3语法
I. GRAMMAR
1. Bees___ in groups in a hive, and every bee___ certain work that helps the other members of the group.
A. lived…did
B. live…doing
C. live…does
D. living…doing
2. I hope you___ your stay in Venice next week.
A. enjoy
B. are going to enjoy
C. would enjoy
D. enjoyed
3. The Safe Drinking Water Act requires that municipal tap water___ for more than 80 contaminants.
A. ought to be screened
B. be screened
C. need be screened
D. is to be screened
4. ___ the hustle and bustle of the big city, he saved up for years to buy a cottage in the countryside.
A. Tiring of
B. Because tired of
C. When tiring of
D. Tired of
5. For the first time in her life, she___ a sense of fulfillment.
A. felt
B. has felt
C. to feel
D. has been feeling
6. It is the first time that she___ the moral standards of the community.
A. is going to question
B. has questioned
C. questions
D. questioned
7. It was the second time that he___ as a counselor at a summer camp.
A. worked
B. had worked
C. could have worked
D. must have worked
8. The boy listened with amazement until the instructor insisted he___ it.
A. tried
B. try
C. must try
D. would try
9. Evidence from a recent study suggests that injuries___ most likely to occur at social gatherings right after somebody hollers, “Hey everybody, watch this!”
A. should be
B. be
C. are
D. were
10. It is a legal requirement that you___ insurance for your car.
A. have
B. need to have
C. ought to have
D. must have
11. Trying to set a good example for his team members, he was always the first one at practice and the last one___ .
A. leaving
B. having left
C. being left
D. to leave
12. He was said to be the first man___ around the world in a hot air balloon.
A. to travel
B. traveling
C. having traveled
D. traveled
13. Failures are more likely to hit___ .
A. the unready and the unlucky
B. unready and unlucky
C. one unready and unlucky
D. each unready and unlucky
14. Her mother believed that it wasn’t until Boyle obtained an acting scholarship___ she became more willing to take part in social activities.
A. when
B. however
C. then
D. that
15. When he learned that he had no choice but___ , Jack muttered under his breath, “I hate this stupid road.”
A. to drive
B. drive
C. driving
D. drives
16.While___ college I worked evenings at a retail store, and on slow nights my co-worker Susan would often sing along the radio.
A. attended
B. attending
C. to attend
D. having attended
17. Tom___ fault with the way his wife cooks.
A. always finds
B. has always found
C. always found
D. is always finding
18. Why___ the milk? Does it smell sour?
A. do you smell
B. are you smelling
C. smells
D. does it smell
19. The rescue team reported that the water___ cold.
A. was feeling
B. had been feeling
C. feels
D. felt
20. The chef___ the pudding to see if it was sweet enough.
A. was tasting
B. is tasting
C. should taste
D. tastes
21. Jim is enjoying his holiday in the Arctic. He___ touristy places and he___ the cold.
A. hated… didn’t mind
B. hated… was not minding
C. hates… doesn’t mind
D. hates… isn’t minding
22. Chuck___ of emigrating, but I think he should stay where he is.
A. thinks
B. was thinking
C. is thinking
D. thought
23. It is five years since we last___ from him.
A. hear
B. have heard
C. didn’t hear
D. heard
24. We___ you were still on holiday. When did you get back?
A. thought
B. have thought
C. had thought
D. think
25.The fans___ for six hours, and the movie star still hasn’t turned up.
A. waited
B. have waited
C. have been waiting
D. wait
26. The first tourist who___ will get a surprise.
A. arrives
B. arrived
C. will arrive
D. is going to arrive
27. Look at the mess you’ve made. Your gran dma___ a heart attack.
A. is going to get
B. will get
C. gets
D. is to get
28. Watch out! The roof___ .
A. is to collapse
B. is going to collapse
C. will collapse
D. collapses
29. No one___ the suspect without the permission of the police.
A. is going to contact
B. is to contact
C. contacts
D. contacted
30. I___ to attend my roommate’s wedding, but something came up.
A. had wanted
B. have wanted
C. wanted
D. was to want
31. He orders me about as though I___ his wife.
A. am
B. am going to be
C. were
D. have been
32. He looked as if he ___ a decent meal for a month.
A. hasn’t had
B. didn’t have
C. hadn’t had
D. was not going to have
33. It is time we___ .
A. left
B. leave
C. should leave
D. ought to leave
34. Last Sunday we___ a barbecue party but it rained.
A. were having
B. had
C. would have
D. were going to have
35. We___ the contract when the detective phoned us.
A. were about to sign
B. were going to sign
C. would sign
D. have signed
36. Charlie is gentle by nature, but___ rude this time.
A. is
B. is being
C. being
D. seeming
37. By the end of next month, they___ the financial report.
A. would have completed
B. will have completed
C. complete
D. will complete
38. They would rather read than___ .
A. to talk
B. talking
C. talk
D. talked
39. My sister prefers___ to___ .
A. talking… reading
B. talk… read
C. talking… read
D. to talk… reading
40. ---Shall I give you a check?
---I’d rather you___ cash.
A. pay
B. paid
C. paying
D. to pay
41. Cathy wants to tell Henry, but I’d rather she___ .
A. didn’t
B.wouldn’t
C. won’t
D. doesn’t
42. A: Do you want Susan to repair it herself?
B: I’d prefer her___ the electrician.
A. ring
B. rang
C. to ring
D. will ring
43. The government doesn’t wish Dr. Sm ith___ a professorship at a foreign university.
A. will accept
B. to accept
C. accepts
D. accepting
44. I’m broke. I wish I___ so much money.
A. didn’t spend
B. hadn’t spent
C. haven’t spent
D. don’t spend
45. Learning difficulty___ in detail in Chapter 4.
A. will be dealt
B. is going to be dealt
C. will be dealt with
D. will deal with
46. The spokesman said that the case___ .
A was been looked into B. was being looked
C. was being looked into
D. had been looked
47. The superintendent ordered that the area___ .
A. evacuated
B. be evacuated
C. being evacuated
D. to be evacuated
48. Bill suggested___ the restaurant but Lucy was against it.
A. to sell
B. selling
C. should sell
D. sell
49. Alex suggested that the farm___ into a golf course but no one liked the idea.
A. should be converted
B. being converted
C. been converted
D. to be converted
50. Alan’s parents are still wondering who suggested___ in the car race.
A. his taking part
B. for his taking part
C. his take part
D. him to take part
51. The instructor forbade___ mobile phones in the classroom.
A. to use
B. using
C. for students’ using
D. for students to use
52. The instructor forbade the students___ mobile phones in the classroom.
A. use
B. used
C. to use
D. for use
53. John is determined to get a ticket even if it means___ in a queue all night.
A. standing
B. to stand
C. stand
D. will have to stand
54. When he declined the job offer, he didn’t mean___ the company.
A. insulting
B. wanting to insult
C. any insult
D. to insult
55. I regret___ that this time I cannot promise you anything.
A. to say
B. saying
C. have to say
D. must say
56. He has always regretted___ the opportunity at college.
A. not to have taken
B. not having taken
C. not to take
D. not take
57. She tried___ the name of the boy, but was too confused to think of anything.
A. to recall
B. recalling
C. recall
D. recalled
58. The tourist tried___ something funny to get rid of the embarrassment.
A. to talk about
B. talked about
C. talking about
D. even talk about
59. Even experts have difficulty___ which depressed patients need protection.
A. to decide
B. decide
C. when to decide
D. deciding
60. Margaret Mead, who sought___ the young and old to each other in a recent lecture, was sympathetic to the young.
A. explaining
B. to explain
C. explanations
D. explained
61. In spite of___ has been said about genetically modified food, most people remain skeptical.
A. all what
B. all that
C. all which
D. all it
62. Since they had no cars, the students could do nothing but___ a lift.
A. to thumb
B. thumb
C. thumbing
D. must thumb
63. I’m afraid that we have no choice but___ you to leave.
A. to ask
B. ask
C. asking
D. will ask
64. You may eat certain supermarket foods while shopping___ you save the wrapper so the checker can ring up the value of what you’ve consumed.
A. provided
B. however
C. although
D. as
65. They were fond of snakes and lizards, ____ surprised me.
A. which
B. that
C. this
D. it
66. The students are allowed to take only such books___ really necessary.
A. as are
B. as they are
C. as when
D. as if
67. The theme of discussion was___ we should enter for the competition.
A. if or not
B. whether or not
C. what if or not
D. whether if or not
68. There is every indication___ the number of international teaching assistants at universities will remain constant or even grow in the future.
A. what
B. which
C. that
D. as
69. Metals, ___ shaped into coins, jewelry, plates, or bowls, were an important item of trade between East and West.
A. whether
B. which
C. no matter
D. however
70. That necklace of___ looks fabulous.
A. you
B. your
C. yours
D. yourself
71. ___ your warning, we would have crashed the car.
A. But for
B. With
C. Because of
D. Due to
72. Without your encouragement, we___ long time ago.
A. would give up hope
B. wouldn’t give up hope
C. would have given up hope
D. wouldn’t have given up hope
73. ___ his parents’ objections, he would have become an artist.
A. It had not bee n for
B. Hadn’t it been for
C. Had it not been for
D. If had not been for
74. You will be able to stay with the team provided that you___ make the same mistake again.
A. won’t
B. don’t
C. are not going to
D. di dn’t
75. Workers seldom commit acts of violence, because they can put their aggression into their work, ___ it physical like the work of a smith, or mental like the work of a scientist,
A. be
B. were
C. is
D. was
76. Under no circumstances___ to sell the land.
A. will agree
B. they will agree
C. will agree they
D. will they agree
77. ___ that we could hardly see the road signs.
A. So dense the fog was
B. Such dense fog was
C. So dense was the fog
D. So the fog was dense
78. A: These are imitation pearls.
B: ___.
A. So are they.
B. Such they are.
C. So they are.
D. Such are they.
79. Not until after they reached the top of the mountain___ what they had been told.
A. that they believed
B. did they believe
C. when they believed
D. then they believed
80. Next in line___, probably in her late 60s, wearing royal blue slacks and a white blouse.
A. was a blond woman
B. saw a blond woman
C. a blond woman was
D. found a blond woman
II. VOCABULARY
1. After earning a degree in creative writing at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Lois___ a job at the Sentinel Star in Orlando, Fla.
A. applied
B. looked
C. found
D. did
2. They have___ a hands-on approach to helping poor children and have launched similar programs to provide school supplies.
A. taken
B. come
C. gone
D. approved
3. Mu tual funds are thus best for investors who don’t want to take the time to study stocks___ or who___ the resources to build a portfolio.
A. in the detail… lack
B. in the detail… lack in
C. in detail… lacking
D. in detail… lack
4. As Blair was in Pakistan on the last___ of a south Asian diplomatic tour, India ruled out any immediate talks with Pakistan.
A. portion
B. leg
C. part
D. stage
5. A midwestern farm family___ after federal financial support and protection was withdrawn.
A. went bankrupt
B. became bankruptcy
C. came broke
D. approached bankrupt
6. According to a ___ by IKEA, the top five worries keeping people awake at night are fear of aging, personal finance, own weight, career and friends’ health.
A. summery
B. statistics
C. sample
D. survey
7. “___ ,” Kane told the boy, “you’ll be a contender for the Olympic team.”
A. Some day
B. Someday
C. Some days
D. Somedays
8. Hotel rooms used to be dictated by the seasons, but today hotels are using “yield management,” the same system airlines use to___ full flights.
A. insure
B. ensure
C. sure
D. make sure
9. The people who___ in your life are the ones who care.
A. make a difference
B. make a distinction
C. cause a distinction
D. bring a difference
10. For many working people, their largest___ is their ability to produce an income.
A. access
B. asset
C. accession
D. estate
11. If you moonlight, ___ of saving those additional dollars.
A. make sure
B. make a point
C. careful
D. pay attention
12. Do you know how many glasses of milk it___ to get your daily calcium?
C. takes
D. uses
13. Levels of pesticides and other toxins in fish___ in commercial ponds tend to be much lower than levels in fish caught recreationally.
A. raised
B. risen
C. grown
D. produced
14. They had been___ with each other for years before they actually met in Pittsburgh.
A. writing
B. corresponding
C. calling
D. visiting
15. Has it ___ to you that he might have thought differently?
A. known
B. happened
C. dawned
D. occurred
16. It suddenly___ on me that I had turned to the wrong person for help.
A. dawned
B. occurred
C. happened
D. known
17. You can help___ your bones by eating foods containing vitamin D, needed for absorption of calcium.
A. remain
B. retain
C. keep
D. maintain
18. The amount of time you spend outdoors___ your skeleton.
A. affects
B. effects
C. impairs
D. weakens
19. During his next race, in the last 100 meters he___ power and was beaten.
A. came out of
B. ran out of
C. became out of
D. went out of
20. Hearing the noise outside, the man went cautiously to the steel-sheathed door, which was___ by the heavy iron outer grille.
A. included
B. reinforced
C. made
D. prevented
21. Chris ran into John at a sporting-goods trade show in New York and the two quickly___ an easy rapport.
A. made up
B. struck up
C. built up
D. turned up
22. In the South such roads are called cow trails because they are___ by farm equipment and vehicles that plod along at bovine speed.
A. seen
B. taken
C. frequented
D. occupied
23. According to people who have been to the park, it is a place with views that will take your breath___ .
A. off
B. away
C. on
D. down
24. He viewed the match in 1998 as a turning___ in his life.
A. place
B. corner
25. The breakfast at the school cafeteria usually___ fried eggs, bacon, ham and hash browns.
A. consists of
B. is consisted of
C. makes up
D. including
26. One evening as the manager was leaving the store, Susan and Jane expressed their___ to him about their safety, being two women working alone at night.
A. comment
B. idea
C. concern
D. wonder
27. Group discussions, moderated by the teacher, give young learners important practice in taking___ and stating one’s views.
A. shifts
B. changes
C. turns
D. parts
28. Jim says that he is willing to ___ tomorrow’s meeting.
A. preside
B. chair
C. lead
D. take part
29. In all countries it is good manners to behave___ toward others.
A. considerably
B. conscientiously
C. consciously
D. considerately
30. According to research findings, many suicide___ are impulsive.
A. contempts
B. tempts
C. attempts
D. trials
31. Opening remarks constitute a warm-up designed to put you___ and capture the audience’s attention.
A. in ease
B. at ease
C. for ease
D. with ease
32. These guidelines will prove helpful if you are a high-level executive___ a group of managers.
A. addressing
B. speaking
C. talking
D. discussing
33. The boys discovered that they had much more___ than their mix-race heritage, including a love of basketball, rap music and computers.
A. as the common
B. in common
C. commonly
D. with each other
34. A portal is a site that serves as a starting point, typically allowing easy___ to other sites.
A. asset
B. access
C. reach
D. way
35. Typing in all capital letters is poor etiquette, Internet etiquette, because it___ shouting.
A. equals to
B. equates
C. is equivalent to
D. is equal
36. When my mother saw the school’s advertisement in the newspaper, she enrolled my older brother and me for music and literature___ .
A. causes
B. schools
C. courses
D. assignments
37. To my disappointment, it quickly became obvious that I knew___ nothing about their world.
A. next to
B. however
C. quite
D. rather
38. Writing has given her a broader___ on human nature.
A. prospect
B. aspect
C. perspective
D. interpretation
39. Cars are involved in many accidents, and they___ heart disease.
A. contribute to
B. attribute to
C. tribute to
D. result from
40. Most of the workplace accidents resulted from backward infrastructure, loopholes in management and___ work safety awareness.
A. lacking in
B. lack in
C. lack of
D. for lack of
41. The Prime Minister said that he would stay in power despite the___ number of members of parliament quitting his party.
A. growing
B. grown
C. growth
D. increase
42. The managing director has so far categorically refused to make any___ in the report.
A. alternatives
B. alterations
C. views
D. disagreements
43. After high school, Joanne went to Detroit to take a job in an auto plant, but could not___ the routine and confinement.
A. endure
B. endow
C. endear
D. endorse
44. Make your controlling idea as specific as possible. You can continually___ the controlling idea to keep yourself on the right track.
A. catch up with
B. look up to
C. go in for
D. check back to
45. If you are unsure of your legal rights, you’d better check___ a lawyer.
A. up
B. out
C. in
D. with
46. For reasons which are not yet known, the warehouse___ last Saturday.
A. got fire
B. caught fire
C. afire
D. became fire
47. Because he did a very poor job and came up with bad results, his boss felt that he hadn’t___ his responsibilities.
A. lived up to
B. put up with
C. looked forward to
D. gone in for
48. WW F’s “ Living Planet Report 2002” states that humans are currently using over 20 percent more natural___ than can be regenerated.
A. sources
B. environment
C. elements
D. resources
49. The article implies that people have realized the dangers of automobiles, and they are becoming less___ them.
A. attached to
B. detached from
C. inclined to
D. aware of
50. His friend suggested that he should___ advice from the legal department.
A. seek for
B. seek after
C. seek
D. seek out
51. The bad news deprived them___ the hope that there was a safe and socially approved road to success and happiness.
A. from
B. with
C. about
D. of
52. Most of the employees are said to___ the proposed new training system.
A. object
B. oppose
C. disagree
D. opposite
53. No one at the meeting seemed to___ to the closing of the old airport.
A. object
B. oppose
C. opposite
D. opposed
54. Many parents are apparently___ to the religious education in schools.
A. object
B. disagreement
C. opposed
D. objected
55. In 1998, Jenny___ divorce, saying that her husband physically and psychologically abused her.
A. filled in for
B. filed for
C. sued for
D. applied
56. “Physicians,” he said, “ are more int erested in writing___ and billing patients than caring for and about them.”
A. prescriptions
B. descriptions
C. transcriptions
D. subscriptions
57. The couple bought their son an annual___ to the tennis club as a birthday gift.
A. prescription
B. description
C. transcription
D. subscription
58. The graduate students in the English department were told to study the phonetic___ of the conversations.
A. prescriptions
B. descriptions
C. transcriptions
D. subscriptions
59. With a new wife, alimony and child support to pay, he struggled to___ .
A. make ends meet
B. take ends meet
C. manage ends to meet
D. bring ends to meet
60. Barnes___ to involuntary manslaughter, and on May 29, 1981, a judge gave him three years in prison.
A. pleaded guilt
B. admitted guilt
C. pleaded guilty
D. admitted guilty
61. Money, the lifestyle and respect in the community were what___ him.
A. caused
B. drove
C. caught
D. motivated
62. The young man seemed to have few regrets for the damage he had___ on those closest to him.
A. inflicted
B. afflicted
C. conflicted
D. relied
63. The arguments the writer made in chapter III and chapter VIII obviously___ with each other.
A. inflicted
B. afflicted
C. conflicted
D. contradictory
64. It is a disease which mainly___ children below the age of 6.
A. inflicts
B. afflicts
C. conflicts
D. effects
65. I kept her___ till her parents returned home.
A. the company
B. the companion
C. company
D. companion
66. Cathy doesn’t care what she eats, but she is very___ about what she wears.
A. particular
B. caring
C. careless
D. demanding
67. ___ his right hand left the railing of the bridge, Buttenhoff knew he’d made a mistake.
A. Instantly
B. The instant
C. At once
D. Whenever
68. He had learned the story of these remarkable women from his mother, and was___ their courage, passion for his life and their inner peace.
A. with bewilderment about
B. for fear of
C. under impression of
D. in awe of
69. Dale said, “ I want my parents to be proud of me. I want them to know that what they did for me was not___ .”
A. in vain
B. for vain
C. no use
D. worthy
70. On Take Your Daughter to Work Day, I brought my niece to the office with me so she could experience many___ of being a social worker.
A. respects
B. ideas
C. reasons
D. aspects
71. It is common that some young mothers decide to postpone their___ and look after their kids at home.
A. preparations
B. aspirations
C. inspirations
D. speculations
72. The government___ great importance to intellectual property protection.
A. attaches
B. puts
C. associates
D. emphasizes
73. The speaker___ the importance of adopting a positive attitude towards life.
A. attached
B. emphasized on
C. stressed
D. pointed
74. More___ the issue of business ethics in the context of economic globalization.
A. emphasis should be placed on
B. stress should be put about
C. attention should be paid on
D. efforts should be made with
75. The investigators___ the possible consequences of the incident.
A. analyzed about
B. studied
C. discussed about
D. pointed
76. A recent study has shown that the___ to child care centers, for working mothers, is the all-purpose grandmother, who watches the children and does much of the cleaning, shopping and cooking.
A. option
B. choice
C. alternative
D. substitute
77. Please contact the supervisor if you have questions___ the accommodation on campus.
A. concerning
B. concerned
C. concerning with
D. concerned about
78. Some people don’t want to get up simply because they don’t like the activity that___ them.
A. stimulates
B. awaits
C. irritates
D. pleases
79. This article states that Indians have had a hard time___ their pride because they have had many problems.
A. maintaining
B. remaining
C. detaining
D. attaining
80. Color blindness is a genetically-caused condition in which a person cannot detect all colors, and this___ is more common in men than in women.
A. fault
B. defect
C. shortcoming
D. disease
解释语法区别预测和non
1．解释语法区别预测和non-predictive情态助动词的使用示例。语法区别预测和non-predictive使用情态助动词是明确以下两个句子:1)他昨天不能去过。2)他昨天根本不存在。两句话揭示两个截然不同的情态助动词的使用。第一句话,预测不能与不可能和主要动词被标记为过去的时间基准,是指演讲者”年代现在否认过去事件的可能性。第二,情态助动词本身non-predictive使用,指的是标记为过去时态,过去缺乏能力。 2．关系代词的功能是什么?关系代词充当“链接”关系从句与先行词之间。它执行两个功能:显示康科德的先行词和表示其功能在相对的老人 3．如果时态与时间,相关的方面是什么?当紧张的指向一个事件的时间位置或状态,方面“反映了动词的方式行动被认为或经验丰富的关于时间”。 4．4。除了查询语句的真理,其他潜在的功能没有问题可以执行什么?他们可能被视为演讲者的邀请或建议,试探性的方式,因为他们往往制造,而不是消极的假设。他们就像规则。例如:不会让你进来吗?你不会坐下来吗?也可以像感叹词:还不可爱吗?是“你傻吗? 5．5。先行词的类型列表。先行词分为名义前期和non-nominal先行词。名义先行词分为不同的子类:他们可能是普通名词和专有名词,代词或指示代词。Non-nominal先行词可以分为三种类型:从句,表语形容词,动词词组。 6．6。提供的例子来说明result-adjuncts和purpose-adjuncts,被这样介绍。他工作努力,他成功地通过考试。(结果)他更加努力工作,以便能通过考试。(目的) 7．7。提供的例子来说明这三个程度的比较。我的哥哥和我一样高。(积极程度)我弟弟比我爸爸高。(比较级)我弟弟在家庭中是最高的。(最高级)
现代汉语语法特点
现代汉语语法特点 本节课的内容（参考P232，P7） ?分析现代汉语语法的主要特点 ?重点：用具体的语言事实理解现代汉语语法的特点。 ?思考题（1-3） ? 1.对比下面的材料，理解汉英两种语言在语法方面的差异。 ?（1）a child；two children ?一个小孩；两个小孩 ?（2）She is always ready to help us. 他随时都在准备帮助我们。 ?We are always ready to help her. 我们随时都在准备帮助他。 ?理解：语法方面的差异是什么？ ? 2.对比下面的材料，理解汉英两种语言在语法方面的差异。 ?（1）He criticized my taking risks. 他批评了我的冒险活动。 ?（2）His criticism doesn't worry me. ?他的批评不会使我不安。 （3）I don't like to read his literary criticism. 我不喜欢读他的文学批评。 ?理解：语法方面的差异是什么？ ?小结：“汉英语语法方面的差异” ?（1）汉语有个体量词，而英语没有。 ?（2）英语这一类的印欧语言有丰富的形态变化，而汉语没有。英语用不同的形态来表示相应的语法意义，比如英语的名词有数的变化（a book：two books），代词有主格宾格的变化（I：me；he：him；she：her），动词有时、体、态的变化（study，studies，studying，studied），等等。 ?思考题 ? 3.观察下面这段文字，体会句子的差异是由什么造成的。 ?辣妹子从小辣不怕辣妹子长大不怕辣辣妹子嫁人怕不辣 辣妹子从来辣不怕辣妹子生性不怕辣辣妹子出门怕不辣 体会意义：不怕辣辣不怕怕不辣 ?类似的例子不怕难难不怕怕不难 做人难难做人人难做 想吃饭想饭吃饭想吃 ?小结：“汉语语法方面的特点” ?语序可以表达不同的意义，可以造成不同的结构。语序在汉语中的地位十分重要。 ?分析方法现代汉语汉语语法特点只有在对比中发现，比如和印欧语对比。主要有5个方面的特点。 ?现代汉语语法的特点 ?（一）汉语没有严格意义的形态变化 ?（二）语序和虚词是汉语主要的语法手段 ?（三）汉语中词类与句法成分之间不是简单的对应关系 ?（四）汉语中词、短语和句子的结构方式基本一致 ?（五）汉语里有丰富的量词和语气词
英语语法习题及解析
高考英语语法练习题精选 1. --Hello, this is . A. How are you? B. Will you come tonight? C. Can I take a mesage? D. Is that Mike? 2. Tom suggested that we __________such a meeting, but Jenny insisted that it _________of great importance. A. not hold ; should be B. didn't hold ; be C. hold ; was D. not hold ; was 3. You should take the medicine after you read the __________. A. lines B. instructions C. words D. suggestions 4. --Hi, Tracy, you look tired. --I am tired. I__________ the living-room all day. A. painted B. have been painting C. had painted D. have painted 5. I'm sorry. I _____________ you__________ to me. A. don't know; are speaking B. don't know ;were speaking C. didn't know; were speaking D. didn't know; are speaking 6. "Please __________why you're so late," said his girlfriend. A. excuse B. explain C. apologize D. tell 7. The rescue team made every __________ to find the missing mountain climber.
外研社八下M5U3同步练习(含答案解析)
外研社八下M5U3同步练习 语法专项练 一、填入单词的适当形式 1. Lucy _______ (be) a student two years ago, but now she ________ (be) a teacher. 2. The astronaut is so tired and he _________________ (asleep) for five hours. 3. When Li Ming ________ (return) to his hometown last year, he visited his old head teacher. [中考·攀枝花] 4. I ___________________ (never read) Snoopy stories. _______(be) they popular? 5. Hi! I ____________ (not know) you came back. How long _______ you _______ here? 二、单项选择 6.Melting ice (融冰) can cause sea levels to rise. Since 1993, sea levels ____ at a speed of 3. 2 cm every 10 years. [中考·临沂] A. rose B. have risen C. rise 7.—It ____ some sweet memories in my heart in the past three years. [中考·曲靖] A. leave B. left C. has left D. will leave 8.Nowadays, there ____ more heroes in China. We admire them a lot.
语法3
非谓语动词：动词不定式 一、不定式结构作主语 To see one time is better than to hear a hundred times. To persevere means victory! 注①：在很多情况下，特别是在口语中，常采用先行it代替主语，而把不定式后置： It’s a great pleasure to be here. It is not an easy thing to master a language. 注②：这种后置不定式的结构也适用于某些谓语动词不是系动词的句子，如： It took us five hours to get there. It made us very angry to hear him talk like that. 注③：不定式结构的逻辑主语通常可在特定的上下文或情景中看出，也可以由“ for + 名词词组”来表示，如： It is not hard for one to do a bit of good. It was difficult for me to do the work. 注④：某些形容词在上述结构中作表语时，常在不定式之前加上“of + 名词词组”来说明不定式所指的是谁的情况，如： It’s kind of you to think so much of us. It’s very nice of you to be so considerate. It’s unwise of them to turn down the proposal. It was careless of her to make such a mistake. 二、不定式结构作表语 1．主语和表语都是不定式（其含义往往一是条件，一是结果），如： To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people. To do that would be to cut the foot to fit the shoe. 2．主语是以aim, duty, hope, idea, intention, mistake, plan, proposal, job, suggestion 等为中心词的名词词组，或以 what 引导的名词性从句表示，后面的不定式说明其内容，如： My idea is to climb the mountain from the north. Your mistake was not to write that letter. My suggestion is to start work at once. What I would suggest is to start work at once. 注：在某些句型中，当主语部分有动作动词do 时，作表语的不定式可以省略符号“to”，如： All we have to do is push the button. The only thing I can do now is go on by myself. All I could do was send him a telegram. 三、不定式结构作动词宾语 1．“动词 + 带 to 的不定式结构”。这类动词常见的有：afford, agree, arrange, ask, choose, decide, demand, desire, expect, hope, learn, manage, offer, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish, like, hate, prefer, continue, try, start, forget, mean, intend, begin, 等，例如： I’ve arranged to meet him at ten o’clock. I didn’t expect to find you here. 2．“动词 + 疑问词 + 带 to 的不定式结构”。（这种不定式结构接近一个名词从句）。这
超强总结日语语法与中文语法区别
超强总结——日语语法与中文语法区别 学习日语时，相信很多小伙伴和小编一样，容易出现中文式表达的现象，想要说出一句话时，第一反应就是中文怎么说，然后把它直译成日语，遇到这种情况，ほんとに嫌です!因此今天，小编向大家简单介绍一下日语语法与中文语法的区别，希望能对大家日后的日语学习有所帮助！ ?日语属于黏着语系，也就是它的词性以及时态等的变化是 在原词后加上其他的成分构成的，中文却不是这样，所以区别还是蛮大的。?汉语和日语的一些简单的语法区别：1.语序：日语句子的表达顺序是“主语-宾语-动词（SOV）”。例：“私は王さんを爱しています。”汉语则是“主语-动词-宾语(SVO)”。例：“我爱小王。”2.时态：日语时态分为“过去式”和“非过去时”，并且日语的动词·形容词根据时态区分明确。比如说要 是“今天”的话，会说“今日は勉强します。”“今日は寒いです。”，要是“昨天”的话，会说“昨日勉强しました。”“昨日は寒かっ たです。”，语句使用过去时。而在汉语中，如果是形容词的话，不管是不是过去时，都不加表示“结束”的助词“了”。如果加上的话，就会变成别的用法，即表示状态的变化。比如，“今天很冷”在日语中是“今日は寒いです。”之意，而“今天冷了”则为“今日は寒くなりました”之意。3.介词：汉语中有相当于英语前置词这样的词类，叫做介词。在句子中的作用类
似于日语中的助词，不过和日语不同，它是放在名词前面。比如“私は食堂で友达とご饭を食べます。”，汉语表述为：“我在食堂和朋友吃饭。”4.补语：汉语中有种词类叫做补语，作用是跟在动词以及形容词后面对其进行补充说明。补语中有不少形似的结构，想要将其逐字逐句翻译成日语的话很多时候会变得牵强，所以学习起来会有困难。比如，日语中“食べられない”这样一句话就能通用的，在汉语中要进行区分描述。 5.无主语句子：汉语中存在没有主语的句子。“教室に学生がいます。”用中文可以这样说：“（在）教室里有学生。”这句话即使逐字逐句对应看，也容易理解其意思。但是，“没有人告诉我今天有考试。”要是根据上面的译法翻译出来，便成了意思不清的句子：“人がいません。今日试験があると言いました。”。包含“有”这个字的句子有着特殊的语法构造。事实上该句可以译为“今日试験があることをだれも教えてくれ なかった。”。今天小编简单向大家介绍了一下日语语法与中文语法的区别，希望能够帮到大家学习，尽量避免“中文式表达”的出现，喜欢的小伙伴记得点赞或者关注一下哟～ありがとうございました! ?
英语语法与作文
历年中考英语常考英语语法250例（一） 2012-02-17 14:17:43 [来源]:互联网[作者]:佚名 大中小 1 (see 、hear 、notice 、find 、feel 、listen to 、 look at (感官动词)+do eg:I like watching monkeys jump 2 （比较级 and 比较级）表示越来越怎么样 3 a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟（容易） 4 agree with sb 赞成某人 5 all kinds of 各种各样 a kind of 一样 6 all over the world = the whole world 整个世界 7 along with同……一道，伴随…… eg : I will go along with you我将和你一起去 the students planted trees along with their teachers 学生同老师们一起种树 8 As soon as 一怎么样就怎么样 9 as you can see 你是知道的 10 ask for ……求助向…要…（直接接想要的东西） eg : ask you for my book 11 ask sb for sth 向某人什么 12 ask sb to do sth 询问某人某事 ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事 13 at the age of 在……岁时 eg：I am sixteen I am at the age of sixteen 14 at the beginning of …………的起初；……的开始 15 at the end of +地点/+时间最后；尽头；末尾 eg : At the end of the day 16 at this time of year 在每年的这个时候 17 be /feel confident of sth /that clause +从句感觉/对什么有信心，自信 eg : I am / feel confident of my spoken English I feel that I can pass the test 18 be + doing 表：1 现在进行时 2 将来时 19 be able to (+ v 原) = can (+ v 原）能够…… eg : She is able to sing She can sing 20 be able to do sth 能够干什么 eg :she is able to sing 21 be afraid to do (of sth 恐惧，害怕……eg : I'm afraed to go out at night I'm afraid of dog 22 be allowed to do 被允许做什么 eg: I'm allowed to watch TV 我被允许看电视I should be allowed to watch TV 我应该被允许看电视 23 be angry with sb 生某人的气eg : Don't be angry with me 24 be angry with(at) sb for doing sth 为什么而生某人的气 25 be as…原级…as 和什么一样eg : She is as tall as me 她和我一样高
经典英语语法讲解解析
三天搞定英语语法 英语语法分为两个部分。一个部分是词法，即词的构成和词的使用规律。另一个部分是句法，即句子的组成和句子的使用方法。 英语语法的特点可以用三句话来表示：1、每个词都有词性；2、每句话都有动词(实意动词或系动词)；3、每句话都必须符合五个基本句型。 三句话用一句话来说，就是，标出句中每一个单词的词性，找出句中所有动词，并标出其种类和相应的句子成分。理解，掌握，运用好这句话，按照一：词性；二：动词种类；三：动词相对应的句子成分；四：从句；五：非谓语动词方法就能透彻理解英语语法体系。 词的分类 词类又叫词性，英语单词根据其在句子中的功能，可以分成十个大类。 词类词义英语名称缩写形式例词中译 noun n. student 学生 1、名词表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名 称。 2、代词主要用来代替名词。pronoun pron. you 你 3、形容词表示人或事物的性质或特征。adjective adj. happy 高兴的 4、数词表示数目或事物的顺序。numeral num. three 三 5、动词表示动作或状态。verb v. cut 砍、割 adverb adv. quickly 迅速地 6、副词修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时 间、地点、程度等。 7、冠词用在名词前,帮助说明名词。article art. a 一个 preposition prep. at 在... 8、介词表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句 子成分的关系。 9、连词用来连接词、短语或句子。conjunction conj. and 和 10、感叹词表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。interjection interj. Oh 哦 词性的分类: 修饰: 形容数冠代词名词 （red）（one）（a/the）（my）wood 1.名词 代替: 代词it 形容词the red 数词one
M5U3语法——过去分词【附练习题+答案】
M5U3语法——过去分词练习题 1. What did the librarian _____ out of the library? A. permit to take B. forbid to be taken C. allow to take D. insist being taken 2. ---- Mum, why do you give me so much popcorn? ---- _____ the boring time. A. Kill B. Killing C. To kill D. Having killed 3. What Yang Liwei wanted to do when he got out of the spaceship was _____ the joy with all the Chinese. A. share B. shared C. having shared D. about to share 4. When she was alone at home, Mary needed a friend ______. A. playing with B. having played with C. with whom to play with D. with whom to play 5. _____ the big snake, the little girl stood under the tree _____ out of life. A. Seeing; frightened B. Seeing; frightening C. Seen; frightened D. To see; frightening 6. Could you give me a hand ______ from a car, please? A. to carry the shopping B. for carrying the shopping C. and carrying shopping D. carrying the shopping 7. Every minute must be made full use of ______ our lessons, for the college entrance examination is coming. A. going over B. to go over C. go over D. our going over 8. Who did the teacher have ______ an article for the wall newspaper just now? A. written B. writing C. write D. to write 9. ______ a boy of ten, he started working to support himself. A. Being B. When still C. Because of D. While 10. It is worth much______ is worth doing. A. doing it B. what to do C. do what D. to do what 11. There is always the chance ______ the weak ____ the strong. A. of, defeating B. about, defeating C. of, winning D. of, to defeat 12. She is looking forward as much to his return as he himself to ____ her. A. have seen B. seeing C. see D. be seen 13. There are ten waiting rooms at the newly-built station, _____ in all 20,000 people. A. seating B. seated C. sitting D. to seating 14. “If ,” he added, “ _____ enough time, I would certainly have done it better.” A. to give B. I was given C. given D. to be given 15. ---- Can’t you take a few days off from work to go with me to New York? ---- Sure. _____ my way and I will be glad to. A. Pay B. If you pay C. To pay D. Paying 16. ______ the answer, Tom, who asked the question, still stood with his hand ______. A. Giving; raised B. Given; raised C. Given; risen D. Giving; rising
语法三
1. _______ born in China, the boy was brought up in the USA. A. Although B. Since C. As D. When 【翻译】虽然这个男孩是在北京出生的，但却是在美国长大的。 ［考点］状语从句 【精析】 A 分析句意可知，本句应为although引导的让步状语从句，表示“虽然，即使”的意思。因为主从句主语和谓语一致，所以从句中although后省略了“the boy was”。although与but不能同时出现。since和as均引导原因状语从句，as也可引导让步状语从句，但是需用倒装形式；when引导时间状语从句。 2. _______ is known to all, haste makes waste. A. What B. That C. As D. Which 【翻译】众所周知，欲速则不达。 ［考点］词语搭配 【精析】 C 常用搭配“As is known to all”意思“众所周知”，是as引导的非限制性定语从句，as指代逗号后面的整个主句，并在从句中充当主语。如：As is known to all, war is serious.众所周知，战争是残酷的。 3. That is the very old woman _______ house was burned down last night. A. which B. her C. of whom D. whose 【翻译】这正是那位老妇人，她的房子昨晚被烧掉了。 ［考点］定语从句 【精析】 D whose为关系代词，指人，是先行词old woman的所有格，在从句中充当house的定语。 4. Hardly had he finished his speech _______ the audience started cheering. A. than B. then C. when D. as soon as 【翻译】他刚一演讲完，观众就开始欢呼。 ［考点］词语搭配 【精析】 C 固定搭配“Hardly...when...”表示“一……就……”，另有“no sooner...than”和“Scarcely...when”均表示相同的意思。 5. _______ the book, he found out some answers to this question. A. As he reading B. At his reading C. As reading D. On reading 【翻译】刚读这本书，他就发现了这个问题的答案。 ［考点］词语搭配 【精析】 D on doing意为“一……就……”。此处的on相当于as soon as,引导状语从句。表示从句中的动作的时间比主句中动作的时间稍提前一点。 6. The spacecraft will send back _______ on surface winds and temperatures. A. many new information B. some new information C. a new information D. a few new information 【翻译】太空飞船将会发送一些新的关于表面风和温度的信息。 ［考点］词语搭配
现代汉语与英语语法的区别
现代汉语与英语语法的区别 现在大家都在学习外语，一般都是学习英语。汉语语法和英语语法的区别相当大，学习汉语语法的时候，千万不要用英语语法来套汉语语法。 凡是事物都有一致的地方。汉语语法和英语语法都是事物，当然也有一致性。比如说，汉语有名词、动词、形容词，人家英语也有。你会说"学生们热爱伟大的祖国"，人家就会说"pupils love great motherland"，一句话里面三种词都出现了。汉语里头有主语、谓语、宾语这些玩意儿，英语里头也有。上面那句话，"学生们"是主语，英语的主语是pupils；汉语的谓语是"热爱"，英语的谓语也是love；汉语的宾语是"祖国"，英语的宾语也是motheland；汉语的定语是"伟大"，英语的定语也是great。你看，都一样，用英语语法来分析汉语难道不可以吗？ 碰到两种语言一致的地方，当然凑合。为什么不说是"可以"而说"凑合"呢？因为严格说来，是不可以的。人家的主语、谓语等等，同汉语的主语、谓语等等都不完全一样。就拿前边提到过的he works来说吧，人家的主语he同谓语works在人称、数方面必须一致，汉语有这些名堂吗？没有。汉语的主语同英语的主语不是一码事，汉语的谓语跟英语的谓语也很不相同，所以严格说来，碰到了一致的地方，是不可以用一种语言的语法知识去分析另一种语言的语法结构的。说"凑合"，是因为大体一致，把那些不同的地方扔掉不管，用这种语言的语法去说明那种语言的语法，也只能说是凑合着用吧。 而碰到两种语言不一致的地方，那就决不能用这种语言的语法去套那种语言的语法，连凑合都不可能。大家平时在课堂里学习，英语语法讲得多，汉语语法讲得少，同学们对英语语法知识更为熟悉，对汉语语法知识反倒生疏。一用语法知识去分析问题，就很容易用英语语法知识去分析汉语的句子。比如英语里有a pioneer 's red scarf（一个少先队员的红领巾），人家的a是冠词，汉语里有冠词吗？没有，谁要是把汉语的"一个"说成是冠词，岂不让人笑掉大牙？英语里没有量词，谁要是把a cup of water（一杯水）的cup，把a piece of news （一条消息）的piece说成是量词，老外们也决不会认帐，那个a就说明它们是名词。这说明，用这种语言的语法知识去分析另一种语言的语法，是要碰钉子的。所以学习汉语语法，一定要注意同英语语法的区别。 第一，在词类方面不一样。 汉语的名词里头有方位词，如"里、内、外、上、下、前、后、左、右、中"等，其中的几个在英语里溶入了介词，如in、on、behind，有的成了形容词，如inner、outer、outside、middle。因此，见到了汉语的方位词，就不能说它们是介词或形容词。 汉语的许多动词后面能够加"着、了、过"，于是有的同学便认为"着"是现在时，"了、过"表示过去时，这就是照套的结果。汉语的"着、了、过"可不是表示"时态"的，因为用了"着、了、过"，既可以表示现在、过去的事情，也可以表示将来的事情。"他昨天吃着饭还看书呢"，如果说这"着"是"过去时"，"他明天看着电影还会想到我的"，如果说这个"着"又是"将来时"，那汉语里还有什么时态呢？"他明天吃了饭到我家来""他后天吃过饭到我家来"，这"了、过"是"过去时"吗？显然不是。 人家的形容词也跟咱们的不一样。political study（政治学习）、American films（美国电影）、brown overcoat（棕色大衣），"政治、美国、棕色"在人家那里是形容词，咱们可不能把汉语的"政治、美国、棕色"当作形容词看待，它们在汉语里都是名词。一些同学老是把"中国人民"的"中国"，把"经济形势"的"经济"当作形容词，就是这么造成的。 汉语里的许多形容词可以做状语，如"勤奋学习""认真工作""严厉批评"的"勤奋、认真、严厉"都是做状语的形容词。英语的形容词绝对同状语无缘。例如hard study（勤奋学习）、work seriouly（认真工作）、criticise severely（严厉批评），人家的"hard、seriouly、
语法讲义.docx
《语法讲义》读后感 本学期在老师的推荐下，我读了朱德熙先生的《语法讲义》。在读这本书的时候，总是会忍不住想做笔记梳理知识点，作为一个中文系的学生来讲，这可能是由于在大一时期长期处于被《现代汉语》支配的恐惧所造成的。朱德熙先生的《语法讲义》是语法学界最有权威的一部语法学著作，读这本书时，大部分是熟悉的内容，尽管熟悉，但是以前这些语法知识，我头脑中是混乱不成体系的，因为我一直对语法方面不太敏感。读这本著作时，每读一部分，就会梳理清楚一些。读完之后，虽然忘记的也很多，但是我还是觉得收获不小。本篇读后感我想从这些内容的归纳，收获以及启示、还有存疑的地方这三点来完成。 一、语法讲义的主要内容 《语法讲义》这本著作分为了十八章来讲，分别就语法单位、词的构造、词类、句型等内容做了多方面，具体的阐释。下面主要是对一些主要章节具体内容的归纳阐释。 第一章为语法单位，从语素、词、词组、句子等最基本的语法内容讲起。在这一章里我了解到了语素作为语法系统里的基本符号，有单音节语素、多音节语素；自由语素、粘着语素；定位语素、不定位语素、成词语素、不成词语素等不同方向上的分类。词是比语素高一级的单位，它可以分为单纯词和合成词。在区分是不是词的时候，朱德熙先生归纳了目前存在的三种方法，我们可以根据能不能单独成句、语言成分活动能力的强弱、扩展法等三种方法来判定是不是词，朱德熙先生指出，这三种方法其实是有着各自不同的缺陷的，比如在划分“铁路”、“白菜”、“理发”等词语时，都不能根据其中单一的标准来划分，否则就会出现歧义。所以我们在划分一个词的时候，需要综合运用多种分类方法，具体问题具体分析。在本章中，朱德熙先生还讲到了词组，并具体阐释了词组的几大类型：偏正结构、述宾结构、述补结构、主谓结构、连谓结构。并通过举例“我们班有许多外国留学生”来介绍了层次分析的具体应用以及二分法。在本章中，朱德熙先生还指出任何句法结构都可以从两个不同的方面来观察，一个看句子的内部结构，一个看语法功能。本章的第四节是句子。本节中介绍了句子的分类，从结构上分为单句和复句两大类，单句又可分为主谓句和非主谓句。从句子的功能上看，又可以把它分成陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、称呼句、感叹句五类，朱德熙先生指出，形式与功能之间的关系是错综的，因此这五类句子有交叉的情形。 第二章的主要内容为词的构造，主要讲了几种词的构造的主要类型。如重叠式、附加式、前缀、后缀、复合式等类型的词的构成方式，并细化了其中的一些分类，比如重叠式副词中的基式，附加式中区分一些附加式词语与复合词的辨析，后缀中的副词后缀、状态形容词后缀、“的”与“得”的区别等。并对一些复杂的合成词，以及特殊的复合词中的紧缩式与减缩式进行了区分。并对并立式复合词进行了具体阐释。 第三章从大的层面上讲述了词类的知识。本章首先介绍了划分词类的几大依据：词的意义、语法功能、形态变化三大方面划分，但朱德熙先生指出，实际上根据词的意义来划分词类的方法是行不通的，虽然词的语法功能和意义之间有着密切联系，但是我们在划分词类的时候，只能根据词的语法功能来划分。在印欧语系中，比较适合运用词的形态变化来划分词类，而汉语由于缺乏形态变化，只能通过词的语法功能来进行分类。除此之外，本章还讲到了词的共性与个性，词的兼类等内容。朱德熙先生还指出，汉语的词分为实词与虚词两大类，并具体阐
中考必考的30个英语句型,包含词汇,短语和语法解释
中考必考的30个英语句型，包含词汇，短语和语法解释 1as…as 和……一样 中间必须用形容词或副词原级。例如： This classroom is as big as that one. 这间教室和那间一样大。 He runs as fast as Tom. 他和汤姆跑的一样快。 否定结构：not as/so…as,“不如……”。上面的两个句子可分别改为： This classroom is not as/so large as that one.这间教室不如那间大。 He doesn’t run as/so fast as Tom.他跑得不如汤姆快。 2as soon as 一……就…… 用来引导时间状语从句。若主句是一般将来时，从句要用一般现在时。例如： I’ll tell him the plan as soon as I see him. 我一看到他就告诉他这个计划。 He’ll go home as soon as he finishes his work. 他一完成工作就回家。 3be busy/enjoy/hate/go on/finish doing sth. 忙于/喜欢/讨厌/继续/完成做某事在enjoy, finish, hate, go on, be busy等词语后，一般用动词-ing形式作宾语。例如： Lin Tao is busy making a model plane. 林涛正忙着做飞机模型。 My mother enjoys taking a walk after supper. 我妈妈喜欢晚饭后散步。 I hate watching Channel Five. 我讨厌看五频道。
八年级英语下册 Module 5 Cartoon stories Unit 3 Language in use同步练习(含解析)(新版)外研版
M5U3同步练习 语法专项练 一、填入单词的适当形式 1. Lucy _______ (be) a student two years ago, but now she ________ (be) a teacher. 2. The astronaut is so tired and he _________________ (asleep) for five hours. 3. When Li Ming ________ (return) to his hometown last year, he visited his old head teacher. [中考·攀枝花] 4. I ___________________ (never read) Snoopy stories. _______(be) they popular? 5. Hi! I ____________ (not know) you came back. How long _______ you _______ here? 二、单项选择 6.Melting ice (融冰) can cause sea levels to rise. Since 1993, sea levels ____ at a speed of 3. 2 cm every 10 years. [中考·临沂] A. rose B. have risen C. rise 7.—It ____ some sweet memories in my heart in the past three years. [中考·曲靖] A. leave B. left C. has left D. will leave 8.Nowadays, there ____ more heroes in China. We admire them a lot. [中考·长春] A. is B. are C. was D. were 9.It is said that the number of forest parks in Guangdong ____ to more than 1, 000 so far. [中考·广东] A. increase B. increased C. has increased D will increase 10.People enjoy ____ zongzi on the Dragon Boat Festival. [中考·岳阳] A. eat B. eating C. to eat 能力提升练 三、完形填空 The History of Cartoon Films There are very few limits (限制) about cartoon films. If you can draw something, you can make it ___ 11 on the cinema screen(银幕). The use of new ideas and modern computer programs means that cartoons are becoming exciting again for people of ____ 12 ages. By 1970, the world cinema had decided that ____ 13 were only for children. But soon after that, one or two ___ 14 had some new ideas. They proved (证明) that it was ____ 15 to make the films which both grown-ups(成年人) and children could enjoy. However, not every cartoon film was successful.The Black Cauldron failed, mainly because it was too ____ 16 for children and too childish(幼稚的) for grown-ups. Film makers ____ 17 from this mistake, and then cartoons were ____ 18 by both children ____ 19 grown-ups. And the film companies could make much ____ 20. Do you like seeing cartoon films?
从语法上比较粤语和普通话的区别
从语法上比较粤语和普通话的区别 Ⅰ 语法上话与普通话亦有差别，往往把状语修饰成分置于动词之后。 1、副词后置。例如：你先看——你睇先：我先走——我行先；我比你多——我多过你，等等。还有双宾语的词序往往相反，例如：给你笔——畀笔你。 2、二动词‘来’、‘去’，粤语是把来、去名词之前，如：星仔听日去。而普通话会说成，星仔明天到去。 3、语序比较，比如，粤语会说，你高过a，但是普通话会说，你比a高。 词序上的分别： 词序就是指词的先后次序。这里的词序并不是指在词汇中，语素出现的先后次序，而是指在句式中，词类出现的先后次序。在普通话与话之间经常出现在词序上的差异，我们可以把这些分别归纳成以下几大类： 1. 副词的位置不同： 普通话与话在这个词序上的分别十分明显；在普通话里，副词一定会放在动词前面作为状语，没有例外；然而，在话里面，有很多副词是能放在动词后面，例如： 话普通话 动 + 副副(状) + 动 对唔住，我行先对不起，我先走 俾多o的啦，咁少o既？多给点吧，怎么这么少哇？ 讲少o的啦，讲多错多。少说点吧，说得多错得多。 等埋佢o地，行慢o的啦。等等他们，慢点走吧。 你出去先，我要锁门你先出去，我要锁门 2. 形容词的位置不同 在普通话中，形容词往往是用在名词反作为谓语，然而在话中有某些形容词，如：多、少、大、齐等等，经常效在阿词的前面，作为定语，例如： 话普通话
形(定) + 名名 + 形(谓) 多人唔紧要。人多不要紧。 好生意啦。生意好啦。 黄先生几好人。黄先生人挺好。 大风得滞！风太大了！ 今日真系齐人。今天人真齐。 3. 双宾语的位置不同 宾语是动词的一种连带成份，有时一个动词可以带起两个宾语，如：「他借我两本杂志。」中的「我」跟「杂志」，这就是双宾语了。普通话与话在双宾语的先后次序上刚好相反；在普通话里，指人的宾语在前，指物的宾语在后，构成一名(人宾语)一名(物宾语)，而在话则刚好相反，指物的宾语在前，指人的宾语在后，构成一名(物宾语)一名(人宾语)。简单来说双宾语在普通话是以「先人后物」形式存在，而在话则是以「先物后人」形式存在。 话普通话 主 + 动 + 物宾语 + 人宾语主 + 动 + 人宾语 + 物宾语 俾一本书我。给我一本书。 佢俾钱我。他给我钱。 佢借两本杂志我。他借给我两本杂志。 你打个俾小华啦。你给小华打个吧。 你写封信俾佢啦。你给他写封信吧。 4. 动补结构的否定式上，否定词位置的不同 在普通话中的动补结构的否定式，否定词「不」往往是在动词之后，而在话中，否定词「唔」往往是在动词之前，例如： 话普通话 否定词 + 动词动词 + 否定词 o的字我唔睇得清楚。那些字我看不清楚。 嘈得滞，我唔训得着。太吵了，我睡不着。 我o地唔比得过佢o地我们比不过他们。