英语语言学树形图举例

树形图详细讲解

1. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences.

a) The old lady suddenly left.

Det A N Qual V

b) The car stopped at the end of the road.

Det N V P Det N P Det N

c) The snow might have blocked the road.

Det N Aux Aux V Det N

d) He never appears quite mature.

N Qual V Deg A

2. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each.

a) full of people

AP

A P N

full of people

b) a story about a sentimental girl

NP

NP PP

Det N P NP

Det A N

a story about a sentimental girl

c) often read detective stories

VP

Qual V NP

A N

often read detective stories

d) the argument against the proposals

NP

NP PP

Det N P NP

e) move towards the window

VP

V PP

P Det N

move towards the window

3. Draw phrase structure trees for each of the following sentences.

a) The jet landed.

InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

Det N Pst V

The jet landed

b) Mary became very ill.

InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

N Pst V AP

Deg A

Mary became very ill

c) What will you talk about?

CP

NP C S

N Infl NP Infl VP

VP NP

V P N

S

NP VP

Det N Aux V NP

The apple might hit the man

OR

InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

Det N V NP

Det N

The apple might hit the man

e) He often reads detective stories.

S

NP VP

N Qual V NP

A N

He often reads etective stories

OR

InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

Present

N Qual V NP

A N

He often reads etective stories

4. The following sentences contain modifiers of various types. For each sentence, first identify the modifier(s), then draw the tree structures.

a) A frightened passenger landed the crippled airplane.

InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

Det A N Pst V NP

A frightened passenger landed the crippled airplane

b) A huge moon hung in the black sky.

InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

Det A N Pst V PP

P NP

Det A N

A huge moon hung in the black sky

c) An unusual event occurred before the meeting.

InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

Det A N Pst V PP

P NP

Det N

An unusual event occurred before the meeting

d) A quaint old house appeared on the grassy hill.

InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

Det A NP Pst V PP

A N P NP

Det A N

A quaint old house appeared on the grassy hill

5. The following sentences all contain conjoined categories. Draw a tree structure for each of the sentences.

a) Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants.

InflP(=S)

NP VP

N Aux V NP

Det A NP

N CON N

Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants OR

InflP(=S)

NP VP

N Infl V NP

Det A NP

N CON N

Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants b) Helen put on her clothes and went out.

S

NP VP

N VP CON VP

VP NP V Adv

V P Det N

Helen put on her clothes and went out

OR

InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

N Pst VP CON VP

VP NP V Adv

V P Det N

c) Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics.

S

NP VP

N VP CON VP

VP NP VP NP

V A P N V A P N

Mary is fond of literature but (is) tired of statistics

OR

InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

N Pres VP CON VP

VP NP VP NP

V A P N V A P N

Mary is fond of literature but (is) tired of statistics

d) The detective went out and the mysterious man came in.

S

S CON S

NP VP NP VP

Det N V Adv Det A N V Adv

The detective went out and the mysterious man came in

e) Crusoe knows that spring will come and the snow will melt.

S

NP VP

CP

N V C S

S CON S

NP VP NP VP

Crusoe knows that spring will come and the snow will melt

6. The following sentences all contain embedded clauses that function as complements of a verb, an adjective, a preposition or a noun. Draw a tree structure for each sentence.

a) You know that I hate war.

S

NP VP

CP

N V C S

NP VP

NP

N V N

You know that I hate war

OR CP

C InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

CP

N Pres V C S

NP VP

N V NP

N

You know that I hate war

b) He said that Tom asked whether the class was over.

S

NP VP

CP

N V C S

NP VP

CP

N V C S

NP VP

He said that Tom asked whether the class was over

c) Gerry can’t believe the fact that Anna flunked the English exam.

S

NP VP

N VP NP

CP

Aux Neg V NP C S

Det N NP VP

N V NP

Det A N

Gerry can not believe the fact thatAnna flunked the English exam d) Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce.

S

NP VP

CP

N VL A C S

NP VP

Det N V NP NP

N Det N

Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce

e) The children argued over whether bats had wings.

S

NP VP

CP

Det N VP C S

V P NP VP

N V NP

N

The children argued over whether bats had wings

trees for each of the sentences.

a) The essay that he wrote was too long.

Deep structure

CP

C S

NP VP

Det N CP V AP

C S Deg A

NP Infl VP

N V NP

N

The essay he wrote that was too long

Surface Structure

CP

C S

NP VP

Det N CP V AP

C S Deg P

NP NP Infl VP

N N Pst V NP

N

The was too long

b) The dog that he keeps bites.

Deep structure

CP

NP VP Det N CP V

C Infl S

Pres NP VP

N V NP

N

The dog he keeps that bites

Surface Structure

CP

C S

NP VP Det N CP V

C S

NP NP Infl VP

N N Pres V NP

N

The dog bites

c) Herbert found the man she loved.

CP

C S

NP VP

N Infl V NP

CP

Det N C S

NP Infl VP

NP

N V

N Herbert found the man she loved who

Surface Structure

CP

C S

NP VP

N Infl V NP

CP

Det N S

C

NP Infl VP

NP NP

N V

N N Herbert found the

Deep structure

CP

C S

NP VP

Det N CP V PP

P NP

C Infl S

N

NP VP

PP

N Qual VP NP

V P N

The girl he often quarrels with whom majors in linguistics

Surface Structure

CP

C S

NP VP

Det N CP V PP

P NP

C S

N

NP NP Infl VP

PP

N N Qual VP NP

V P N

The girl majors in linguistics

8. The derivations of the following sentences involve the inversion transformation. Give the deep structure and the surface structure trees for each of these sentences.

a) Would you come tomorrow?

Deep structure

CP

C S

VP

NP AdvP

N Infl V Adv

you would come tomorrow

Surface structure

CP

C S

VP

NP AdvP

Infl

N Infl V Adv

come tomorrow

b) Can you pass me the newspaper?

Deep structure

CP

C S

VP

NP NP

N Infl V N Det N

you can pass me the newspaper

CP

C S

VP

Infl NP NP NP

N Infl V N Det N

pass me the newspaper

c) Should the students report the incident?

Deep structure

CP

C S

VP

NP NP

Det N Infl V Det N

the students should report the incident

Surface structure

CP

C S

VP

Infl NP NP

Det N Infl V Det N

report the incident

d) What did you eat for lunch?

Deep structure

CP

C S

VP

NP PP

NP NP

N Infl V P

you did eat what for lunch

Surface structure

CP

NP C S

VP

Infl NP PP

NP NP N N Infl V P

N N

for lunch

e) Who should this be reported to ?

Deep structure

CP

C S

VP

NP PP

VP NP

N Infl V V P

N

this should be reported to whom

Surface structure

CP

NP C S

VP

N Infl NP PP

f) What was Helen bringing to the party?

Deep structure

CP

C S

VP

NP PP

NP NP

N Infl V P

N Det N

Helen was bringing what to the party

Surface structure

CP

NP C S

VP

N Infl NP PP

NP NP

N Infl V P

N Det N

to the party

语言学习题答案

1. Q: What is the scope of linguistics? The scope of linguistics can be illustrated as: 1) General linguistics: the study of language as whole. It deals with the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study. 2) Phonetics: the study of sounds used in communication. 3) Phonology: the study about how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication. 4) Morphology: the study of the way in which symbols/morphemes are arranged to form words. 5) Syntax: the study of the rules about the combination of words to form permisible sentences. 6) Semantics: the study of meaning. 7) Pragmatics: the study of meaning in the context of use. And the Interdisciplinary branches. 1) Sociolinguistics 2) Psycholingu istics …………… 2. Q: What makes modern linguistics different from traditional grammar? Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar in several basic ways: firstly, modern linguistics is descriptive, it describes the language as it is; while traditional grammar is prescriptive, it

英语语言学树形图举例

树形图详细讲解 1. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences. a) The old lady suddenly left. Det A N Qual V b) The car stopped at the end of the road. Det N V P Det N P Det N c) The snow might have blocked the road. Det N Aux Aux V Det N d) He never appears quite mature. N Qual V Deg A 2. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each. a) full of people AP A P N full of people b) a story about a sentimental girl NP NP PP Det N P NP Det A N a story about a sentimental girl c) often read detective stories VP Qual V NP A N often read detective stories d) the argument against the proposals NP NP PP Det N P NP

e) move towards the window VP V PP P Det N move towards the window 3. Draw phrase structure trees for each of the following sentences. a) The jet landed. InflP(=S) NP Infl VP Det N Pst V The jet landed b) Mary became very ill. InflP(=S) NP Infl VP N Pst V AP Deg A Mary became very ill c) What will you talk about? CP NP C S N Infl NP Infl VP VP NP V P N d) The apple might hit the man. S NP VP Det N Aux V NP Det N The apple might hit the man

语言学树形图课后答案.

树形图详细讲解 网上的相对理想的树形图答案，注意正两 点： 1. 短语和中心词在一竖线上 2. 含有形容词修饰语的名词短语的画法 NP Det N A N a little boy 1. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences. a) The old lady suddenly left. Det A N Qual V b) The car stopped at the end of the road. Det N V P Det N P Det N c) The snow might have blocked the road. Det N Aux Aux V Det N d) He never appears quite mature. N Qual V Deg A 2. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each. a) full of people AP A P N

full of people b) a story about a sentimental girl NP NP PP Det N P NP Det A N a story about a sentimental girl c) often read detective stories VP Qual V NP A N often read detective stories

语言学概论习题课堂习题答案版

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语言学课后答案7

1. Anthropological Study of Linguistics: aims to look at the relationships between language and culture in a speech community. For this reason, it can alternatively be called anthropological linguistics. More specifically, practitioners of the field want to know more about a given community by examining the correlation between the tradition of the community, beliefs, and social behavior of community members and their language use in different contexts of communication. Communication: is an information process taking place between at least two parties or persons. Communicative Competence:is a sociolinguistic rule put forward by Dell Hymes in contrast with the “competence” vs. “performance” dichotomy in theoretic linguistics. Context of Situation: is a framework put forward by Firth. This theory has the following elements (Firth, 1950: 43-44 [Palmer, 1981: 53-54]). A. The relevant features of the participants: persons, personalities: (i) The verbal action of the participants. (ii) The non-verbal action of the participants. B. The relevant objects. C. The effects of the verbal action.

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徐通锵 叶蜚声 《语言学纲要》学习指导书课后习题答案

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英语语言学树形图举例word精品

树形图详细讲解 1. In dicate the category of each word in the follow ing senten ces. a) The old lady sudde nly left. Det A N Qual V b) The car stopped at the end of the road. Det N V P Det N P Det N c) The snow might have blocked the road. Det N Aux Aux V Det N d) He n ever appears quite mature. N Qual V Deg A 2. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each. b) a story about a sen time ntal girl NP Det A N a story about a sen time ntal girl c) ofte n read detective stories Qual V NP ofte n read detective stories d) the argume nt aga inst the proposals NP NP a) full of people AP full of people NP PP VP Det N

八 Det N the argume nt aga inst the proposals

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