简明语言学教程1

考试题型：

1 Blank-filling(20% 每题1分) 时间：20

Fill in the following blanks with a word whose iniyial letter has been given

例：Linguistics is the systematic study of l________

II Multiple choice (20% 每题1分) 时间：20

例：The following sounds belong to the same natural class except ____.

A. [g]

B. [p]

C. [b]

D. [d]

III True or false judgement (20% 每题2分) 时间：10

Judge whether the following statements are true or false. Write T in the corresponding bracket for a true statement and F for a false one.

例：( ) Phonetics studies the functioning of the speech sounds.

IV. Give a short answer of no more than 50 words to each of the following questions.(25%, 每题5分) 时间：50

例：Explain the feature of displacement in human language.

V. Writing a passage of 100-150 words on the following topic (15%) 时间：50

例：With examples, give one plausible explanation for linguistic change.

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 What is linguistics?

1.1.1 Definition

----scientific study of language

----a discipline which describes lang in all its respects (e.g. its system, its internal structure, its social functions, its use and its historical development) and formulates theories as to how it works.

1.1.2The scope of linguistics page2-3

General linguistics:

----phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics. Pragmatics.

Phonetics ----the study of speech sounds of human lang.

Phonology---the study of the distinctive sound units of a language and their relations. Morphology--the internal structure of words, and the processes of word formation

Syntax-----the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to sentences in a lang. Semantics----the study of meaning in language, including the analysis of word meaning and sen meaning as well.

Pragmatics-----the study of the use of language in communication, or the relationship between linguistic elements and the contexts or situations in which they are used. Sociolinguistics—Psycholinguistics—Applied Linguistics

1.1.3 Some important distinctions in linguistics

Ferdnard de Saussure----Noam Chomsky

1) Prescriptive vs. descriptive

2) Synchronic vs. diachronic

3) Speech and writing

4) Langue and parole

5) Competence and performance

6) Traditional grammar and modern linguistics

Features of Modern linguistics

----priority is given to spoken language;

----focus is on synchronic study of contemporary language than in the study of the evolution of languages;

----modern linguistics is descriptive rather than prescriptive in nature;

----it is theoretically rather than pedagogically oriented.

1.2 What is Language?

1.2.1 Definition of language

"Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication"

Wardhaugh in his "Introduction to Linguistics" (1972).

（语言是用于人类交际的、任意的、有声的符号系统）

1.2.2 Design features

1) Arbitrariness---There is no logical (intrinsic or direct) connection between the sound/sign and meaning, between the word and its object, between the grammar and the meaning it carries;

or the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.

第一、不同的语言符号可代表相同的意义

Example see textbook P10

A building we live in with our family is called house in English, maison in French, dom in Russion, casa in Spanish.

In Chinese, we use 爸爸、爹、父亲to refer to our male parent.

冬瓜(white gourd) （夏天吃的）

北戴河is not a river 中南海is not a sea.

However, language is not entirely arbitrary; there are cases where there seems to be some association between sounds and meaning, e.g.

Onomatopoetic words: P10

Some compound words: tractor driver shoe-maker

The other side of the coin of arbitrariness is conventionality. The link between linguistic sign and its meaning is a matter of convention.

A pair of trousers----一条裤子

A pair of shirts---两件衬衣

I saw him last night. *yesterday night

I saw him last evening/yesterday evening

I saw him yesterday morning/afternoon. *last morning/afternoon

Go shopping *go buying go hunting

2) Duality---- the property of language with two levels of structure, one of sounds (lower level) and the other of meaning (higher level).At the lower level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless and which can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning such as morphemes and words. At the higher level, the units of meaning can be grouped and regrouped into an infinite number of sentences. Phoneme—morpheme—words—phrase—clause—sentence

3) Productivity--The users of a language can utilize a limited linguistic rules to produce or understand infinite meaningful linguistic forms, including those they have never heard before.

The man that the girl that my wife taught married published many poems.

(和我妻子教的那个女孩结婚的那个男人发表了许多诗)

他一边脱衣服，一边穿裤子。（小学生的造句练习）

4) Displacement---Language can be used to tallk about what happened in the past, what is happening at present, or what will happen in the future. Also we can use language to refer to things no matter how far away they are or whether they are real or imagined. This property of language provides speakers with an opportunity to talk about a wide range of things, free from the barriers caused by remoteness in time and place.

Animal calls do not have displaced communication. They are mainly uttered in response to immediate changes of situation.

5) Cultural Transmission----A language system is not genetically transmitted, but culturally transmitted. That is, a language system is passed on from one generation to another by teaching and learning rather than by instict.

In contrast, animal call system are genetically transmitted.

T/F

1. The language a person uses often reveals his social, educational and regional background.

2. Synchronic study describes language as it changes through time.

3.The distinction between langue and parole is the same as the distinction between competence and performance.

4. Some languages change with time, while others are immune to linguistic change.

5. Our knowledge of language is always accurately reflected by our use of the language.

6.Modern linguistics is mostly descriptive because it sets rules for language users to follow.

7. Of the two media of language, speech is more basic than writing.

8.Linguists are judges, they know what is right and what is wrong.

9. By creativity we mean the creative use of language as often practiced by poets.

10. Modern linguistics is mainly diachronic.

11. In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form.

1. Noam Chomsky was the founder of ____.

A. traditional ling

B. American structuralism

C. transformational generative linguistics

D. functional linguistics

2. ____ deals with how language is acquired, understood and produced.

A. Semantics

B. Psycholinguistics

C. Sociolinguistics

D. Syntax

3.The sentence “Yesterday I saw him.” shows that language has the feature of ____.

A) arbitrariness B) productivity

C) displacement D)cultural transmission

4. The core of linguistics excludes _____.

A) semantics B) morphology C) phonetics D) psycholinguistics

5.The study of language development over a period of time is generally termed as ______ linguistics.

A) applied B) diachronic C) comparative D)synchronic

6. Noam. Chomsky is a(n) _____ linguist.

A) Canadian B) American C) Swiss D) French

7. Among the following branches of linguistics, ____ deals with the forms and formation of words.

A)Semantics B)Syntax C)Morphology D) Pragmatics

8. The distinction between parole and langue was made by ______.

A. Saussure

B. Halliday

C. Chomsky

D. Bloomfield

9. ________ covers the study of language use in relation to context, and in particular the study of linguistic communication.

A) Semantics B) Pragmatics C) Sociolinguistics D) Applied linguistics

10. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?

A) crash B) typewriter C) bang D)tree

11. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?

A. Book

B. Crash

C. Beautiful

D. Newspaper

12. Which word is the absolutely arbitrary one?

A. careful

B. crack

C. handbag

D. table

13. The fact children can speak before they can read or write shows that _____.

A) language is basically vocal. B) language is arbitrary

C) language is used for communication D) language is productive

14. The ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language is the language _____.

A) performance B) competence C) acquisition D) transmission

15. The ______ linguistics studies the historical development of language over a period of time.

A) synchronic B) diachronic C) prescriptive D) descriptive

16. Chomsky holds the position that linguists should study the ______ of the native speaker.

A.) linguistic competence B) linguisitc performance

C) communicative competence D) communicative performance

17. ______ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.

A) Psycholinguistics B) Applied linguistics

C) Sociolinguistics D) Anthropological linguistics

18. When we talk about the productivity of language, we mean that ______.

A. language can be used to talk about real or imagined things in the past, present or future.

B. the users of a language can utilize a limited linguistic rules to create or understand

infinite meaningful sentences.

C. language is organized in two levels of structures.

D. there is no logical connection between sounds and meaning.

19. The description of a language at some point in time is a ______ study

A) diachronic B) synchronic C)descriptive D) prescriptive

20. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is good illustration

of the ____ nature of language.

A) arbitrariness B) productivity C) duality D) cultural transmission

21.______ is NOT a design feature of human language.

A. Cultural transmission

B. Displacement

C. Duality of structure

D. Prescriptivism

22.The famous quo tation from Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet “A rose by any other name

would smell as sweet” well illustrates _______.

A.the conventional nature of language

B.the creative nature of language

C.the universality of language

D.the big difference between human language and animal communication

23. Competence refers to ______.

A. knowledge of meaning of words and sentences

B. the actual realization of the language user’s knowledge of the rules in utterances

C. the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language

D. what speakers can actually do with language.

24. Which branch of linguistics studies the similarities and differences among languages?

A. diachronic linguistics

B. synchronic linguistics

C. prescriptive linguistics

D. comparative linguistics

25. The study of the relationship between brain and language is called ______.

A. sociolinguistics

B. microlinguistics

C. macrolinguistics

D. neurolinguistics

26. Linguists give priority to the spoken language not the written language because ______.

A. vocal sounds are derived from written system

B. speech precedes writing everywhere in the world

C. we have recording devices to study speech.

D. spoken language precedes written language only in Indo-European languages

27. Linguistics is the scientific study of ______.

A. a particular language

B. the English language

C. human language in general

D. the system of a particular language.

28. Chomsky uses the term ____ to refer to the actual realization of a language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.

A. langue

B. competence

C. Parole

D. Performance

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《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版练习题参考答案 Chapter 1 Introduction 1. How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language. 答：Linguistics is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. In order to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system, the linguists has to collect and observe language facts first, which are found to display some similarities, and generalizations are made about them; then he formulates some hypotheses about the language structure. The hypotheses thus formed have to be checked repeatedly against the observed facts to fully prove their validity. In linguistics, as in any other discipline, data and theory stand in a dialectical complementation, that is, a theory without the support of data can hardly claim validity, and data without being explained by some theory remain a muddled mass of things. 2. What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study? 答：The major branches of linguistics are: (1) phonetics: it studies the sounds used in linguistic communication; (2) phonology: it studies how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication; (3) morphology: it studies the way in which linguistic symbols representing sounds are arranged and combined to form words; (4) syntax: it studies the rules which govern how words are combined to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages;

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《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版课后练习题答案

1. How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language. 答：Linguistics is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. In order to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system, the linguists has to collect and observe language facts first, which are found to display some similarities, and generalizations are made about them; then he formulates some hypotheses about the language structure. The hypotheses thus formed have to be checked repeatedly against the observed facts to fully prove their validity. In linguistics, as in any other discipline, data and theory stand in a dialectical complementation, that is, a theory without the support of data can hardly claim validity, and data without being explained by some theory remain a muddled mass of things. (1) phonetics: it studies the sounds used in linguistic communication; (2) phonology: it studies how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication; (3) morphology: it studies the way in which linguistic symbols representing sounds are arranged and combined to form words; (4) syntax: it studies the rules which govern how words are combined to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages;

新编简明英语语言学教程 戴伟栋版

新编简明英语语言学教程戴伟栋版 第1章导言 本章要点： 1. The definition and main branches of linguistics study 语言学的定义和研究范围 2. Important distinction in Linguistic 语言学的一些重要区分 3. The definition and the design features of language 语言的定义和识别特征 4. Function of language 语言的功能 本章考点： 语言学考点： 语言学的定义，语言学中几组重要的区别，每组两个概念的含义、区分及其意义；普通语言学的主要分支及各自研究范畴；宏观语言及应用语言学的主要扥只及各自的研究范畴。 语言的考点： 语言的定义；语言的识别特征（任意性，能产性，二重性，移位性，文化传递性）；语言的功能 1,The definition of linguistics语言的定义： Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language(based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to general theory of language structure) 2.The scope of linguistics语言学的范围 A：micro-linguistics Phonetics（语音学）: the study of the sounds used in linguistic communication. Phonology（音系学）: the study of how sounds put together and used to convey meaning in communication.(语音分布和排列的规则及音节的形式) Morphology（形态学）: the study of the way in which the symbols are arranged and combined to form words. Syntax（句法学）: the study of rules in the combination of words to form grammatically permissible sentences in language. Semantics（语义学）: the study of meaning. Pragmatics（语用学）: the study of the meaning in the context of language use. B：macro-linguistics Sociolinguistics: the study of all social aspects of language and its relation with the society form the core of the branch. Psycholinguistics: the study of language and its relation with psychology. Applied linguistics: the study of application of language to the solution of practical problems. Narrowly it is the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. 3. Some important distinctions in linguistics 语言学中的重要区分