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一．名词

I. 名词的种类：

专有名词普通名词

国名.地名.人名，

团体.机构名称可数名词不可数名词

个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词

II. 名词的数：

1. 规则名词的复数形式：

名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：

规则例词

1 一般情况在词尾加-s map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days

2 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-es class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dis h-dishes

3 以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-es leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-kniv es, loaf-loaves, wife-wives

加-s belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs

4 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-es party-parties, family-families, stor y-stories, city-cities

5 以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-s toy-toys, boy-boy s, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys

6 以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-es hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-po

tatoes, tomato-tomatoes

不少外来词加-s piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos

两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos

7 以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos

8 以-th结尾的名词加-s truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,

2. 不规则名词复数：

英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：

规则例词

1 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose -geese, mouse-mice

2 单复数相同sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin,

3 只有复数形式ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, con tents

4 一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police, cattle, staff

5 部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）audience, class, f amily, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, p ublic, enemy, party

6 复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), b rains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟)

7 表示“某国人” 加-s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europ eans

单复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese

以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-women Englishmen, Frenchwomen

8 合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-telle rs, boy friends

无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches

将两部分变为复数women singers, men servants

III. 名词的所有格：

名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加’s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。

1. ’s所有格的构成：

单数名词在末尾加’s the boy’s father, Jack’s book, her son-in-law’s photo,

复数名词一般在末尾加’ the teachers’ room, the twins’ mother,

不规则复数名词后加’s the children’s toys, women’s rights,

以s结尾的人名所有格加’s或者’ Dickens’ novels, Charles’s job, the Smiths’ ho use

表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加’s Japan’s and America’s problems, J ane’s and Mary’s bikes

表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加’s Japan and America’s problems, Jane and Mary’s father

表示＂某人家＂＂店铺＂，所有格后名词省略the doctor’s, the barber’s, the tai lor’s, my uncle’s

2. ’s所有格的用法：

１表示时间today’s newspaper, five weeks’ holiday

2 表示自然现象the earth’s atmosphere, the tree’s branches

3 表示国家城市等地方的名词the country’s plan, the world’s population, Chin a’s industry

4 表示工作群体the ship’s crew, majority’s view, the team’s victory

5 表示度量衡及价值a mile’s journey, five dollars’ worth of apples

6 与人类活动有特殊关系的名词the life’s time, the play’s plot

7 某些固定词组a bird’s eye view, a stone’s throw, at one’s wit’s end(不知所措)

3. of所有格的用法：

用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book

用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year stud ents

用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed

二．冠词

冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。

I. 不定冠词的用法：

1 指一类人或事，相当于a kind of A plane is a machine that can fly.

2 第一次提及某人某物，非特指A boy is waiting for you.

3 表示“每一”相当于every，one We study eight hours a day.

4 表示“相同”相当于the same We are nearly of an age.

5 用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out

That boy is rather a Lei Feng.

6 用于固定词组中A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time

7 用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后This room is rather a big one.

8 用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish t o meet.

II. 定冠词的用法：

1 表示某一类人或物The horse is a useful animal.

2 用于世上独一无二的事物名词前the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean

3 表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事Would you mind opening the door?

4 用于乐器前面play the violin, play the guitar

5 用于形容词和分词前表示一类人the reach, the living, the wounded

6 表示“一家人”或“夫妇” the Greens, the Wangs

7 用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前He is the taller of the two childre

n.

8 用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前the United States, the Co mmunist Party of China, the French

9 用于表示发明物的单数名词前The compass was invented in China.

10 在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代in the 1990’s

11 用于表示单位的名词前I hired the car by the hour.

12 用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间的词组前He patted me on the shoulder.

III. 零冠词的用法：

1 专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air

2 名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制I want this book, n ot that one. / Whose purse is this?

3 季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前March, Sunday, National Day, spri ng

4 表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前Lincoln was made President of America.

5 学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前He likes playing football/chess.

6 与by连用表示交通工具的名词前by train, by air, by land

7 以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night

8 表示泛指的复数名词前Horses are useful animals.

三．代词：

I. 代词可以分为以下七大类：

1 人称代词主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they

宾格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them

2 物主代词形容词性my, your, his, her, its, our, their

名词性mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs

3 反身代词myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, them selves

4 指示代词this, that, these, those, such, some

5 疑问代词who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever

6 关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose, as

7 不定代词one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little,

other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either

II. 不定代词用法注意点：

1. one, some与any:

1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。

One should learn to think of others.

Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t h ave any bookmarks.

I have some questions to ask.

2) some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。

Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money?

3) some 和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。

I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any.

4) some和数词连用表示“大约”，any可与比较级连用表示程度。

There are some 3,000 students in this school. Do you feel any better today?

2. each和every:

each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。

Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We ea ch have a dictionary.

Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and

weak points.

3. none和no：

no等于not any，作定语。none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以。

There is no water in the bottle.

How much water is there in the bottle? None.

None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.

4. other和another:

1) other泛指“另外的，别的”常与其他词连用，如：the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way,

the other特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others。如：

He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.

Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.

2) another指“又一个，另一个”无所指，复数形式是others，泛指“别的人或事”如：

I don’t like this shirt, please show me another (one).

The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others.

Some like football, while others like basketball.

5. all和both, neither和either

all表示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数。both和all加否定词表示部分否定，全部否定用neither和none.

All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English.

Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher.

四．形容词和副词

I. 形容词：

1. 形容词的位置：

1) 形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况后置：

1 修饰some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等构成的复合不定代词时nobo dy absent, everything possible

2 以-able, -ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰的名词之后the best book available, the only solution possible

3 alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以后置the only person awake

4 和空间、时间、单位连用时a bridge 50 meters long

5 成对的形容词可以后置a huge room simple and beautiful

6 形容词短语一般后置a man difficult to get on with

2) 多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序：

代词数词性状形容词

冠词前的形容词冠词

指示代词

不定代词

代词所有格序数词基数词性质

状态大小

长短

形状新旧

温度颜色国籍

产地材料

质地名词

all

both

such the

a

this

another

your second

next one

four beautiful

good

poor large

short

square new

cool black

yellow Chinese

London silk

stone

3) 复合形容词的构成：

1 形容词+名词+ed kind-hearted 6 名词+形容词world-famous

2 形容词+形容词dark-blue 7 名词+现在分词peace-loving

3 形容词+现在分词ordinary-looking 8 名词+过去分词snow-covered

4 副词+现在分词hard-working 9 数词+名词+ed three-egged

5 副词+过去分词newly-built 10 数词+名词twenty-year

II. 副词

副词的分类：

1 时间副词soon, now, early, finally, once, recently 5 频度副词always, often, frequently, seldom, never

2 地点副词here, nearby, outside, upwards, above 6 疑问副词how, where, wh en, why

3 方式副词hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really 7 连接副词how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile

4 程度副词almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather 8 关系副词when, where, why

III. 形容词和副词比较等级：

形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一

般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est，多音节和一些双音节词前加more 和most。

1. 同级比较时常常用as…as…以及not so(as)…as…如：I am not so good a pl ayer as you are.

2. 可以修饰比较级的词有：much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, y et, by far, any, a great deal。

3. 表示一方随另一方变化时用“the more…the more…”句型。如：The harder yo u work, the more progress you will make.

4. 用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如：I have never spent a more worrying da y.

5. 表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型：

Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours.

6. 表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：favourite, excellent, extr eme, perfect。

五．介词

I. 介词分类：

1 简单介词about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, dur ing, in, on

2 合成介词inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, withou t

3 短语介词according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, than ks to

4 双重介词from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between

5 分词转化成的介词considering(就而论), including

6 形容词转化成的介词like, unlike, near, next, opposite

II. 常用介词区别：

1 表示时间的in, on, at at表示片刻的时间，in表示一段的时间，on总是与日子有关

2 表示时间的since, from since 指从过去到现在的一段时间，和完成时连用，fr om指从时间的某一点开始

3 表示时间的in, after in指在一段时间之后，after表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间中

4 表示地理位置的in, on, to in表示在某范围内，on指与什么毗邻，to指在某环境范围之外

5 表示“在…上”的on, in on只表示在某物的表面上，in表示占去某物一部分

6 表示“穿过”的through, across through表示从内部通过，与in有关，across表示在表面上通过，与on有关

7 表示“关于”的about, on about指涉及到，on指专门论述

8 between与among的区别between表示在两者之间，among用于三者或三者以上的中间

9 besides与except的区别besides指“除了…还有再加上”，except指“除了，减去什么”，不放在句首

10 表示“用”的in, with with表示具体的工具，in表示材料，方式，方法，度量，单位，语言，声音

11 as与like的区别as意为“作为，以…地位或身份”，like为“象…一样”，指情形相似

12 in与into区别in通常表示位置（静态），into表示动向，不表示目的地或位置

六．动词

I. 动词的时态：

1. 动词的时态一共有16种，以ask为例，将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下：现在时过去时将来时过去将来时

一般ask / asks asked shall/will ask should/would ask

进行am/is/are asking was/were asking shall/will be asking should/would be as king

完成have/has asked had asked shall/will have asked should/would have asked 完成进行have/has been asking had been asking shall/will have been asking sh ould/would have been asking

2. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：

1) 现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况，但和现在有联系，强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果，它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“已经”等词。简言之，利用过去，说明现在。如：

I have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer. (已经看过，且了解这本书的内容)

2) 一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态，和现在无关，它可和表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“过”，“了”等词。简言之，仅谈过去，不关现在。如：

I read the novel last month. (只说明上个月看了，不涉及现在是否记住)

I lived in Beijing for ten years.（只说明在北京住过十年，与现在无关）

3. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别：

两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”，在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时，多用现在完成时，如着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性时，则多用现在完成进行时。一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。

I have read that book.我读过那本书了。

I have been reading that book all the morning. 我早上一直在读那本书。

4. 一般将来时的表达方式：

将来时用法例句

1 will/shall+动词原形表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态My sister will be ten next year.

2 be going to+动词原形含有“打算，计划，即将”做某事，或表示很有可能要发生某事It’s going to clear up.

We’re going to have a party tonight.

3 be + doing 进行时表示将来go, come, start, move, leave, arrive等词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作He is moving to the south.

Are they leaving for Europe?

4 be about to + 动词原形表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作，后面一般不跟时间状语I was about to leave when the bell rang.

The meeting is about to close.

5 be to + 动词原形表示按计划进行或征求对方意见We’re to meet at the sc hool gate at noon.

6 一般现在时表示将来时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般现在时表示将来The meeting starts at five o’clock.

The plane leaves at ten this evening.

II. 动词的被动语态：

常用被动语态构成常用被动语态构成

1 一般现在时am/is/are asked 6 过去进行时was/were being asked

2 一般过去时was/were asked 7 现在完成时have/has been asked

3 一般将来时shall/will be asked 8 过去完成时had been asked

4 过去将来时should/would be asked 9 将来完成时will/would have been aske d

5 现在进行时am/is/are being asked 10 含有情态动词的can/must/may be aske d

注

意

事

项被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not，短语动词的被动态

不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构be

going to, used to, have to, had better变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动态。如：

Trees should not be planted in summer. / The boy was made fun of by his cl assmates.

Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl.

汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如：

It is believed that… It is generally considered that… It is said that…

It is well known that… It must be pointed out that… It is supposed that…

It is reported that… It must be admitted that… It is hoped that…

下面主动形式常表示被动意义：如：

The window wants/needs/requires repairing. The book is worth reading twice. The door won’t shut. / The play won’t act. The clothes washes well. / The bo ok sells well.

The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold.

下面词或短语没有被动态：

leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, hav e, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart等等

七．情态动词

I. 情态动词基本用法：

情态动词用法否定式疑问式与简答

can 能力（体力，智力，技能）

允许或许可（口语中常用）

可能性（表猜测，用于否定句或疑问句中）can not / cannot /can’t do Can…d o…?

Yes,…can.

No,…can’t.

could couldn’t do

may 可以（问句中表示请求）

可能，或许（表推测）

祝愿（用于倒装句中）may not do May…do…? Yes,…may. No,…mustn’t/can’t.

might might not do Might…do…? Yes,…might

No,…might not.

must 必须，应该（表主观要求）

肯定，想必（肯定句中表推测）must not/mustn’t do Must…do…? Yes,…must. No,…needn’t/don’t have to.

have to 只好，不得不（客观的必须，有时态人称变化）don’t have to do Do…have to do…?

Yes,…do. No,…don’t.

ought to 应当（表示义务责任，口语中多用should ought not to/oughtn’t to do Ought…to do…?

Yes,…ought. No,…oughtn’t.

shall 将要，会

用于一三人称征求对方意见

用于二三人称表示许诺、命令、警告、威胁等shal l not/shan’t do Shall…do…? Yes,…shall. No,…shan’t.

should 应当，应该（表义务责任）

本该（含有责备意味）should not/shouldn’t do Should…do…?

will 意愿，决心

请求，建议，用在问句中would比较委婉will not/won’t do Will…do…? Yes,…will. No,…won’t.

would would not/wouldn’t do

dare 敢（常用于否定句和疑问句中）dare not/daren’t do Dare…do…? Yes,…dare. No,…daren’t.

need 需要

必须（常用于否定句和疑问句中）need not/needn’t do Need…do…? Yes,…must. No,…needn’t.

used to 过去常常（现在已不再）used not/usedn’t/usen’t to do

didn’t use to do Used…to do…?

Yes,…used. No,…use(d)n’t.

Did…use to do…?

Yes,…did. No,…didn’t.

II. 情态动词must, may, might, could, can表示推测：

以must为例。must + do(be)是推测现在存在的一般状态进行；must + be doing 推测可能正在进行的事情；must +have done是推测可能已经发生过的事情。

1. must“肯定，一定”语气强，只用于肯定句中。

He must be a man from America. / He must be talking with his friend. / He must have already arrived there.

2. may和might“也许”，后者语气弱，更没有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。He may not be at home. / They might have finished their task.

3. can和could“可能”，could表示可疑的可能性，不及can’t语气强，用于肯定、否定、疑问句中。

The weather in that city could be cold now.

We could have walked there; it was so near.（推测某事本来可能发生，但实际上没有发生）

Can he be in the office now? No, he can’t be there, for I saw him in the libr ary just now.(语气很强，常用于疑问句和否定句中)

III. 情态动词注意点：

1. can和be able to: 都可以表示能力。但be able to可以表达“某事终于成功”，而can无法表达此意。Be able to有更多的时态。另外，两者不能重叠使用。

2. used to和would: used to表示过去常常做现在已经不再有的习惯，而would 只表示过去的习惯或喜好，不涉及现在。

3. need和dare作情态动词和实义动词的区别：

两者作情态动词时常用于否定句和疑问句。其形式为：needn’t/daren’t do；Need /dare…do…?

做实义动词时可用于肯定句，否定句和疑问句。其形式为：need(needs/needed)/d are(dares/dared) to do, don’t(doesn’t/didn’t) need/da re to do

八．非谓语动词

I. 非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成：

非谓语形式构成特征和作用

时态和语态否定式复合结构

不定式to do

to be doing

to have done to be done

to have been done 在非谓语前加not for sb. to do sth. 具有名词，副词和形容词的作用

在句中做主、宾、定、表和状语

分词现在分词doing

having done being done

having been done 具有副词和形容词的作用

在句中做定、表、宾补和状语

过去分词done

动名词doing

having done being done

having been done sb’s doing 具有名词的作用

在句中做主、宾、定和表语

II. 做宾语的非谓语动词比较：

情况常用动词

只接不定式做宾语的动词hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decid

e, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen

只接动名词做宾语的动词或短语mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resi st, consider

can’t help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engage d in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to

两者都可以意义基本相同begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue（接不定式多指具体的动作，接动名词多指一般或习惯行为）

need, want, require（接动名词主动形式表示被动意义，若接不定式则应用被动形式）

意义相反stop to do 停止手中事，去做另一件事

stop doing 停止正在做的事

意义不同remember/forget/regret to do（指动作尚未发生）

remember/forget/regret doing（指动作已经发生）go on to do（接着做另外一件事）

go on doing（接着做同一件事）

try to do（设法，努力去做，尽力）

try doing（试试去做，看有何结果）mean to do（打算做，企图做）

mean doing （意识是，意味着）

can’t help to do（不能帮忙做）can’t help doing（忍不住要做）

III.非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别：

常见动词与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念例句

不定式ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, encourage 主谓关系。强调动作将发生或已经完成I heard him call me several times.

have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make

现在分词

notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, feel 主谓关系。强调动作正在进行，

尚未完成I found her listening to the radio.

过去分词动宾关系。动作已经完成，多强调状态We found the village greatly changed.

IV. 非谓语动词做定语的区别：

区别举例

不定式与被修饰词往往有动宾关系，一般式表示将来，进行式表示与谓语动作同时发生，完成式表示在谓语动词之前发生I have a lot of papers to type.

I have a lot of papers to be typed.

动名词通常指被修饰词的用途，无逻辑上的任何关系Shall we go to the swi mming pool?

现在分词与被修饰词之间是主谓关系，表示动作与谓语动作同时发生the boili ng water / the boiled water

the developing country/the developed country

the falling leaves / the fallen leaves

过去分词与被修饰词之间是被动关系，表示动作发生在谓语动作之前，现已经完成

V. 非谓语动词做主语和表语的区别：

区别举例

不定式多表示一个特定的具体的将来的动作，做主语时可以借助于it把不定式移到句子后面。做表语有时可和主语交换位置，而且意义不变，并且还能用wh at来提问主语或表语。My dream is to become a teacher.

To obey the law is important.

(dream, business, wish, idea, plan, duty, task做主语时常用)

动名词与不定式的功能区别不大，然而它更接近于名词，表示的动作比较抽象，或者泛指习惯性的动作，有时也可以用it做形式主语，做表语时可以和主语互换位置。It is no use saying that again and again.

Teaching is my job.

分词无名词的性质，不能做主语。但是有形容词的性质，可以做表语，多表明

主语的特征性质或者状态等，可被very, quite, rather等副词修饰。

现在分词多含有“令人…, , ”之意，说明主语的性质特征，多表示主动，主语多为物。过去分词一般表示被动或主语所处的状态，含有“感到…”之意，主语多是人。The situation is encouraging.

The book is well written.

(常见分词有astonishing, moving, tiring, disappointing, puzzling, shocking, borin g, amusing及其-ed形式)

九．定语从句

I. 定语从句起了形容词的作用，在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用，二是在从句中担当一个成分，并与先行词保持数的一致。

关系词先行词从句成分例句备注

关系代词who 人主语Do you know the man who is talking with your moth er? whom, which和that在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用that

whom 人宾语Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am working

The boy (whom) she loved died in the war..

whose 人，物定语I like those books whose topics are about history.

The boy whose father works abroad is my deskmate.

that 人，物主语，宾语A plane is a machine that can fly.

She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.

which 物主语，宾语The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.

The picture which was about the accident was terrible.

as 人，物主语，宾语He is such a person as is respected by all of us.

This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. as做宾语一般不省略

关系副词when 时间时间状语I will never forget the day when we met ther e. 可用on which