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课文知识点选修6(2)

课文知识点—选修6

UNIT 1

1.faith n.信心，信念，信仰

*I have faith in his ability.

*He is a man of Catholic faith.

2.aim

A.n.目标，目的；瞄准目标

*Our aim is to increase production.

*Take careful aim at the target.

B.vi.以…为目标，目的是,打算

*The factory must aim at increasing production. *What do you aim to do?

aim high志向远大，目标很高

3.typical adj.典型的

*A typical day at the office begins at 9.

*This is a typical English farmhouse.

be typical of是…特有的

*The style is typical of him.

*It is typical of him to speak like that.

4.“new ideas and values gradually replaced those held in the Middle Ages”

hold可作“持有(某种观点/想法)”解释

*He holds strange views about art.

*He held the opinion/thought that our plan was not practical.

5.adopt vt.采取，采纳，采用；收养

*They refused to adopt my suggestion.

*She adopted a homeless child.

*He had an adopted son.

6.possess vt.拥有possession n.财产,拥有物*She lent him a book she possessed.

*He possessed a lot of property.

*How did you get possession of it?

*He was a poor man with few possessions.

7.a great deal(a good deal)

A.a great deal of +不可数名词

*We have spent a great deal of/much money.

B.修饰动词

*He has done a great deal/much.

*He ate a great deal/much for supper today.

8.mostly adv.主要，基本上，大多数

*They were mostly middle-aged women.

*The medicine was mostly sugar and water. *The audience present were mostly old men. 比较：most pron. & adj.大部分

*Most of them were middle-aged women.

*Most of the audience present were old men. *Most students don’t like classical music.

比较：almost adv.几乎

*Almost everyone knows him.

*Almost all the boys have left.

*He is almost always late for class.

*There is almost nothing in it.

*I got almost no help from him.

*It’s almost ten o’clock.

*Tom slipped and almost fell.

*I’m almost out of breath.

*The room is almost empty.

*They were mostly middle-aged women.

*They were almost all middle-aged women.

9.shadow n.阴影,影子shade n.阴凉处

*As the sun set, the shadows became longer. *Let’s find some shade and have a rest. 10.scores of 许多，大量

*I have heard that scores of times.

*Scores of people were present at the party.

11.attempt vt.n.企图，试图，尝试

A. vt.

*He attempted to get in touch with his long

lost friend.

*She attempted to go on with her work, but she could not.

*The second question was so difficult that I didn’t even attempt it.

*He attempted the examination but failed. B. n.

*They are beginning a new attempt to solve the problem.

*He failed in his attempt to pass the exam.

12.on the one hand, on the other (hand)

*On the one hand I admire his gifts, but on the other I distrust his judgment.

*On the one hand he said he wished to study hard, and on the other hand he didn’t stop playing games.

*He is clever, but on the other hand, he makes many mistakes.

*Food here is cheaper than in Britain; clothing, on the other hand, is dearer.

注意：on the other hand 通常表示转折，意为“可是另一方面”.

13.predict

*He predicted a war in the next few years. *He predicted that there will be a war in the next few years.

14.specific adj.具体的，特定的

*What’s the specific time of arrival?

*We had no specific reason of coming.

*The money is to be used for a specific purpose.

*Every organ has its specific function.

15.a bunch of

a bunch of flowers/grapes/keys

16.which are well worth a visit

well worth “非常值得”

17.appeal to=attract吸引(某人)；

=interest使某人感兴趣

*The idea appealed to all of us.

=The idea attracted/interested all of us.

*The menu here doesn’t appeal to me.

= The menu here doesn’t attract/interest me.

*This book doesn’t appeal to children.

18.fragile adj.脆的，易碎的，脆弱的

*Thin glass is fragile.

*Be careful with the fragile vase.

*The old lady looks very fragile.

19.lie in在于

*The trouble lies in the engine.

*The difficulty lies in the fact that he can’t speak their language.

*That’s where the real danger lies.

20.works of art

work 作“作品”解释时是可数名词

*This painting is one of his greatest works. *This is a hard work to understand.

*Collecting works of art is becoming popular.

21.such famous artists as Monet,…such…as…像…那样的…

*He likes such subjects as chemistry.

*His works are kept in such a place as an art gallery or museum.

22.permanent adj.永久的，长期的

*This is my permanent address.

*They built a permanent monument to the hero.

反义词temporary 临时的，暂时的

23.art by living artists

films by contemporary video artists

by可用在名词后表示该名词由谁创作/写等

1.convey vt.输送,,表达

*Wires convey electricity from power station to users.

*We conveyed our goods to the market in an old truck.

*The pipeline conveys natural gas to the East.

*Do my words convey my meaning to you? *I can’t convey my feelings in words.

*What is it that the author wants to convey to his readers through the story?

2.express oneself表达自己的想法/意思

*I don’t know if I express myself clearly.

*He can’t express himself in good English.

3.by playing with words

play with 玩，玩弄

*Don’t play with fire.

*The baby is playing with a ball.

4.flexible adj.有弹性的；灵活的

*We can easily bend the piece of wire; it’s flexible.

*We need a more flexible foreign policy.

*I like flexible working hours.

5.Some rhyme while others do not.

While可表示对比，译作“而”

*He likes science while she likes arts.

*He likes sports while I’d rather read.

6.take it easy别紧张，放松

*The doctor said to me, “It’s nothing serious. Take it easy.”

*Please sit down and take it easy.

take one’s time慢慢来，从容不迫

*Since there is no need to hurry, we can take our time leaving.

*Take your time. You don’t have to return it now because I’m not using it today.

take …seriously当真，认真对待

*Don’t take his words seriously; he’s just joking.

7.run out of vt.用完,耗尽

run out vi.

*The petrol has run out.

*His strength/patience has run out.

*We are running out of water.

*We ran out of petrol yesterday.

8.be made up of由…组成/构成

make up(vt.)组成，构成

consist of =be made up of由…组成/构成*Women make up 60 percent of the workers in this factory.

*Different qualities make up a person’s character.

*Nine players make up a team.

*Fifty students make up the class.

在上述句子中不能用consist of，只有当上述句子改为被动后才能换成consist of。*60 percent of the workers in this factory are made up of women.

=60 percent of the workers in this factory consist of women.

*A person’s character is made up of different qualities.

=A person’s character consists of different qualities.

*A team is made up of nine players.

=A team consists of nine players.

*The class is made up of fifty students.

=The class consists of fifty students.

*How many countries does the UK consist of?

=How many countries is the UK made up of?

所以，consist of无被动态，也不能用进行时，而make up是及物的，它的被动形式是be made up of。在用分词做定语时，consist of用现在分词，be made up of用过去分词。*a team consisting of nine players

=a team made up of nine players

9.branch n.

*He climbed up the tree and hid among the branches.(树枝)

*Geometry is a branch of mathematics.(分支)

*Our company has branches in all big cities.(分支机构)

10. popular with受…欢迎

*Pop music is particularly popular with youngsters.

也可说be popular among在…中流行

*Pop music is particularly popular among

youngsters.

11.in particular特别是；特别(地)

*You should avoid eating fat meat, pork in particular.

*He likes science subjects, physics in particular.

以上两句可用particularly或especially改写：

*You should avoid eating fat meat, particularly/especially pork.

*He likes science subjects, particularly/ especially physics.

其他用法

*“What do you mean?”“Oh, nothing in particular.”

*Why did you choose that in particular? 12.eventually adv.最后，终于

*You’ll find someone here eventually.

13.of one’s own 自己的

*The couple had no children of their own. *He wants a house of his own.

on one’s own独自；靠自己的力量

*He got the job on his own.

*Can you finish it on your own?

*He left for London on his own.

*I hope to have a house of my own so that I can live on my own.

14.transform v.转化,转换,改造,改变

*Water can transform a desert into an oasis. *A steam engine transforms heat into power.

15.exchange vt.& n.交换，交流

*You two boys exchange seats.

*My brother and I often exchange Christmas gifts.

exchange views/experience交流看法/经验international exchange program国际交流项目

exchange…with…和…交换…

*May I exchange seats with you? exchange…for…用…换…

*Where can I exchange dollars for pounds? *I’d like to exchange my pen for your knife.

16.sponsor n.发起人，主办方，资助者

vt.倡议，发起，资助

*A big company is the sponsor of the TV Festival.

*A big company sponsored the TV Festival. *The TV Festival was sponsored by a big company.

17.try out试试，试验，试用

*I’ll try it out and see whether it works.

*May I try out this ball pen?

*They are trying out new teaching method.

18. let out

*When she heard this, she let out a cry.(发出)

*They let out a scream.

泄露)

1.stress

A.n.重音；压力，紧张

*The stress is on the second syllable.

*Stress and rhythm are important in speaking English.

*He doesn’t like the stress of life in a big city.

*Your illness may be caused by stress.

B.vt.强调

*The speaker stressed the need for better education.

*He stressed that we must arrive on time. 2.ban n.& vt.禁止

*We have put a ban on smoking.

*There is a ban on smoking in public places. *We’ll ban all smoking in public places.

*Swimming is banned in the lake.

3.fit adj.身体好，健康；合适

*You must keep fit，study well and work hard.

*He is always very fit.

*He is not fit for the job.

*The food is not fit to eat.

4.due

*When is the rent due?(到期)

*The plane is due at 4.(定于某时到达)

*Mary is due to leave at 4.(定于某时做某事) due to(to是介词)由于

*His absence was due to the storm.(作表语) *The delay was due to heavy traffic.

*He arrived late due to/owing to the storm.(作状语)

*Due to his carelessness, he failed in the exam.

注意:be due to do “定于某时做某事”

(be) due to+名词“由于，因为”

5.tough adj.

A.艰苦的，棘手的，困难的

*It is tough work to carry it upstairs.

*Faced with the tough task, he didn’t give in.

B.强硬的，严厉的

*Mr. Black is known as a tough teacher.

*They are prepared to adopt a tough policy.

C.坚强的，顽强的

*To be a good runner, you must be tough. 6.addicted to和accustomed to

以下词组中的to都是介词：be accustomed to 习惯于，be used to 习惯于，be addicted to 沉溺于，devote oneself to /be devoted to献身于，look forward to 盼望，object to反对，pay attention to 注意，pre fer…to…, stick to 坚持，turn to开始/转向等。

7.mental adj.脑力上的，精神上的physical adj.身体上的

*Though he is weak physically, he is strong mentally.

8.quit vt.离开;停止; vi.离职，放弃

(quitted/quit)

*You must quit England and live in a warmer country.

*The guard didn’t quit his post all night long.

*He quitted studying to take a walk.

*He has quit smoking.

*He quit his job for a better position.

*I’m going to quit next week.

9.effect n.影响，效果，作用

*The medicine has no effect on him.

*Some films have a bad effect on children. affect vt.影响

10.strengthen vt.加强; vi.变强

*His body slowly strengthened.

*He did exercise to strengthen his muscle. strong adj.

strength n.力量，力气

11.live as long and healthy a life as I have 注意下列副词后不定冠词的位置：

as/how/so/too+adj.+a/an+n.

*How clever a boy he is!

*It is so difficult a task that I can’t finish it on my own.

*It is too difficult a task to do alone.

12.prepare yourself

prepare oneself使某人自己做好准备

be prepared 做好准备

13.feel like (doing) 想(做)某事

*I don’t feel like going to the movie today. *Does anyone feel like going with me?

*Do you feel like a game of tennis?

*I feel like a cup of coffee.

*It feels like a potato.(摸起来像…)

特别注意以下结构:

It feels like+n. to do sth.做某事感觉起来像…

*It feels like a bird to glide in the sky.

*What does it feel like to be a hero?

*I don’t know what it feels like to be a winner.

14.in spite of

in spite of=despite尽管，虽然

*In spite of the heavy rain, she went out.

*In spite of all his efforts he failed.

*He came to the conference despite/in spite

of his serious illness.

in spite of和despite都只能跟单词和词组，绝不能跟句子；跟句子用though或although。

15.take a risk/take risks冒风险

*You shouldn’t take risks.

*You’re taking a risk driving so fast.

at risk=in danger处于危险中

16.get into进入某种状态/处境

*Don’t get into trouble.

*It is easier to get into debt than to get out of it.

*Who and what got you into the habit of taking drugs?

17.embarrassed adj.感到尴尬的

embarrassing adj.令人尴尬的

18.awkward adj.尴尬；别扭，局促不安；

笨拙，不好对付

*He felt awkward and uncomfortable.

*You put me in a very awkward position.

*She was an awkward skier.

*This machine is awkward to handle.

高二英语期中考试具体要求2010.4

一、听力（共两节，满分20分）

二、单项填空（共20小题，每题0.5分，共10分）

单项题考查的知识范围见附录

三、完形填空（共20小题，每题1分，共20分）

四、阅读理解（共两节，计35分）

第一节15小题，每题2分，共30分；三篇文章，要求有梯度，每篇5个问题第二节任务型阅读5小题，每题1分，共5分。

五、书面表达（共15分）

无指定

附加题

六、单词拼写（共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）

Unit 1-----Unit 3(选修6)中的除△外的常用单词，

七、短文改错（共10小题，每题1分，共10分）

新题型改错

附录单选题范围

一、语法

选修6（Unit 1---Unit 3）虚拟语气“it”的用法（形式主语、宾语，强调句）(为迎接统测，所考语法可以全面一些) 其他冠词

定语从句

人教版高中化学选修六全套课后练习题及答案解析

1．对危险化学药品要在包装标签上印有警示性标志。氢氧化钠溶液应选用的标志是() 【解析】氢氧化钠溶液具有强腐蚀性。【答案】D 2．下列说法正确的是() ①氧化性：亚甲基蓝>亚甲基白 ②氧化性：亚甲基白>亚甲基蓝 ③还原性：亚甲基白>亚甲基蓝 ④还原性：亚甲基蓝>亚甲基白 A．①③B．①④ C．②③D．②④ 被葡萄糖还原【解析】亚甲基蓝亚甲基白。被氧气氧化【答案】A 3．下列关于实验室一般事故的预防和处理方法正确的是()

A．燃着的酒精灯打翻失火，应立即用水浇灭 B．少量酸或碱滴到实验台上，立即用湿抹布擦净，再用水冲洗 C．金属镁着火时，可用干冰灭火器来扑灭 D．蒸发食盐溶液时，发生液滴飞溅现象，应立即加水冷却【答案】B 4．(2013·日照高二期末)下列选用的相关仪器符合实验要求的是() 【解析】浓硝酸具有强氧化性，不能用橡胶塞，一般用玻璃塞且用细口瓶；水和乙酸乙酯互不相溶，用分液漏斗分离；用量筒量取液体只能精确到0.1 mL；向试管中放块状固体时，应遵循“一平二放三滑入”的原则。【答案】B 5．以下各种尾气吸收装置中，适合于吸收易溶性气体，而且能防止倒吸的是()

【解析】A、B装置不能使气体流入；C装置极易发生倒吸；D能使气体溶解，且球形干燥管的“球形”部分能起到防止倒吸的作用。【答案】D 6．下列蓝瓶子实验，振荡周期最短的是() 水葡萄糖 0.1%亚甲基蓝NaO H溶液温度 A50 mL 1.5 g8滴 2 mL40 ℃ B50 mL 1.5 g10滴 2 mL40 ℃ C50 mL 1.5 g8滴 2 mL25 ℃ D50 mL 1.5 g10滴 2 mL25 ℃【解析】温度高，反应速率快，振荡周期短，C、D两项被排除；亚甲基蓝含量越少，越容易被还原，振荡周期越短，所以选A项。【答案】A 7．(2010·上海高考)下列实验操作或实验事故处理正确的是()

人教版英语选修六第一单元知识点

U1(选修六) 1.Abstract 1)Adj.深奥的，抽象的 Astronomy is an abstract subject. 天文学是一门深奥的学科。 The word “honesty” is an abstract noun. Beauty is abstract but a house is not .美是抽象的，房子是具体的。 2）V. ○1“提炼”“抽取” The workers are abstracting metal from ore.工人们正在由矿砂提炼金属。 Rubber is abstractedfrom trees.橡胶是从树木提取的。 Salt can be abstracted from sea water.盐是从海水中提取出来的。 “概括，写摘要” He is abstracting a story for a book review.他在为一篇书评撰写故事摘要。 3）n. an abstract of a lecture一个演讲的摘要 2.Would you rather have Chinese or Western-style paintings in your home? would rather do sth情愿做…. would rather sb did sth情愿sb做… 情愿做….而不愿意做…： would rather do sth than do sth = would do sth rather than do sth = prefer to do sth rather than do sth = prefer doing sth to doing sth I would rather stay at home today. 我今天宁愿待在家里。 I would rather you came here tomorrow. 我宁愿你明天来。 I would rather you hadn’t told me about it yesterday.我宁愿你昨天没有告诉我关于它。我宁愿跟你走而不愿意待在这里： I would rather go with you than stay here. I would go with you rather than stay here. I prefer to go with you rather than stay here. I prefer going with you to staying here. 3.faith n. 信任,信仰 break one's faith with sb. 对某人不守信用 keep faith with 忠于信仰; 守信 I kept faith with him.我信守了对他的诺言。 He who loses faith, loses all.失去信心的人, 失去所有。 faithful adj. 忠诚的，可靠的 have faith in 相信, 信任 in good faith 老实地；诚恳地 4.As there are so many different styles of Western art , it would be impossible to describe all of them in such a short text． salad/adv + that… so+adj+a(an)+(单数可数) (+that…) so many/few +n (复数) (+ that…)

高中化学选修三知识点总结

高中化学选修三知识点总结第一章原子结构与性质 1、电子云：用小黑点的疏密来描述电子在原子核外空间出现的机会大小所得的图形叫电子云图。离核越近，电子出现的机会大，电子云密度越大；离核越远，电子出现的机会小，电子云密度越小。 2、电子层（能层）：根据电子的能量差异和主要运动区域的不同，核外电子分别处于不同的电子层.原子由里向外对应的电子层符号分别为K、L、M、N、O、P、Q. 3、原子轨道（能级即亚层）：处于同一电子层的原子核外电子，也可以在不同类型的原子轨道上运动，分别用s、p、d、f表示不同形状的轨道，s轨道呈球形、p轨道呈纺锤形，d轨道和f轨道较复杂.各轨道的伸展方向个数依次为1、3、5、7。 4、原子核外电子的运动特征可以用电子层、原子轨道(亚层)和自旋方向来进行描述.在含有多个核外电子的原子中，不存在运动状态完全相同的两个电子。 5、原子核外电子排布原理：（1）能量最低原理:电子先占据能量低的轨道，再依次进入能量高的轨道；

（2）泡利不相容原理:每个轨道最多容纳两个自旋状态不同的电子；（3）洪特规则:在能量相同的轨道上排布时，电子尽可能分占不同的轨道，且自旋状态相同。洪特规则的特例:在等价轨道的全充满（p6、d10、f14）、半充满（p3、d5、f7）、全空时(p0、d0、f0)的状态，具有较低的能量和较大的稳定性.如24Cr [Ar]3d54s1、29Cu [Ar]3d104s1 6、根据构造原理，基态原子核外电子的排布遵循图⑴箭头所示的顺序。根据构造原理，可以将各能级按能量的差异分成能级组如图⑵所示，由下而上表示七个能级组，其能量依次升高；在同一能级组内，从左到右能量依次升高。基态原子核外电子的排布按能量由低到高的顺序依次排布。 7、第一电离能：气态电中性基态原子失去1个电子，转化为气态基态正离子所需要的能量叫做第一电离能。常用符号I1表示，单位为kJ/mol。 (1)原子核外电子排布的周期性随着原子序数的增加,元素原子的外围电子排布呈现周期性的变化: 每隔一定数目的元素，元素原子的外围电子排布重复出现从ns1到 ns2np6的周期性变化.

人教版高中英语选修7Unit1知识点详解

Part 1. Warming up 1.Do you know anyone with a mental or physical disability? disability n．伤残；无力；无能归纳拓展与disability有关的词汇： (1)able adj.有能力的；能够的；能干的 ability n．能力；能耐；本领 (2)unable adj.不能的 (3)disable vt.使丧失能力；使残疾；使不能正常运转 disabled adj.有残疾的；丧失能力的 the disabled残疾人；伤残者 She manages to lead a normal life in spite of her disabilities. 尽管身有残疾，她仍然努力像正常人一样生活。 Our ability to think and speak separates us from other mammals.思维和说话的能力使我们有别于其他哺乳动物。 His disability prevents him from doing the job.他的残疾使他无法做这项工作。 The burglars gained entry to the building after disabling the alarm.窃贼破坏报警器后便得以进入大楼。【链接训练】 As his disease has ________ him，Hawking has to sit in his wheelchair and speak through a computer. A．disabled B．unabled C．abled D．enable 2.She is proud to have taken part in competitions and to have broken a record by running two laps (800 metres) this year.她为自己参加了比赛而且在今年的800米长跑中打破了记录而感到骄傲。to have done 是不定式的完成形式, 这种形式表示不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前。e.g. She said she was sorry to have missed you. 她说她是很遗憾没有见到你。翻译下列句子: 对不起, 让你等了这么久。I’m sorry to have kept you waiting for such a long time. 真题探究 Harrison Ford is thought to be one of the few movie stars as a carpenter before. A.to work B.to be working C.to have worked D.to have been working 【命题分析】考查非谓语动词作定语,在此修饰名词the few movie stars。【答案与解析】C句意:Harrison Ford被认为是为数不多的曾经做过木匠的电影明星之一。“做过木匠”这件事发生在过去,不定式应当用完成式,表示发生过,排除A、B项。现在已经是明星,可排除D项。因此C项正确。 2.Her ambition is to become part of the national team for the next Paralympic Games. ambition n.野心;雄心 ambitious adj.有雄心的;野心勃勃的 be ambitious for sth/to do sth 对(做)某事怀有雄心/热切的希望 ambitiously adv.野心勃勃地 Eg: A boy who is ambitious/filled with ambition usually works hard.

选修六unit5知识点。

U5(选修六) 1 volcano n. 复数—volcanoes火山 an active volcano活火山 an extinct volcano死火山 a dormant volcano休眠火山 volcanology火山学 volcanologist火山学家 pianist钢琴家 physicist物理学家 Novelist小说家 2. erupt 1)（火山）爆发，喷发 Mount Vesuvius hasn’t erupted for a good many years. 维苏威火山已经多年没有爆发了。 2)（搏斗，暴力事件，噪音等）突然发生，爆发 Violence in street can erupt for no apparent reason. 街头暴力可以在没有明显原因的情况下爆发。 erupt into laughter/shouting/crying, etc.突然大笑/叫喊/大哭 He erupted into laughter without any reason. 他毫无理由地大笑起来。 3. alongside alongside= with “和” It’s a pleasure to work alongside such men. 与这样的人一起工作是一件乐事。 beside “在...旁边” The boat pulled up alongside the dock. adv. 在旁边;沿着;靠拢着;并排地 The police car pulled up alongside.那辆警车在旁边停下 4 equipment n.配备,装备 The complete equipment of the new hospital will take a year. 把这个新医院的设备配齐要化一年时间。 equip v.装备,使有准备使能够做某事 Equip ourselves with knowledge Equip the army with modern weapons 5. bored (人)厌烦的 boring （物）令人厌烦的 I am bored with the same old routine day after day. The book is boring. bore v. (尤指无聊的长话)使(人)厌烦

重点高中化学选修五知识点全汇总

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备战高中：梳理选修五知识点结构相似，在分子组成上相差一个或若干个CH2原子团的物质物质。同系物的判断要点： 1、通式相同，但通式相同不一定是同系物。 2、组成元素种类必须相同 3、结构相似指具有相似的原子连接方式，相同的官能团类别和数目。结构相似不一定完全相同，如CH3CH2CH3和(CH3)4C，前者无支链，后者有支链仍为同系物。 4、在分子组成上必须相差一个或几个CH2原子团，但通式相同组成上相差一个或几个CH2原子团不一定是同系物，如CH3CH2Br和 CH3CH2CH2Cl都是卤代烃，且组成相差一个CH2原子团，但不是同系物。（马上点标题下蓝字"高中化学"关注可获取更多学习方法、干货！） 5、同分异构体之间不是同系物。二、同分异构体化合物具有相同的分子式，但具有不同结构的现象叫做同分异构现象。具有同分异构现象的化合物互称同分异构体。 1、同分异构体的种类：

⑴碳链异构：指碳原子之间连接成不同的链状或环状结构而造成的异构。如C5H12有三种同分异构体，即正戊烷、异戊烷和新戊烷。 ⑵位置异构：指官能团或取代基在在碳链上的位置不同而造成的异构。如1—丁烯与2—丁烯、1—丙醇与2—丙醇、邻二甲苯与间二甲苯及对二甲苯。 ⑶异类异构：指官能团不同而造成的异构，也叫官能团异构。如1—丁炔与1，3—丁二烯、丙烯与环丙烷、乙醇与甲醚、丙醛与丙酮、乙酸与甲酸甲酯、葡萄糖与果糖、蔗糖与麦芽糖等。 ⑷其他异构方式：如顺反异构、对映异构（也叫做镜像异构或手性异构）等，在中学阶段的信息题中屡有涉及。各类有机物异构体情况：

高中化学选修3知识点总结

高中化学选修3知识点总结二、复习要点 1、原子结构 2、元素周期表和元素周期律 3、共价键 4、分子的空间构型 5、分子的性质 6、晶体的结构和性质（一）原子结构 1、能层和能级（1）能层和能级的划分 ①在同一个原子中，离核越近能层能量越低。 ②同一个能层的电子，能量也可能不同，还可以把它们分成能级s、p、d、f，能量由低到高依次为s、p、d、f。 ③任一能层，能级数等于能层序数。 ④s、p、d、f……可容纳的电子数依次是1、3、5、7……的两倍。 ⑤能层不同能级相同，所容纳的最多电子数相同。（2）能层、能级、原子轨道之间的关系每能层所容纳的最多电子数是：2n2（n：能层的序数）。 2、构造原理（1）构造原理是电子排入轨道的顺序，构造原理揭示了原子核外电子的能级分布。（2）构造原理是书写基态原子电子排布式的依据，也是绘制基态原子轨道表示式的主要依据之一。

（3）不同能层的能级有交错现象，如E（3d）＞E（4s）、E（4d）＞E（5s）、E（5d）＞E（6s）、E（6d）＞E（7s）、E（4f）＞E（5p）、E（4f）＞E（6s）等。原子轨道的能量关系是：ns＜（n-2）f ＜（n-1）d ＜np （4）能级组序数对应着元素周期表的周期序数，能级组原子轨道所容纳电子数目对应着每个周期的元素数目。根据构造原理，在多电子原子的电子排布中：各能层最多容纳的电子数为2n2 ；最外层不超过8个电子；次外层不超过18个电子；倒数第三层不超过32个电子。（5）基态和激发态 ①基态：最低能量状态。处于最低能量状态的原子称为基态原子。 ②激发态：较高能量状态（相对基态而言）。基态原子的电子吸收能量后，电子跃迁至较高能级时的状态。处于激发态的原子称为激发态原子。 ③原子光谱：不同元素的原子发生电子跃迁时会吸收（基态→激发态）和放出（激发态→较低激发态或基态）不同的能量（主要是光能），产生不同的光谱——原子光谱（吸收光谱和发射光谱）。利用光谱分析可以发现新元素或利用特征谱线鉴定元素。 3、电子云与原子轨道（1）电子云：电子在核外空间做高速运动，没有确定的轨道。因此，人们用“电子云”模型来描述核外电子的运动。“电子云”描述了电子在原子核外出现的概率密度分布，是核外电子运动状态的形象化描述。（2）原子轨道：不同能级上的电子出现概率约为90%的电子云空间轮廓图称为原子轨道。s电子的原子轨道呈球形对称，ns能级各有1个原子轨道；p电子的原子轨道呈纺锤形，n p能级各有3个原子轨道，相互垂直（用p x、p y、p z表示）；n d能级各有5个原子轨道；n f能级各有7个原子轨道。 4、核外电子排布规律（1）能量最低原理：在基态原子里，电子优先排布在能量最低的能级里，然后排布在能量逐渐升高的能级里。（2）泡利原理：1个原子轨道里最多只能容纳2个电子，且自旋方向相反。（3）洪特规则：电子排布在同一能级的各个轨道时，优先占据不同的轨道，且自旋方向相同。（4）洪特规则的特例：电子排布在p、d、f等能级时，当其处于全空、半充满或全充满时，即p0、d0、f0、p3、d5、f7、p6、d10、f14，整个原子的能量最低，最稳定。能量最低原理表述的是“整个原子处于能量最低状态”，而不是说电子填充到能量最低的轨道中去，泡利原理和洪特规则都使“整个原子处于能量最低状态”。电子数（5）（n-1）d能级上电子数等于10时，副族元素的族序数=n s能级电子数（二）元素周期表和元素周期律 1、元素周期表的结构元素在周期表中的位置由原子结构决定：原子核外的能层数决定元素所在的周期，原子的价电子总数决定元素所在的族。（1）原子的电子层构型和周期的划分周期是指能层（电子层）相同，按照最高能级组电子数依次增多的顺序排列的一行元素。即元素周期表中的一个横行为一个周期，周期表共有七个周期。同周期元素从左到右（除稀有气体外），元素的金属性逐渐减弱，非金属性逐渐增强。（2）原子的电子构型和族的划分族是指价电子数相同（外围电子排布相同），按照电子层数依次增加的顺序排列的一列元素。即元素周期表中的一个列为一个族（第Ⅷ族除外）。共有十八个列，十六个族。同主族周期元素从上到下，元素的金属性逐渐增强，非金属性逐渐减弱。（3）原子的电子构型和元素的分区按电子排布可把周期表里的元素划分成5个区，分别为s区、p区、d区、f区和ds区，除ds区外，区的名称来自按构造原理最后填入电子的能级的符号。 2、元素周期律

人教版英语选修七-Unit2-Robots-知识点及语法归纳

核心单词 1.desire n. 渴望vt. 想要常用结构：desire sth. 渴望得到某物 desire to do sth. 希望/渴望做某事 desire that sb. (should) do 要求…… have a desire for sth./to do sth. 渴望得到某物/希望做某事 at one’s desire 照某人的希望 We all desire happiness and health.我们都希望幸福健康。 Everyone has a desire for success, but not everyone desires to get rich. 每个人都渴望成功，但并非人人都渴望金钱。 He desires you to go to see him at once. =He desires that you should go to see him at once. 他要求你马上去见他。翻译句子（原创） ①他想接受大学教育。 ②他们要我快点回来。 ③我请他立即回信。 ④她要你立即见她。 ⑤她应邀演奏了一曲。解析：①He desired a college education. ②They desire me to return soon. ③I desire an immediate answer of his. ④She desires that you (should) see her at once. ⑤She played a piece at others’desire/by desire. 2.alarm n.警报vt.使……惊恐 We were much alarmed by the fire in the forest. 森林失火使我们大为惊慌。常用结构：give /raise the alarm 发警报 ring the alarm 敲警钟 sound the alarm 发警报; 吹警报号 take (the) alarm at 对……感到吃惊; 因……而惊恐 be alarmed at ... 被……吓一跳 As soon as he saw the smoke, he sounded the alarm. 一看见烟雾，他就鸣响了警报。翻译句子 ①看到孩子们在返校时遭遇车祸的消息，家长们很害怕。 ②看到大火，社区的居民发出警报。答案：①The parents took (the) alarm at the news that their children caught a traffic accident when returning the school. ②The residents in the community raised the alarm when seeing the great fire. 3.accompany vt. 陪伴常用结构：accompany sb. to a place 陪伴某人去某地 accompany sth. with/by sth. 与……同时存在 He accompanied his old father to the hospital to see what’s wrong with his stomach. 他陪他的老父亲去医院查看胃部出了什么问题。

XX年高考英语选修七Module 1知识点单元总复习教案

XX年高考英语选修七Module 1知识点单元总复习教案 www.5y https://www.wendangku.net/doc/d718209399.html,XX届高考英语一轮单元总复习讲义精品荟萃外研版选修七module1 知识详解 ①hold v．拿，握；保持；占据；容纳；举行n．抓；握 whichrecorddotheybothhold? 他们两个人保持了什么记录？【归纳总结】【例句探源】 ①Themovietheatercanholds500people. 这家电影院能容纳500人。 ②Heheldontotherope，andslippeddownthecliffslowly. 他紧紧抓住绳索，慢慢向悬崖下滑去。 ③They’llhavetosurrender—theycan’tholdoutforever. 他们迟早得投降，不可能永远守得住。 ④The30thSummerolympicGameswillbeheldinLondoninXX.

第30届夏季奥林匹克运动会将于XX年在伦敦举行。【即境活用】．youhavetobeafairlygoodspeakerto________listen ers’interestforoveranhour. A．hold B．make c．improve D．receive 解析：选A。句意：你是一个相当好的演说家，能抓住听众的兴趣达1个多小时之久。holdone’sinterest是固定搭配，意为：吸引某人的兴趣。 2.—IsPeterthere? —________，please.I’llseeifIcanfindhimforyou. A．Holdup B．Holdon c．Holdout D．Holdoff 解析：选B。句意：——是彼得吗？——请稍等,我帮你去找找看有没有这个人。本题是电话用语，holdon别挂，等会儿，等等，坚持；holdup耽搁，支撑；holdout维持，持续；holdoff拖延，推迟。 ②attend v．上；参加；出席；照顾;护理

高中英语选修六Unit2 poems单元知识点

Unit2 poems 1.convey vt. 1)输送, 搬运, 运输（from …to …）传达, 表达(感情,意见, 思想)表明,说明( convey + clause) convey sth. to sb. 向某人传达/运送某物 convey sth./sb. to some place. 把某物/人送到某地 convey one’s feelings/thanks to sb. 向某人表达某种感情/谢意 The train conveys both goods and passengers. I found it hard to convey my feelings in words . He tried to convey how urgent the situation was. 易混辨析 convey/transfer/transport convey 指将物/人从一地运送到另一地，或指语言，信息等的传递。 transport 基本含义是运送。但该词通常局限于用交通工具运送货物和人 transfer 主要指工作地点的变换、住所及物体的转移，还可以指旅途中交通工具的变换，如转车、转船等。也可指把财产转让给他人。 2.concrete adj.具体的n.混凝土；凝结物 . e.g. You need to offer concrete evidences to support your idea. It is easier to think in concrete terms rather than in the abstract Concrete is very strong and is used in many modern buildings. 3.contradictory adj. 引起矛盾的；好反驳的vt. Contradict n. contradiction The evidence seems contradictory to our findings. His public speeches are in direct contradiction to his personal lifestyle. All evening his husband contradicted everything she said. 4.flexible : adj.灵活的；可弯曲的adv: flexibly n: flexibility e.g. (1) The government needs a more flexible approach to education. (2) We can be flexible about your starting date. (3) Computers offer a much greater degree of flexibility in the way work is organized 5.pattern n.模式，方式，形式 The illness doesn’t seem to follow its usual pattern. 2）n.图案 She wore a dress with a pattern of roses on it.

选修八 Unit2 知识点(学生版)1

选修八Unit2 知识点 Ⅰ单词 1.differ :vi 不同，相异；意见不合 differ from : 与…不同 differ in : 在…方面不同 differ with sb on/about sth :与某人在某事上意见不同 be different from :不同于 be different in : 在…不同 make a/no difference （to）: 有/无关系（影响、作用） ①中文与英文在许多方面不同。 Chinese English many different aspects. ②The husband differs his wife who is to take charge of the money. ③﹙与我无关﹚ whether you are going to stay. 2.undertake :v 从事，承担，负责，保证（undertook,undertaken） Undertake a task/responsibility :承担任务/责任 Undertake to do sth : 承诺/答应/着手做某事 Undertake that : 保证… ① She ﹙将负责组织工作﹚of the whole project. ② I ﹙保证一周内还钱﹚ ③ The travel agent ﹙保证你会喜欢这次旅行﹚. 3 object :vi 反对；不赞成，抗议 N 物体，目标，对象 Objection ：n 不赞成，反对，异议 Objective ：adj 客观的;基于事实的 Object to sb/sth :反对，抗议… Object that ：抗议… Have an/no objection to (doing) sth : (不)反对… Raise a storm of objections ：引起一阵强烈的反对 There is no objection to sth :没设么不可以的 ①犀利哥是同情的对象。 Brother sharp . ②母亲反对说,吉米身体太虚弱,不能承担那份工作. Mother objected . ③我们反对因为一个人的错误而惩罚整体. We for one person's fault. ④他反对我提出的建议。 He . 4 obtain : v. 获得;赢得 ①他没有获得奖学金. He failed to . obtain/acquire/gain/earn/achieve/get ①我终于设法弄到了这个报告的副本 I finally managed to a copy of the report. ②我们应该努力养成好习惯。 We should try to good habits. ③他发现赚点额外收入很容易。 He found it easy to extra money ④然而，只有共同奋斗才能实现目标 But we can only together ⑤上星期天你收到我的电报了吗 ? Did you my telegram last Sunday ? 5.altogether : adv ①完全地 (用于否定句中表部分否定) 他对自己的新房子不尽满意。 He his new house . ②全部，合计 (in total) I spent ￡ 100 on the present. ③总之，the meeting was a success. 6 .Owe : vt 欠(账，钱，人情等)；把…归功于 Owing ：adj 未付的，欠的 Owe sb sth =owe sth to sb欠某人某物 Owe …to …欠…；把…归功于 Owing to…因为，由于 ①你欠我一个礼物。You owe me a present. ②体育课因雨取消了。 , PE class was cancelled . ③Jack (认为他的成功更多是靠运气而不是靠能力) 7 bother vt. 烦扰;打扰; vi.操心;麻烦; n.麻烦,麻烦的事;引起麻烦的人或事 bother sb. with/about sth. 为某事打扰或烦扰某人 bother to do ... 费力做…… bother with/about sth. 操心做某事 It bothers sb that/ to do sth 做某事使某人不安 ①我不能因为自己那点小事就去打扰他 I can't my little affairs. ②你不必特地来我办公室. You needn't to my office。 ③那问题已经困扰了我几个星期. The problem me for weeks ④别为我担心 ⑤我毫不费力地找到了那座房子. I found the house . 8 strike : v 打，击；突然想到；罢工；(钟)敲/鸣；划(火柴)； (灾难，疾病)侵袭，爆发； It strikes sb …某人突然想到…(sth strikes sb) Be/go on strike :罢工 Strike …into one's heart :使…刻骨铭心 ①当我路过的时候，钟敲12点。 When I was passing by, I . ②我突然想起我没关煤气。 . ③趁热打铁。 . ④非典袭击了那个地区。 9 resist v.抵抗;对抗resistance n. 抵抗,反抗;抵抗力 resistant adj. 抵抗的,有抵抗力的 resist sth. 抵制;阻挡某事 resist doing sth. 反对做某事 can't resist doing sth. 忍不住做某事 be resistant to sb./sth. 对某人/某事有抵抗力 ①健康的身体能抵御疾病 A healthy body ②我忍不住要笑 ③这种作物具有抗寒性. This plant cold weather Ⅱ词组 1.Pay off ：偿清债款；得到好结果；付清工资解雇 ①最后，他的努力得到了回报 At last, . ②你的计划成功了吗？ pay for ：为…付款；为…付出代价 Pay back ：还钱；报复

高中化学选修2知识点总结

化学选修2《化学与技术》第一单元走进化学工业教学重点（难点）： 1、化工生产过程中的基本问题。 2、工业制硫酸的生产原理。平衡移动原理及其对化工生产中条件控制的意义和作用。 3、合成氨的反应原理。合成氨生产的适宜条件。 4、氨碱法的生产原理。复杂盐溶液中固体物质的结晶、分离和提纯。知识归纳：

资料：一、硫酸的用途肥料的生产。硫酸铵（俗称硫铵或肥田粉）：2NH 3 + H 2SO 4＝(NH 4)2SO 4；和过磷酸钙（俗称过磷酸石灰或普钙）：Ca 3(PO 4)2 + 2H 2SO 4＝Ca(H 2PO 4)2 + 2CaSO 4；浓硫酸的氧化性。（ 1） 2Fe + 6H 2SO 4 (浓) Fe 2 (SO 4)3 + 3SO 2 ↑ + 6H 2O （铝一样）（2）C + 2H 2SO 4 ( 浓) 2SO 2 ↑ + CO 2 ↑+ 2H 2O S + 2H 2SO 4 (浓) 3SO 2 ↑ + 2H 2O

2P + 5H2SO4(浓) 2H3PO4 + 5SO2↑ + 2H2O （3）H2S + H2SO4 (浓) = S + SO2↑ + 2H2O 2HBr + H2SO4 (浓) = Br2↑ + SO2 ↑ + 2H2O 8HI + H2SO4(浓) = 4I2 + H2S ↑ + 4H2O （4）2NaBr + 3H2SO4 (浓) = 2NaHSO4 + Br2↑ + SO2↑ + 2H2O 2FeS + 6H2SO4(浓) = Fe2(SO4)3 + 2S ↓ + 3SO2↑ + 6H2O （5）当浓硫酸加入胆矾时，浓硫酸吸水，胆矾脱水，产生白色沉淀。二、氨气 1、氮肥工业原料与酸反应生成铵盐 2、硝酸工业原料能被催化氧化成为NO 4NH3+5O2=4NO+6H2O （Pt-Rh 高温） 3、用作制冷剂易液化，汽化时吸收大量的热三、纯碱烧碱（学名氢氧化钠）是可溶性的强碱。它与纯碱并列，在工业上叫做“两碱”。烧碱和纯碱都易溶于水，呈强碱性，都能提供Na＋离子。 1、普通肥皂。高级脂肪酸的钠盐，一般用油脂在略为过量的烧碱作用下进行皂化而制得的。如果直接用脂肪酸作原料，也可以用纯碱来代替烧碱制肥皂。第二单元化学与资源开发利用教学重点（难点）： 1、天然水净化和污水处理的化学原理，化学再水处理中的应用和意义。硬水的软化。中和法和沉淀法在污水处理中的应用。 2、海水晒盐。海水提镁和海水提溴的原理和简单过程。氯碱工业的基本反应原理。从海水中获取有用物质的不同方法和流程。 3、石油、煤和天然气综合利用的新进展。

(完整版)外研版高中英语选修六1-6单元知识点归纳

外研版高中英语选修六1-6单元知识点归纳 Module 1 【词条1】lack 【点拨】lack动词, 意为"缺乏,没有"。如: He is good at his job but he seems to lack confidence. What he lacks in experience he makes up for in enthusiasm. 【拓展】 1. lack的常用短语有:be lacking"欠缺,缺乏"；be lacking in"缺乏(某种品质、特点等)"；lack (for) nothing"应有尽有"。如: Money for the project is still lacking. I think the film is lacking in pace. They have got everything ready and they lack for nothing. 2. lack还可作名词,常与of连用,意为"缺乏,没有"。for lack of "因为缺乏……"。如: The work had to be stopped for lack of funds. The flowers withered for lack of water. 【词条2】reply 【点拨】名词,意为"回答,答复",常与介词to 连用。如: Is it a reply to the first or the second letter? To my anger, she made no reply to my question. 其常用在短语in reply to中,意为"作为对……的回答,回复"。如: What did he do in reply to your challenge? 【拓展】reply也可作动词,意为"回答,答复",reply (to ... / that ...) 。如: The teacher gave me no chance to reply to her question. Lily replied that she knew nothing about it. 【词条3】apology 【点拨】apology名词,意为"道歉,歉意",常用于短语:offer / make an apology to sb."向某人道歉", accept an apology"接受道歉"。如: It’s impolite of you to leave without a word of apology. In my judgment, we should accept their apology. You’d better make an apology for your absence. 【拓展】其动词形式为apologize,意为"道歉,表示歉意",常用短语为: apologize to sb.(for sth.)"(因某事)向某人道歉"。如: I must apologize for not being able to meet you that day. I think Tom might have apologized to Jane for what he did. 经典短语透视【短语1】think of 【点拨】think of可意为"想起,想出"。如: The photo made me think of my child-hood. It was Tom who thought of the good plan.

课文知识点 选修6(2)