵国政府一再表示,协议中有关香港的安排不是权宜之计,这种保证使我感到鼓舞。 英语:end-weight头轻脚重,属于主语显著(subject-prominent)语言 It is….to…; there…

第二章汉英句法、篇章对比

第二章汉英句法、篇章对比

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